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Ali O, Szabó A. Fumonisin distorts the cellular membrane lipid profile: A mechanistic insight. Toxicology 2024; 506:153860. [PMID: 38871209 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Monitoring modifications in membrane lipids in association with external stimuli/agents, including fumonisins (FUMs), is a widely employed approach to assess cellular metabolic response/status. FUMs are prevalent fusariotoxins worldwide that have diverse structures with varying toxicity across species; nevertheless, they can induce metabolic disturbances and disease, including cancer. The capacity of FUMs to disrupt membrane lipids, demonstrated across numerous species and organs/tissues, is ascribed to a multitude of factors/events, which range from direct to indirect effects. Certain events are well established, whereas the potential consequences of others remain speculative. The most notable effect is their resemblance to sphingoid bases, which impacts the synthesis of ceramides leading to numerous changes in lipids' composition that are not limited to sphingolipids' composition of the membranes. The next plausible scenario involves the induction of oxidative stress, which is considered an indirect/secondary effect of FUMs. Additional modes of action include modifications of enzyme activities and nuclear signals related to lipid metabolism, although these are likely not yet fully comprehended. This review provides in-depth insight into the current state of these events and their potential mechanistic actions in modifying membrane lipids, with a focus on long-chain fatty acids. This paper also presents a detailed description of the reported modifications to membrane lipids by FUMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omeralfaroug Ali
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary.
| | - András Szabó
- Agribiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Institute of Physiology and Animal Nutrition, Department of Animal Physiology and Health, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Guba Sándor Str. 40, Kaposvár 7400, Hungary
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2
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Hirozawa MT, Ono MA, de Souza Suguiura IM, Bordini JG, Hirooka EY, Ono EYS. Antifungal effect and some properties of cell-free supernatants of two Bacillus subtilis isolates against Fusarium verticillioides. Braz J Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s42770-024-01414-x. [PMID: 38862737 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01414-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Fusarium verticillioides causes significant decrease in corn yield and quality, and produces fumonisins, which represent a serious risk to human and animal health. Bacillus species can be an effective and environmentally friendly alternative for F. verticillioides biological control. In this study, some properties of cell-free supernatants (CFSs) of two Bacillus spp. identified as Bacillus subtilis (NT1, NT2) as well as the antifungal effect against F. verticillioides 97L were evaluated. B. subtilis NT1 and NT2 were isolated from commercially available fermented whole soybeans (Nattō). Antifungal activity was observed in both CFSs of B. subtilis isolates (50-59 mm) obtained by co-culture suggesting that antifungal compound production depends on interaction between bacteria and fungi. Cell-free supernatants from the two B. subtilis isolates inhibited mycelial growth (77%-94%) and conidial germination (22%-74%) of F. verticillioides 97L. In addition, CFSs caused significant morphological changes such as distorted and collapsed hyphae with wrinkled surfaces and the presence of a large amount of extracellular material compared to the control without CFSs. Both B. subtilis isolates (NT1 and NT2) produced extracellular proteases, biosurfactants and polar low molecular weight compounds that probably act synergistically and may contribute to the antifungal activity. Antifungal compounds showed heat and pH stability and resistance to proteolytic enzymes. Furthermore, antifungal compounds showed high polarity, high affinity to water and a molecular weight less than 10 kDa. These results indicated that the two B. subtilis (NT1 and NT2) have potential as biocontrol agents for F. verticillioides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Tiemi Hirozawa
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Mario Augusto Ono
- Department of Immunology, Parasitology and General Pathology, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | | | - Jaqueline Gozzi Bordini
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elisa Yoko Hirooka
- Department of Food Science and Technology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Elisabete Yurie Sataque Ono
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, State University of Londrina, P.O. box 10.011, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil.
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3
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Kövesi B, Kulcsár S, Ancsin Z, Erdélyi M, Zándoki E, Gömbös P, Balogh K, Mézes M. Multi-Fusarium mycotoxin exposure activates Nrf2 and Ahr pathway in the liver of laying hens. Toxicol Lett 2024; 391:55-61. [PMID: 38092155 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates gene expression changes in laying hens exposed to trichothecene mycotoxins, known to induce oxidative stress and affect xenobiotic transformation and antioxidants. A 3-day feeding trial tested low and high doses of T-2/HT-2 toxin, DON/3-AcDON/15-AcDON, and FB1 in hen feed. Results showed increased expression of AHR, AHRR, HSP90, and CYP1A2 genes on days 2 and 3, suggesting a response to mycotoxin exposure. High doses down-regulated CYP1A2, AHR, and AHRR on day 1. KEAP1 expression decreased on day 1 but increased dose-dependently on days 2 and 3. NRF2 was up-regulated by low and down-regulated by high doses on day 1, then increased on days 2 and 3. Antioxidant-related genes (GPX3, GPX4, GSS, GSR) showed dose-dependent responses. Low doses up-regulated GPX3 and GPX4 throughout, while high doses up-regulated GPX3 on days 2 and 3 and GPX4 on day 3. GSS was up-regulated on day 3. Results indicate that toxic metabolites formed by phase I biotransformation rapidly induce ROS formation at low doses through the AHR/Hsp90/CYP1A2 pathway at the gene expression level, but at high levels, ROS-induced oxidative stress manifests later. Study showed simultaneous activation of redox-sensitive pathways: aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) and nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 (Nrf2) by multi-mycotoxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Kövesi
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Szabina Kulcsár
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Zsolt Ancsin
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Márta Erdélyi
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary.
| | - Erika Zándoki
- HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Patrik Gömbös
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agri-culture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Krisztián Balogh
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
| | - Miklós Mézes
- Department of Feed Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Szent István Campus, H-2100 Gödöllő, Hungary; HUN-REN-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-7400 Kaposvár, Hungary.
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Youssef S, Custódio L, Rodrigues MJ, Pereira CG, Calhelha RC, Jekő J, Cziáky Z, Ben Hamed K. Harnessing the Bioactive Potential of Limonium spathulatum (Desf.) Kuntze: Insights into Enzyme Inhibition and Phytochemical Profile. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3391. [PMID: 37836131 PMCID: PMC10574883 DOI: 10.3390/plants12193391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the halophyte species Limonium spathulatum (Desf.) as a possible source of natural ingredients with the capacity to inhibit enzymes related to relevant human health disorders and food browning. Extracts using food-grade solvents such as water and ethanol were prepared by maceration from dried L. spathulatum leaves. They were evaluated for in vitro inhibition activity of enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and lipase, related to Alzheimer's disease, type-2-diabetes mellitus, skin hyperpigmentation, and obesity, respectively. These extracts were also appraised for in vitro acute toxicity on tumoral and non-tumoral cell lines and their chemical composition by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). The extracts were more effective towards BChE than AChE. The best results were obtained with the hydroethanolic and water extracts, with IC50 values of 0.03 mg/mL and 0.06 mg/mL, respectively. The hydroethanolic extract had the highest capacity to inhibit α-glucosidase (IC50: 0.04 mg/mL), higher than the positive control used (acarbose, IC50 = 3.14 mg/mL). The ethanol extract displayed the best inhibitory activity against tyrosinase (IC50 = 0.34 mg/mL). The tested samples did not inhibit lipase and exhibited low to moderate cytotoxic activity against the tested cell lines. The hydroethanolic extract had a higher diversity of compounds, followed by the ethanol and water samples. Similar molecules were identified in all the extracts and were mainly hydroxybenzoic acids, hydroxycinnamic acids, and flavonoids. Taken together, these results suggest that L. spathulatum should be further explored as a source of bioactive ingredients for the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seria Youssef
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Center of Biotechnology of BorjCedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
| | - Luisa Custódio
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.C.); (M.J.R.); (C.G.P.)
| | - Maria João Rodrigues
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.C.); (M.J.R.); (C.G.P.)
| | - Catarina G. Pereira
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (L.C.); (M.J.R.); (C.G.P.)
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - József Jekő
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4405 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (J.J.); (Z.C.)
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4405 Nyíregyháza, Hungary; (J.J.); (Z.C.)
| | - Karim Ben Hamed
- Laboratory of Extremophile Plants, Center of Biotechnology of BorjCedria, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia;
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Marzougui Z, Le Hegarat L, Hogeveen K, Huet S, Kharrat R, Marrouchi R, Fessard V. An Evaluation of the Cytotoxic and Genotoxic Effects of the Marine Toxin C17-SAMT in Human TK6 and HepaRG Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097805. [PMID: 37175512 PMCID: PMC10177896 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of C17-sphinganine analog mycotoxin (C17-SAMT) using in vitro assays. C17-SAMT was previously identified as the cause of unusual toxicity in cultured mussels from the Bizerte Lagoon in northern Tunisia. While a previous in vivo genotoxicity study was inconclusive, in vitro results demonstrated that C17-SAMT induced an increase in micronucleus formation in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells at concentrations of 0.87 µM and 1.74 µM. In addition, multiparametric cytotoxicity assays were performed in the human hepatoma HepaRG cell line, which showed that C17-SAMT induced mitochondrial dysfunction, decreased cellular ATP levels, and altered the expression of various proteins, including superoxide dismutase SOD2, heme oxygenase HO-1, and NF-κB. These results suggest that C17-SAMT is mutagenic in vitro and can induce mitochondrial dysfunction in HepaRG cells. However, the exact mode of action of this toxin requires further investigation. Overall, this study highlights the potential toxicity of C17-SAMT and the need for further research to better understand its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeineb Marzougui
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
- Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Tunis 1082, Tunisia
| | - Ludovic Le Hegarat
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Kevin Hogeveen
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Sylvie Huet
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306 Fougères, France
| | - Riadh Kharrat
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Marrouchi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Biomolécules Thérapeutiques, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Université Tunis El Manar, 13 Place Pasteur, B.P. 74, Tunis-Belvédère 1002, Tunisia
| | - Valérie Fessard
- Unité de Toxicologie des Contaminants, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), 10 B rue Claude Bourgelat, 35306 Fougères, France
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Ndlovu SS, Chuturgoon AA, Ghazi T. Moringa oleifera Lam Leaf Extract Stimulates NRF2 and Attenuates ARV-Induced Toxicity in Human Liver Cells (HepG2). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1541. [PMID: 37050167 PMCID: PMC10097004 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) reported that there are 37 million individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide, with the majority in South Africa. This chronic disease is managed by the effective use of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs. However, with prolonged use, ARV drug-induced toxicity remains a clinically complex problem. This study investigated the toxicity of ARV drugs on mitochondria and the NRF2 antioxidant pathway and its possible amelioration using Moringa oleifera Lam (MO) leaf extracts. This medicinal plant has a range of functional bioactive compounds. Liver (HepG2) cells were treated with individual ARV drugs: Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF), Emtricitabine (FTC), and Lamivudine (3TC) for 96 h, followed by MO leaf extracts for 24 h. Intracellular ROS, cytotoxicity, lipid peroxidation, total and reduced glutathione (GSH), ATP, and mitochondrial polarisation were determined. Finally, protein (pNRF2, NRF2, SOD2, CAT, and Sirt3) and mRNA (NRF2, CAT, NQO1 SOD2, Sirt3, and PGC1α) expression were measured using Western blot and qPCR, respectively. TDF, FTC, and 3TC significantly increased intracellular ROS and extracellular levels of both MDA and LDH. ARVs also reduced the GSH and ATP levels and altered the mitochondrial polarization. Further, ARVs reduced the expression of NRF2 SOD2, Sirt3, CAT, NQO1, UCP2 and PGC1α mRNA and consequently pNRF2, NRF2, SOD2, Sirt3 and CAT protein. In contrast, there was a significant reduction in the extracellular MDA and LDH levels post-MO treatment. MO significantly reduced intracellular ROS while significantly increasing GSH, ATP, and mitochondrial membrane polarization. The addition of MO to ARV-treated cells significantly upregulated the expression of NRF2, SOD2, Sirt3, CAT, UCP2, PGC1α, and NQO1 mRNA and pNRF2, NRF2, SOD2, Sirt3 proteins. Thus, MO ameliorates ARV-induced hepatotoxicity by scavenging oxidants by inducing the NRF2 antioxidant pathway. MO shows great therapeutic potential and may be considered a potential supplement to ameliorate ARV drug toxicity.
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Fumonisin B 1 disrupts mitochondrial function in oxidatively poised HepG2 liver cells by disrupting oxidative phosphorylation complexes and potential participation of lincRNA-p21. Toxicon 2023; 225:107057. [PMID: 36796496 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2023.107057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is etiologically linked to cancer, yet the underlying mechanisms remain largely unclear. It is also not known if mitochondrial dysfunction is involved as a contributor to FB1-induced metabolic toxicity. This study investigated the effects of FB1 on mitochondrial toxicity and its implications in cultured human liver (HepG2) cells. HepG2 cells poised to undergo oxidative and glycolytic metabolism were exposed to FB1 for 6 h. We determined mitochondrial toxicity, reducing equivalent levels and mitochondrial sirtuin activity using luminometric, fluorometric and spectrophotometric methods. Molecular pathways involved were determined using western blots and PCR. Our data confirm that FB1 is a mitochondrial toxin capable of disrupting the stability of complexes I and V of the mitochondrial electron transport and decreasing the NAD:NADH ratio in galactose supplemented HepG2 cells. We further showed that in cells treated with FB1, p53 acts as a metabolic stress-responsive transcription factor that induces the expression of lincRNA-p21, which plays a crucial role in stabilising HIF-1α. The findings provide novel insights into the impact of this mycotoxin in the dysregulation of energy metabolism and may contribute to the growing body of evidence of its tumor promoting effects.
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Zhang J, Qiao W, Luo Y. Mitochondrial quality control proteases and their modulation for cancer therapy. Med Res Rev 2023; 43:399-436. [PMID: 36208112 DOI: 10.1002/med.21929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria, the main provider of energy in eukaryotic cells, contains more than 1000 different proteins and is closely related to the development of cells. However, damaged proteins impair mitochondrial function, further contributing to several human diseases. Evidence shows mitochondrial proteases are critically important for protein maintenance. Most importantly, quality control enzymes exert a crucial role in the modulation of mitochondrial functions by degrading misfolded, aged, or superfluous proteins. Interestingly, cancer cells thrive under stress conditions that damage proteins, so targeting mitochondrial quality control proteases serves as a novel regulator for cancer cells. Not only that, mitochondrial quality control proteases have been shown to affect mitochondrial dynamics by regulating the morphology of optic atrophy 1 (OPA1), which is closely related to the occurrence and progression of cancer. In this review, we introduce mitochondrial quality control proteases as promising targets and related modulators in cancer therapy with a focus on caseinolytic protease P (ClpP), Lon protease (LonP1), high-temperature requirement protein A2 (HrtA2), and OMA-1. Further, we summarize our current knowledge of the advances in clinical trials for modulators of mitochondrial quality control proteases. Overall, the content proposed above serves to suggest directions for the development of novel antitumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wenliang Qiao
- Lung Cancer Center, Laboratory of Lung Cancer, Western China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Youfu Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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Gao Z, Luo K, Zhu Q, Peng J, Liu C, Wang X, Li S, Zhang H. The natural occurrence, toxicity mechanisms and management strategies of Fumonisin B1:A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 320:121065. [PMID: 36639041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) contaminates various crops, causing huge losses to agriculture and livestock worldwide. This review summarizes the occurrence regularity, toxicity, toxic mechanisms and management strategies of FB1. Specifically, FB1 contamination is particularly serious in developing countries, humid and hot regions. FB1 exposure can produce different toxic effects on the nervous system, respiratory system, digestive system and reproductive system. Furthermore, FB1 can also cause systemic immunotoxicity. The mechanism of toxic effects of FB1 is to interfere with the normal pathway of sphingolipid de novo biosynthesis by acting as a competitive inhibitor of ceramide synthase. Meanwhile, the toxic products of sphingolipid metabolic disorders can cause oxidative stress and apoptosis. FB1 also often causes feed contamination by mixing with other mycotoxins, and then exerts combined toxicity. For detection, lateral flow dipstick technology and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay are widely used in the detection of FB1 in commercial feeds, while mainstream detection methods such as high performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry are widely used in the laboratory theoretical study of FB1. For purification means of FB1, some natural plant extracts (such as Zingiber officinale and Litsea Cubeba essential oil) and their active compounds have been proved to inhibit the toxic effects of FB1 and protect livestock due to their antifungal and antioxidant effects. Natural plant extract has the advantages of high efficiency, low cost and no contamination residue. This review can provide information for comprehensive understanding of FB1, and provide reference for formulating reasonable treatment and management strategies in livestock production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Kangxin Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinghui Peng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Chang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Shoujun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Li H, He W, Yue D, Wang M, Yuan X, Huang K. Low doses of fumonisin B1 exacerbate ochratoxin A-induced renal injury in mice and the protective roles of heat shock protein 70. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110240. [PMID: 36397609 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and ochratoxin A (OTA) possess nephrotoxicity to animals and widely co-exist in food and feedstuffs. FB1 rarely, while OTA often, causes toxicosis in animals. Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) resists lung injury induced by pneumolysin, but whether Hsp70 could remission mycotoxins-induced renal injury is still unknown. The present study aims to explore the impacts of nontoxic doses of FB1 on OTA-induced nephrotoxicity and the protective roles of Hsp70. In the mycotoxins-challenge experiment, ICR mice were co-exposed to nontoxic doses of FB1 (0, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 mg/kg bw, IP) and toxic dose of OTA (0.4 mg/kg bw, IP) for 16 d. The results showed that the levels of BUN, Cr, MDA in serum, the Cyto C in renal tubes or glomerulus, pro-apoptosis genes and p-JNK protein expression in kidney were significantly increased. Histopathological results revealed the glomerular swelling. The above all indexes were dose-dependent. In the protection experiment, the mice were pretreated with the eukaryotic plasmid of pEGFP-C3-Hsp70, these increasing parameters in the mycotoxins-challenge experiment were reversed. In vitro, after pK-15 cells were treated with 8 μM FB1 and 5 μM OTA for 48 h, the mitochondrial membrane potential was significantly reduced, mitochondrial ROS was remarkably increased, more Cyto C was leaked from mitochondria into cytoplasm, and pro-apoptosis genes were significantly up-regulated. After the Hsp70 level was up-regulated by pEGFP-C3-Hsp70 or ML346 in pK-15 cells, these above indexes were reversed. However, activation of JNK by anisomycin significantly suppressed the protective effects of Hsp70. Our results demonstrate that the nontoxic doses of FB1 exacerbate the toxic dose of OTA-induced renal injury, while Hsp70 alleviates renal injury by inhibiting the JNK/MAPK signaling pathway. Hsp70 up-regulation may be an efficient strategy for protecting against tissue damage and bio-function impairment induced by co-exposure to FB1 and OTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenmiao He
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengmeng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, Jiangsu Province, China.
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11
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Bryła M, Pierzgalski A, Zapaśnik A, Uwineza PA, Ksieniewicz-Woźniak E, Modrzewska M, Waśkiewicz A. Recent Research on Fusarium Mycotoxins in Maize—A Review. Foods 2022; 11:foods11213465. [PMID: 36360078 PMCID: PMC9659149 DOI: 10.3390/foods11213465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) is one of the most susceptible crops to pathogenic fungal infections, and in particular to the Fusarium species. Secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp.—mycotoxins are not only phytotoxic, but also harmful to humans and animals. They can cause acute or chronic diseases with various toxic effects. The European Union member states apply standards and legal regulations on the permissible levels of mycotoxins in food and feed. This review summarises the most recent knowledge on the occurrence of toxic secondary metabolites of Fusarium in maize, taking into account modified forms of mycotoxins, the progress in research related to the health effects of consuming food or feed contaminated with mycotoxins, and also the development of biological methods for limiting and/or eliminating the presence of the same in the food chain and in compound feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Bryła
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Adam Pierzgalski
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zapaśnik
- Department of Microbiology, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, Rakowiecka 36, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Pascaline Aimee Uwineza
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Edyta Ksieniewicz-Woźniak
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Modrzewska
- Department of Food Safety and Chemical Analysis, Waclaw Dabrowski Institute of Agricultural and Food Biotechnology—State Research Institute, 02-532 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-61-848-78-41
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12
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Ndiaye S, Zhang M, Fall M, Ayessou NM, Zhang Q, Li P. Current Review of Mycotoxin Biodegradation and Bioadsorption: Microorganisms, Mechanisms, and Main Important Applications. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14110729. [PMID: 36355979 PMCID: PMC9694041 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites produced by fungi. Food/feed contamination by mycotoxins is a great threat to food safety. The contamination can occur along the food chain and can cause many diseases in humans and animals, and it also can cause economic losses. Many detoxification methods, including physical, chemical, and biological techniques, have been established to eliminate mycotoxins in food/feed. The biological method, with mycotoxin detoxification by microorganisms, is reliable, efficient, less costly, and easy to use compared with physical and chemical ones. However, it is important to discover the metabolite's toxicity resulting from mycotoxin biodegradation. These compounds can be less or more toxic than the parent. On the other hand, mechanisms involved in a mycotoxin's biological control remain still unclear. Mostly, there is little information about the method used by microorganisms to control mycotoxins. Therefore, this article presents an overview of the most toxic mycotoxins and the different microorganisms that have a mycotoxin detoxification ability. At the same time, different screening methods for degradation compound elucidation are given. In addition, the review summarizes mechanisms of mycotoxin biodegradation and gives some applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyni Ndiaye
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Minhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Mouhamed Fall
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Institute of Agro-Products Processing Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Nicolas M. Ayessou
- Laboratoire D’Analyses et D’Essai, Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique, Université Cheikh Anta Diop, Fann-Dakar 5085, Senegal
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-27-86711839; Fax: +86-27-86812862
| | - Peiwu Li
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Oil Crops, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Oil Crops Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430062, China
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Mycotoxins, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Oilseeds Products (Wuhan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan 430062, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan 430070, China
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13
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Ouyang H, Zhu H, Li J, Chen L, Zhang R, Fu Q, Li X, Cao C. Fumonisin B 1 promotes germ cells apoptosis associated with oxidative stress-related Nrf2 signaling in mice testes. Chem Biol Interact 2022; 363:110009. [PMID: 35697133 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins (FBs) are widespread Fusarium toxins commonly found in corn. This study aimed to establish the mechanism of oxidative stress via the Nrf2 signaling pathway associated with FB1-induced toxicity in mice testis. Male mice were fed with 5 mg/kg FB1 diet for 21 or 42 days, the expression of inflammatory related genes, apoptosis related genes and Nrf2 pathway genes were detected by RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical. Furthermore, Sertoli cell was treatment with FB1. Cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay, ROS level and apoptosis related genes were detected by immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that FB1 had toxic effects on testis, which could increase the ROS level of Sertoli cells, affect the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway related factors, destroy the oxidative balance of testis, lead to the occurrence of inflammation and the initiation of apoptosis, and finally destroy the testicular tissue structure and affect the formation of sperm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Ouyang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Huquan Zhu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Jinhong Li
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Lina Chen
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Ruofan Zhang
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China
| | - Xinran Li
- Foshan University Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Changyu Cao
- College of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, Guangdong, 528231, China.
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14
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Fang M, Hu W, Liu B. Protective and detoxifying effects conferred by selenium against mycotoxins and livestock viruses: A review. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:956814. [PMID: 35982930 PMCID: PMC9378959 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.956814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feed can easily be infected with molds during production and storage processes, and this can lead to the production of secondary metabolites, such as mycotoxins, which eventually threaten human and animal health. Furthermore, livestock production is also not free from viral infections. Under these conditions, the essential trace element, selenium (Se), can confer various biological benefits to humans and animals, especially due to its anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant properties, as well as its ability to regulate immune responses. This article reviews the latest literature on the antagonistic effects of Se on mycotoxin toxicity and viral infections in animals. We outlined the systemic toxicity of mycotoxins and the primary mechanisms of mycotoxin-induced toxicity in this analysis. In addition, we pay close attention to how mycotoxins and viral infections in livestock interact. The use of Se supplementation against mycotoxin-induced toxicity and cattle viral infection was the topic of our final discussion. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is currently causing a health catastrophe, has altered our perspective on health concerns to one that is more holistic and increasingly embraces the One Health Concept, which acknowledges the interdependence of humans, animals, and the environment. In light of this, we have made an effort to present a thorough and wide-ranging background on the protective functions of selenium in successfully reducing mycotoxin toxicity and livestock viral infection. It concluded that mycotoxins could be systemically harmful and pose a severe risk to human and animal health. On the contrary, animal mycotoxins and viral illnesses have a close connection. Last but not least, these findings show that the interaction between Se status and host response to mycotoxins and cattle virus infection is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manxin Fang
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Universities and Colleges for Selenium Agriculture, Yichun University, Yichun, China
- *Correspondence: Manxin Fang
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Universities and Colleges for Selenium Agriculture, Yichun University, Yichun, China
| | - Ben Liu
- College of Life Science and Resources and Environment, Yichun University, Yichun, China
- Engineering Technology Research Center of Jiangxi Universities and Colleges for Selenium Agriculture, Yichun University, Yichun, China
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15
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Mao X, Liu S, Ge L, Du H, Yue D, Hou L, Huang K, Chen X. mTOR-Mediated Autophagy Regulates Fumonisin B 1-Induced Intestinal Inflammation via Pyroptosis In Vivo and In Vitro. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:9187-9200. [PMID: 35830273 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a fungal metabolite, which has an incremental detection rate in grains and feed worldwide. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like pyrin domain containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a critical element in pyroptosis activation, which participates in regulating enteritis. Meanwhile, autophagy is also engaged in intestinal inflammation. However, the function of pyroptosis and autophagy in FB1-mediated enterotoxicity remains unclear. In this study, we explored the effects of FB1 on enteritis and the underlying mechanism in vivo and in vitro. Our data showed that FB1 exposure damaged the intestinal epithelium and promoted the secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, FB1 exposure significantly upregulated the expression of pyroptosis-related genes. Then, MCC950, an inhibitor of NLRP3, significantly blocked FB1-induced pyroptosis in IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, FB1 treatment elevated the levels of autophagy. Moreover, the phosphorylation of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), an upstream protein of the autophagy pathway, was inhibited by FB1 exposure. Notably, rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTOR, instead of MHY1485, an agonist of mTOR, could ameliorate FB1-induced intestinal inflammatory injury and inhibit the upregulation of pyroptosis-related genes. In summary, we demonstrated that autophagy exhibited a protective effect against NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pyroptosis on FB1-induced enteritis. Our data clarify a favorable protective role for the activation of autophagy in FB1 poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Mao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuiping Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lei Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heng Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Dongmei Yue
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xingxiang Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
- Institute of Animal Nutritional Health, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu Province, China
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16
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Chen X, Abdallah MF, Grootaert C, Rajkovic A. Bioenergetic Status of the Intestinal and Hepatic Cells after Short Term Exposure to Fumonisin B1 and Aflatoxin B1. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136945. [PMID: 35805950 PMCID: PMC9267062 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) are frequent contaminants of staple foods such as maize. Oral exposure to these toxins poses health hazards by disrupting cellular signaling. However, little is known regarding the multifaced mitochondrial dysfunction-linked toxicity of FB1 and AFB1. Here, we show that after exposure to FB1 and AFB1, mitochondrial respiration significantly decreased by measuring the oxygen consumption rate (OCR), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The current work shows that the integrity of mitochondria (MMP and ROS), that is the central component of cell apoptosis, is disrupted by FB1 and AFB1 in undifferentiated Caco-2 and HepG2 cells as in vitro models for human intestine and liver, respectively. It hypothesizes that FB1 and AFB1 could disrupt the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) to induce mitochondrial dysfunction and break the balance of transferring H+ between the mitochondrial inner membrane and mitochondrial matrix, however, the proton leak is not increasing and, as a result, ATP synthesis is blocked. At the sub-toxic exposure of 1.0 µg/mL for 24 h, i.e., a viability of 95% in Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, the mitochondrial respiration was, however, stimulated. This suggests that the treated cells could reserve energy for mitochondrial respiration with the exposure of FB1 and AFB1, which could be a survival advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangrong Chen
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (X.C.); (M.F.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Mohamed F. Abdallah
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (X.C.); (M.F.A.); (C.G.)
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (X.C.); (M.F.A.); (C.G.)
| | - Andreja Rajkovic
- Department of Food Technology, Safety and Health, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (X.C.); (M.F.A.); (C.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-09-264-99-04
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17
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UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS Analysis of Phenolic Compounds from the Fruit of Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gamble and Their Antioxidant and Cytoprotective Activities. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123767. [PMID: 35744892 PMCID: PMC9227481 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Bamboo is a widely distributed graminaceous plant in China and is a potential source of bioactive substances. Incidentally, bamboo’s fruit is rich in phytochemicals such as polyphenols and flavonoids, which are significant to human health. In this study, we identified the phenolic compounds of the fruit and investigated the antioxidant activities of Cephalostachyum fuchsianum Gamble (CFG) fruit polyphenols with in vitro and in vivo tests for the first time. UPLC–Q–TOF–MS/MS analysis results showed that the fruit contained 43 phenolic compounds, including 7 hydroxybenzoic acids, 12 flavonoids, 7 coumarins, 10 hydroxycinnamic acids, 1 terpenoid, and 5 lignans. The TPC of SP extracts was higher than that of IBPs extracts in FP and FF. The SP extracts in FP showed better antioxidant activities in vitro compared to those in FF. In addition, polyphenols from CFG fruits protected against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells, and the protective effect of polyphenols in FP was superior to that in FF. The analysis results showed that CFG fruit has great potential in exploiting natural chemical substances, which can provide valuable pieces of information for the further development and utilization of CFG.
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18
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Toxic Mechanism and Biological Detoxification of Fumonisins. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030182. [PMID: 35324679 PMCID: PMC8954241 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Food safety is related to the national economy and people’s livelihood. Fumonisins are widely found in animal feed, feed raw materials, and human food. This can not only cause economic losses in animal husbandry but can also have carcinogenicity or teratogenicity and can be left in animal meat, eggs, and milk which may enter the human body and pose a serious threat to human health. Although there are many strategies to prevent fumonisins from entering the food chain, the traditional physical and chemical methods of mycotoxin removal have some disadvantages, such as an unstable effect, large nutrient loss, impact on the palatability of feed, and difficulty in mass production. As a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly detoxification technology, biological detoxification attracts more and more attention from researchers and is gradually becoming an accepted technique. This work summarizes the toxic mechanism of fumonisins and highlights the advances of fumonisins in the detoxification of biological antioxidants, antagonistic microorganisms, and degradation mechanisms. Finally, the future challenges and focus of the biological control and degradation of fumonisins are discussed.
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19
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Mohan J, Sheik Abdul N, Nagiah S, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. Fumonisin B 2 Induces Mitochondrial Stress and Mitophagy in Human Embryonic Kidney (Hek293) Cells-A Preliminary Study. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14030171. [PMID: 35324667 PMCID: PMC8954924 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitous soil fungi parasitise agricultural commodities and produce mycotoxins. Fumonisin B2 (FB2), the structural analogue of the commonly studied Fumonisin B1 (FB1), is a neglected mycotoxin produced by several Fusarium species. Mycotoxins are known for inducing toxicity via mitochondrial stress alluding to mitochondrial degradation (mitophagy). These processes involve inter-related pathways that are regulated by proteins related to SIRT3 and Nrf2. This study aimed to investigate mitochondrial stress responses in human kidney (Hek293) cells exposed to FB2 for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed via the methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay, and the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50 = 317.4 µmol/L) was estimated using statistical software. Reactive oxygen species (ROS; H2DCFDA), mitochondrial membrane depolarisation (JC1-mitoscreen) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP; luminometry) levels were evaluated to assess mitochondrial integrity. The relative expression of mitochondrial stress response proteins (SIRT3, pNrf2, LONP1, PINK1, p62 and HSP60) was determined by Western blot. Transcript levels of SIRT3, PINK1 and miR-27b were assessed using quantitative PCR (qPCR). FB2 reduced ATP production (p = 0.0040), increased mitochondrial stress marker HSP60 (p = 0.0140) and suppressed upregulation of mitochondrial stress response proteins SIRT3 (p = 0.0026) and LONP1 (p = 0.5934). FB2 promoted mitophagy via upregulation of pNrf2 (p = 0.0008), PINK1 (p = 0.0014) and p62 (p < 0.0001) protein expression. FB2 also suppressed miR-27b expression (p < 0.0001), further promoting the occurrence of mitophagy. Overall, the findings suggest that FB2 increases mitochondrial stress and promotes mitophagy in Hek293 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jivanka Mohan
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (J.M.); (N.S.A.); (S.N.); (T.G.)
| | - Naeem Sheik Abdul
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (J.M.); (N.S.A.); (S.N.); (T.G.)
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - Savania Nagiah
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (J.M.); (N.S.A.); (S.N.); (T.G.)
- Medical Programme, Department of Human Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Nelson Mandela University Missionvale, Bethelsdorp, Port Elizabeth 6059, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (J.M.); (N.S.A.); (S.N.); (T.G.)
| | - Anil A. Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa; (J.M.); (N.S.A.); (S.N.); (T.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +27-312-604-404
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20
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Li T, Huang S, Wang J, Yin P, Liu H, Sun C. Alginate oligosaccharides protect against fumonisin B1-induced intestinal damage via promoting gut microbiota homeostasis. Food Res Int 2022; 152:110927. [PMID: 35181098 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), one of the most common mycotoxins contaminating feed and food, has been shown to induce intestinal barrier degradation. However, its role on gut microbiota in this process is still unclear. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS) have been reported to exert their anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic function partially via modulation the gut microbiota. However, little is known about the beneficial effect of AOS on gut microbiota upon FB1 exposure. Results show that FB1 degraded intestinal epithelial barrier function as evidenced by increased pathological epithelial cell shedding, reduced the number of goblet cells, and promoted intestinal cell apoptosis. Markedly, FB1 disturbed the cecal and fecal microbiota composition. FB1 increased the level of Lactobacillus and decreased the relative abundance of beneficial microbes. FB1 largely inhibited the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). AOS greatly ameliorated FB1-induced intestinal damage, inflammation, and oxidative stress (eg., T-SOD and MDA). AOS alleviated gut microbial dysbiosis by promoting the growth of beneficial microbes such as Roseburia, Bifidobacterium, and Akkermansia, and increasing SCFAs production upon FB1 exposure. Moreover, the correlation analysis showed that FB1- and AOS-treated gut microbiota alteration is closely associated with the change of intestinal phenotype. We have thus provided a novel insight into the protective role of AOS on FB1-induced gut microbial dysbiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Li
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Shimeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Peng Yin
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Hujun Liu
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Changpo Sun
- Academy of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, Beijing 100037, China; Standards and Quality Center of National Food and Strategic Reserves Administration, China.
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21
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Adimulam T, Abdul N, Chuturgoon A. HepG2 liver cells treated with fumonisin B1 in galactose supplemented media have altered expression of genes and proteins known to regulate cholesterol flux. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2021.2723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) contributes to mycotoxicosis in animals and has been associated with the incidence of some cancers in humans. The effect of FB1 on lipidomic profiles, sphingolipids and cholesterol levels have been demonstrated in experimental models, however, the events leading to altered cholesterol levels are unclear. This study investigates the molecular mechanisms that regulate the effect of FB1 on cholesterol homeostasis in galactose supplemented HepG2 liver cells. Galactose supplementation is a proven method utilised to circumvent the Crabtree effect exhibited by cancer cells, which forces cancer cells to activate the mitochondria. HepG2 cells were cultured in galactose supplemented media and treated with FB1 (IC50 = 25 μM) for 6 h. Cell viability was determined using the MTT assay. Metabolic status was evaluated using ATP luciferase assay, and cholesterol regulatory transcription factors (SIRT1, SREBP-1C, LXR, LDLR, PCSK9, and ABCA1) were investigated using western blotting and qPCR. FB1 in galactose supplemented HepG2 cells increased gene expression of SIRT1 (P<0.05), SREBP-1C, LXR, and LDLR; however, PCSK9 (P<0.05) was decreased. Furthermore, protein expression of SIRT1, LXR, and LDLR was elevated upon FB1 treatment, while SREBP-1C and PCSK9 were reduced. The data provides evidence that SIRT1 reduced the expression of PCSK9 and deacetylated LXR to prevent degradation of LDLR. This could result in a dysregulated cholesterol flux, which may contribute to FB1 mediated toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Adimulam
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - N.S. Abdul
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town 7535, South Africa
| | - A.A. Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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22
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Ju JQ, Liu JC, Sun SC. Fumonisin B1 exposure deteriorates oocyte quality by inducing organelle dysfunction and DNA damage in mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112598. [PMID: 34388657 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Oocyte quality is critical for fertilization and early embryo development. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a Fusarium mycotoxin and it is commonly found in contaminated food and feedstuff, posing a potential health hazard to both animals and human. FB1 is reported to have hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity and embryotoxicity. However, the effects of FB1 on mouse oocyte quality are still unknown. Here, we explored the toxic effects and potential mechanisms of FB1 on oocyte maturation quality in mice. FB1 exposure inhibited the first polar body extrusion at concentrations of 30 μM and 50 μM, which further induced oocyte meiotic arrest. Besides, disrupted spindle structure was found in oocytes after FB1 exposure. Our results also showed that FB1 exposure impaired mitochondria dysfunction, which further induced oxidative stress and early apoptosis. In addition, we reported that FB1 exposure induced the accumulation of lysosome and occurrence of autophagy. Aberrant ER distribution and ER stress were also found in FB1-exposed oocytes. Moreover, DNA damage was also observed. These results together suggested that FB1 exposure affected oocyte quality by destroying spindle structure, leading to mitochondria, lysosome and ER dysfunction, which further induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, autophagy and DNA damage in mouse oocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jing-Cai Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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23
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Research Progress on Fumonisin B1 Contamination and Toxicity: A Review. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26175238. [PMID: 34500671 PMCID: PMC8434385 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26175238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), belonging to the member of fumonisins, is one of the most toxic mycotoxins produced mainly by Fusarium proliferatum and Fusarium verticillioide. FB1 has caused extensive contamination worldwide, mainly in corn, rice, wheat, and their products, while it also poses a health risk and is toxic to animals and human. It has been shown to cause oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cellular autophagy, and apoptosis. This review focuses on the current stage of FB1 contamination, its toxic effects of acute toxicity, immunotoxicity, organ toxicity, and reproductive toxicity on animals and humans. The potential toxic mechanisms of FB1 are discussed. One of the main aims of the work is to provide a reliable reference strategy for understanding the occurrence and toxicity of FB1.
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Ruan H, Lu Q, Wu J, Qin J, Sui M, Sun X, Shi Y, Luo J, Yang M. Hepatotoxicity of food-borne mycotoxins: molecular mechanism, anti-hepatotoxic medicines and target prediction. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 62:2281-2308. [PMID: 34346825 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1960794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are metabolites produced by fungi. The widespread contamination of food and feed by mycotoxins is a global food safety problem and a serious threat to people's health. Most food-borne mycotoxins have strong hepatotoxicity. However, no effective methods have been found to prevent or treat Mycotoxin- Induced Liver Injury (MILI) in clinical and animal husbandry. In this paper, the molecular mechanisms and potential anti-MILI medicines of six food-borne MILI are reviewed, and their targets are predicted by network toxicology, which provides a theoretical basis for further study of the toxicity mechanism of MILI and the development of effective strategies to manage MILI-related health problems in the future and accelerate the development of food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan Ruan
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Lu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiashuo Wu
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaan Qin
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Sui
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaoyang Luo
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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25
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Somashekaraiah R, Mottawea W, Gunduraj A, Joshi U, Hammami R, Sreenivasa MY. Probiotic and Antifungal Attributes of Levilactobacillus brevis MYSN105, Isolated From an Indian Traditional Fermented Food Pozha. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:696267. [PMID: 34290687 PMCID: PMC8287902 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.696267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of probiotics and antifungal capabilities of the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) isolated from different niches is a strategy to prepare functional cultures and biopreservatives for food/feed industries. In the present study, LAB strains isolated from an Indian traditional fermented food, Pozha, were evaluated for their probiotic properties and biocontrol potential. A total of 20 LAB isolates were selected from Pozha samples collected aseptically and screened for their antagonistic activity against Fusarium verticillioides. Among the bioactive isolates, Lacticaseibacillus brevis MYSN105 showed the highest antifungal activity in vitro, causing some morphological alterations such as damaged mycelia and deformed conidia. Cell-free supernatant (CFS) from L. brevis MYSN105 at 16% concentration effectively reduced the mycelial biomass to 0.369 g compared to 1.938 g in control. Likewise, the conidial germination was inhibited to 20.12%, and the seed treatment using CFS induced a reduction of spore count to 4.1 × 106 spores/ml compared to 1.1 × 109 spores/ml for untreated seeds. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) copy number of F. verticillioides decreased to 5.73 × 107 and 9.026 × 107 by L. brevis MYSN105 and CFS treatment, respectively, compared to 8.94 × 1010 in control. The L. brevis MYSN105 showed high tolerance to in vitro gastrointestinal conditions and exhibited high adhesive abilities to intestinal epithelial cell lines. The comparative genome analysis demonstrated specific secondary metabolite region coding for bacteriocin and T3PKS (type III polyketide synthase) possibly related to survival and antimicrobial activity in the gut environment. Our results suggest that L. brevis MYSN105 has promising probiotic features and could be potentially used for developing biological control formulations to minimize F. verticillioides contamination and improve food safety measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walid Mottawea
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt.,School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Adithi Gunduraj
- Departmen of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Udit Joshi
- Departmen of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
| | - Riadh Hammami
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - M Y Sreenivasa
- Departmen of Studies in Microbiology, University of Mysore, Mysuru, India
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26
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Iron deposition-induced ferroptosis in alveolar type II cells promotes the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2021; 1867:166204. [PMID: 34175430 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2021.166204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of regulated cell death, characterized by the iron-dependent accumulation of lipid reactive oxygen species, which has been implicated in numerous human diseases. However, its role in pulmonary fibrosis, a fatal lung disease with unknown etiology, is largely unknown. Here, we investigated the role of ferroptosis in pulmonary fibrosis. We found a large amount of iron deposition in the lung tissue of patients with pulmonary fibrosis. We observed ferroptosis in alveolar type II (ATII) cells, fibrotic lung tissues of BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis mice. BLM-induced increase in iron level was accompanied by pathological changes, collagen deposition, and ferroptosis in ATII cells, indicating iron deposition-induced ferroptosis, which promoted the development of pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, deferoxamine (DFO) completely prevented the pro-fibrosis effects of BLM by reducing iron deposition and ferroptosis in ATII cells. Genes associated with intracellular iron metabolism and homeostasis, such as transferrin receptor 1, divalent metal transporter 1, and ferroportin-1, and showed abnormal expression levels in animal tissues and lung epithelial MLE-12 cells, which responded to BLM stimulation. Overall, we demonstrated that BLM-induced iron deposition in MLE-12 cells is prone to both mitochondrial dysfunction and ferroptosis and that DFO reverses this phenotype. In the future, understanding the role of ferroptosis may shed new light on the etiology of pulmonary fibrosis. Ferroptosis inhibitors or genetic engineering of ferroptosis-related genes might offer potential targets to treat pulmonary fibrosis.
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27
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Sun C, Shen H, Cai H, Zhao Z, Gan G, Feng S, Chu P, Zeng M, Deng J, Ming F, Ma M, Jia J, He R, Cao D, Chen Z, Li J, Zhang L. Intestinal guard: Human CXCL17 modulates protective response against mycotoxins and CXCL17-mimetic peptides development. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 188:114586. [PMID: 33932472 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxin contamination is an ongoing and growing issue that can create health risks and even cause death. Unfortunately, there is currently a lack of specific therapy against mycotoxins with few side effects. On the other hand, the strategic expression of CXCL17 in mucosal tissues suggests that it may be involved in immune response when exposed to mycotoxins, but the exact role of CXCL17 remains largely unknown. Using Caco-2 as a cell model of the intestinal epithelial barrier (the first line of defense against mycotoxins), we showed that a strong production of ROS-dependent CXCL17 was triggered by mycotoxins via p38 and JNK pathways. Under the mycotoxins stress, CXCL17 modulated enhanced immuno-protective response with a remission of inflammation and apoptosis through PI3K/AKT/mTOR. Based on our observed feedback of CXCL17 to the mycotoxins, we developed the CXCL17-mimetic peptides in silico (CX1 and CX2) that possessed the safety and the capability to ameliorate mycotoxins-inducible inflammation and apoptosis. In this study, the identification of detoxifying feature of CXCL17 is a prominent addition to the chemokine field, pointing out a new direction for curing the mycotoxins-caused damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chongjun Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Haokun Shen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Haiming Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zengjue Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Guanhua Gan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Pinpin Chu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Min Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jinbo Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Feiping Ming
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Miaopeng Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Junhao Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Rongxiao He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ding Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Linghua Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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28
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Wang Y, Wang HL, Xing GD, Qian Y, Zhong JF, Chen KL. S-allyl cysteine ameliorates heat stress-induced oxidative stress by activating Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway in BMECs. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2021; 416:115469. [PMID: 33640343 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2021.115469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress-induced oxidative stress in bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) threatens the normal growth and development of bovine mammary tissue, resulting in lower milk production of dairy cows. The aim of the present study is to investigate the protective effects of S-allyl cysteine (SAC), an organosulfur component extracted from aged garlic, on heat stress-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in BMECs and to explore its underlying mechanisms. Our results showed that heat stress treatment considerably decreased cell viability, whereas SAC treatment dose-dependently restored cell viability of BMECs under heat-stress conditions. In addition, SAC protected BMECs from heat stress-induced oxidative damage by inhibiting the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes. It also inhibited heat stress-induced apoptosis by reducing the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and blocking proteolytic the cleavage of caspase-3 in BMECs. Interestingly, we found that the protective effect of SAC on heat stress-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis was dependent on the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) signaling pathway. SAC promoted the Nrf2 nuclear translocation in heat stress-induced BMECs. The results were also validated by Nrf2 and Keap1 knockdown experiments further demonstrating that Nrf-2 was indeed involved in the protective effect of SAC on heat stress-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis. In summary, our results showed that SAC could protect BMECs from heat stress-induced injury by mediating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway, suggesting that SAC could be considered as a therapeutic drug for attenuating heat stress-induced mammary gland diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui-Li Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Guang-Dong Xing
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yong Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Ji-Feng Zhong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China; Youyuan Research Institute of Dairy Industry Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211100, China.
| | - Kun-Lin Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China.
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29
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Arumugam T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon AA. Molecular and epigenetic modes of Fumonisin B 1 mediated toxicity and carcinogenesis and detoxification strategies. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:76-94. [PMID: 33605189 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1881040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is a natural contaminant of agricultural commodities that has displayed a myriad of toxicities in animals. Moreover, it is known to be a hepatorenal carcinogen in rodents and may be associated with oesophageal and hepatocellular carcinomas in humans. The most well elucidated mode of FB1-mediated toxicity is its disruption of sphingolipid metabolism; however, enhanced oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress, autophagy, and alterations in immune response may also play a role in its toxicity and carcinogenicity. Alterations to the host epigenome may impact on the toxic and carcinogenic response to FB1. Seeing that the contamination of FB1 in food poses a considerable risk to human and animal health, a great deal of research has focused on new methods to prevent and attenuate FB1-induced toxic consequences. The focus of the present review is on the molecular and epigenetic interactions of FB1 as well as recent research involving FB1 detoxification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilona Arumugam
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Terisha Ghazi
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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30
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Hou L, Yuan X, Le G, Lin Z, Gan F, Li H, Huang K. Fumonisin B1 induces nephrotoxicity via autophagy mediated by mTORC1 instead of mTORC2 in human renal tubule epithelial cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112037. [PMID: 33548371 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a worldwide contaminating mycotoxin, can cause global food issue. It has been reported that FB1 is related to chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology. However, the study of FB1-induced nephrotoxicity in vitro is very limited and the mechanism is unknown. Human renal tubule epithelial (HK-2) cells were used in this study. The results showed that FB1 exposure could decrease cell viability, induce cell apoptosis and up-regulate the expression of Kim-1, collagen I, α-SMA and TGF-β1. In addition, autophagy was activated after FB1 exposure, including the conversion of LC3 and up-regulation of ATGs. Furthermore, autophagy inhibitor 3-MA could block FB1-induced abnormalities. And antioxidant enzymes (Gpx1 and Gpx4) were obviously down-regulated and intracellular ROS levels displayed an ascent trend as FB1 exposure concentrations increased. Employing of antioxidant NAC could suppress FB1-induced nephrotoxicity and autophagy. FB1 inhibited the phosphorylation of p70 S6k, a downstream protein of mTORC1. Also, oxidative stress, autophagy and phosphorylation of p70 S6k induced by FB1 was inhibited by MHY1485, an activator of mTOR. But the phosphorylation of AKT, a downstream protein of mTORC2 showed no change with or without MHY1485. Taken together, FB1 induced nephrotoxicity via autophagy mediated by mTORC1 instead of mTORC2 in HK-2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Xin Yuan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Guannan Le
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Ziman Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Fang Gan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Haolei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China
| | - Kehe Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; Institute of Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders in Domestic Animals and Fowls, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China; MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, 210095, China.
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Fumonisin B 1 alters global m6A RNA methylation and epigenetically regulates Keap1-Nrf2 signaling in human hepatoma (HepG2) cells. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1367-1378. [PMID: 33496827 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-02986-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
FB1 is a common contaminant of cereal grains that affects human and animal health. It has become increasingly evident that epigenetic changes are implicated in FB1 toxicity. N6-methyladenosine (m6A), the most abundant post-transcriptional RNA modification, is influenced by fluctuations in redox status. Since oxidative stress is a characteristic of FB1 exposure, we determined if there is cross-talk between oxidative stress and m6A in FB1-exposed HepG2 cells. Briefly, HepG2 cells were treated with FB1 (0, 5, 50, 100, 200 µM; 24 h) and ROS, LDH and m6A levels were quantified. qPCR was used to determine the expression of m6A modulators, Nrf2, Keap1 and miR-27b, while western blotting was used to quantify Keap1 and Nrf2 protein expression. Methylation status of Keap1 and Nrf2 promoters was assessed and RNA immunoprecipitation quantified m6A-Keap1 and m6A-Nrf2 levels. FB1 induced accumulation of intracellular ROS (p ≤ 0.001) and LDH leakage (p ≤ 0.001). Elevated m6A levels (p ≤ 0.05) were accompanied by an increase in m6A "writers" [METLL3 (p ≤ 0.01) and METLL14 (p ≤ 0.01)], and "readers" [YTHDF1 (p ≤ 0.01), YTHDF2 (p ≤ 0.01), YTHDF3 (p ≤ 0.001) and YTHDC2 (p ≤ 0.01)] and a decrease in m6A "erasers" [ALKBH5 (p ≤ 0.001) and FTO (p ≤ 0.001)]. Hypermethylation and hypomethylation occurred at Keap1 (p ≤ 0.001) and Nrf2 (p ≤ 0.001) promoters, respectively. MiR-27b was reduced (p ≤ 0.001); however, m6A-Keap1 (p ≤ 0.05) and m6A-Nrf2 (p ≤ 0.01) levels were upregulated. This resulted in the ultimate decrease in Keap1 (p ≤ 0.001) and increase in Nrf2 (p ≤ 0.001) expression. Our findings reveal that m6A RNA methylation can be modified by exposure to FB1, and a cross-talk between m6A and redox regulators does occur.
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Mézes M, Kovács M, Szabó A. Mycotoxin exposure, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation. Toxicology 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-819092-0.00020-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Abdul NS, Chuturgoon AA. Fumonisin B 1 regulates LDL receptor and ABCA1 expression in an LXR dependent mechanism in liver (HepG2) cells. Toxicon 2020; 190:58-64. [PMID: 33338448 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic toxicity of Fumonisin B1 (FB1) converges at the accumulation of sphingoid bases and reduced ceramide levels. Several studies have alluded to a hypercholesterolemic endpoint after FB1 exposure, yet the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. Cell surface receptors are important regulators of cholesterol metabolism by regulating influx of lipids and efflux of cholesterol. Western blot analysis showed that FB1 elevates the expression of ABCA1 (a cholesterol efflux promoter) in an LXR dependent mechanism. We further highlight the potential role of PCSK9 in the degradation of LDL receptor. These data provide important evidence for the mechanism underlying hypercholesterolemia in FB1 treated models. The disruption of lipid homeostasis by FB1 is beginning to shift away from canonical ceramide synthase inhibition, and this changed perspective may shed light on diseases caused by dysregulated cholesterol metabolism such as cancer initiation and promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Sheik Abdul
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa; Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 7535, South Africa
| | - Anil A Chuturgoon
- Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4041, South Africa.
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Thakur RS, Devaraj E. Lagerstroemia speciosa (L.) Pers. triggers oxidative stress mediated apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1225-1233. [PMID: 32697429 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Lagerstroemia speciosa Pers. (Lythraceae) commonly known as Banaba has been used in different forms in traditional medicinal systems for treating various diseases which include diabetes and obesity. In this study, we investigated the cytotoxic potential of ethanolic Banaba leaf extract (EBLE) in HepG2 cells. The phytochemical analysis of EBLE was performed by HPTLC. HepG2 cells were treated with EBLE at 25, 50, 100, and 150 μg/mL concentrations, and cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT assay. Oxidative stress was assessed by the evaluation of lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, and reduced glutathione. Apoptosis-related morphology was investigated by acridine orange and ethidium bromide (AO/EB) dual staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was evaluated by JC-1 staining. Apoptosis-related marker genes were evaluated by qPCR. HPTLC analysis confirmed the presence of corosolic acid (12.87 μg/mg), berberine (3.19 μg/mg), and gallic acid (2.94 μg/mg) in EBLE. EBLE treatments caused significant and concentration-dependent cytotoxicity and oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. Dual staining with AO/EB confirmed membrane distortion and nuclear chromatin condensation upon EBLE treatments. JC-I staining revealed the loss of ΔΨm. Furthermore, at a molecular level, EBLE treatments interfere with Bax/Bcl-2 homeostasis and induced the pro-apoptotic marker genes such as cytochrome c, Apaf-1, and caspases 9 and 3. EBLE treatments caused cytotoxicity in HepG2 cells, and this could be due to the induction of oxidative stress and apoptosis via the intrinsic or mitochondrial pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Singh Thakur
- Department of Pharmacology, Malla Reddy Institute of Medical Sciences, Hyderabad, India
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ezhilarasan Devaraj
- Department of Pharmacology, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- Biomedical Research Unit and Laboratory Animal Centre, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
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Arumugam T, Ghazi T, Chuturgoon A. Fumonisin B 1 Epigenetically Regulates PTEN Expression and Modulates DNA Damage Checkpoint Regulation in HepG2 Liver Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12100625. [PMID: 33007920 PMCID: PMC7601513 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisin B1 (FB1), a Fusarium-produced mycotoxin, is found in various foods and feeds. It is a well-known liver carcinogen in experimental animals; however, its role in genotoxicity is controversial. The current study investigated FB1-triggered changes in the epigenetic regulation of PTEN and determined its effect on DNA damage checkpoint regulation in human liver hepatoma G2 (HepG2) cells. Following treatment with FB1 (IC50: 200 µM; 24 h), the expression of miR-30c, KDM5B, PTEN, H3K4me3, PI3K, AKT, p-ser473-AKT, CHK1, and p-ser280-CHK1 was measured using qPCR and/or Western blot. H3K4me3 enrichment at the PTEN promoter region was assayed via a ChIP assay and DNA damage was determined using an ELISA. FB1 induced oxidative DNA damage. Total KDM5B expression was reduced, which subsequently increased the total H3K4me3 and the enrichment of H3K4me3 at PTEN promoters. Increased H3K4me3 induced an increase in PTEN transcript levels. However, miR-30c inhibited PTEN translation. Thus, PI3K/AKT signaling was activated, inhibiting CHK1 activity via phosphorylation of its serine 280 residue preventing the repair of damaged DNA. In conclusion, FB1 epigenetically modulates the PTEN/PI3K/AKT signaling cascade, preventing DNA damage checkpoint regulation, and induces significant DNA damage.
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Decoding the role of SOD2 in sickle cell disease. Blood Adv 2020; 3:2679-2687. [PMID: 31506286 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2019000527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an inherited hemoglobinopathy caused by a single point mutation in the β-globin gene. As a consequence, deoxygenated hemoglobin polymerizes triggering red blood cell sickling and hemolysis, vaso-occlusion, and ischemia/reperfusion. Allied to these pathologies is the overproduction of reactive oxygen species driven by hemoglobin Fenton chemistry and peroxidase reactions as well as by secondary activation of vascular oxidases, including NAD(P)H oxidase and xanthine oxidase. In addition, hypoxia, produced by sickle red blood cell occlusion, disrupts mitochondrial metabolism and generates excess superoxide through electron leak from the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) is a mitochondrial-specific antioxidant enzyme that dismutates superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is then converted to water by catalase and glutathione peroxidase. In SCD, the antioxidant defense system is significantly diminished through decreased expression and activity levels of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase. From a translational perspective, genetic variants including a missense variant in SOD2 (valine to alanine at position 16) are present in 45% of people with African ancestry and are associated with increased sickle complications. While it is known that there is an imbalance between oxidative species and antioxidant defenses in SCD, much more investigation is warranted. This review summarizes our current understanding of antioxidant defense systems in SCD, particularly focused on SOD2, and provides insight into challenges and opportunities as the field moves forward.
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Cyanidin-3-glucoside prevents hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative damage in HepG2 cells. Biotechnol Lett 2020; 42:2453-2466. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-020-02982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Sheik Abdul N, Marnewick JL. Fumonisin B 1 -induced mitochondrial toxicity and hepatoprotective potential of rooibos: An update. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1602-1613. [PMID: 32667064 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fumonisins are a family of potentially carcinogenic mycotoxins produced by Fusarium verticillioides. Several fumonisins have been identified with fumonisin B1 (FB1 ) being the most toxic. The canonical mechanism of FB1 toxicity is centered on its structural resemblance with sphinganine and consequent competitive inhibition of ceramide synthase and disruption of lipidomic profiles. Recent and emerging evidence at the molecular level has identified the disruption of mitochondria and excessive generation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) as alternative/additional mechanisms of toxicity. The understanding of how these pathways contribute to FB1 toxicity can lead to the identification of novel, effective approaches to protecting vulnerable populations. Natural compounds with antioxidant properties seem to protect against the induced toxic effects of FB1 . Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis), endemic to South Africa, has traditionally been used as a medicinal herbal tea with strong scientific evidence supporting its anecdotal claims. The unique composition of phytochemicals and combination of metabolic activators, adaptogens and antioxidants make rooibos an attractive yet underappreciated intervention for FB1 toxicoses. In the search for a means to address FB1 toxicoses as a food safety problem in developing countries, phytomedicine and traditional knowledge systems must play an integral part. This review aims to summarize the growing body of evidence succinctly, which highlights mitochondrial dysfunction as a secondary toxic effect responsible for the FB1 -induced generation of ROS. We further propose the potential of rooibos to combat this induced toxicity based on its integrated bioactive properties, as a socio-economically viable strategy to prevent and/or repair cellular damage caused by FB1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Naeem Sheik Abdul
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
| | - Jeanine L Marnewick
- Applied Microbial and Health Biotechnology Institute, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Bellville, South Africa
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Chu Q, Chen W, Jia R, Ye X, Li Y, Liu Y, Jiang Y, Zheng X. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum leaves extract against acrylamide-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122364. [PMID: 32114136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR), as a raw material of polyacrylamide that used in water purification, was verified to possess various toxicity. Tetrastigma hemsleyanum (TH) is a medicinal plant widely used to anti-inflammation and anti-tumor in Chinese folks. However, more researches focused on the biological activities in tubers and the leaves were ignored. Thus, the protective effect of Tetrastigma hemsleyanum leaves extract (THLE) against ACR-induced toxicity in HepG2 cells and Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) was explored in this study. In vitro, we observed that THLE attenuated ACR-induced toxicity in HepG2 cell via regulating Akt/mTOR/FOXO1/MAPK signaling pathway. Further research proved that 5-caffeoylquinic acid (5-CA) plays a major role in THLE's amelioration effect of ACR toxicity. In vivo, it was found that THLE possesses the same protective effect in ACR-treated wild-type N2 C. elegans and daf-2 (-) (deficit in DAF-2) mutants. However, the anti-ACR toxicity effect of THLE in daf-16 (-) mutants (deficit in DAF-16 that homologous to FOXO family in human) was weakened. Our results indicated that THLE exhibited protective effects against ACR-induced toxicity both in HepG2 cells and C. elegans, while DAF-16/FOXO gene is involved in THLE' protective effect via regulating the expression levels of downstream antioxidant genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruoyi Jia
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Ye
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yonglu Li
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Liu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Shanghai Zhengyue Enterprise Management Co., Ltd., 19th Floor, Block B, Xinchengkonggu Building, NO.388 Zhongjiang Road, Putuo District, Shanghai, 600062, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Zheng
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Agro-food Processing, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Fuli Institute of Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China; National Engineering Laboratory of Intelligent Food Technology and Equipment, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Jakobi K, Beyer S, Koch A, Thomas D, Schwalm S, Zeuzem S, Pfeilschifter J, Grammatikos G. Sorafenib Treatment and Modulation of the Sphingolipid Pathway Affect Proliferation and Viability of Hepatocellular Carcinoma In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072409. [PMID: 32244391 PMCID: PMC7177910 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) shows a remarkable heterogeneity and is recognized as a chemoresistant tumor with dismal prognosis. In previous studies, we observed significant alterations in the serum sphingolipids of patients with HCC. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro effects of sorafenib, which is the most widely used systemic HCC medication, on the sphingolipid pathway as well as the effects of inhibiting the sphingolipid pathway in HCC. Huh7.5 and HepG2 cells were stimulated with sorafenib, and inhibitors of the sphingolipid pathway and cell proliferation, viability, and concentrations of bioactive metabolites were assessed. We observed a significant downregulation of cell proliferation and viability and a simultaneous upregulation of dihydroceramides upon sorafenib stimulation. Interestingly, fumonisin B1 (FB1) and the general sphingosine kinase inhibitor SKI II were able to inhibit cell proliferation more prominently in HepG2 and Huh7.5 cells, whereas there were no consistent effects on the formation of dihydroceramides, thus implying an involvement of distinct metabolic pathways. In conclusion, our study demonstrates a significant downregulation of HCC proliferation upon sorafenib, FB1, and SKI II treatment, whereas it seems they exert antiproliferative effects independently from sphingolipids. Certainly, further data would be required to elucidate the potential of FB1 and SKI II as putative novel therapeutic targets in HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Jakobi
- Medizinische Klinik 1, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (K.J.); (S.Z.)
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Sandra Beyer
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Alexander Koch
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Dominique Thomas
- Institut für Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany;
| | - Stephanie Schwalm
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Stefan Zeuzem
- Medizinische Klinik 1, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (K.J.); (S.Z.)
| | - Josef Pfeilschifter
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
| | - Georgios Grammatikos
- Medizinische Klinik 1, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (K.J.); (S.Z.)
- Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany; (S.B.); (A.K.); (S.S.); (J.P.)
- St Luke’s Hospital, 55236 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-2316-014-910
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Molecular mechanisms of fumonisin B1-induced toxicities and its applications in the mechanism-based interventions. Toxicon 2019; 167:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Afzal S, Sirohi P, Yadav AK, Singh MP, Kumar A, Singh NK. A comparative screening of abiotic stress tolerance in early flowering rice mutants. J Biotechnol 2019; 302:112-122. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Yuan Q, Jiang Y, Fan Y, Ma Y, Lei H, Su J. Fumonisin B 1 Induces Oxidative Stress and Breaks Barrier Functions in Pig Iliac Endothelium Cells. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11070387. [PMID: 31269688 PMCID: PMC6669581 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11070387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fumonisins (Fums) are types of mycotoxin that widely contaminante feed material crops, and can trigger potential biological toxicities to humans and various animals. However, the toxicity of Fums on porcine blood vessels has not been fully explored. Fumonisin B1 (FB1) is the main component of Fums. Therefore, the aim of this study was to explore the effects of FB1 on the oxidative stress and tight junctions of the pig iliac endothelial cells (PIECs) in vitro. The results showed that FB1 reduced the viability of PIECs, increased the contents of lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA), decreased the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and thioredoxin reductase (TrxR), and decreased the level of glutathione (GSH). In addition, the barrier functions were destroyed, along with the down-regulations on Claudin 1, Occludin and ZO-1 and the increase of paracellular permeability. Thus, this research indicates that FB1 facilitates oxidative stress and breaks barrier functions to damage pig iliac endothelium cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoling Yuan
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yancheng Jiang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yingfeng Ma
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hongyu Lei
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jianming Su
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
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