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Mansouri E, Asghari S, Nikooei P, Yaseri M, Vasheghani-Farahani A, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ. Effects of virgin coconut oil consumption on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels and oxidative stress biomarkers in adults with metabolic syndrome: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr Neurosci 2024; 27:487-498. [PMID: 37409587 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2023.2223390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Metabolic syndrome is associated with health conditions and neurological disorders. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) plays a protective role on the nervous system. Decreased levels of BDNF have been shown in MetS and neurodegenerative diseases. There is promising evidence regarding the anti-inflammatory antioxidant, and neuroprotective properties of virgin coconut oil (VCO). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of VCO consumption on serum BDNF levels, oxidative stress status, and insulin resistance in adults with MetS. METHODS This randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted on 48 adults with MetS aged 20-50 years. The intervention group received 30 ml of VCO daily to substitute the same amounts of oil in their usual diet. The control group continued their usual diet. Serum BDNF levels, total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdehyde (MDA) as well as HOMA-IR and QUICKI index were measured after four weeks of intervention. RESULTS VCO consumption significantly reduced serum levels of MDA (p = .01), fasting insulin (p < .01) and HOMA-IR index (p < .01) and increased serum TAC (p < .01) and QUICKI index (p = .01) compared to the control group. Serum BDNF levels increased significantly in VCO group compared to the baseline (p = .02); however, this change was not significant when compared to the control group (p = .07). CONCLUSION VCO consumption improved oxidative stress status and insulin resistance and had a promising effect on BDNF levels in adults with MetS. Further studies are needed to understand the long-term effects of VCO consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elahe Mansouri
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parinaz Nikooei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vasheghani-Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Hosseinzadeh-Attar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Demirel G, Sanajou S, Yirün A, Çakir DA, Berkkan A, Baydar T, Erkekoğlu P. Evaluation of possible neuroprotective effects of virgin coconut oil on aluminum-induced neurotoxicity in an in vitro Alzheimer's disease model. J Appl Toxicol 2024; 44:609-622. [PMID: 37989595 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects various cognitive functions, behavior, and personality. AD is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors, including exposure to aluminum (Al). Virgin coconut oil (VCO) may have potential as a natural neuroprotectant against AD. Aim of this study was to determine neuroprotective effects of VCO on Al-induced neurotoxicity in an in vitro AD model. SH-SY5Y cells were initially cultured in normal growth medium and then differentiated by reducing fetal bovine serum content and adding retinoic acid (RA). Later, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) was added along with RA. The differentiation process was completed on the seventh day. Study groups (n = 3) were designed as control group, VCO group, Al group, Al-VCO group, Alzheimer model (AD) group, AD + Al-exposed group (AD+Al), AD + VCO applied group (AD + VCO) and AD + Al-exposed + VCO applied group (AD + Al + VCO). Specific markers of AD (hyperphosphorylated Tau protein, amyloid beta 1-40 peptide, and amyloid precursor protein) were measured in all groups. In addition, oxidative stress parameters (total antioxidant capacity, lipid peroxidase, protein carbonyl, and reactive oxygen species) and neurotransmitter-related parameters (dopamine, dopamine transporter acetylcholine, and synuclein alpha levels, acetylcholinesterase activity) were measured comparatively in the study groups. VCO reduced amyloid beta and hyperphosphorylated Tau protein levels in the study groups. In addition, oxidative stress levels decreased, and neurotransmitter parameters improved with VCO. Our study shows that VCO may have potential therapeutic effects in Alzheimer's disease and further experiments are needed to determine its efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göksun Demirel
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Institute of Addiction and Forensic Sciences, Department of Forensic Sciences, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Sonia Sanajou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Anil Yirün
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Toxicology, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Deniz Arca Çakir
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Vaccine Institute, Department of Vaccine Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Aysel Berkkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Terken Baydar
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pinar Erkekoğlu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
- Vaccine Institute, Department of Vaccine Technology, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
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Prabha S, Tamoli S, Raghavamenon AC, Manu KA. Virgin Coconut Oil Alleviates Dextran Sulphate-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease and Modulates Inflammation and Immune Response in Mice. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2024; 43:261-271. [PMID: 37905950 DOI: 10.1080/27697061.2023.2266742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Virgin coconut oil (VCNO), an unrefined kernel oil from Cocos nucifera L., has considerable medicinal and nutritive value. Experimental evidence suggests its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, chemoprotective, analgesic, and hypolipidemic effects. Presently, the effect of VCNO on ameliorating dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced inflammatory bowel disease and cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced immunosuppression in experimental animals was analyzed. METHOD DSS (4%) was administered to BALB/c mice through drinking water for 12 days to induce inflammatory bowel disease, and VCNO (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg bwt) was supplemented orally for 12 days. For anti-inflammatory studies, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 250 µg/animal) was injected into the intraperitoneal cavity of Swiss albino mice followed by 7 days' pretreatment of VCNO (500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg bwt). To understand the mechanism of action, serum from all animals was collected after 6 hours of LPS challenge and levels of proinflammatory cytokines were analyzed using enzyme-inked immunosorbent assay. In addition to this, immunosuppression was induced by CTX (50 mg/kg bwt, po) in Swiss albino mice. RESULTS Oral administration of VCNO effectively reversed the pathologies associated with inflammatory bowel disease induced by DSS, including loss of body weight, increased disease activity index, shortening of colon length, diarrhea, and rectal bleeding. Histopathological examination showed that VCNO restored the damage in colon tissue induced by DSS. Similar trends were noticed in levels of myeloperoxidase and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines in colon tissue. In addition to this, supplementation of VCNO markedly reduced the hike in the level of serum proinflammatory cytokines in LPS-challenged mice. Further, administration of VCNO effectively increased spleen and thymus indexes and stimulated the production of interferon-γ in serum. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study revealed that VCNO alleviates inflammatory bowel disease and inflammation; concurrently, it can revert immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silpa Prabha
- Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, India
| | - Sanjay Tamoli
- Department of Medical Services, Target Institute of Medical Education and Research, Mumbai, India
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Swarnamali H, Ranasinghe P, Hills AP, Jayawardena R. Coconut oil consumption and bodyweight reduction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Minerva Endocrinol (Torino) 2023; 48:76-87. [PMID: 34786908 DOI: 10.23736/s2724-6507.21.03654-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Due to the composition and biological properties of coconut oil, there is still considerable debate regarding potential benefits for the management of obesity, including the specific impact on body weight (BW) reduction. This systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials aims to assess the impact of coconut oil on BW reduction in comparison to other oils and fats. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION The databases, PubMed®, Web of Science®, EMBASE®, and SciVerse Scopus® were systematically searched. A combination of medical subject headings and words linked to coconut oil and obesity parameters were utilized. Any clinical trials comparing coconut oil to any other form of oil or fat, with more than one month feeding period among adults were considered. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS From the 540 potentially relevant papers, 9 were included. The period of coconut oil intake varied from four to twelve weeks, apart from one long-term trial where coconut oil was consumed for two years. When compared to other oils and fats, coconut oil substantially decreased BW (N.=546), Body Mass Index (BMI) (N.=551), and percentage of fat mass (FM%) (N.=491) by 0.75 kg (P=0.04), 0.28 kg/m2 (P=0.03), and 0.35% (P=0.008), respectively. Coconut oil consumption did not result in any significant alteration in waist circumference (WC) (N.=385) (-0.61 cm; P=0.30), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (N.=330) (-0.01; P=0.39) and FM (N.=86) (-0.25 kg; P=0.29). CONCLUSIONS Results indicate a small statistically significant reduction in BW, BMI, and FM% in the coconut oil group. In contrast, consumption of coconut oil had no statistically significant effect on WC, WHR, or FM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasinthi Swarnamali
- Unit of Health and Wellness, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Priyanga Ranasinghe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka
| | - Andrew P Hills
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Launceston, Australia.,Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ranil Jayawardena
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Colombo, Sri Lanka - .,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
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Nutrients, Physical Activity, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Setting of Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051217. [PMID: 36904216 PMCID: PMC10004804 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a cluster of metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary heart disease, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and some tumors. It includes insulin resistance, visceral adiposity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. MetS is primarily linked to lipotoxicity, with ectopic fat deposition from fat storage exhaustion, more than obesity per se. Excessive intake of long-chain saturated fatty acid and sugar closely relates to lipotoxicity and MetS through several pathways, including toll-like receptor 4 activation, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma regulation (PPARγ), sphingolipids remodeling, and protein kinase C activation. These mechanisms prompt mitochondrial dysfunction, which plays a key role in disrupting the metabolism of fatty acids and proteins and in developing insulin resistance. By contrast, the intake of monounsaturated, polyunsaturated, and medium-chain saturated (low-dose) fatty acids, as well as plant-based proteins and whey protein, favors an improvement in sphingolipid composition and metabolic profile. Along with dietary modification, regular exercises including aerobic, resistance, or combined training can target sphingolipid metabolism and improve mitochondrial function and MetS components. This review aimed to summarize the main dietary and biochemical aspects related to the physiopathology of MetS and its implications for mitochondrial machinery while discussing the potential role of diet and exercise in counteracting this complex clustering of metabolic dysfunctions.
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Favorable Effects of Virgin Coconut Oil on Neuronal Damage and Mortality after a Stroke Incidence in the Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat. LIFE (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:life12111857. [PMID: 36430992 PMCID: PMC9694050 DOI: 10.3390/life12111857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is consistently one of the top ten causes of morbidity and mortality globally, whose outcomes are quite variable, necessitating case-specific management. Prophylactic diets before the onset of stroke have been implicated to work. In this research, the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on stroke were evaluated using a stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHRSP) model. Eight-week-old SHRSPs were subjected to the repeated oral administration (5 mL/kg/day) of either 1% Tween 80 (group A) or VCO (group B). An early stroke onset was observed due to hypertension that was aggravation by the administration of 1% NaCl in water ad libitum. The following data were collected: the days until stroke occurred, the survival rate until the animal died, and blood pressure (BP) every two weeks using the tail-cuff method. After necropsy, the organs were harvested, and the brain was processed for a routine histopathological analysis. VCO delayed the incidence of it and prolonged their survival. Compared to group A, group B showed a significantly lowered BP by 20 mmHg at four weeks after the start of VCO treatment. Lastly, the brain histopathology showed that the structurally damaged areas were smaller in group B than they were in group A. The VCO could have protective effects on the brain before and even after stroke incidence.
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Protective Effect of Virgin Coconut Oil on Osteopenia Induced by High Refined Carbohydrate-Containing Diet in Mice. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182800. [PMID: 36140928 PMCID: PMC9498055 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Obesity leads to chronic low-grade inflammation, promoting detrimental effects on bone. The consumption of virgin coconut oil (VCO) is associated with benefits related to meta-inflammation. We evaluated the effect of VCO supplementation on osteopenia promoted by diet-induced obesity in mice. Methods: Male BALB/c mice were fed a control (C) or highly refined carbohydrate-containing (HC) diet for eight weeks. After that, the HC diet group was supplemented with three doses of VCO for four weeks. Results: The HC diet increased the adiposity and leptin levels associated with augmented systemic inflammatory cells improved with VCO supplementation. The HC diet reduced the trabecular bone in the tibia, lumbar vertebrae, distal and proximal femur, as well as the bone mineral density of the femur and alveolar bone. The VCO supplementation reverted bone osteopenia by increasing the trabecular bone in different sites and improving femur and alveolar bone microarchitecture. Although the reduced number of osteoblasts in the alveolar bone of the HC diet group was not significantly enhanced by VCO supplementation, the reduced Alp expression in the HC diet group was enhanced in the VCO group. These beneficial effects were associated with lowering the Rankl/Opg ratio. Conclusion: VCO supplementation might be an effective strategy to attenuate bone osteopenic effects induced by obesity.
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Zeng YQ, He JT, Hu BY, Li W, Deng J, Lin QL, Fang Y. Virgin coconut oil: A comprehensive review of antioxidant activity and mechanisms contributed by phenolic compounds. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:1052-1075. [PMID: 35997296 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2113361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is obtained by processing mature coconut cores with mechanical or natural methods. In recent years, VCO has been widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries because of its excellent functional activities. VCO has biological functions such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antiviral, and also has potential therapeutic effects on many chronic degenerative diseases. Among these functions, the antioxidant is the most basic and important function, which is mainly determined by phenolic compounds and medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs). This review aims to elucidate the antioxidant functions of each phenolic compound in VCO, and discuss the antioxidant mechanisms of VCO in terms of the role of phenolic compounds with fat, intestinal microorganisms, and various organs. Besides, the composition of VCO and its application in various industries are summarized, and the biological functions of VCO are generalized, which should lay a foundation for further research on the antioxidant activity of VCO and provide a theoretical basis for the development of food additives with antioxidant activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Qing Zeng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jin-Tao He
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Bo-Yong Hu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Deng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qin-Lu Lin
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Edible forestry Resources Safety and Processing Utilization, National Engineering Research Center of Rice and Byproduct Deep Processing, College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Fang
- College of Food Science and Engineering/Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, China
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de Vasconcelos MHA, Tavares RL, Torres Junior EU, Dorand VAM, Batista KS, Toscano LT, Silva AS, de Magalhães Cordeiro AMT, de Albuquerque Meireles BRL, da Silva Araujo R, Alves AF, de Souza Aquino J. Extra virgin coconut oil (Cocos nucifera L.) exerts anti-obesity effect by modulating adiposity and improves hepatic lipid metabolism, leptin and insulin resistance in diet-induced obese rats. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2022.105122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Dewangani HGN, Jayawardena B, Chandrasekara NV, Waliwita WALC. Changes in the Antioxidant Micronutrients and Volatile Metabolomics Profile of Selected Edible Vegetables Cooked with Coconut Milk and Heat Extracted Coconut Oil. JOURNAL OF CULINARY SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/15428052.2022.2052392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Bimali Jayawardena
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
| | - N. V. Chandrasekara
- Department of Statistics & Computer Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka
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Quality, Key Production Factors, and Consumption Volume of Niche Edible Oils Marketed in the European Union. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Consumer’s awareness of the health-promoting aspects of food and their search for products with high nutritional value is driving increased interest in niche oils. Such oils are produced on a small scale due to limited access to raw material and its low oil content. The aim of this multi-criteria analysis was to position niche oils. Data for the study were collected based on a literature review regarding twenty-three niche oils available on the European Union market. Analysis of quality parameters, key production factors, waste reusability, and average annual consumption volume in 2015–2020 was performed. Based on the research, it was concluded that linseed (flaxseed) oil, hemp oil, mustard oil, raspberry seed oil, and sesame oil should be of the most interest to consumers. They are characterized by the highest content of tocopherols, sterols, polyphenols, and carotenoids, a favorable ratio of mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and pro-ecological and sustainable production technology. Based on the results of the study, the need for empirical research was identified, the key to filling the knowledge gaps in the area of edible niche oils.
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Job JT, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, Ramesh V, Narayanankutty A. Toxic effects of fluoride in intestinal epithelial cells and the mitigating effect of methanol extract of coconut haustorium by enhancing de novo glutathione biosynthesis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 200:111717. [PMID: 34302830 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluoride ions are an important environmental contaminant and pollutant found in a wide variety of environmental conditions. The fluoride in drinking water is evident to induce toxic effects including neurodegeneration, skeletal and dental fluorosis as well as organ damage. Nutraceuticals and functional foods are emerging as possible preventive agents against fluoride toxicity. Hence, the possible use of an emerging functional food-the coconut haustorium is being evaluated against sodium fluoride-induced toxicity in intestinal cells (IEC-6). The cells exposed to fluoride showed significant cell death mediated through the increased lipid peroxidation and glutathione depletion. The glutathione biosynthetic enzymes were inhibited by the exposure to fluoride and the apoptotic genes (caspases 3/7 and apaf-1) were upregulated. The CHE pre-treatment improved the activity of enzymes involved in the de novo biosynthesis of glutathione and subsequently improved the intracellular GSH pool. The improved antioxidant defense was also evident from the reduced expression of apoptotic genes (p < 0.05). Overall, the study concludes that fluoride ions induce oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells, via inhibiting glutathione biosynthesis. Methanol extract of coconut haustorium increased glutathione biosynthesis and subsequently prevented fluoride toxicity in IEC-6 cells by virtue of its antioxidant potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Tom Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box-2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Varsha Ramesh
- Department of Biotechnology, Deakin University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, India.
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Illam SP, Kandiyil SP, Narayanankutty A, Veetil SV, Babu TD, Uppu RM, Raghavamenon AC. Virgin coconut oil complements with its polyphenol components mitigate sodium fluoride toxicity in vitro and in vivo. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2528-2534. [PMID: 34407699 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1962691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO), prepared from fresh coconut kernel without any chemical refining, is an emerging functional food. The pharmacological benefits of VCO are believed to be due to the natural combination of phenolics. Although cell culture studies have demonstrated the antioxidant activity of VCO under different oxidative stress conditions, a valid in vivo demonstration of the antioxidant activity of VCO is yet to come. Sodium fluoride (NaF), an environmental pollutant, is widely used to induce oxidative stress in cell culture models and rodents to test the antioxidant potential of several compounds. Herein, VCO and its polyphenolic (VCOP) and non-phenolic oil fraction (VCOF) were individually tested in fluoride-exposed normal intestinal cells (IEC-6) and mice to address their contribution to the documented antioxidant potential. It was found that pretreatment of VCOP (40 µg/mL) was effective in mitigating the fluoride-induced cell death when compared to VCO (200 µg/mL) and VCOF (160 µg/mL). Further, exposure to fluoride (10 mM), increased the intracellular ROS measured based on the dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence, and this, in turn, was significantly reduced when the cells were supplemented with VCOP. Oral administration of VCO (2 mL/kg bwt) reversed the drop in the hepatic catalase and SOD activities to near normal with a minimal level of lipid peroxidation in fluoride intoxicated mice. However, VCOP and VCOF were less effective in lowering the fluoride-induced increase in hepatic oxidative stress markers. It is reasoned that the oil components of VCO complement the natural antioxidant molecules resulting in an overall increase in their bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Rao M Uppu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, College of Sciences and Engineering, Southern University and A&M College, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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Job JT, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, Kim YO, Kim HJ, Narayanankutty A. Protective Effect of Borassus flabellifer Haustorium Extract against Alkoxyl Radical-Induced Cytotoxicity by Improving Glutathione Metabolism by Modulating Nrf2/Haeme Oxygenase-1 Expression. J Am Coll Nutr 2021; 41:587-593. [PMID: 34282996 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1942313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIM The study was aimed to assess the ability of Borassus flabellifer haustorium methanolic extract (BHE) on de novo glutathione biosynthesis in normal and pro-oxidant exposed cells via Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and haeme oxygenase-1 (HO1) signaling in 2,2'-Azobis(2-methylpropionamidine) di-hydrochloride (AAPH) induced cytotoxicity in normal intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6 cells). METHODS The in vitro antioxidant activity was determined in terms of radical scavenging and ex vivo hemolysis. The cytoprotective effect was studied using AAP H as the alkoxyl radical inducer in IEC-6 cell model. The mechanistic basis of protection is determined by Nrf2/HO1 expression using qPCR. RESULTS In vitro screening observed DPPH, hydrogen peroxide and ABTS radical scavenging activity for the BHE; further, BHE also protected the oxidative hemolysis in the erythrocytes induced by AAPH. In IEC-6 cells, AAPH treatment significantly reduced the cell viability (p < 0.001) by inducing lipid peroxidation. Further, there observed a significant reduction in the activities of enzymes involved in the de novo glutathione biosynthesis (p < 0.01) and glutathione reductase in these cells. However, pretreatment with BHE (10, 25 and 50 µg/mL) dose-dependently protected from the cytotoxicity of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals (p < 0.05); besides, the de novo glutathione biosynthesis and regeneration of GSH from oxidized form was also increased in these cells. In corroboration with the biochemical parameters, the Nrf2/HO1 expression was upregulated by the BHE pretreatment concomitantly reducing the cellular lipid peroxidation products. The improvement glutathione biosynthesis was also observed in BHE alone treated cells. CONCLUSION The study indicated the potential of methanolic extract of Borassus flabellifer haustorium in enhancing the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in normal and pro-oxidant exposed cells by Nrf2/HO1 dependent manner, concomitantly mitigating the toxicity of AAPH-derived alkoxyl radicals in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Tom Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, India
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchnhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Soonchnhyang University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ock Kim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hak-Jae Kim
- Department of Botany and Microbiology College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, India
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Azubuike-Osu SO, Famurewa AC, David JC, Abi I, Ogbu PN, Oparaji CK, Nwaeze KG, Akunna GG. Virgin Coconut Oil Resists Arsenic-Induced Cerebral Neurotoxicity and Cholesterol Imbalance via Suppression of Oxidative Stress, Adenosine Deaminase and Acetylcholinesterase Activities in Rats. Nat Prod Commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x211016962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Arsenic (As) is a classic neurotoxicant; its pathogenesis is associated with oxidative stress and oxidative stress-mediated cholinergic deficits. This study explored antioxidant activity of virgin coconut oil (VCO) against sodium arsenite-induced oxidative stress-mediated cerebral neurotoxicity in rats. Eighteen rats were divided into 3 groups- Normal control, As control and VCO + As. The VCO (5 mL/kg) was given once daily by oral gavage from day 1 to day 21, while As (10 mg/kg) was given once daily by oral gavage from day 15 to day 21. Cerebral superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), adenosine deaminase (ADA) and acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activities were analysed. Nitric oxide (NO), lipid profile, phospholipid (PL), and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also evaluated in cerebral homogenate. The cerebrum was sectioned for histological analysis. Administration of As induced significant depressions in antioxidant enzymes, GSH, PL, and HDL-c compared to normal control. Levels of MDA, NO, total cholesterol and activities of ADA, AchE in the cerebrum were markedly increased by As compared to normal rats. Lipid profile indices and PL were prominently altered by As. Histopathological study supported the biochemical findings through extensive cerebral damage. In contrast, oral supplementation of VCO prior to and along with As treatment significantly attenuated the As-induced biochemical alterations and restored near-normal histology. VCO attenuates cerebral neurotoxicity by strengthening endogenous antioxidant defence and cholinergic function via counteracting free-radical-mediated arsenic toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon O. Azubuike-Osu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Ademola C. Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Japheth C. David
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Abi
- Department of Physiology, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Patience N. Ogbu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Chiedozie K. Oparaji
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Konyefom G. Nwaeze
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria
| | - Godson G. Akunna
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Bowen University, Nigeria
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Job JT, Rajagopal R, Alfarhan A, Narayanankutty A. Borassus flabellifer Linn haustorium methanol extract mitigates fluoride-induced apoptosis by enhancing Nrf2/Haeme oxygenase 1 -dependent glutathione metabolism in intestinal epithelial cells. Drug Chem Toxicol 2021; 45:2269-2275. [PMID: 34000941 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2021.1926476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fluoride is the most common cause of drinking water-associated toxicity and is known to induce various metabolic imbalances and dental/skeletal fluorosis. The present study analyzed the protective effect of Borassus flabellifer Linn. haustorium extract (BHE) against fluoride-induced intestinal redox metabolism and apoptosis. The total polyphenols and total flavonoids present in BHE were estimated to be 39.67 ± 5.14 mg gallic acid equivalent/g extract and 8.59 ± 0.74 mg quercetin equivalent. In cultured intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6), sodium fluoride exposure-induced apoptosis mediated through antioxidant enzyme inhibition and subsequent oxidative damages. Further, there observed an increased expression of caspase-3, caspase-7, and apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (apaf-1) genes, increased cytochrome C release, and caspase 3/7 activity indicating the apoptosis- mediated cell death (p < 0.05). Upon pretreatment with BHE, the cytotoxic effect of fluoride was reduced by decreasing the expression of apoptotic genes and increased the cytochrome release as well as caspase 3/7 activity (p < 0.01). Providing the mechanistic basis, the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2)/haeme oxygenase-1 (HO1) gene was increased in the BHE pretreated cells; corroborating to these, there observed increased activity of glutathione biosynthetic enzymes (p < 0.05) and glutathione reductase. Hence, the protective effect of BHE may be mediated through Nrf2-mediated glutathione biosynthesis, the subsequent establishment of redox balance, and inhibition of apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Tom Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, India
| | - Rajakrishnan Rajagopal
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Alfarhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, India
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Illam SP, Narayanankutty A, Kandiyil SP, Raghavamenon AC. Variations in natural polyphenols determine the anti-inflammatory potential of virgin coconut oils. J Food Sci 2021; 86:1620-1628. [PMID: 33864246 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO), an edible oil prepared from fresh coconut kernel by natural or mechanical means without undergoing chemical refining, has been in the limelight of research as functional food oil. The phenolic components in VCO have been accredited with these pharmacological benefits. The present study compared the phenolic constituents of freshly prepared fermentation processed (FVCO) and hot-pressed VCO (HVCO) and their anti-inflammatory efficacies. The biochemical analysis documented quantitative variation in the phenolic content, being higher in HVCO than FVCO (40.03 ± 5.8 µg and 25.55 ± 5.8 µg/mL of oil, respectively). In vitro studies observed nitric oxide radical scavenging efficacy (IC50 value of 14.84 ± 0.81 µg/mL) for HVCO polyphenols, which shows higher inhibition efficacy than FVCO (29.41 ± 1.7 µg/mL). In dextran and formalin mediated acute and chronic inflammation in mice, HVCO displayed more protective efficacy (40.5 and 46.4% inhibition) than FVCO (33.3 and 43.8% inhibition), which is similar to the standard diclofenac (55.6 and 59.8% inhibition). The study, thus, concludes that compared to FVCO, HVCO is a more active anti-inflammatory agent. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Virgin coconut oil, a widely used edible oil in South Asian countries, has been shown to have health benefits possibly exerted by the natural phenolics it contains. However, different modes of preparations of VCO determine the phenolic combinations and efficacy as well. Our study compared two different VCO preparations and suggests that the VCO prepared by the traditional way (HVCO) is pharmacologically potent than that prepared by simple fermentation process (FVCO) in reducing inflammation. The efficacy is attributed to the variations in phenolic profile revealed by LC-MS analysis. Hence, the current study suggests HVCO as a potential food supplement that can reduce the incidence of degenerative diseases.
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Deen A, Visvanathan R, Wickramarachchi D, Marikkar N, Nammi S, Jayawardana BC, Liyanage R. Chemical composition and health benefits of coconut oil: an overview. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:2182-2193. [PMID: 33022082 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Coconut oil is an integral part of Sri Lankan and many South Asian diets. Initially, coconut oil was classified along with saturated fatty acid food items and criticized for its negative impact on health. However, research studies have shown that coconut oil is a rich source of medium-chain fatty acids. Thus, this has opened new prospects for its use in many fields. Beyond its usage in cooking, coconut oil has attracted attention due to its hypocholesterolemic, anticancer, antihepatosteatotic, antidiabetic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and skin moisturizing properties. Despite all the health benefits, consumption of coconut oil is still underrated due to a lack of supportive scientific evidence. Even though studies done in Asian countries claim a favorable impact on cardiac health and serum lipid profile, the limitations in the number of studies conducted among Western countries impede the endorsement of the real value of coconut oil. Hence, long-term extensive studies with proper methodologies are suggested to clear all the controversies and misconceptions of coconut oil consumption. This review discusses the composition and functional properties of coconut oils extracted using various processing methods. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afka Deen
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- Postgraduate Institute of Science, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Rizliya Visvanathan
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | | | - Nazrim Marikkar
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Sirinivas Nammi
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Penrith, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Barana C Jayawardana
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Kandy, Sri Lanka
| | - Ruvini Liyanage
- Laboratory of Nutritional Biochemistry, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Kandy, Sri Lanka
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Nikooei P, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Asghari S, Norouzy A, Yaseri M, Vasheghani-Farahani A. Effects of virgin coconut oil consumption on metabolic syndrome components and asymmetric dimethylarginine: A randomized controlled clinical trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2021; 31:939-949. [PMID: 33549429 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS There is some promising evidence regarding the beneficial effect of coconut oil on cardiometabolic risk factors. This study aimed to assess the effects of virgin coconut oil (VCO) consumption on metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, as well as, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in adults with MetS. METHODS AND RESULTS In this randomized controlled trial, 48 subjects, aged 20-50 years, with MetS were allocated into two groups; the intervention group was given 30 ml of VCO per day to substitute the same amounts of fat in their usual diet for four weeks. The control group was advised to follow their usual diet. VCO consumption significantly reduced serum levels of triglyceride (TG) (P = 0.001), very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) (P = 0.001), and fasting blood sugar (FBS) (P = 0.015) compared to the control group. The levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and total cholesterol (TC) were significantly increased in the VCO group when compared to the control group (P = 0.001). Circulatory ADMA also increased in the VCO group compared to the control group (P = 0.003). No significant differences were observed in the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, anthropometric parameters, and blood pressure measurements between the two groups at the end of the study (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION VCO consumption increased the values of HDL-C while reduced TG and FBS levels. Blood pressure and waist circumference did not change. However, levels of TC, LDL-C, and ADMA elevated by VCO consumption. Caution is warranted until the results of further studies become available to explain the long-term effects of VCO consumption. REGISTRATION NUMBER IRCT20131125015536N11.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parinaz Nikooei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad J Hosseinzadeh-Attar
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Norouzy
- Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mehdi Yaseri
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Vasheghani-Farahani
- Cardiac Primary Prevention Research Center (CPPRC), Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Clinical Cardiac Electrophysiology, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Malayil D, House NC, Puthenparambil D, Job JT, Narayanankutty A. Borassus flabellifer haustorium extract prevents pro-oxidant mediated cell death and LPS-induced inflammation. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1716-1722. [DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1858854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhilna Malayil
- PG and Research Department of Zoology, Malabar Christian College, Calicut, India
| | | | | | - Joice Tom Job
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’ College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, India
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Division of Cell and Molecular Biology, Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph’ College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, India
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21
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Narayanankutty A, Illam SP, Rao V, Shehabudheen S, Raghavamenon AC. Hot-processed virgin coconut oil abrogates cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by restoring redox balance in rats compared to fermentation-processed virgin coconut oil. Drug Chem Toxicol 2020; 45:1373-1382. [PMID: 33059468 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2020.1831525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is a functional food oil prepared from fresh coconut kernel either by hot-processed (HPVCO) or fermentation-processed (FPVCO). The FPVCO has been widely explored for its pharmacological efficacy; while HPVCO, which has traditional uses, is less explored. The present study compared the phenolic content and nephroprotective effect of both these oils in male Wistar rats. In vitro antioxidant activity was estimated in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power and ex vivo lipid peroxidation inhibition. In in vivo models, the rats were pretreated orally with of FPVCO or HPVCO (doses 2 and 4 mL/kg) for seven days and nephrotoxicity was induced by the single intraperitoneal injection of cisplatin (10 mg/kg). The results indicated significantly higher polyphenol content in HPVCO (400.3 ± 5.8 µg/mL) than that of FPVCO (255.5 ± 5.8 µg/mL). Corroborating with the increased levels of polyphenols, the in vitro antioxidant potential was significantly higher in the HPVCO. Further, pretreatment with these VCO preparations protected the rats against the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity, with higher extent by HPVCO. The renal function markers like urea, creatinine and total bilirubin were significantly reduced (p < 0.05) with HPVCO pretreatment. Apart from the nephroprotective effects, HPVCO also abrogated the cisplatin-induced myelosuppression and hepatotoxicity. The restoration of hepato-renal function by the pretreatment of HPVCO was well corroborated with the improvement in functional antioxidants and subsequent reduction in renal lipid peroxidation. Supporting these observations, renal histology revealed reduced glomerular/tubular congestion and necrosis. Thus, the study concludes that HPVCO may be better functional food than FPVCO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Varsha Rao
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, India
| | - Sabah Shehabudheen
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Thrissur, India
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Narayanankutty A. Toll-like Receptors as a Novel Therapeutic Target for Natural Products Against Chronic Diseases. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1068-1080. [PMID: 30806312 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190222181506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) are one among the initial responders of the immune system which participate in the activation inflammatory processes. Several different types of TLR such as TLR2, TLR4, TLR7 and TLR9 have been identified in various cell types, each having distinct ligands like lipids, lipoproteins, nucleic acids and proteins. Though its prime concern is xenobiotic defences, TLR signalling has also recognized as an activator of inflammation and associated development of chronic degenerative disorders (CDDs) including obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), fatty liver disease, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders as well as various types of cancers. Numerous drugs are in use to prevent these disorders, which specifically inhibit different pathways associated with the development of CDDs. Compared to these drug targets, inhibition of TLR, which specifically responsible for the inflammatory insults has proven to be a better drug target. Several natural products have emerged as inhibitors of CDDs, which specifically targets TLR signalling, among these, many are in the clinical trials. This review is intended to summarize the recent progress on TLR association with CDDs and to list possible use of natural products, their combinations and their synthetic derivative in the prevention of TLR-driven CDD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Post Graduate & Research Department of Zoology, St. Joseph's College (Autonomous), Devagiri, Calicut, Kerala, 680 555, India
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Narayanankutty A, Nair A, Illam SP, Upaganlawar A, Raghavamenon AC. Curcumin Enriched VCO Protects against 7,12-Dimethyl Benz[a] Anthracene-Induced Skin Papilloma in Mice. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:809-816. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1778745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusree Nair
- Department of Pharmacology, SNJB SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Nasik, India
| | | | - Aman Upaganlawar
- Department of Pharmacology, SNJB SSDJ College of Pharmacy, Nasik, India
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Gutiérrez-Pliego LE, Martínez-Carrillo BE, Reséndiz-Albor AA, Valdés-Ramos R. Effect on Adipose Tissue of Diabetic Mice Supplemented with n-3 Fatty Acids Extracted from Microalgae. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2020; 20:728-735. [PMID: 32053089 PMCID: PMC7360907 DOI: 10.2174/1871530320666200213111452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is considered a chronic noncommunicable disease in which oxidative stress is expected as a result of hyperglycaemia. One of the most recent approaches is the study of microalgae fatty acids and their possible antioxidant effect. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to analyse the effect of supplementation with n-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae on the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and lipid peroxidation of adipose tissue and plasma from diabetic (db/db) and healthy (CD1) mice. METHODS Mice were supplemented with lyophilized n-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae or added to the diet, from week 8 to 16. TAC assay and Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances assay (TBARS) were performed on adipose tissue and plasma samples. RESULTS The supplementation of lyophilized n-3 fatty acids from microalgae increased the total antioxidant capacity in adipose tissue of diabetic mice (615.67μM Trolox equivalents vs 405.02μM Trolox equivalents from control mice, p<0.01) and in the plasma of healthy mice (1132.97±85.75μM Trolox equivalents vs 930.64±32μM Trolox equivalents from modified diet mice, p<0.01). There was no significant effect on lipid peroxidation on both strains. CONCLUSION The use of n-3 fatty acids extracted from microalgae could be a useful strategy to improve total antioxidant capacity in T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Roxana Valdés-Ramos
- Address correspondence to this author at the Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Tollocan esq. Jesús Carranza, Col. Moderna de la Cruz, Toluca, Edo. Mex, 50180, Mexico; Tel/Fax: +52-722-217-4831; E-mails:
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Đurašević S, Nikolić G, Zaletel I, Grigorov I, Memon L, Mitić-Ćulafić D, Vujović P, Đorđević J, Todorović Z. Distinct effects of virgin coconut oil supplementation on the glucose and lipid homeostasis in non-diabetic and alloxan-induced diabetic rats. J Funct Foods 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.103601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Rohman A, Irnawati, Erwanto Y, Lukitaningsih E, Rafi M, Fadzilah NA, Windarsih A, Sulaiman A, Zakaria Z. Virgin Coconut Oil: Extraction, Physicochemical Properties, Biological Activities and Its Authentication Analysis. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2019.1687515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Rohman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
- University of Malaya Halal Research Centre (UMHRC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Irnawati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Yuny Erwanto
- Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Endang Lukitaningsih
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Rafi
- Institute for Halal Industry and Systems, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | | | - Anjar Windarsih
- Research Division for Natural Product Technology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ainin Sulaiman
- University of Malaya Halal Research Centre (UMHRC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zalina Zakaria
- University of Malaya Halal Research Centre (UMHRC), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Famurewa AC, Maduagwuna EK, Folawiyo AM, Besong EE, Eteudo AN, Famurewa OA, Ejezie FE. Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antiapoptotic effects of virgin coconut oil against antibiotic drug gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity via the suppression of oxidative stress and modulation of iNOS/NF-ĸB/caspase-3 signaling pathway in Wistar rats. J Food Biochem 2019; 44:e13100. [PMID: 31721240 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Gentamicin is an effective antibiotic against severe infections; however, its major side effect is oxidative nephrotoxicity. We explored whether virgin coconut oil (VCO) could mitigate gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity. Rats were fed with VCO-supplemented diet for 16 days against renal toxicity induced by gentamicin (100 mg/kg bw, ip) from Day 11 to 16. Gentamicin caused marked elevated serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels, followed by considerable depletion in renal antioxidant enzymes, glutathione (GSH), while the malondialdehyde (MDA) level increased significantly. It significantly increased renal cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) levels, confirmed by renal histopathology. The expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-ĸB), and caspase-3 was prominently increased. VCO-supplemented diet significantly modulated the levels of biochemical indices, downregulated the expression of NO, iNOS, NF-ĸB, caspase-3, cytokines, and alleviated histopathological lesions. VCO protects against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity; thus, it could be a promising dietary supplement for patients undergoing gentamicin treatment. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Gentamicin is an efficacious clinical antibiotic used against severe infections; however, the robust body of evidence indicates that the nephrotoxic side effect constrained its use. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is an edible oil with growing human consumption and pharmacological effects. Our study has reported herein, for the first time, that VCO diet prevented the nephrotoxicity of gentamicin. Dietary supplementation of this oil could be beneficial in alleviating the nephrotoxic side effect of gentamicin in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Alex-Ekwueme Federal University Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Nigeria.,Biochemistry Division, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Institute of Medical Sciences, Thrissur, India
| | | | - Abiola M Folawiyo
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Ekiti State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth E Besong
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Albert N Eteudo
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi A Famurewa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
| | - Fidelis E Ejezie
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Nigeria, Enugu Campus, Enugu, Nigeria
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Hima L, Pratap UP, Karrunanithi S, Ravichandran KA, Vasantharekha R, ThyagaRajan S. Virgin coconut oil supplementation in diet modulates immunity mediated through survival signaling pathways in rats. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 17:/j/jcim.ahead-of-print/jcim-2019-0114/jcim-2019-0114.xml. [PMID: 31536034 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2019-0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Virgin coconut oil (VCO), a cold processed form of coconut oil, is traditionally consumed in Asian countries owing to its nutritional and medicinal properties. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the health benefits of VCO involve alterations in immune responses that are regulated by intracellular signaling molecules in the spleens of rats. Methods Young male Wistar rats were fed with three doses of VCO in diet for 30 days. At the end of the treatment period, spleens were isolated and in vitro effects on immune responses (Concanavalin A [Con A]-induced lymphoproliferation and cytokine production), and direct effects of VCO treatment on intracellular signaling molecules and antioxidant status were examined. Serum was collected to measure glucose, lipid levels, and leptin. Results VCO supplementation in diet enhanced Con A-induced splenocyte proliferation and Th1 cytokine production while it suppressed the proinflammatory cytokine production. VCO increased the expression of mechanistic target of rapamycin (p-mTOR), sirtuin1 (SIRT1), liver kinase B1 (p-LKB1) p-ERK, and p-CREB in spleen. Similarly, VCO increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes while it suppressed lipid peroxidation in the spleen. VCO diet had hypolipidemic effects on the rats: an increase in high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels while lowering triacylglycerol (TAG) levels. Conclusion The health benefits of VCO may be mediated through enhanced Th1 immunity through the upregulation of survival signaling pathways and inhibition of free radical generation in the spleen besides its capacity to induce hypolipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lalgi Hima
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Uday P Pratap
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Sunil Karrunanithi
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Kishore A Ravichandran
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Ramasamy Vasantharekha
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
| | - Srinivasan ThyagaRajan
- Integrative Medicine Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur, Tamil Nadu 603 203, India
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Robinson SA, O'Brien MW, Grandy SA, Heinze-Milne S, Kimmerly DS. Short-term supplement of virgin coconut oil improves endothelial-dependent dilation but not exercise-mediated hyperemia in young adults. Nutr Res 2019; 67:17-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2019.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sheela DL, Narayanankutty A, Nazeem PA, Raghavamenon AC, Muthangaparambil SR. Lauric acid induce cell death in colon cancer cells mediated by the epidermal growth factor receptor downregulation: An in silico and in vitro study. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:753-761. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327119839185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Coconut oil (CO) is enriched with medium chain saturated fatty acids like lauric acid (LA), capric acid and caprylic acid, which are known to have several health benefits. LA, the predominant fatty acid in CO, is reported to possess anticancer activity mediated through oxidative stress-induced apoptosis; however, there is no clear information on its cellular signalling mechanism. The present study screened the anticancer potential of various fatty acids present in CO (capric acid, caprylic acid and LA) using in silico tools such as CDOCKER in Accelrys Discovery Studio by targeting proteins like epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), cyclin-dependent kinase and thymidine synthase (TS). The results were further confirmed using cell culture-based studies and quantitative PCR. Among the tested compounds, LA was found to be the most active and showed a higher affinity towards EGFR and TS. Corroborating with these results, LA-induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity towards HCT-15 (human colon cancer), HepG2 (human hepatocellular carcinoma) and Raw 264.7 (murine macrophages) cells exhibiting morphological characteristics of apoptosis. Further, in HCT-15 cells exposed to LA (30 and 50 µg/mL), the expression of EGFR was found to be downregulated by 1.33- and 1.58-fold. The study thus concludes that the anticancer activity of LA may be partially mediated by the downregulation of EGFR signalling and consequent reduction in cell viability through apoptosis. Since EGFR signalling is crucial in cancer cell survival and is a prime target in drug development, the present study has pharmacological significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- DL Sheela
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India
| | - A Narayanankutty
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - PA Nazeem
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India
| | - AC Raghavamenon
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SR Muthangaparambil
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Kerala, India
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Đurašević S, Jasnić N, Prokić M, Grigorov I, Martinović V, Đorđević J, Pavlović S. The protective role of virgin coconut oil on the alloxan-induced oxidative stress in the liver, kidneys and heart of diabetic rats. Food Funct 2019; 10:2114-2124. [PMID: 30919867 DOI: 10.1039/c9fo00107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) on oxidative stress parameters in the liver, kidneys and heart of alloxan-induced (150 mg kg-1 i.p.-1) diabetes in rats. Our results showed that daily supplementation of VCO (20% of food) for 16 weeks significantly (p < 0.05) ameliorates some deleterious effects caused by alloxan. VCO reduced the diabetes-related increase in food (82.15 ± 1.49 vs. 145.51 ± 4.81 g per kg b.m. per day) and water (305.49 ± 6.09 vs. 583.98 ± 14.80 mL per kg b.m. per day) intake, and the decrease in the body mass gain (0.56 ± 0.16 vs. -2.13 ± 0.49 g per 100 g b.m. per week). In all three tissues, diabetes caused an increase in the concentration of total glutathione and sulfhydryl groups, and catalase and glutathione S-transferase activities, without changes in superoxide dismutase activity. Glutathione peroxidase activity was increased in the kidneys and heart, but not in the liver of the diabetic animals, while glutathione reductase activity was increased in the liver and the kidneys, and not in the heart. The simultaneous VCO supplementation increased the concentration of the sulfhydryl group in all three tissues of diabetic animals and decreased the glutathione S-transferase activity and glutathione concentration, without affecting the glutathione reductase activity. In the liver of diabetic animals it decreased superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, in the heart catalase and glutathione peroxidase activities, and in the kidney catalase activity only. The results of canonical discriminant analysis of oxidative stress parameters revealed that VCO exerts its effects in a tissue-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Đurašević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Nebojša Jasnić
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Prokić
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Ilijana Grigorov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna Martinović
- Department of Molecular Biology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Đorđević
- Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biochemistry and Physiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Slađan Pavlović
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković", University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Narayanankutty A, Anil A, Illam SP, Kandiyil SP, Raghavamenon AC. Non-polar lipid carbonyls of thermally oxidized coconut oil induce hepatotoxicity mediated by redox imbalance. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2018; 138:45-51. [PMID: 30392580 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Thermal oxidation products of edible oils including aldehydes, peroxides and polymerized triglycerides formed during the cooking process are increasingly debated as contributory to chronic degenerative diseases. Depending on the oil used for cooking, the source of fatty acids and its oxidation products may vary and would have a differential influence on the physiological process. Coconut oil (CO) is a medium chain triglyceride-rich edible oil used in South India and other Asia Pacific countries for cooking purposes. The present study evaluated the biological effects of thermally oxidized coconut oil (TCO) as well as its non- polar hexane (TCOH) and polar methanol (TCO-M) sub-fractions in male Wistar rats. Results showed an increase in the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs) and conjugated diene levels in TCO, which was extracted to TCOH fraction. The animals consumed TCO and its hexane and methanol fractions had a considerable increase in weight gain. However, serum and hepatic triglycerides were increased only in animals with TCO and TCOH administration. In these animals, the hepatic redox balance was disturbed, with a reduction in GSH and a concomitant increase in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARs). Increased incidence of microvesicles in hepatic histological observations also supported this assumption. Together, the study shows that TCO consumption is unhealthy, where the nonpolar compounds generated during thermal oxidation may be involved in the toxic insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut)
| | - Anu Anil
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut); (2)Department of Zoology, Vimala College, Thrissur, Kerala
| | - Soorya Parathodi Illam
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut)
| | - Sruthi Panniyan Kandiyil
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut)
| | - Achuthan C Raghavamenon
- (1)Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala (Recognized research centre of the University of Calicut).
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Health impacts of different edible oils prepared from coconut (Cocos nucifera): A comprehensive review. Trends Food Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2018.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Virgin coconut oil is effective to treat metabolic and inflammatory dysfunction induced by high refined carbohydrate-containing diet in mice. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 63:117-128. [PMID: 30359861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The global rise in obesity rates is alarming since this condition is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and secondary comorbidities as glucose intolerance, cardiovascular disease and liver damage. Therefore, a lot of dietary approaches are proposed to prevent and to treat obesity and its associated disorders. Virgin coconut oil (VCO) is well known as a functional food due to its significant amounts of medium-chain triglycerides. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of VCO on adiposity, metabolic and inflammatory dysfunctions induced by a high-refined carbohydrate-containing (HC) diet in mice. Male BALB/c mice were divided into two groups and fed with control (C) or HC diet to induce obesity for eight weeks. At the 9th week mice fed with HC diet were randomly regrouped into four groups, and were kept this way until the 12th week, as following: (i) HC diet alone or HC diet supplemented with three different VCO doses (ii) 1000 mg/kg, (iii) 3000 mg/kg and (iv) 9000 mg/kg. Regardless of the concentration used, VCO supplementation promoted lower adiposity and also improvement in glucose tolerance, lower serum glucose and lipid levels and decreased hepatic steatosis. Moreover, VCO intake induced a lower inflammatory response due to decreased number of leukocytes and TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in adipose tissue, as well as reduced counts of total leukocytes, mononuclear and polymorphonuclear circulating cells. Our data showed that VCO can be considered as an interesting potential dietary approach to attenuate obesity and its metabolic and inflammatory alterations.
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Oliveira-de-Lira L, Santos EMC, de Souza RF, Matos RJB, Silva MCD, Oliveira LDS, Nascimento TGD, Schemly PADLS, Souza SLD. Supplementation-Dependent Effects of Vegetable Oils with Varying Fatty Acid Compositions on Anthropometric and Biochemical Parameters in Obese Women. Nutrients 2018; 10:E932. [PMID: 30037019 PMCID: PMC6073593 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) composition is a determinant of the physiological effects of dietary oils. This study investigated the effects of vegetable oil supplementation with different FA compositions on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in obese women on a hypocaloric diet with lifestyle modifications. Seventy-five women (body mass index, BMI, 30⁻39.9kg/m²) were randomized based on 8-week oil supplementation into four experimental groups: the coconut oil group (CoG, n = 18), the safflower oil group (SafG, n = 19), the chia oil group (ChG, n = 19), and the soybean oil placebo group (PG, n = 19). Pre- and post-supplementation weight, anthropometric parameters, and body fat (%BF), and lean mass percentages (%LM) were evaluated, along with biochemical parameters related to lipid and glycidemic profiles. In the anthropometric evaluation, the CoG showed greater weight loss (Δ% = -8.54 ± 2.38), and reduced BMI (absolute variation, Δabs = -2.86 ± 0.79), waist circumference (Δabs = -6.61 ± 0.85), waist-to-height ratio (Δabs = -0.041 ± 0.006), conicity index (Δabs = -0.03 ± 0.016), and %BF (Δabs = -2.78 ± 0.46), but increased %LM (Δabs = 2.61 ± 1.40) (p < 0.001). Moreover, the CoG showed a higher reduction in biochemical parameters of glycemia (Δabs = -24.71 ± 8.13) and glycated hemoglobin (Δabs = -0.86 ± 0.28) (p < 0.001). The ChG showed a higher reduction in cholesterol (Δabs = -45.36 ± 0.94), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc; Δabs = -42.53 ± 22.65), and triglycerides (Δabs = -49.74 ± 26.3), but an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc; abs = 3.73 ± 1.24, p = 0.007). Coconut oil had a more pronounced effect on abdominal adiposity and glycidic profile, whereas chia oil had a higher effect on improving the lipid profile. Indeed, supplementation with different fatty acid compositions resulted in specific responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciene Oliveira-de-Lira
- PostGraduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - Eduila Maria Couto Santos
- Academic Center of Vitoria de Santo Antão, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil.
| | - Raphael Fabrício de Souza
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Sergipe-UFS, São Cristovão, Sergipe 49100-000, Brazil.
| | - Rhowena Jane Barbosa Matos
- Academic Center of Vitoria de Santo Antão, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil.
| | - Matilde Cesiana da Silva
- Academic Center of Vitoria de Santo Antão, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco 55608-680, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Lopes de Souza
- PostGraduate Program, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco 50670-901, Brazil.
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Famurewa AC, Folawiyo AM, Enohnyaket EB, Azubuike-Osu SO, Abi I, Obaje SG, Famurewa OA. Beneficial role of virgin coconut oil supplementation against acute methotrexate chemotherapy-induced oxidative toxicity and inflammation in rats. Integr Med Res 2018; 7:257-263. [PMID: 30271714 PMCID: PMC6160495 DOI: 10.1016/j.imr.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Methotrexate (MTX) is a commonly used antineoplastic and anti-rheumatoid agent whose efficacy is limited by marked organ toxicities associated with oxidative stress. The study investigated beneficial effect of virgin coconut oil (VCO) supplementation on MTX-induced oxidative stress and inflammation in rats. Methods Rats were divided into 4 groups (n = 6): Control, MTX (20 mg/kg bw), VCO (5%) + MTX and VCO (15%) + MTX. The pre-treatment with VCO for 14 days was followed by single intraperitoneal injection of MTX and the rats were sacrificed after 3 days. Serum activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) levels were also evaluated. Results MTX induced a distinct diminution in serum activities of oxidative stress markers (SOD, CAT, GPx and GSH), while lipid peroxidation considerably increased demonstrated by MDA level. Similarly, levels of IL-6, CRP and NO increased prominently in MTX control rats. The VCO supplementation markedly enhanced resistance to the MTX-induced biochemical alterations in rats. Conclusion VCO can be a useful adjuvant natural product in MTX chemotherapy by reducing oxidative stress and pro-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Abiola M Folawiyo
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Elizabeth B Enohnyaket
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Sharon O Azubuike-Osu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Innocent Abi
- Department of Physiology, College of Health Sciences, Benue State University, Makurdi, Nigeria
| | - Sunday G Obaje
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Opeyemi A Famurewa
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Traditional Medicine, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, University of Jos, Jos, Nigeria
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Narayanankutty A, Palliyil DM, Kuruvilla K, Raghavamenon AC. Virgin coconut oil reverses hepatic steatosis by restoring redox homeostasis and lipid metabolism in male Wistar rats. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:1757-1764. [PMID: 28862329 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.8650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatosteatosis, a form of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is being increasingly recognized as a major health burden worldwide. Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and imbalances in adipokine/cytokine interplay are reported to be involved in the onset and progression of this disease. Use of dietary nutraceuticals in prevention and treatment of NAFLD is emerging. Virgin coconut oil (VCO), a fermented product of fresh coconut kernel, has been shown to impede the development of hepatosteatosis in rats. This study analyzes the potential of VCO to reverse the already developed hepatosteatosis condition. RESULTS Hyperglycemia, reduced glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic macrovesicles in high-fructose-diet-fed rats (4 weeks) confirmed the development of hepatosteatosis. Natural reversion in these parameters was observed upon shifting to normal diet in untreated control animals. Administration of VCO, however, increased this natural reversion by improving high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level (53.5%) and reducing hepatic and serum triacylglycerols (78.0 and 51.7%). Increased hepatic glutathione level (P < 0.01), antioxidant enzyme activities (P < 0.05) and reduced lipid peroxidation were also noticed in these animals. These observations were in concordance with reduced liver enzyme activities (P < 0.01) and restoration of altered hepatic architecture. CONCLUSION The study indicates that VCO can be used as a nutraceutical against hepatosteatosis. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Devika Mukundan Palliyil
- Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P O, Thrissur, Kerala, India
- Department of Zoology, Vimala College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Kezia Kuruvilla
- Department of Zoology, Vimala College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Sheela DL, Nazeem PA, Narayanankutty A, Shylaja RM, Davis SP, James P, Valsalan R, Devassy Babu T, Raghavamenon AC. Coconut phytocompounds inhibits polyol pathway enzymes: Implication in prevention of microvascular diabetic complications. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2017; 127:20-24. [PMID: 29156154 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Coconut oil (CO), the primary choice of cooking purposes in the south Asian countries, is rich in medium chain saturated fatty acids, especially lauric acid (50-52%). The oil has high medicinal use in Ayurvedic system and known to contain polyphenolic antioxidants. Studies have reported that CO improves insulin sensitivity and shows hypoglycemic effect. However, there is no information regarding its effect on chronic diabetic complications including retinopathy and nephropathy is available. The secondary diabetic complications are mediated by the activation of polyol pathway, where aldose reductase (AR) plays crucial role. In this study, in silico analysis has been used to screen the effect of CO as well as its constituents, MCFAs and phenolic compounds, for targeting the molecules in polyol pathway. The study revealed that lauric acid (LA) interacts with AR and DPP-IV of polyol pathway and inhibits the activity of these enzymes. Validation studies using animal models confirmed the inhibition of AR and SDH in wistar rats. Further, the LA dose dependently reduced the expression of AR in HCT-15 cells. Together, the study suggests the possible role of CO, particularly LA in reducing secondary diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Lekshmi Sheela
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India.
| | - Puthiyaveetil Abdulla Nazeem
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - R Muthangaparambil Shylaja
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Sangeetha P Davis
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Priyanga James
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Ravisankar Valsalan
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Thekkekara Devassy Babu
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
| | - Achuthan C Raghavamenon
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O, Vellanikkara, Kerala 680656, India; Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Research Centre of University of Calicut), Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala 680555, India
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Famurewa AC, Ekeleme-Egedigwe CA, Nwali SC, Agbo NN, Obi JN, Ezechukwu GC. Dietary Supplementation with Virgin Coconut Oil Improves Lipid Profile and Hepatic Antioxidant Status and Has Potential Benefits on Cardiovascular Risk Indices in Normal Rats. J Diet Suppl 2017; 15:330-342. [DOI: 10.1080/19390211.2017.1346031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ademola C. Famurewa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Chima A. Ekeleme-Egedigwe
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Sophia C. Nwali
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Ngozi N. Agbo
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Joy N. Obi
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Goodness C. Ezechukwu
- Department of Chemistry/Biochemistry/Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ikwo, Abakaliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
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Effects of coconut oil on glycemia, inflammation, and urogenital microbial parameters in female Ossabaw mini-pigs. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179542. [PMID: 28704429 PMCID: PMC5509134 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Forty percent of American women are obese and at risk for type II diabetes, impaired immune function, and altered microbiome diversity, thus impacting overall health. We investigated whether obesity induced by an excess calorie, high fat diet containing hydrogenated fats, fructose, and coconut oil (HFD) altered glucose homeostasis, peripheral immunity, and urogenital microbial dynamics. We hypothesized that HFD would cause hyperglycemia, increase peripheral inflammation, and alter urogenital microbiota to favor bacterial taxonomy associated with inflammation. We utilized female Ossabaw mini-pigs to model a ‘thrifty’ metabolic phenotype associated with increased white adipose tissue mass. Pigs were fed HFD (~4570 kcal/pig/day) or lean (~2000 kcal/pig/day) diet for a total of 9 estrous cycles (~6 months). To determine the effect of cycle stage on cytokines and the microbiome, animals had samples collected during cycles 7 and 9 on certain days of the cycle: D1, 4, 8, 12, 16, 18. Vaginal swabs or cervical flushes assessed urogenital microbiota. Systemic fatty acids, insulin, glucose, and cytokines were analyzed. Pig weights and morphometric measurements were taken weekly. Obese pigs had increased body weight, length, heart and belly girth but similar glucose concentrations. Obese pigs had decreased cytokine levels (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-4, IL-10), arachidonic acid and plasma insulin, but increased levels of vaccenic acid. Obese pigs had greater urogenital bacterial diversity, including several taxa known for anti-inflammatory properties. Overall, induction of obesity did not induce inflammation but shifted the microbial communities within the urogenital tract to an anti-inflammatory phenotype. We postulate that the coconut oil in the HFD oil may have supported normal glucose homeostasis and modulated the immune response, possibly through regulation of microbial community dynamics and fatty acid metabolism. This animal model holds promise for the study of how different types of obesity and high fat diets may affect metabolism, immune phenotype, and microbial dynamics.
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Illam SP, Narayanankutty A, Raghavamenon AC. Polyphenols of virgin coconut oil prevent pro-oxidant mediated cell death. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:442-450. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2017.1320458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Narayanankutty A, Kottekkat A, Mathew SE, Illam SP, Suseela IM, Raghavamenon AC. Vitamin E supplementation modulates the biological effects of omega-3 fatty acids in naturally aged rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2017; 27:207-214. [DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2016.1273431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (recognized by University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Anagha Kottekkat
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (recognized by University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Shaji E. Mathew
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (recognized by University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Soorya P. Illam
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (recognized by University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Indu M. Suseela
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (recognized by University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - Achuthan C. Raghavamenon
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre (recognized by University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
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Lekshmi Sheela D, Nazeem PA, Narayanankutty A, Manalil JJ, Raghavamenon AC. In Silico and Wet Lab Studies Reveal the Cholesterol Lowering Efficacy of Lauric Acid, a Medium Chain Fat of Coconut Oil. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 71:410-415. [PMID: 27679437 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-016-0577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The coconut oil (CO) contains 91 % of saturated fatty acids in which 72 % are medium chain fatty acids (MCFAs) like lauric, capric and caprylic acids. In contrast to animal fat, coconut oil has no cholesterol. Despite this fact, CO is sidelined among other vegetable oils due to the health hazards attributed to the saturated fatty acids. Though various medicinal effects of CO have been reported including the hypolipidemic activity, people are still confused in the consumption of this natural oil. In silico analyses and wet lab experiments have been carried out to identify the hypolipidemic properties of MCFAs and phenolic acids in CO by using different protein targets involved in cholesterol synthesis. The molecular docking studies were carried out using CDOCKER protocol in Accelery's Discovery Studio, by taking different proteins like HMG- CoA reductase and cholesterol esterase as targets and the different phytocompounds in coconut as ligands. Molecular docking highlighted the potential of lauric acid in inhibiting the protein targets involved in hyperlipidemics. Further, validation of in silico results was carried out through in vivo studies. The activity of key enzymes HMG- CoA reductase and lipoprotein lipase were found reduced in animals fed with lauric acid and CO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devi Lekshmi Sheela
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O., Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, 680656, India.
| | - Puthiyaveetil Abdulla Nazeem
- Centre for Plant Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Kerala Agricultural University, KAU P.O., Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, 680656, India
| | - Arunaksharan Narayanankutty
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, 680 555, India
| | - Jeksy Jos Manalil
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, 680 555, India
| | - Achuthan C Raghavamenon
- Department of Biochemistry, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar P.O., Thrissur, Kerala, 680 555, India
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Narayanankutty A, Manalil JJ, Suseela IM, Ramavarma SK, Mathew SE, Illam SP, Babu TD, Kuzhivelil BT, Raghavamenon AC. Deep fried edible oils disturb hepatic redox equilibrium and heightens lipotoxicity and hepatosteatosis in male Wistar rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 36:919-930. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327116674530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Hepatosteatosis is a complex disorder, in which insulin resistance and associated dyslipidemic and inflammatory conditions are fundamental. Dietary habit, especially regular consumption of fat and sugar-rich diet, is an important risk factor. Coconut and mustard oils (CO and MO) are medium-chain saturated and monounsaturated fats that are common dietary ingredients among the Indian populations. Present study analyzed the effect of prolonged consumption of the fresh and thermally oxidized forms of these oils on glucose tolerance and hepatosteatosis in male Wistar rats. Thermally oxidized CO (TCO) and MO (TMO) possessed higher amount of lipid peroxidation products and elevated p-anisidine values than their fresh forms. Dietary administration of TCO and TMO along with fructose altered glucose tolerance and increased hyperglycemia in rats. Dyslipidemia was evident by elevated levels of triglycerides and reduced high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) levels in fructose and edible oil-fed group ( p < 0.05). Additionally, hepatic antioxidant status was diminished and oxidative stress markers were elevated in TCO- and TMO-fed rats. Substantiating these, hike in liver function marker enzyme activities were also observed in these animals. Supporting this, histological analysis revealed higher incidence of microvesicles and hepatocellular ballooning. Results thus suggest that consumption of thermally oxidized fats may cause hepatic damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Narayanankutty
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - JJ Manalil
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - IM Suseela
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SK Ramavarma
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SE Mathew
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - SP Illam
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - TD Babu
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
| | - BT Kuzhivelil
- Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Christ College, University of Calicut, Thenhipalam, Kerala, India
| | - AC Raghavamenon
- Amala Cancer Research Centre (Recognized Centre of University of Calicut), Thrissur, Kerala, India
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