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Bernardoni F, Tam F, Poitz DM, Hellerhoff I, Arold D, Geisler D, Lemme F, Keeler J, Weidner K, Pariante C, Roessner V, King JA, Ehrlich S. Effect of serum concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α on brain structure in anorexia nervosa: a combined cross-sectional and longitudinal study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024:10.1038/s41386-024-01836-z. [PMID: 38461330 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-024-01836-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies of brain structure in anorexia nervosa (AN) have reported reduced gray matter in underweight patients, which largely normalizes upon weight gain. One underlying biological mechanism may be glial cell alterations related to low-grade inflammation. Here, we investigated relationships between brain structure as measured by magnetic resonance imaging and serum concentrations of two pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) cross-sectionally in 82 underweight adolescent and young adult female patients (mean age 16.8 years; 59 of whom were observed longitudinally after short-term weight restoration; mean duration 2.8 months), 20 individuals long-term weight-recovered from AN (mean age 22.7 years) and 105 healthy control (HC) participants (mean age 17.2 years). We measured cortical thickness, subcortical volumes and local gyrification index, a measure of cortical folding. In contrast to most previous studies of cytokine concentrations in AN, we found no cross-sectional group differences (interleukin-6: p = 0.193, tumor necrosis factor alpha: p = 0.057) or longitudinal changes following weight restoration (interleukin-6: p = 0.201, tumor necrosis factor alpha: p = 0.772). As expected, widespread gray matter reductions (cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, cortical folding) were observed in underweight patients with AN compared to HC. However, we found no evidence of associations between cytokine concentrations and structural brain measures in any participant group. Furthermore, longitudinal changes in cytokine concentrations were unrelated to changes in gray matter. In conclusion, we did not identify any association between (sub-)inflammatory processes and structural brain changes in AN. Future studies are needed to elucidate which other factors besides nutritional status may contribute to brain morphological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Bernardoni
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Friederike Tam
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - David M Poitz
- University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Inger Hellerhoff
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Dominic Arold
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Daniel Geisler
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Frances Lemme
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Johanna Keeler
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Carmine Pariante
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Veit Roessner
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Joseph A King
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan Ehrlich
- Translational Developmental Neuroscience Section, Division of Psychological and Social Medicine and Developmental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
- Eating Disorder Research and Treatment Center, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Hornikel B, Saffold KS, Esco MR, Mota JA, Fedewa MV, Wind SA, Adams TL, Winchester LJ. Acute Responses to High-Intensity Back Squats with Bilateral Blood Flow Restriction. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:3555. [PMID: 36834246 PMCID: PMC9959773 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20043555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the acute effects of high-intensity resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (BFR) on performance and fatigue, metabolic stress, and markers of inflammation (interleukin-6 (IL-6)), muscle damage (myoglobin), angiogenesis (vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)). Thirteen resistance-trained participants (four female, 24.8 ± 4.7 years) performed four sets of barbell back-squats (75% 1RM) to failure under two conditions: blood flow restriction (BFR, bilateral 80% occlusion pressure) and control (CTRL). Completed repetitions and pre-post-exercise changes in maximal voluntary isometric contractions, countermovement jump, barbell mean propulsive velocity, and surface electromyography were recorded. Pre-post blood lactate (BLa) and venous blood samples for analysis of IL-6, myoglobin, and VEGF were collected. Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) and pain were recorded for each set. Fewer repetitions were performed during BFR (25.5 ± 9.6 reps) compared to CTRL (43.4 ± 14.2 reps, p < 0.001), with greater repetitions performed during sets 1, 2, and 4 (p < 0.05) in CTRL. Although RPE between conditions was similar across all sets (p > 0.05), pain was greater in BFR across all sets (p < 0.05). Post-exercise fatigue was comparable between conditions. BLa was significantly greater in CTRL compared to BFR at two minutes (p = 0.001) but not four minutes post-exercise (p = 0.063). IL-6 was significantly elevated following BFR (p = 0.011). Comparable increases in myoglobin (p > 0.05) and no changes in VEGF were observed (p > 0.05). BFR increases the rate of muscular fatigue during high-intensity resistance exercise and acutely enhances IL-6 response, with significantly less total work performed, but increases pain perception, limiting implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjoern Hornikel
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Keith S. Saffold
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Michael R. Esco
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Jacob A. Mota
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
- Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Michael V. Fedewa
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Stefanie A. Wind
- Department of Educational Studies in Psychology, Research Methodology, and Counseling, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Adams
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Lee J. Winchester
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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Selleri V, Mattioli M, Lo Tartaro D, Paolini A, Zanini G, De Gaetano A, D’Alisera R, Roli L, Melegari A, Maietta P, Tripi F, Guerra E, Chester J, Savino G, Trenti T, Cossarizza A, Mattioli AV, Pinti M, Nasi M. Innate immunity changes in soccer players after whole-body cryotherapy. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:185. [PMID: 36284345 PMCID: PMC9594892 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00578-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) consists of short exposure (up to 2–3 min) to dry air at cryogenic temperatures (up to -190 °C) and has recently been applied for muscle recovery after injury to reduce the inflammation process. We aimed to determine the impact of cryotherapy on immunological, hormonal, and metabolic responses in non-professional soccer players (NPSPs). Nine male NPSPs (age: 20 ± 2 years) who trained regularly over 5 consecutive days, immediately before and after each training session, were subjected to WBC treatment (WBC-t). Blood samples were collected for the evaluation of fifty analytes including hematologic parameters, serum chemistry, and hormone profiles. Monocytes phenotyping (Mo) was performed and plasmatic markers, usually increased during inflammation [CCL2, IL-18, free mitochondrial (mt)DNA] or with anti-inflammatory effects (IL2RA, IL1RN), were quantified. After WBC-t, we observed reduced levels of ferritin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean platelet volume, testosterone, and estradiol, which however remain within the normal ranges. The percentage of the total, intermediates and non-classical Mo increased, while classical Mo decreased. CXCR4 expression decreased in each Mo subset. Plasma IL18 and IL2RA levels decreased, while IL1RN only exhibited a tendency to decrease and CCL2 showed a tendency to increase. Circulating mtDNA levels were not altered following WBC-t. The differences observed in monocyte subsets after WBC-t may be attributable to their redistribution into the surrounding tissue. Moreover, the decrease of CXCR4 in Mo subpopulations could be coherent with their differentiation process. Thus, WBC through yet unknown mechanisms could promote their differentiation having a role in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Selleri
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy ,grid.493113.dNational Institute for Cardiovascular Research - INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Mattioli
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Domenico Lo Tartaro
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Annamaria Paolini
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Giada Zanini
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna De Gaetano
- grid.493113.dNational Institute for Cardiovascular Research - INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta D’Alisera
- grid.476047.60000 0004 1756 2640Department of Public Healthcare, Sports Medicine Service, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Laura Roli
- grid.476047.60000 0004 1756 2640Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Melegari
- grid.476047.60000 0004 1756 2640Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Pasqualino Maietta
- Department of Quality of Life, “Alma Mater Studiorum”, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Tripi
- “La Fratellanza 1874” Not-for-profit sport Association, 41126 Modena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Guerra
- grid.476047.60000 0004 1756 2640Department of Public Healthcare, Sports Medicine Service, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Chester
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Gustavo Savino
- grid.476047.60000 0004 1756 2640Department of Public Healthcare, Sports Medicine Service, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Tommaso Trenti
- grid.476047.60000 0004 1756 2640Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Azienda USL of Modena, 41121 Modena, Italy
| | - Andrea Cossarizza
- grid.493113.dNational Institute for Cardiovascular Research - INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences for Children and Adults, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anna Vittoria Mattioli
- grid.493113.dNational Institute for Cardiovascular Research - INRC, 40126 Bologna, Italy ,grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via Campi, 287, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Milena Nasi
- grid.7548.e0000000121697570Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
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Bilski J, Mazur-Bialy AI, Surmiak M, Hubalewska-Mazgaj M, Pokorski J, Nitecki J, Nitecka E, Pokorska J, Targosz A, Ptak-Belowska A, A. Zoladz J, Brzozowski T. Effect of Acute Sprint Exercise on Myokines and Food Intake Hormones in Young Healthy Men. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8848. [PMID: 33238373 PMCID: PMC7700229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise is known to influence hormonal mediators of appetite, but the effect of short-term maximal intensity exercise on plasma levels of appetite hormones and cytokines has been little studied. We investigated the effect of a 30 s Wingate Test, followed by a postprandial period, on appetite sensations, food intake, and appetite hormones. Twenty-six physically active young males rated their subjective feelings of hunger, prospective food consumption, and fatigue on visual analogue scales at baseline, after exercise was completed, and during the postprandial period. Blood samples were obtained for the measurement of nesfatin-1, ghrelin, leptin, insulin, pancreatic polypeptide (PP), human growth factor (hGH) and cytokine interleukin-6 (IL-6), irisin and plasma lactate concentrations, at 30 min before exercise, immediately (210 s) after exercise, and 30 min following a meal and at corresponding times in control sedentary males without ad libitum meal intake, respectively. Appetite perceptions and food intake were decreased in response to exercise. Plasma levels of irisin, IL-6, lactate, nesfatin-1 and ghrelin was increased after exercise and then it was returned to postprandial/control period in both groups. A significant rise in plasma insulin, hGH and PP levels after exercise was observed while meal intake potentiated this response. In conclusion, an acute short-term fatiguing exercise can transiently suppress hunger sensations and food intake in humans. We postulate that this physiological response involves exercise-induced alterations in plasma hormones and the release of myokines such as irisin and IL-6, and supports the notion of existence of the skeletal muscle-brain-gut axis. Nevertheless, the detailed relationship between acute exercise releasing myokines, appetite sensations and impairment of this axis leading to several diseases should be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bilski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Agnieszka Irena Mazur-Bialy
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Marcin Surmiak
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Magdalena Hubalewska-Mazgaj
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Janusz Pokorski
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Jacek Nitecki
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Ewa Nitecka
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Joanna Pokorska
- Department of Biomechanics and Kinesiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 20 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (J.B.); (A.I.M.-B.); (J.P.); (J.N.); (E.N.); (J.P.)
| | - Aneta Targosz
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Agata Ptak-Belowska
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
| | - Jerzy A. Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Chair of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, 31-571 Cracow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Brzozowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 16 Grzegorzecka Street, 31-531 Cracow, Poland; (M.S.); (M.H.-M.); (A.T.); (A.P.-B.)
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Effects of whole-body cryotherapy on the innate and adaptive immune response in cyclists and runners. Immunol Res 2020; 68:422-435. [PMID: 33159311 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-020-09165-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study aimed to identify the effects of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC) on immunological, hormonal, and metabolic responses of non-professional male athletes. Ten cyclists and ten middle-distance runners received 3 once-a-day sessions of WBC. Before initiating and after the final WBC session, a full set of hematologic parameters, serum chemistry profile, hormones, circulating mitochondrial (mt) DNA levels, cytokines, and chemokines concentration were evaluated. The phenotype of monocyte, T cells, and B cells was analyzed. mRNA expression of 6 genes involved in inflammasome activation (NAIP, AIM2, NLRP3, PYCARD, IL-1β, and IL-18) was quantified. WBC reduced glucose and C and S protein and increased HDL, urea, insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1, follicle-stimulating hormone, IL-18, IL-1RA, CCL2, and CXCL8. Intermediate and non-classical monocyte percentages decreased, and the CD14, CCR5, CCR2, and CXCR4 expressions changed in different subsets. Only IL-1β mRNA increased in monocytes. Finally, a redistribution of B and T cell subsets was observed, suggesting the migration of mature cells to tissue. WBC seems to induce changes in both innate and adaptive branches of the immune system, hormones, and metabolic status in non-professional male athletes, suggesting a beneficial involvement of WBC in tissue repair.
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Pasqua LA, Damasceno MV, Cruz R, Matsuda M, Martins MAG, Marquezini MV, Lima-Silva AE, Saldiva PHN, Bertuzzi R. Exercising in the urban center: Inflammatory and cardiovascular effects of prolonged exercise under air pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 254:126817. [PMID: 32339794 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate, in a well-controlled experimental environment, whether air pollution from an urban center would affect inflammatory and cardiorespiratory responses during prolonged moderate exercise (i.e., 90 min). Ten healthy men performed two experimental trials under filtered and polluted air, inside an environmental chamber located in Sao Paulo downtown, Brazil. Blood samples were obtained at rest, 30, 60, and 90 min of the exercise to determine the serum cytokines concentration, while arterial pressure was recorded immediately after the exercise. The serum cytokines were not altered until 60 min of exercise for both conditions (P > 0.05). Otherwise, at 90 min of exercise, the IL-6 (P = 0.047) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P = 0.026) were significantly higher and IL-10 tended to decrease (P = 0.061) in polluted air condition compared to filtered air condition. In addition, both systolic (P = 0.031) and diastolic (P = 0.009) arterial pressure were higher in polluted air condition than filtered air condition. These findings demonstrate that the exercise of longer duration (i.e., 90 min), but not of shorter duration (i.e., <60 min), performed in vehicular air pollution condition results in pronounced pro-inflammatory and increased arterial pressure responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo A Pasqua
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil.
| | - Mayara V Damasceno
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Ramon Cruz
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monique Matsuda
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Marco A G Martins
- Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mônica V Marquezini
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Pro-Sangue Foundation, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Academic Department of Physical Education (DAEFI), Technological Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo H N Saldiva
- Laboratory of Investigation in Ophthalmology (LIM-33), Division of Ophthalmology, University of São Paulo Faculty of Medicine, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Performance Research Group (GEDAE-USP), School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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7
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Foright RM, Johnson GC, Kahn D, Charleston CA, Presby DM, Bouchet CA, Wellberg EA, Sherk VD, Jackman MR, Greenwood BN, MacLean PS. Compensatory eating behaviors in male and female rats in response to exercise training. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2020; 319:R171-R183. [PMID: 32551825 PMCID: PMC7473893 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00259.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is often used as a strategy for weight loss maintenance. In preclinical models, we have shown that exercise may be beneficial because it counters the biological drive to regain weight. However, our studies have demonstrated sex differences in the response to exercise in this context. In the present study, we sought to better understand why females and males exhibit different compensatory food eating behaviors in response to regular exercise. Using a forced treadmill exercise paradigm, we measured weight gain, energy expenditure, food intake in real time, and the anorectic effects of leptin. The 4-wk exercise training resulted in reduced weight gain in males and sustained weight gain in females. In male rats, exercise decreased intake, whereas it increased food intake in females. Our results suggest that the anorectic effects of leptin were not responsible for these sex differences in appetite in response to exercise. If these results translate to the human condition, they may reveal important information for the use and application of regular exercise programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca M Foright
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Ginger C Johnson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Darcy Kahn
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Catherine A Charleston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - David M Presby
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Courtney A Bouchet
- Department of Psychology, University of Colorado Denver, Denver, Colorado
| | - Elizabeth A Wellberg
- Department of Pathology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Vanessa D Sherk
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Matthew R Jackman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | | | - Paul S MacLean
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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Kouvelioti R, Kurgan N, Falk B, Ward WE, Josse AR, Klentrou P. Cytokine and Sclerostin Response to High-Intensity Interval Running versus Cycling. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2458-2464. [PMID: 31246713 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study examined whether the exercise-induced changes in inflammatory cytokines differ between impact and no-impact high-intensity interval exercise, and whether they are associated with postexercise changes in sclerostin. METHODS Thirty-eight females (n = 19, 22.6 ± 2.7 yr) and males (n = 19, 22.3 ± 2.4 yr) performed two high-intensity interval exercise trials in random order (crossover design): running on a treadmill and cycling on a cycle ergometer. Trials consisted of eight repetitions of 1 min running or cycling at ≥90% maximal heart rate, separated by 1 min passive recovery intervals. Blood was collected preexercise and 5 min, 1 h, 24 h, and 48 h postexercise, and it was analyzed for serum levels of interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and sclerostin. RESULTS Inflammatory cytokines significantly increased over time in both sexes with some differences between trials. Specifically, IL-1β significantly increased from pre- to 5 min after both trials (23%, P < 0.05), IL-6 increased 1 h after both trials (39%, P < 0.05), IL-10 was elevated 5 min after running (20%, P < 0.05) and 1 h after both running and cycling (41% and 64%, respectively, P < 0.05), and TNF-α increased 5 min after running (10%, P < 0.05). Sclerostin increased 5 min after both trials, with a greater increase in males than that in females (62 vs 32 pg·mL in running, P = 0.018; 63 vs 30 pg·mL in cycling, P = 0.004). In addition, sclerostin was significantly correlated with the corresponding changes in inflammatory cytokines, and 34% of the variance in its postexercise gain score (Δ) was explained by sex and the corresponding gain scores in TNF-α, which was the strongest predictor. CONCLUSION A single bout of either impact or no-impact high-intensity exercise induces changes in inflammatory cytokines, which are associated with the postexercise increase in sclerostin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozalia Kouvelioti
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
| | - Nigel Kurgan
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
| | - Bareket Falk
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA.,Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
| | - Wendy E Ward
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA.,Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
| | - Andrea R Josse
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA.,Faculty of Health, School of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, ON, CANADA
| | - Panagiota Klentrou
- Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Department of Kinesiology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA.,Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON, CANADA
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Hamilton CC, Wiseman SB, Copeland JL, Bomhof MR. Influence of postexercise fasting on hunger and satiety in adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:1022-1030. [PMID: 32272024 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Research demonstrates that exercise acutely reduces appetite by stimulating the secretion of gut-derived satiety hormones. Currently there is a paucity of research examining the impact of postexercise nutrient intake on appetite regulation. The objective of this study was to examine how postexercise fasting versus feeding impacts the postexercise appetite response. In a randomized crossover intervention, 14 participants (body mass index: 26.9 ± 3.5 kg·m-2; age: 26.8 ± 6.7 years) received 1 of 2 recovery beverages: (i) water control (FAST) or (ii) sweetened-milk (FED) after completing a 45-min (65%-70% peak oxygen uptake) evening exercise session (∼1900 h). Energy intake was assessed through a fasted ad libitum breakfast meal and 3-day food diaries. Perceived appetite was assessed using visual analogue scales. Appetite-regulating hormones glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), and acyl-ghrelin were assessed pre-exercise, 1 h after exercise, and the morning following exercise. FAST increased subjective hunger compared with FED (P < 0.05). PYY and GLP-1 after exercise were decreased and acyl-ghrelin was increased in FAST, with these differences disappearing the day after exercise (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake at breakfast the following morning did not differ between trials. Overall, in the absence of postexercise macronutrient consumption, there was a pronounced increase in objective and subjective appetite after exercise. The orexigenic effects of postexercise fasting, however, were not observed the morning following exercise. Novelty Postexercise fasting leads to reduced GLP-1 and PYY and increased hunger. Reduced GLP-1 and PYY after exercise is blunted by postexercise nutrient intake. Energy intake the day after exercise is not influenced by postexercise fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courteney C Hamilton
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Steve B Wiseman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Marc R Bomhof
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB T1K 3M4, Canada
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10
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Beer NJ, Dimmock JA, Jackson B, Guelfi KJ. Interactions of sprint interval exercise and psychological need-support on subsequent food intake among physically inactive men and women. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 45:835-844. [PMID: 32017599 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2019-0672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) and psychological need-support in exercise on postexercise appetite and energy intake. Forty physically inactive men and women (body mass index, 24.6 ± 4.8 kg·m-2; peak oxygen consumption, 26.6 ± 4.9 mL·kg-1·min-1) were randomised to either a need-support or no-support condition, with each participant completing 2 experimental trials involving 30 min of moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 60% peak oxygen consumption) and SIT (alternating 15 s at 170% peak oxygen consumption and 60 s at 32% peak oxygen consumption) matched for total work. Perceptions of appetite and appetite-related blood variables were assessed, together with ad libitum energy intake for 3 h following exercise using a laboratory test meal and available snacks. Greater enjoyment, perceived exertion, heart rate, and blood lactate were observed in SIT compared with MICT (all p ≤ 0.006). Ratings of perceived appetite were similar across conditions and trials (p > 0.05); however, active ghrelin was lower following SIT compared with MICT (p < 0.001), and there was a significant condition-by-type interaction for energy intake (p = 0.033), with participants in the support group consuming less energy from foods following SIT (1895 ± 1040 kJ) than MICT (2475 ± 1192 kJ). Findings from this work highlight the need to reconsider traditional exercise guidelines where dietary intake is a concern. Novelty Enjoyment was greater during SIT compared with MICT. Enjoyment and choice were higher among participants provided with psychological need-support. In a need-supportive environment, SIT reduced subsequent energy intake compared with MICT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya J Beer
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - James A Dimmock
- Department of Psychology, College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, QLD 4811, Australia
| | - Ben Jackson
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kym J Guelfi
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
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11
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High intensity resistance training causes muscle damage and increases biomarkers of acute kidney injury in healthy individuals. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205791. [PMID: 30399190 PMCID: PMC6219767 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE High-intensity interval resistance training (HIIRT) is an increasingly popular exercise program that provides positive results with short sessions. This study aimed to evaluate whether an HIIRT session causes muscle and kidney damage. METHODS Fifty-eight healthy volunteers (median age 24 years, 50% women) participated in this study and performed a HIIRT session. The Borg CR10 scale for pain (CR10P) and blood and urine samples were collected before (baseline) and 2 and 24 hours after the HIIRT session. Blood samples were analyzed for serum creatinine (SCr), creatine kinase (CK) and myoglobin. Urine samples were assessed for creatinine, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, interleukin 18, calbindin, microalbuminuria, trefoil factor-3 and β-2 microglobulin. RESULTS CR10P had a significant increase at 2 and 24 hours post-workout, and CK increased significantly at 2 hours and increased further at 24 hours. Myoglobin increased significantly at 2 hours and remained elevated at 24 hours. SCr increased modestly but significantly at 24 hours only in men. Three men met the KDIGO diagnostic criteria for acute kidney injury. The urinary kidney injury biomarkers increased significantly at 2 hours and returned to the baseline values 24 hours after HIIRT. CONCLUSIONS A single HIIRT session caused early and significant elevations in CK, myoglobin, SCr, microalbuminuria and urinary biomarkers indicative of kidney tubular injury, suggesting the occurrence of muscle and kidney damage.
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12
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Hunschede S, Schwartz A, Kubant R, Thomas SG, Anderson GH. The role of IL-6 in exercise-induced anorexia in normal-weight boys. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:979-987. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Our previous study showed that interleukin-6 (IL-6) is associated with suppression of appetite after high-intensity exercise (HIEX), but an independent role in food intake (FI) was not defined. We hypothesized that IL-6 suppresses appetite and FI, independently of appetite hormones, after HIEX in normal-weight (NW) boys. We investigated the effect of HIEX, with and without the inflammation inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU), on IL-6, other biomarkers of inflammation and appetite, FI, and ratings of appetite in NW boys. Fifteen NW boys (aged 13–18 years) were randomly assigned in a crossover design to 4 sessions: (i) water and rest, (ii) IBU and rest, (iii) water and HIEX, and (iv) IBU and HIEX. HIEX consisted of three 10-min bouts of exercise at 75% of maximal oxygen uptake with 90 s of active rest between bouts. IBU (300 mg) was given as a liquid suspension. FI, ratings of appetite, and plasma biomarkers of appetite, inflammation, stress, and glucose control were measured. FI was not affected by HIEX or IBU. Appetite increased over time (p = 0.002) but was lower after HIEX (p < 0.001) and not affected by IBU. HIEX, but not IBU, resulted in higher levels of IL-6 (p < 0.001) and cortisol (p < 0.001) and lower active ghrelin (p < 0.001). IL-6 correlated with active ghrelin (r = 0.37; p = 0.036) and cortisol (r = 0.26; p = 0.049). An independent role for IL-6 in appetite suppression was not supported. However, IL-6 was correlated with active ghrelin and cortisol, thus potentially mediating appetite via these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Hunschede
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Alexander Schwartz
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Ruslan Kubant
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
| | - Scott G. Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2C9, Canada
| | - G. Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 2J7, Canada
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Andrade A, Vilarino GT, Sieczkowska SM, Coimbra DR, Steffens RDAK, Vietta GG. Acute effects of physical exercises on the inflammatory markers of patients with fibromyalgia syndrome: A systematic review. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 316:40-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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14
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Comassi M, Santini E, Rossi C, Vitolo E, Seghieri M, Tocchini L, Franzoni F, Solini A. The level of physical training modulates cytokine levels through P2X7 receptor in healthy subjects. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48. [PMID: 29272042 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The P2X7 receptor-NLRP3 inflammasome complex (P2X7R-Infl) regulates inflammatory and immune responses. Physical exercise modulates heat-shock proteins (Hsps), influencing cytokine levels and oxidative stress; Hsp72 triggers P2X7R-Infl-dependent responses. SUBJECTS AND METHODS We studied the effect of a single bout of maximal exercise on lymphomonocyte expression of P2X7R, NLRP3, caspase-1, NF-kB and Hsp72 and circulating levels of IL-1β, IL-18 and MCP-1, all modulated by P2X7R-Infl, in healthy sedentary (SED), trained (ATH), endurance (END) male individuals. RESULTS Baseline P2X7R, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 expression progressively increased from SED to ATH and END; NF-kβ showed the same trend. Hsp72 did not differ among groups. Acute exercise strongly reduced P2X7R in all participants, irrespective of their degree of physical training. Inflammasome responses differed across groups: in SED, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 increased; in ATH, NLRP3 reduced and caspase-1 did not vary; in END, NLRP3 and Caspase-1 declined. Baseline IL-1β, higher in END, was unmodified after exercise; IL-18 decreased; MCP-1 doubled in SED, did not vary in ATH, declined in END. In the whole study population, significant direct relationships emerged between P2X7R expression and IL-1β, IL-18, MCP-1 levels, all P < .001; also Caspase-1 related with these markers. A multivariate analysis showed age, BMI and P2X7R as determinants of postexercise IL-1β levels. CONCLUSION Endurance show higher P2X7R-Infl expression and function vs SED and ATH; however, maximal exercise determines prevailing pro-inflammatory vs anti-inflammatory responses in untrained and trained participants, respectively, highlighting a likely cause-effect relationship between degree of physical activity and P2X7R-Infl-mediated responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Comassi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Chiara Rossi
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edoardo Vitolo
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marta Seghieri
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Leonardo Tocchini
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Franzoni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Anna Solini
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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15
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Islam H, Townsend LK, McKie GL, Medeiros PJ, Gurd BJ, Hazell TJ. Potential involvement of lactate and interleukin-6 in the appetite-regulatory hormonal response to an acute exercise bout. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:614-623. [PMID: 28684587 PMCID: PMC5625078 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00218.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examines the involvement of two potential mechanisms (lactate and IL-6) that may explain the intensity-dependent effects of acute exercise on appetite-related parameters. Our findings support a clear intensity-dependent paradigm for appetite-regulation following exercise, as highlighted by the change in acylated ghrelin and the suppression of appetite and energy intake after vigorous exercise (continuous and intermittent). Further, our findings extend previous work in animal/cell models by providing evidence for the potential role of lactate and IL-6 in mediating changes in appetite-related parameters following exercise in humans. High-intensity exercise suppresses appetite partly through changes in peripheral appetite-regulating hormones. Lactate and IL-6 mediate the release of these hormones in animal/cell models and may provide a mechanistic link between exercise intensity and appetite regulation. The current study examined changes in appetite-regulating hormones, lactate, and IL-6 after different intensities of running. Eight males completed four experimental sessions: 1) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 65% V̇o2max); 2) vigorous-intensity continuous training (VICT; 85% V̇o2max); 3) sprint interval training (SIT; repeated “all-out” sprints); and 4) Control (CTRL; no exercise). Acylated ghrelin, active glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), total peptide YY (PYY), lactate, IL-6, and appetite perceptions were measured pre-, immediately postexercise, 30 min postexercise, and 90 min postexercise. Energy intake was recorded over 3 days. VICT and SIT suppressed ghrelin (P < 0.001), although SIT elicited a greater (P = 0.016 vs. MICT) and more prolonged (P < 0.001 vs. all sessions) response. GLP-1 increased immediately after MICT (P < 0.001) and 30 min after VICT (P < 0.001) and SIT (P < 0.002), while VICT elicited a greater postexercise increase in PYY vs. MICT (P = 0.027). Postexercise changes in blood lactate and IL-6 correlated with the area under the curve values for ghrelin (r = −0.60, P < 0.001) and GLP-1 (r = 0.42, P = 0.017), respectively. Appetite was suppressed after exercise (P < 0.001), although more so after VICT (P < 0.027) and SIT (P < 0.001) vs. MICT, and energy intake was reduced on the day after VICT (P < 0.017 vs. MICT and CTRL) and SIT (P = 0.049 vs. MICT). These findings support an intensity-dependent paradigm for appetite regulation following exercise and highlight the potential involvement of lactate and IL-6. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study examines the involvement of two potential mechanisms (lactate and IL-6) that may explain the intensity-dependent effects of acute exercise on appetite-related parameters. Our findings support a clear intensity-dependent paradigm for appetite regulation following exercise, as highlighted by the change in acylated ghrelin and the suppression of appetite and energy intake after vigorous exercise (continuous and intermittent). Further, our findings extend previous work in animal/cell models by providing evidence for the potential role of lactate and IL-6 in mediating changes in appetite-related parameters following exercise in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Logan K Townsend
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg L McKie
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Philip J Medeiros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada; and
| | - Brendon J Gurd
- School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada;
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Hunschede S, Kubant R, Akilen R, Thomas S, Anderson GH. Decreased Appetite after High-Intensity Exercise Correlates with Increased Plasma Interleukin-6 in Normal-Weight and Overweight/Obese Boys. Curr Dev Nutr 2017; 1:e000398. [PMID: 29955695 PMCID: PMC5998915 DOI: 10.3945/cdn.116.000398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: High-intensity exercise (HIEX) suppresses appetite in adults and is thought to be mediated by appetite-regulating hormones. However, the effects of HIEX-induced inflammatory and stress biomarkers on appetite control and body weight have not been reported in children or adults. Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the effects of acute HIEX at 70% peak oxygen consumption (VO2peak) on postexercise appetite and selective biomarkers of inflammation, stress, and appetite regulatory hormones in normal-weight (NW) and in overweight/obese boys. Methods: NW (n = 11) and overweight/obese (n = 11) boys aged 10-18 y were randomly assigned in a crossover design to either rest or HIEX. Visual analog scale appetite ratings and plasma biomarkers of appetite, inflammation, stress, and glucose control were measured after HIEX or rest. Results: Appetite increased from baseline to 110 min (P < 0.001), but was lower after HIEX (P = 0.04), with no difference between body weight groups. HIEX also resulted in lower active ghrelin (P < 0.001) and increased interleukin-6 (IL-6; P < 0.001), tumor necrosis factor-α (P < 0.001), and cortisol (P < 0.001) concentrations, independent of body weight. It increased blood glucose (P = 0.002) and insulin (P = 0.028) concentrations in NW but not overweight and obese boys. Leptin, glucagon-like peptide 1, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, C-reactive protein, and cortisol were not affected by HIEX. An inverse correlation was found between IL-6 and appetite (r = -0.379; P = 0.012), but not any other biomarkers. Conclusions: HIEX resulted in reduced appetite that correlated with an increase in IL-6 in both NW and overweight/obese boys. However, although a role for IL-6 in the response can be suggested, the suppression of appetite was potentially mediated by the decrease in active ghrelin and/or increase in cortisol. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02619461.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Scott Thomas
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - G Harvey Anderson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, and
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The Effect of Exercise Intensity on Total PYY and GLP-1 in Healthy Females: A Pilot Study. J Nutr Metab 2017; 2017:4823102. [PMID: 28286674 PMCID: PMC5327759 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4823102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We compared the acute response of anorexigenic signals (total PYY and GLP-1) in response to submaximal and supramaximal exercise. Nine females completed three sessions: (1) moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT; 30 min; 65% VO2max); (2) sprint interval training (SIT; 6 × 30 sec "all-out" cycling sprints with 4 min recovery); or (3) control (CTRL; no exercise). PYY and GLP-1 were measured via blood samples drawn before, immediately after, and 90 min after exercise. Perceptions of hunger were rated using a visual analogue scale at all blood sampling time points. There was a session × time interaction for GLP-1 (p = 0.004) where SIT and MICT (p < 0.015 and p < 0.001) were higher compared to CTRL both immediately and 90 min after exercise. There was a main effect of time for PYY where 90 min after exercise it was decreased versus before and immediately after exercise. There was a session × time interaction for hunger with lower ratings following SIT versus MICT (p = 0.027) and CTRL (p = 0.031) 90 min after exercise. These results suggest that though GLP-1 is elevated after exercise in women, it is not affected by exercise intensity though hunger was lower 90 min after exercise with SIT. As the sample size is small further study is needed to confirm these findings.
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18
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Hazell TJ, Islam H, Hallworth JR, Copeland JL. Total PYY and GLP-1 responses to submaximal continuous and supramaximal sprint interval cycling in men. Appetite 2016; 108:238-244. [PMID: 27721013 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise-induced changes in appetite-regulating hormones may be intensity-dependent, however a clear dose-response relationship has not been established. The purpose of this study was to examine changes in anorexigenic markers (total PYY and GLP-1) in response to rest or exercise at submaximal and supramaximal intensities. Ten active males completed four experimental sessions in randomized order: 1) Moderate intensity continuous training (MICT; 30 min cycling at 65% VO2max); 2) High intensity continuous training (HICT; 30 min cycling at 85% VO2max); 3) Sprint interval training (SIT; 6 × 30 s "all-out" cycling bouts with 4 min recovery periods); 4) Control (CTRL; no exercise). Blood samples were obtained immediately pre- and post-exercise, as well as 90-min post-exercise for the measurement of total PYY and GLP-1. Subjective hunger was assessed using a visual analog scale pre-breakfast and at the three blood sampling time-points. Total PYY concentrations increased immediately post-exercise following both HICT (P = 0.006) and SIT (P < 0.001) versus CTRL, while SIT was also greater (P = 0.005) compared to MICT. Total GLP-1 concentrations changed similarly across time-points (P < 0.001), with no differences between sessions (P = 0.280). Perceptions of hunger also changed similarly across time-points (P < 0.001) with no differences between trials (P = 0.085). These findings suggest that total PYY increases only after high-intensity exercise and exhibits a greater responsiveness to SIT compared to moderate-intensity exercise. Compensatory increases in hunger do not seem to occur at any exercise intensity. These findings support a dose-response relationship between exercise intensity and total PYY, though the effects on total GLP-1 and hunger perceptions seem unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom J Hazell
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Hashim Islam
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Science, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada.
| | - Jillian R Hallworth
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Jennifer L Copeland
- Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, Faculty of Arts and Science, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta, T1K 3M4, Canada.
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19
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Hazell TJ, Islam H, Townsend LK, Schmale MS, Copeland JL. Effects of exercise intensity on plasma concentrations of appetite-regulating hormones: Potential mechanisms. Appetite 2016; 98:80-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2015.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Brown WMC, Davison GW, McClean CM, Murphy MH. A Systematic Review of the Acute Effects of Exercise on Immune and Inflammatory Indices in Untrained Adults. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2015; 1:35. [PMID: 26512338 PMCID: PMC4612317 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-015-0032-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of global mortality. Although the incidence may be reduced with regular exercise, the health benefits of a single bout of exercise on selected CVD risk factors are not well understood. The primary objective of this review is to consider the transient effects of exercise on immune (neutrophil count) and inflammatory (interleukin-6 [IL-6], C-reactive protein [CRP]) markers in untrained adults. METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Sports Discus and Cochrane were searched for relevant studies published from January 1946 to May 2013. Randomised controlled or crossover studies which measured any of these parameters in untrained but otherwise healthy participants in the 48 h following about of exercise, less than 1 h in duration were included. RESULTS Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. The results indicate a single bout of aerobic or resistance exercise of moderate to high intensity promotes an increase in IL-6 (145 %) and neutrophil counts (51 %). It appears that 30-60 min of moderate to high intensity exercise is necessary to elicit such changes although variables such as the mode, intensity and pattern of exercise also affect the response. The acute response of CRP within the included studies is equivocal. CONCLUSIONS Although responses to CRP are inconsistent, a single bout of exercise can increase the activity of both circulating IL-6 and neutrophil counts in untrained adults. These immune and inflammatory responses to a single bout of exercise may be linked to a range of health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M C Brown
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Gareth W Davison
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Conor M McClean
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
| | - Marie H Murphy
- Sport and Exercise Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Jordanstown, BT37 0QB Northern Ireland
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Affiliation(s)
- Milène Catoire
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Sander Kersten
- Nutrition, Metabolism and Genomics Group, Division of Human NutritionWageningen UniversityWageningenThe Netherlands
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Mohebbi H, Nourshahi M, Ghasemikaram M, Safarimosavi S. Effects of exercise at individual anaerobic threshold and maximal fat oxidation intensities on plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and metabolic health biomarkers. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:79-88. [PMID: 25637303 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0383-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Exercise is recognized as an effective method of weight management and short-term appetite regulation tool. The effect of different exercise intensities on appetite regulation hormones in healthy overweight participants has not been intensively studied. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of exercise at individual anaerobic threshold (IAT) and maximal fat oxidation (Fatmax) intensities on the nesfatin-1 response and metabolic health biomarkers in overweight men. Nine healthy overweight males (age, 23.1 ± 1.1 years) volunteered in this study in a counterbalanced order. Blood samples were obtained before, immediately after, and following the first 45 min of recovery for measuring plasma variables. There was significant decrease in plasma levels of nesfatin-1 and leptin after exercise at the IAT intensity which remained lower than baseline following 45 min of recovery. However, nesfatin-1 and leptin levels did not change significantly in any time courses of Fatmax intensity (P > 0.09). Plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6) concentration increased during exercise in both intensities (P < 0.05), whereas changes in free fatty acids (FFAs) and epinephrine concentrations were significant only at the IAT. In addition, a significant correlation was found among nesfatin-1 levels with insulin (r = 0.39, P < 0.05) and glucose (r = 0.41, P < 0.05) at basal and in response to exercise. These results indicate that IAT has a greater exercise-induced appetite regulation effect compared with Fat(max). Based on these data, the intensity of exercise may have an important role in changes of nesfatin-1, leptin, FFA, and epinephrine concentrations even though this was not the case for IL-6 and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Mohebbi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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Creating an acute energy deficit without stimulating compensatory increases in appetite: is there an optimal exercise protocol? Proc Nutr Soc 2014; 73:352-8. [DOI: 10.1017/s002966511400007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed significant interest from both the scientific community and the media regarding the influence of exercise on subsequent appetite and energy intake responses. This review demonstrates a consensus among the majority of scientific investigations that an acute bout of land-based endurance exercise does not stimulate any compensatory increases in appetite and energy intake on the day of exercise. Alternatively, preliminary evidence suggests that low volume, supramaximal exercise may stimulate an increase in appetite perceptions during the subsequent hours. In accordance with the apparent insensitivity of energy intake to exercise in the short term, the daily energy balance response to exercise appears to be primarily determined by the energy cost of exercise. This finding supports the conclusions of recent training studies that the energy expenditure of exercise is the strongest predictor of fat loss during an exercise programme.
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Associations of interleukin-6 with vegetative but not affective depressive symptoms in terminally ill cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2013; 21:2097-106. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-013-1767-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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