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Lee HY, Jang HR, Li H, Samuel VT, Dudek KD, Osipovich AB, Magnuson MA, Sklar J, Shulman GI. Deletion of Jazf1 gene causes early growth retardation and insulin resistance in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2213628119. [PMID: 36442127 PMCID: PMC9894197 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2213628119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-nucleotide polymorphisms in the human juxtaposed with another zinc finger protein 1 (JAZF1) gene have repeatedly been associated with both type 2 diabetes (T2D) and height in multiple genome-wide association studies (GWAS); however, the mechanism by which JAZF1 causes these traits is not yet known. To investigate the possible functional role of JAZF1 in growth and glucose metabolism in vivo, we generated Jazf1 knockout (KO) mice and examined body composition and insulin sensitivity both in young and adult mice by using 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp techniques. Plasma concentrations of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) were reduced in both young and adult Jazf1 KO mice, and young Jazf1 KO mice were shorter in stature than age-matched wild-type mice. Young Jazf1 KO mice manifested reduced fat mass, whereas adult Jazf1 KO mice manifested increased fat mass and reductions in lean body mass associated with increased plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations. Adult Jazf1 KO manifested muscle insulin resistance that was further exacerbated by high-fat diet feeding. Gene set enrichment analysis in Jazf1 KO liver identified the hepatocyte hepatic nuclear factor 4 alpha (HNF4α), which was decreased in Jazf1 KO liver and in JAZF1 knockdown cells. Moreover, GH-induced IGF-1 expression was inhibited by JAZF1 knockdown in human hepatocytes. Taken together these results demonstrate that reduction of JAZF1 leads to early growth retardation and late onset insulin resistance in vivo which may be mediated through alterations in the GH-IGF-1 axis and HNF4α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Young Lee
- aLaboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon21999, Korea
- bDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon21999, Korea
- cKorea Mouse Metabolic Phenotyping Center, Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon21999, Korea
| | - Hye Rim Jang
- aLaboratory of Mitochondria and Metabolic Diseases, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon21999, Korea
- bDepartment of Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, Gachon University, Incheon21999, Korea
| | - Hui Li
- dDepartment of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA22908
| | - Varman T. Samuel
- eDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- fWest Haven Veterans Affairs Medical Center, West Haven, CT06516
| | - Karrie D. Dudek
- gDepartment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, NashvilleTN37232
| | - Anna B. Osipovich
- hDepartment of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN37232
| | - Mark A. Magnuson
- hDepartment of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt UniversityNashville, TN37232
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
| | - Jeffrey Sklar
- iDepartment of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New HavenCT06510
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
| | - Gerald I. Shulman
- eDepartment of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- jDepartment of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT06510
- 1To whom correspondence may be addressed. , , or
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2
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Kular L, Ewing E, Needhamsen M, Pahlevan Kakhki M, Covacu R, Gomez-Cabrero D, Brundin L, Jagodic M. DNA methylation changes in glial cells of the normal-appearing white matter in Multiple Sclerosis patients. Epigenetics 2022; 17:1311-1330. [PMID: 35094644 PMCID: PMC9586622 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2021.2020436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS), the leading cause of non-traumatic neurological disability in young adults, is a chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS). Due to the poor accessibility to the target organ, CNS-confined processes underpinning the later progressive form of MS remain elusive thereby limiting treatment options. We aimed to examine DNA methylation, a stable epigenetic mark of genome activity, in glial cells to capture relevant molecular changes underlying MS neuropathology. We profiled DNA methylation in nuclei of non-neuronal cells, isolated from 38 post-mortem normal-appearing white matter (NAWM) specimens of MS patients (n = 8) in comparison to white matter of control individuals (n = 14), using Infinium MethylationEPIC BeadChip. We identified 1,226 significant (genome-wide adjusted P-value < 0.05) differentially methylated positions (DMPs) between MS patients and controls. Functional annotation of the altered DMP-genes uncovered alterations of processes related to cellular motility, cytoskeleton dynamics, metabolic processes, synaptic support, neuroinflammation and signaling, such as Wnt and TGF-β pathways. A fraction of the affected genes displayed transcriptional differences in the brain of MS patients, as reported by publically available transcriptomic data. Cell type-restricted annotation of DMP-genes attributed alterations of cytoskeleton rearrangement and extracellular matrix remodelling to all glial cell types, while some processes, including ion transport, Wnt/TGF-β signaling and immune processes were more specifically linked to oligodendrocytes, astrocytes and microglial cells, respectively. Our findings strongly suggest that NAWM glial cells are highly altered, even in the absence of lesional insult, collectively exhibiting a multicellular reaction in response to diffuse inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria Needhamsen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Majid Pahlevan Kakhki
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ruxandra Covacu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Gomez-Cabrero
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Computational Medicine, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Mucosal and Salivary Biology Division, King’s College London Dental Institute, London, UK
- Translational Bioinformatics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (Chn), Universidad Pública de Navarra (Upna), IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
- Biological & Environmental Sciences & Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science & Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Lou Brundin
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Neurology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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McNeill RV, Palladino VS, Brunkhorst-Kanaan N, Grimm O, Reif A, Kittel-Schneider S. Expression of the adult ADHD-associated gene ADGRL3 is dysregulated by risk variants and environmental risk factors. World J Biol Psychiatry 2021; 22:335-349. [PMID: 32787626 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2020.1809014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES ADGRL3 is a well-replicated risk gene for adult ADHD, encoding the G protein-coupled receptor latrophilin-3 (LPHN3). However, LPHN3's potential role in pathogenesis is unclear. We aimed to determine whether ADGRL3 expression could be dysregulated by genetic risk variants and/or ADHD-associated environmental risk factors. METHODS Eighteen adult ADHD patients and healthy controls were genotyped for rs734644, rs1397547, rs1397548, rs2271338, rs2305339, rs2345039 and rs6551665 ADGRL3 SNPs, and fibroblast cells were derived from skin punches. The environmental ADHD risk factors 'low birthweight' and 'maternal smoking' were modelled in fibroblast cell culture using starvation and nicotine exposure, respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were performed to quantify ADGRL3 gene and protein expression under control, starvation and nicotine-exposed conditions. RESULTS Starvation was found to significantly decrease ADGRL3 expression, whereas nicotine exposure significantly increased ADGRL3 expression. rs1397547 significantly elevated ADGRL3 transcription and protein expression. rs6551665 and rs2345039 interacted with environment to modulate ADGRL3 transcription. ADGRL3 SNPs were significantly able to predict its transcription under both baseline and starvation conditions, and rs1397547 was identified as a significant independent predictor. CONCLUSIONS ADGRL3 SNPs and environmental risk factors can regulate ADGRL3 expression, providing a potential functional mechanism by which LPHN3 may play a role in ADHD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhiannon V McNeill
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Viola Stella Palladino
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Nathalie Brunkhorst-Kanaan
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Oliver Grimm
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Reif
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Conditional knockout of UBC13 produces disturbances in gait and spontaneous locomotion and exploration in mice. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4379. [PMID: 30867488 PMCID: PMC6416404 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-40714-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we have characterized the functional impairments resulting from conditional knockout of the ubiquitin-conjugating E2 enzyme (UBC13) in rodent cerebellar granule neurons, which greatly increases the parallel fiber presynaptic boutons and functional parallel fiber/Purkinje cell synapses. We report that conditional UBC13 knockout mice exhibit reliable deficits on several gait-related variables when their velocity of ambulation is tightly controlled by a moving treadmill and by restricting space for movement. Selected gait parameters and movement patterns related to spontaneous exploration in an open field may also be affected in conditional UBC13 knockout mice. Analysis of open-field data as a function of test session half using force-plate actometer instrumentation suggest that conditional UBC13 knockout mice have alterations in emotionality, possibly affecting gait and movement variables. These findings suggest that conditional UBC13 knockout mice represent a valuable platform for assessing the effects of disturbances in cerebellar granule cell circuitry on gait and other aspects of locomotion. Also, the possibility that psychological factors such as altered emotionality may impact gait and movement patterns in these mice suggest that these mice may provide a useful model for evaluating analogous behavioral impairments in autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental syndromes associated with deregulation of ubiquitin signaling.
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Shi YQ, Fu GQ, Zhao J, Cheng SZ, Li Y, Yi LN, Li Z, Zhang L, Zhang ZB, Dai J, Zhang DY. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate induces reproductive toxicity via JAZF1/TR4 pathway and oxidative stress in pubertal male rats. Toxicol Ind Health 2019; 35:228-238. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233718824911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) is a typical endocrine-disrupting chemical and reproductive toxicant. Although previous studies have attempted to describe the mechanism by which DEHP exposure results in reproductive dysfunction, few studies focused on puberty, a critical period of reproductive development, and the increased susceptibility to injury in adolescents. To elucidate the mechanism underpinning the testicular effects of DEHP in puberty, we sought to investigate the JAZF1/TR4 pathway in the testes of pubertal rats. Specifically, we focused on the role of the JAZF1/TR4 pathway in male reproduction, including the genes JAZF1, TR4, Sperm 1, and Cyclin A1. In the present study, rats were exposed to increasing concentrations of DEHP (0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day) by oral gavages for 30 days. Then we assayed testicular zinc and oxidative stress levels. Our results indicated that DEHP exposure could lead to oxidative stress and decrease the contents of testicular zinc. Additionally, significant morphological changes and cell apoptosis were observed in testes exposed to DEHP, as identified by hematoxylin and eosin staining and the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick and labeling assay. By measuring the expression levels of the above relevant genes by qPCR, we found the DEHP-induced increased expression of JAZF1 and decreased expression of TR4, Sperm 1, and Cyclin A1. Therefore, we have demonstrated that in vivo exposure to DEHP might induce reproductive toxicity in pubertal male rats through the JAZF1/TR4 pathway and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qin Shi
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guo-Qing Fu
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhao
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shen-Zhou Cheng
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - You Li
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling-Na Yi
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Li
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Bing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Dai
- Wuhan Centers for Disease Prevention and Control, Wuhan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Da-Yi Zhang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
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6
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Locke TM, Soden ME, Miller SM, Hunker A, Knakal C, Licholai JA, Dhillon KS, Keene CD, Zweifel LS, Carlson ES. Dopamine D 1 Receptor-Positive Neurons in the Lateral Nucleus of the Cerebellum Contribute to Cognitive Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:401-412. [PMID: 29478701 PMCID: PMC6072628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in humans and nonhuman primates have identified a region of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, or the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) in rodents, activated during performance of cognitive tasks involving complex spatial and sequential planning. Whether such a subdivision exists in rodents is not known. Dopamine and its receptors, which are implicated in cognitive function, are present in the cerebellar nuclei, but their function is unknown. METHODS Using viral and genetic strategies in mice, we examined cellular phenotypes of dopamine D1 receptor-positive (D1R+) cells in the LCN with whole-cell patch clamp recordings, messenger RNA profiling, and immunohistochemistry to examine D1R expression in mouse LCN and human dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. We used chemogenetics to inhibit D1R+ neurons and examined behaviors including spatial navigation, social recognition memory, prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, response inhibition, and working memory to test the necessity of these neurons in these behaviors. RESULTS We identified a population of D1R+ neurons that are localized to an anatomically distinct region of the LCN. We also observed D1R+ neurons in human dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, which suggests an evolutionarily conserved population of dopamine-receptive neurons in this region. The genetic, electrophysiological, and anatomical profile of mouse D1R neurons is consistent with a heterogeneous population of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and to a lesser extent glutamatergic, cell types. Selective inhibition of D1R+ LCN neurons impairs spatial navigation memory, response inhibition, working memory, and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate a functional link between genetically distinct neurons in the LCN and cognitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Locke
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | | | - Avery Hunker
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Cerise Knakal
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | | | - Karn S. Dhillon
- University of Washington, Department of Biological Chemistry
| | | | - Larry S. Zweifel
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Erik S. Carlson
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Correspondence: Erik Sean Carlson M.D., Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560 Seattle, WA, 98195-6560 Telephone: 612-387-7304 Fax: 206-543-9520
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7
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Hoseth EZ, Krull F, Dieset I, Mørch RH, Hope S, Gardsjord ES, Steen NE, Melle I, Brattbakk HR, Steen VM, Aukrust P, Djurovic S, Andreassen OA, Ueland T. Exploring the Wnt signaling pathway in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:55. [PMID: 29507296 PMCID: PMC5838215 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0102-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The Wnt signaling pathway plays a crucial role in neurodevelopment and in regulating the function and structure of the adult nervous system. Schizophrenia (SCZ) and bipolar disorder (BD) are severe mental disorders with evidence of subtle neurodevelopmental, structural and functional neuronal abnormalities. We aimed to elucidate the role of aberrant regulation of the Wnt system in these disorders by evaluating plasma levels of secreted Wnt modulators in patients (SCZ = 551 and BD = 246) and healthy controls (HCs = 639) using enzyme immune-assay. We also investigated the expression of 141 Wnt-related genes in whole blood in a subsample (SCZ = 338, BD = 241, and HCs = 263) using microarray analysis. Both SCZ and BD had dysregulated mRNA expression of Wnt-related genes favoring attenuated canonical (beta-catenin-dependent) signaling, and there were also indices of enhanced non-canonical Wnt signaling. In particular, FZD7, which may activate all Wnt pathways, but favors non-canonical signaling, and NFATc3, a downstream transcription factor and readout of the non-canonical Wnt/Ca2+ pathway, were significantly increased in SCZ and BD (p < 3 × 10-4). Furthermore, patients had lower plasma levels of soluble dickkopf 1 and sclerostin (p < 0.01) compared with HC. Our findings suggest that SCZ and BD are characterized by abnormal Wnt gene expression and plasma protein levels, and we propose that drugs targeting the Wnt pathway may have a role in the treatment of severe mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Z. Hoseth
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Møre and Romsdal Hospital Trust, Kristiansund, Norway
| | - Florian Krull
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Dieset
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ragni H. Mørch
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sigrun Hope
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Departent of Neurohabilitation, Division of Neurology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Erlend S. Gardsjord
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nils Eiel Steen
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hans-Richard Brattbakk
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Vidar M. Steen
- 0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0000 9753 1393grid.412008.fDr. Einar Martens Research Group for Biological Psychiatry, Center for Medical Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Instiute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 1936 8921grid.5510.1K.G. Jensen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Srdjan Djurovic
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway ,0000 0004 1936 7443grid.7914.bNORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ole A. Andreassen
- 0000 0004 0389 8485grid.55325.34NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, and Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Thor Ueland
- Research Institute for Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. .,Instiute of Clinical Medicine, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway. .,K.G. Jensen Inflammatory Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,K. G. Jebsen Thrombosis Research and Expertise Center, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway.
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8
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Poggi G, Boretius S, Möbius W, Moschny N, Baudewig J, Ruhwedel T, Hassouna I, Wieser GL, Werner HB, Goebbels S, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Cortical network dysfunction caused by a subtle defect of myelination. Glia 2016; 64:2025-40. [PMID: 27470661 PMCID: PMC5129527 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Subtle white matter abnormalities have emerged as a hallmark of brain alterations in magnetic resonance imaging or upon autopsy of mentally ill subjects. However, it is unknown whether such reduction of white matter and myelin contributes to any disease‐relevant phenotype or simply constitutes an epiphenomenon, possibly even treatment‐related. Here, we have re‐analyzed Mbp heterozygous mice, the unaffected parental strain of shiverer, a classical neurological mutant. Between 2 and 20 months of age, Mbp+/‐ versus Mbp+/+ littermates were deeply phenotyped by combining extensive behavioral/cognitive testing with MRI, 1H‐MR spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and molecular techniques. Surprisingly, Mbp‐dependent myelination was significantly reduced in the prefrontal cortex. We also noticed a mild but progressive hypomyelination of the prefrontal corpus callosum and low‐grade inflammation. While most behavioral functions were preserved, Mbp+/‐ mice exhibited defects of sensorimotor gating, as evidenced by reduced prepulse‐inhibition, and a late‐onset catatonia phenotype. Thus, subtle but primary abnormalities of CNS myelin can be the cause of a persistent cortical network dysfunction including catatonia, features typical of neuropsychiatric conditions. GLIA 2016;64:2025–2040
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Poggi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Susann Boretius
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel.,Department of Functional Imaging, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Nicole Moschny
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Jürgen Baudewig
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel.,Department of Functional Imaging, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute of Primate Research, Göttingen
| | - Torben Ruhwedel
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Georg L Wieser
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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9
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Zhu L, Lu J, Tang X, Fu G, Duan P, Quan C, Zhang L, Zhang Z, Chang W, Shi Y. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate induces apoptosis of GC-2spd cells via TR4/Bcl-2 pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 44:18-24. [PMID: 27084994 PMCID: PMC5491968 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a widely used environmental endocrine disruptor. Many studies have reported that DEHP exposure causes reproductive toxicity and cells apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which DEHP exposure causes male reproductive toxicity remains unknown. This study investigated the role of the testicular orphan nuclear receptor4 (TR4)/Bcl-2 pathway in apoptosis induced by DEHP, which resulted in reproductive damage. To elucidate the mechanism underpinning the male reproductive toxicity of DEHP, we sought to investigate apoptotic effects, expression levels of TR4/Bcl-2 pathway in GC-2spd cells, including TR4, Bcl-2 and caspase-3. GC-2spd cells were exposed to various concentrations of DEHP (0, 50, 100, or 200μM). The results indicated that, with the increase of the concentrations of DEHP, the survival rate of cell decreased gradually. DEHP exposure at over 100μM significantly induced apoptotic cell death. DEHP decreased SOD and GSH-Px activity in 200μM group. Compared to the control group, the mRNA levels of caspase-3 increased significantly, however, Bcl-2 mRNA decreased (P<0.05). In addition, there was a significant reduction in TR4, Bcl-2 and procaspase-3 protein levels. Taken together, these results lead us to speculate that in vitro exposure to DEHP might induce apoptosis in GC-2spd cells through the TR4/Bcl-2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lishan Zhu
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Jinchang Lu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Qingpu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201700, PR China
| | - Xiao Tang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Guoqing Fu
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Peng Duan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Chao Quan
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, PR China
| | - Ling Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China
| | - Zhibing Zhang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, United States
| | - Wei Chang
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
| | - Yuqin Shi
- School of Public Health, Medical College, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 947Heping Avenue, Wuhan 430081, PR China.
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10
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Olivares AM, Moreno-Ramos OA, Haider NB. Role of Nuclear Receptors in Central Nervous System Development and Associated Diseases. J Exp Neurosci 2016; 9:93-121. [PMID: 27168725 PMCID: PMC4859451 DOI: 10.4137/jen.s25480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) superfamily is composed of a wide range of receptors involved in a myriad of important biological processes, including development, growth, metabolism, and maintenance. Regulation of such wide variety of functions requires a complex system of gene regulation that includes interaction with transcription factors, chromatin-modifying complex, and the proper recognition of ligands. NHRs are able to coordinate the expression of genes in numerous pathways simultaneously. This review focuses on the role of nuclear receptors in the central nervous system and, in particular, their role in regulating the proper development and function of the brain and the eye. In addition, the review highlights the impact of mutations in NHRs on a spectrum of human diseases from autism to retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maria Olivares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Oscar Andrés Moreno-Ramos
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Neena B Haider
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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11
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Netrakanti PR, Cooper BH, Dere E, Poggi G, Winkler D, Brose N, Ehrenreich H. Fast cerebellar reflex circuitry requires synaptic vesicle priming by munc13-3. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 14:264-83. [PMID: 25617111 PMCID: PMC4441738 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Munc13-3 is a member of the Munc13 family of synaptic vesicle priming proteins and mainly expressed in cerebellar neurons. Munc13-3 null mutant (Munc13-3−/−) mice show decreased synaptic release probability at parallel fiber to Purkinje cell, granule cell to Golgi cell, and granule cell to basket cell synapses and exhibit a motor learning deficit at highest rotarod speeds. Since we detected Munc13-3 immunoreactivity in the dentate gyrus, as reported here for the first time, and current studies indicated a crucial role for the cerebellum in hippocampus-dependent spatial memory, we systematically investigated Munc13-3−/− mice versus wild-type littermates of both genders with respect to hippocampus-related cognition and a range of basic behaviors, including tests for anxiety, sensory functions, motor performance and balance, sensorimotor gating, social interaction and competence, and repetitive and compulsive behaviors. Neither basic behavior nor hippocampus-dependent cognitive performance, evaluated by Morris water maze, hole board working and reference memory, IntelliCage-based place learning including multiple reversals, and fear conditioning, showed any difference between genotypes. However, consistent with a disturbed cerebellar reflex circuitry, a reliable reduction in the acoustic startle response in both male and female Munc13-3−/− mice was found. To conclude, complete deletion of Munc13-3 leads to a robust decrease in the acoustic startle response. This readout of a fast cerebellar reflex circuitry obviously requires synaptic vesicle priming by Munc13-3 for full functionality, in contrast to other behavioral or cognitive features, where a nearly perfect compensation of Munc13-3 deficiency by related synaptic proteins has to be assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Rao Netrakanti
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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12
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Wang K, Xu R, Schrandt J, Shah P, Gong YZ, Preston C, Wang L, Yi JK, Lin CL, Sun W, Spyropoulos DD, Rhee S, Li M, Zhou J, Ge S, Zhang G, Snider AJ, Hannun YA, Obeid LM, Mao C. Alkaline Ceramidase 3 Deficiency Results in Purkinje Cell Degeneration and Cerebellar Ataxia Due to Dyshomeostasis of Sphingolipids in the Brain. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005591. [PMID: 26474409 PMCID: PMC4608763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Dyshomeostasis of both ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in the brain has been implicated in aging-associated neurodegenerative disorders in humans. However, mechanisms that maintain the homeostasis of these bioactive sphingolipids in the brain remain unclear. Mouse alkaline ceramidase 3 (Acer3), which preferentially catalyzes the hydrolysis of C18:1-ceramide, a major unsaturated long-chain ceramide species in the brain, is upregulated with age in the mouse brain. Acer3 knockout causes an age-dependent accumulation of various ceramides and C18:1-monohexosylceramide and abolishes the age-related increase in the levels of sphingosine and S1P in the brain; thereby resulting in Purkinje cell degeneration in the cerebellum and deficits in motor coordination and balance. Our results indicate that Acer3 plays critically protective roles in controlling the homeostasis of various sphingolipids, including ceramides, sphingosine, S1P, and certain complex sphingolipids in the brain and protects Purkinje cells from premature degeneration. Bioactive sphingolipids, such as ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphates, have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases. However, it remains unclear as to how the homeostasis of these bioactive lipids is sustained. Alkaline ceramidase 3 (ACER3) catalyzes the hydrolysis of saturated long-chain ceramides (C18:1-ceramide and C20:1-ceramide) to generate sphingosine (SPH), which is phosphorylated to form sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In this study we found that Acer3 is upregulated with age in the mouse brain and blocking Acer3 upregulation elevates the levels of ceramides while reducing S1P levels in the brain, thereby resulting in Purkinje cell loss and cerebellar ataxia. This study not only offers novel insights into the role for the homeostasis of ceramides and their metabolites in regulating normal aging of the cerebellum, but also provides a useful genetic tool to dissect the mechanism by which an aberrant accumulation of ceramides results in age-related neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruijuan Xu
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Schrandt
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Prithvi Shah
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Yong Z. Gong
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Chet Preston
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Louis Wang
- Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, School of Health Technology and Management, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jae Kyo Yi
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Chih-Li Lin
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Wei Sun
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Demetri D. Spyropoulos
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Soyoung Rhee
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Mingsong Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaoyu Ge
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Guofeng Zhang
- Biomedical Engineering and Physical Science Shared Resource, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ashley J. Snider
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
| | - Yusuf A. Hannun
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Lina M. Obeid
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Northport Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Northport, New York, United States of America
| | - Cungui Mao
- Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- Stony Brook Cancer Center, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a behaviorally defined and heterogeneous disorder. Biomarkers for ASD offer the opportunity to improve prediction, diagnosis, stratification by severity and subtype, monitoring over time and in response to interventions, and overall understanding of the underlying biology of this disorder. A variety of potential biomarkers, from the level of genes and proteins to network-level interactions, is currently being examined. Many of these biomarkers relate to inhibition, which is of particular interest because in many cases ASD is thought to be a disorder of imbalance between excitation and inhibition. Abnormalities in inhibition at the cellular level lead to emergent properties in networks of neurons. These properties take into account a more complete genetic and cellular background than findings at the level of individual genes or cells, and are able to be measured in live humans, offering additional potential as diagnostic biomarkers and predictors of behaviors. In this review we provide examples of how altered inhibition may inform the search for ASD biomarkers at multiple levels, from genes to cells to networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- April R Levin
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA,
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14
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Wöhr M, Orduz D, Gregory P, Moreno H, Khan U, Vörckel KJ, Wolfer DP, Welzl H, Gall D, Schiffmann SN, Schwaller B. Lack of parvalbumin in mice leads to behavioral deficits relevant to all human autism core symptoms and related neural morphofunctional abnormalities. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e525. [PMID: 25756808 PMCID: PMC4354349 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gene mutations and gene copy number variants are associated with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). Affected gene products are often part of signaling networks implicated in synapse formation and/or function leading to alterations in the excitation/inhibition (E/I) balance. Although the network of parvalbumin (PV)-expressing interneurons has gained particular attention in ASD, little is known on PV's putative role with respect to ASD. Genetic mouse models represent powerful translational tools for studying the role of genetic and neurobiological factors underlying ASD. Here, we report that PV knockout mice (PV(-/-)) display behavioral phenotypes with relevance to all three core symptoms present in human ASD patients: abnormal reciprocal social interactions, impairments in communication and repetitive and stereotyped patterns of behavior. PV-depleted mice also showed several signs of ASD-associated comorbidities, such as reduced pain sensitivity and startle responses yet increased seizure susceptibility, whereas no evidence for behavioral phenotypes with relevance to anxiety, depression and schizophrenia was obtained. Reduced social interactions and communication were also observed in heterozygous (PV(+/-)) mice characterized by lower PV expression levels, indicating that merely a decrease in PV levels might be sufficient to elicit core ASD-like deficits. Structural magnetic resonance imaging measurements in PV(-/-) and PV(+/-) mice further revealed ASD-associated developmental neuroanatomical changes, including transient cortical hypertrophy and cerebellar hypoplasia. Electrophysiological experiments finally demonstrated that the E/I balance in these mice is altered by modification of both inhibitory and excitatory synaptic transmission. On the basis of the reported changes in PV expression patterns in several, mostly genetic rodent models of ASD, we propose that in these models downregulation of PV might represent one of the points of convergence, thus providing a common link between apparently unrelated ASD-associated synapse structure/function phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Wöhr
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D Orduz
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Gregory
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - H Moreno
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - U Khan
- Department of Neurology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, The Robert F Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - K J Vörckel
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology, Philipps-University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - D P Wolfer
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland,Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, D-HEST, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - H Welzl
- Institute of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - D Gall
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - S N Schiffmann
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - B Schwaller
- Anatomy Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland,Anatomy, Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, Route Albert-Gockel 1, Fribourg CH 1700, Switzerland. E-mail:
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15
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Maloney SE, Noguchi KK, Wozniak DF, Fowler SC, Farber NB. Long-term Effects of Multiple Glucocorticoid Exposures in Neonatal Mice. Behav Sci (Basel) 2014; 1:4-30. [PMID: 22375274 PMCID: PMC3286606 DOI: 10.3390/behavsci1010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) such as dexamethasone (DEX) or betamethasone are repeatedly administered for up to a month to prematurely born infants as a treatment for chronic lung dysfunction. Results of clinical trials have shown that the use of GCs in these infants induces long-term deficits in neuromotor function and cognition. We have previously shown that a single exposure to clinically relevant doses of DEX or other GCs in the mouse during a period corresponding to the human perinatal period produces a dramatic increase in apoptotic cell death of neural progenitor cells in the developing cerebellum. To provide a model approximating more chronic clinical dosing regimens, we evaluated possible behavioral effects resulting from repeated exposures to DEX and subsequent GC-induced neuronal loss where neonatal mouse pups were injected with 3.0 mg/kg DEX or saline on postnatal days 7, 9, and 11 (DEX3 treatment). Adult, DEX3-treated mice exhibited long-term, possibly permanent, neuromotor deficits on a complex activity wheel task, which requires higher-order motor co-ordination skills. DEX3 mice exhibited impaired performance on this task relative to saline controls in each of two independent studies involving separate cohorts of mice. Histopathology studies utilizing stereological neuronal counts conducted in behaviorally-tested mice showed that the DEX3 treatment resulted in a significant decrease in the number of neurons in the internal granule layer (IGL) of the cerebellum, although the number of neurons in the Purkinje cell layer were unchanged. The results suggest that multiple neonatal DEX exposures can produce chronic deficits in fine motor co-ordination that are associated with cerebellar IGL neuronal loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E. Maloney
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (S.E.M.); (K.K.N.); (N.B.F.)
| | - Kevin K. Noguchi
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (S.E.M.); (K.K.N.); (N.B.F.)
| | - David F. Wozniak
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (S.E.M.); (K.K.N.); (N.B.F.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Box 8134, 660 S. Euclid Ave., Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +1-314-362-5173; Fax: +1-314-362-2474
| | - Stephen C. Fowler
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Nuri B. Farber
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA; E-Mails: (S.E.M.); (K.K.N.); (N.B.F.)
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16
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Hsieh CP, Chang WT, Lee YC, Huang AM. Deficits in cerebellar granule cell development and social interactions in CD47 knockout mice. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:463-84. [PMID: 25288019 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
CD47 is involved in neurite differentiation in cultured neurons, but the function of CD47 in brain development is largely unknown. We determined that CD47 mRNA was robustly expressed in the developing cerebellum, especially in granule cells. CD47 protein was mainly expressed in the inner layer of the external granule layer (EGL), molecular layer, and internal granule layer (IGL), where granule cells individually become postmitotic and migrate, leading to neurite fasciculation. At postnatal day 8 (P8), CD47 knockout mice exhibited an increased number of proliferating granule cells in the EGL, whereas the CD47 agonist peptide 4N1K increased the number of postmitotic cells in primary granule cells. Knocking out the CD47 gene and anti-CD47 antibody impaired the radial migration of granule cells from the EGL to the IGL individually in mice and slice cultures. In primary granule cells, knocking out CD47 reduced the number of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches; by contrast, overexpressing CD47 or 4N1K treatment increased the axonal length and numbers of axonal collaterals and dendritic branches. Furthermore, the length of the fissure between Lobules VI and VII was decreased in CD47 knockout mice at P21 and at 14 wk after birth. Lastly, CD47 knockout mice exhibited increased social interaction at P21 and depressive-like behaviors at 10 wk after birth. Our study revealed that the cell adhesion molecule CD47 participates in multiple phases of granule cell development, including proliferation, migration, and neurite differentiation implying that aberrations of CD47 are risk factors that cause abnormalities in cerebellar development and atypical behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Pin Hsieh
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701
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17
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Ferguson SA, Law CD, Kissling GE. Developmental treatment with ethinyl estradiol, but not bisphenol A, causes alterations in sexually dimorphic behaviors in male and female Sprague Dawley rats. Toxicol Sci 2014; 140:374-92. [PMID: 24798382 PMCID: PMC4133561 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfu077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The developing central nervous system may be particularly sensitive to bisphenol A (BPA)-induced alterations. Here, pregnant Sprague Dawley rats (n = 11-12/group) were gavaged daily with vehicle, 2.5 or 25.0 μg/kg BPA, or 5.0 or 10.0 μg/kg ethinyl estradiol (EE2) on gestational days 6-21. The BPA doses were selected to be below the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of 5 mg/kg/day. On postnatal days 1-21, all offspring/litter were orally treated with the same dose. A naïve control group was not gavaged. Body weight, pubertal age, estrous cyclicity, and adult serum hormone levels were measured. Adolescent play, running wheel activity, flavored solution intake, female sex behavior, and manually elicited lordosis were assessed. No significant differences existed between the vehicle and naïve control groups. Vehicle controls exhibited significant sexual dimorphism for most behaviors, indicating these evaluations were sensitive to sex differences. However, only EE2 treatment caused significant effects. Relative to female controls, EE2-treated females were heavier, exhibited delayed vaginal opening, aberrant estrous cyclicity, increased play behavior, decreased running wheel activity, and increased aggression toward the stimulus male during sexual behavior assessments. Relative to male controls, EE2-treated males were older at testes descent and preputial separation and had lower testosterone levels. These results suggest EE2-induced masculinization/defeminization of females and are consistent with increased volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area (SDN-POA) at weaning in female siblings of these subjects (He, Z., Paule, M. G. and Ferguson, S. A. (2012) Low oral doses of bisphenol A increase volume of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area in male, but not female, rats at postnatal day 21. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 34, 331-337). Although EE2 treatment caused pubertal delays and decreased testosterone levels in males, their behaviors were within the range of control males. Conversely, BPA treatment did not alter any measured endpoint. Similar to our previous reports (Ferguson, S. A., Law, C. D. Jr and Abshire, J. S. (2011) Developmental treatment with bisphenol A or ethinyl estradiol causes few alterations on early preweaning measures. Toxicol. Sci. 124, 149-160; Ferguson, S. A., Law, C. D. and Abshire, J. S. (2012) Developmental treatment with bisphenol A causes few alterations on measures of postweaning activity and learning. Neurotoxicol. Teratol. 34, 598-606), the BPA doses and design used here produced few alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherry A Ferguson
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Charles Delbert Law
- Division of Neurotoxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research/Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas 72079
| | - Grace E Kissling
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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18
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Lin SJ, Zhang Y, Liu NC, Yang DR, Li G, Chang C. Minireview: Pathophysiological roles of the TR4 nuclear receptor: lessons learned from mice lacking TR4. Mol Endocrinol 2014; 28:805-21. [PMID: 24702179 DOI: 10.1210/me.2013-1422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular nuclear receptor 4 (TR4), also known as NR2C2, belongs to the nuclear receptor superfamily and shares high homology with the testicular nuclear receptor 2. The natural ligands of TR4 remained unclear until the recent discoveries of several energy/lipid sensors including the polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolites, 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid, and their synthetic ligands, thiazolidinediones, used for treatment of diabetes. TR4 is widely expressed throughout the body and particularly concentrated in the testis, prostate, cerebellum, and hippocampus. It has been shown to play important roles in cerebellar development, forebrain myelination, folliculogenesis, gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, muscle development, bone development, and prostate cancer progression. Here we provide a comprehensive summary of TR4 signaling including its upstream ligands/activators/suppressors, transcriptional coactivators/repressors, downstream targets, and their in vivo functions with potential impacts on TR4-related diseases. Importantly, TR4 shares similar ligands/activators with another key nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ, which raised several interesting questions about how these 2 nuclear receptors may collaborate with or counteract each other's function in their related diseases. Clear dissection of such molecular mechanisms and their differential roles in various diseases may help researchers to design new potential drugs with better efficacy and fewer side effects to battle TR4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ involved diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shin-Jen Lin
- George Whipple Laboratory for Cancer Research (S.-J.L., Y.Z., N.-C.L., C.C.), Departments of Pathology, Urology, Radiation Oncology, and The Wilmot Cancer Center. University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14646; Department of Urology (D.-R.Y.), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, 215004 China; Chawnshang Chang Liver Cancer Center and Department of Urology (G.L.), Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016 China; and Sex Hormone Research Center (C.C.), China Medical University/Hospital, Taichung, 404 Taiwan
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Papa M, De Luca C, Petta F, Alberghina L, Cirillo G. Astrocyte-neuron interplay in maladaptive plasticity. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 42:35-54. [PMID: 24509064 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of neuronal networks cannot only be explained by neuronal activity so neurobiological research in the last decade has focused on different components of the central nervous system: the glia. Glial cells are fundamental elements for development and maintenance of physiological brain work. New data confirm that glia significantly influences neuronal communication through specific molecules, named "gliotransmitters", and their related receptors. This new approach to the traditional model of the way synapses work is also supported by changes occurring in pathological conditions, such as neurodegenerative diseases or toxic/traumatic injury to nervous system. Experimental models have revealed that glial cells are the starting point of damage progression that subsequently involves neurons. The "bedside to bench" approach has demonstrated that clinical phenotypes are strictly related to neuronal death, however it is conceivable that the disease begins earlier, years before clinical onset. This temporal gap is necessary to determine complex changes in the neuro-glial network organization and produce a "maladaptive plasticity". We review the function of glial cells in health and disease, pointing the putative mechanisms of maladaptive plasticity, suggesting that glial cells may represent a fascinating therapeutic target to prevent irreversible neuronal cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy.
| | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Federica Petta
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Lilia Alberghina
- Laboratory of Neuroscience "R. Levi-Montalcini", Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy; SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Cirillo
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, Second University of Naples, 80138 Naples, Italy
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Xu H, Yang Y, Tang X, Zhao M, Liang F, Xu P, Hou B, Xing Y, Bao X, Fan X. Bergmann glia function in granule cell migration during cerebellum development. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:833-44. [PMID: 23329344 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8405-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Granule cell migration influences the laminar structure of the cerebellum and thereby affects cerebellum function. Bergmann glia are derived from radial glial cells and aid in granule cell radial migration by providing a scaffold for migration and by mediating interactions between Bergmann glia and granule cells. In this review, we summarize Bergmann glia characteristics and the mechanisms underlying the effect of Bergmann glia on the radial migration of granule neurons in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we will focus our discussion on the important factors involved in glia-mediated radial migration so that we may elucidate the possible mechanistic pathways used by Bergmann glia to influence granule cell migration during cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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21
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Xu H, Yang Y, Tang X, Zhao M, Liang F, Xu P, Hou B, Xing Y, Bao X, Fan X. Bergmann glia function in granule cell migration during cerebellum development. Mol Neurobiol 2013. [PMID: 23329344 DOI: 10.1007/s12035‐013‐8405‐y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Granule cell migration influences the laminar structure of the cerebellum and thereby affects cerebellum function. Bergmann glia are derived from radial glial cells and aid in granule cell radial migration by providing a scaffold for migration and by mediating interactions between Bergmann glia and granule cells. In this review, we summarize Bergmann glia characteristics and the mechanisms underlying the effect of Bergmann glia on the radial migration of granule neurons in the cerebellum. Furthermore, we will focus our discussion on the important factors involved in glia-mediated radial migration so that we may elucidate the possible mechanistic pathways used by Bergmann glia to influence granule cell migration during cerebellum development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Xu
- Southwest Eye Hospital, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, People's Republic of China
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22
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Ginkel C, Hartmann D, vom Dorp K, Zlomuzica A, Farwanah H, Eckhardt M, Sandhoff R, Degen J, Rabionet M, Dere E, Dörmann P, Sandhoff K, Willecke K. Ablation of neuronal ceramide synthase 1 in mice decreases ganglioside levels and expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein in oligodendrocytes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:41888-902. [PMID: 23074226 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.413500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ceramide synthase 1 (CerS1) catalyzes the synthesis of C18 ceramide and is mainly expressed in the brain. Custom-made antibodies to a peptide from the C-terminal region of the mouse CerS1 protein yielded specific immunosignals in neurons but no other cell types of wild type brain, but the CerS1 protein was not detected in CerS1-deficient mouse brains. To elucidate the biological function of CerS1-derived sphingolipids in the brain, we generated CerS1-deficient mice by introducing a targeted mutation into the coding region of the cers1 gene. General deficiency of CerS1 in mice caused a foliation defect, progressive shrinkage, and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebellum. Mass spectrometric analyses revealed up to 60% decreased levels of gangliosides in cerebellum and forebrain. Expression of myelin-associated glycoprotein was also decreased by about 60% in cerebellum and forebrain, suggesting that interaction and stabilization of oligodendrocytic myelin-associated glycoprotein by neuronal gangliosides is due to the C18 acyl membrane anchor of CerS1-derived precursor ceramides. A behavioral analysis of CerS1-deficient mice yielded functional deficits including impaired exploration of novel objects, locomotion, and motor coordination. Our results reveal an essential function of CerS1-derived ceramide in the regulation of cerebellar development and neurodevelopmentally regulated behavior.
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Chadwick L, Gentle L, Strachan J, Layfield R. Review: unchained maladie - a reassessment of the role of Ubb(+1) -capped polyubiquitin chains in Alzheimer's disease. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2012; 38:118-31. [PMID: 22082077 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2990.2011.01236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular misreading allows the formation of mutant proteins in the absence of gene mutations. A mechanism has been proposed by which a frameshift mutant of the ubiquitin protein, Ubb(+1) , which accumulates in an age-dependent manner as a result of molecular misreading, contributes to neuropathology in Alzheimer's disease (Lam et al. 2000). Specifically, in the Ubb(+1) -mediated proteasome inhibition hypothesis Ubb(+1) 'caps' unanchored (that is, nonsubstrate linked) polyubiquitin chains, which then act as dominant inhibitors of the 26S proteasome. A review of subsequent literature indicates that this original hypothesis is broadly supported, and offers new insights into the mechanisms accounting for the age-dependent accumulation of Ubb(+1) , and how Ubb(+1) -mediated proteasome inhibition may contribute to Alzheimer's disease. Further, recent studies have highlighted a physiological role for free endogenous unanchored polyubiquitin chains in the direct activation of certain protein kinases. This raises the possibility that Ubb(+1) -capped unanchored polyubiquitin chains could also exert harmful effects through the aberrant activation of tau or other ubiquitin-dependent kinases, neuronal NF-κB activity or NF-κB-mediated neuroinflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Chadwick
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Nottingham, UK
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Powell SB, Weber M, Geyer MA. Genetic models of sensorimotor gating: relevance to neuropsychiatric disorders. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2012; 12:251-318. [PMID: 22367921 PMCID: PMC3357439 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2011_195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor gating, or the ability of a sensory event to suppress a motor response, can be measured operationally via prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle response. PPI is deficient in schizophrenia patients as well as other neuropsychiatric disorders, can be measured across species, and has been used widely as a translational tool in preclinical neuropharmacological and genetic research. First developed to assess drug effects in pharmacological and developmental models, PPI has become one of the standard behavioral measures in genetic models of schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders that exhibit PPI deficits. In this chapter we review the literature on genetic models of sensorimotor gating and discuss the utility of PPI as a tool in phenotyping mutant mouse models. We highlight the approaches to genetic mouse models of neuropsychiatric disease, discuss some of the important caveats to these approaches, and provide a comprehensive table covering the more recent genetic models that have evaluated PPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Powell
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Martin Weber
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, USA
| | - Mark A. Geyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr, La Jolla, CA 92093-0804, USA
- Research Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA
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Sartori SB, Landgraf R, Singewald N. The clinical implications of mouse models of enhanced anxiety. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2011; 6:531-571. [PMID: 21901080 PMCID: PMC3166843 DOI: 10.2217/fnl.11.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mice are increasingly overtaking the rat model organism in important aspects of anxiety research, including drug development. However, translating the results obtained in mouse studies into information that can be applied in clinics remains challenging. One reason may be that most of the studies so far have used animals displaying 'normal' anxiety rather than 'psychopathological' animal models with abnormal (elevated) anxiety, which more closely reflect core features and sensitivities to therapeutic interventions of human anxiety disorders, and which would, thus, narrow the translational gap. Here, we discuss manipulations aimed at persistently enhancing anxiety-related behavior in the laboratory mouse using phenotypic selection, genetic techniques and/or environmental manipulations. It is hoped that such models with enhanced construct validity will provide improved ways of studying the neurobiology and treatment of pathological anxiety. Examples of findings from mouse models of enhanced anxiety-related behavior will be discussed, as well as their relation to findings in anxiety disorder patients regarding neuroanatomy, neurobiology, genetic involvement and epigenetic modifications. Finally, we highlight novel targets for potential anxiolytic pharmacotherapeutics that have been established with the help of research involving mice. Since the use of psychopathological mouse models is only just beginning to increase, it is still unclear as to the extent to which such approaches will enhance the success rate of drug development in translating identified therapeutic targets into clinical trials and, thus, helping to introduce the next anxiolytic class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone B Sartori
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy & Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Street 1, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rainer Landgraf
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Department of Behavioral Neuroendocrinology, Munich, Germany
| | - Nicolas Singewald
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Institute of Pharmacy & Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Peter-Mayr-Street 1, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
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Xie S, Ni J, Lee YF, Liu S, Li G, Shyr CR, Chang C. Increased acetylation in the DNA-binding domain of TR4 nuclear receptor by the coregulator ARA55 leads to suppression of TR4 transactivation. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21129-36. [PMID: 21515881 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.208181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor TR4 is a key regulator for many physiological processes, including growth, development, and metabolism. However, how the transcriptional activity of TR4 is regulated in the absence of ligand(s) remains largely unknown. Here we found that an androgen receptor (AR) coactivator, ARA55, might function as a corepressor to suppress TR4 transactivation. Molecular mechanistic dissection with mutation analysis found that ARA55 could enhance TR4 acetylation at the conserved acetylation sites of lysine 175 and lysine 176 in the DNA-binding domain via recruiting proteins with histone acetyl transferase activity, which might then reduce significantly the TR4 DNA binding activity that resulted in the suppression of TR4 transactivation. These results are in contrast to the classic ARA55 coactivator function to enhance AR transactivation partially via increased AR acetylation in the hinge/ligand-binding domain. Together, these results not only provide a novel functional mechanism showing that acetylation of different nuclear receptors at different domains by coregulator may lead to differential receptor transactivation activity but also provide a new way for small molecules to control TR4 transactivation via altering TR4 acetylation levels, and such small molecules may have potential therapeutic applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaozhen Xie
- George Whipple Lab for Cancer Research, Department of Pathology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Kang HS, Okamoto K, Kim YS, Takeda Y, Bortner CD, Dang H, Wada T, Xie W, Yang XP, Liao G, Jetten AM. Nuclear orphan receptor TAK1/TR4-deficient mice are protected against obesity-linked inflammation, hepatic steatosis, and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2011; 60:177-88. [PMID: 20864514 PMCID: PMC3012170 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The nuclear receptor TAK1/TR4/NR2C2 is expressed in several tissues that are important in the control of energy homeostasis. In this study, we investigate whether TAK1 functions as a regulator of lipid and energy homeostasis and has a role in metabolic syndrome. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We generated TAK1-deficient (TAK1⁻(/)⁻) mice to study the function of TAK1 in the development of metabolic syndrome in aged mice and mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD). (Immuno)histochemical, biochemical, and gene expression profile analyses were performed to determine the effect of the loss of TAK1 expression on lipid homeostasis in liver and adipose tissues. In addition, insulin sensitivity, energy expenditure, and adipose-associated inflammation were compared in wild-type (WT) and TAK1⁻(/)⁻ mice fed a HFD. RESULTS TAK1-deficient (TAK1⁻(/)⁻) mice are resistant to the development of age- and HFD-induced metabolic syndrome. Histo- and biochemical analyses showed significantly lower hepatic triglyceride levels and reduced lipid accumulation in adipose tissue in TAK1⁻(/)⁻ mice compared with WT mice. Gene expression profiling analysis revealed that the expression of several genes encoding proteins involved in lipid uptake and triglyceride synthesis and storage, including Cidea, Cidec, Mogat1, and CD36, was greatly decreased in the liver and primary hepatocytes of TAK1⁻(/)⁻ mice. Restoration of TAK1 expression in TAK1⁻(/)⁻ hepatocytes induced expression of several lipogenic genes. Moreover, TAK1⁻(/)⁻ mice exhibited reduced infiltration of inflammatory cells and expression of inflammatory genes in white adipose tissue, and were resistant to the development of glucose intolerance and insulin resistance. TAK1⁻(/)⁻ mice consume more oxygen and produce more carbon dioxide than WT mice, suggesting increased energy expenditure. CONCLUSIONS Our data reveal that TAK1 plays a critical role in the regulation of energy and lipid homeostasis, and promotes the development of metabolic syndrome. TAK1 may provide a new therapeutic target in the management of obesity, diabetes, and liver steatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Soon Kang
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Kyoko Okamoto
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yong-Sik Kim
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yukimasa Takeda
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Carl D. Bortner
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Huaixin Dang
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Taira Wada
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Wen Xie
- Center for Pharmacogenetics and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Xiao-Ping Yang
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Grace Liao
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Anton M. Jetten
- Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Respiratory Biology, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
- Corresponding author: Anton M. Jetten,
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