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Curtis CJ, Rose NL, Yang H, Turner S, Langerman K, Fitchett J, Milner A, Kabba A, Shilland J. Contamination of depressional wetlands in the Mpumalanga Lake District of South Africa near a global emission hotspot. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 938:173493. [PMID: 38796003 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
The Mpumalanga Lake District (MLD) of South Africa hosts a regionally unique cluster of water bodies of great importance for wetland biodiversity. It is also located close to a global hotspot for coal-fired power station emissions but the local impacts from these sources of pollution are poorly understood. Sediment cores from three contrasting wetlands were 210Pb dated and analysed for a range of contaminants linked to fossil fuel combustion, including trace elements, Hg, sulphur and spheroidal carbonaceous fly-ash particles (SCPs). At the two sites with pre-industrial (1900) baseline sediments, Pb, Zn and especially Cr concentrations and fluxes showed significant increases in the impact period (post-1975). Mercury showed the greatest proportional increase in flux (>4-fold) of all trace metals. Mercury and sulphur concentrations and fluxes showed highly significant correlations with emissions over the corresponding periods, while SCPs in sediments also closely tracked emissions. In a global context, levels of sediment contamination are relatively minor compared with other heavily industrialised regions, with only Cr exceeding the sediment Probable Effects Concentration for biological impact post-1975. Despite the relatively large increases in Hg, concentrations do not reach the Threshold Effects Concentration. The unexpectedly low levels of contamination may be due to i) low levels of many trace contaminants in South African coals compared to global averages, ii) prevailing recirculation patterns which transport pollution away from the study area during the wet season, minimising wet deposition, and iii) pollutant remobilisation through desiccation of wetlands or volatilization. The effects of hydrology and sediment accumulation rates lead to differential transport and preservation of organic-associated and more volatile contaminants (e.g. Hg, S) relative to non-volatile trace elements in wetlands of the MLD. The greatest fluxes of Hg and S are recorded in the site with the highest catchment: lake area ratio, lowest salinity and greatest sediment organic matter content.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Curtis
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| | - N L Rose
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa; Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - H Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - S Turner
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - K Langerman
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Fitchett
- School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies, University of the Witwatersrand, 1 Jan Smuts Avenue, Braamfontein 2050, South Africa
| | - A Milner
- Department of Geography, Royal Holloway University of London, Egham, Surrey TW20 0EX, UK
| | - A Kabba
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - J Shilland
- Environmental Change Research Centre, Department of Geography, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Hlatshwayo SN, Tesfamichael SG, Kganyago M. Predicting tropospheric nitrogen dioxide column density in South African municipalities using socio-environmental variables and Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0308484. [PMID: 39116086 PMCID: PMC11309388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0308484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrogen dioxide (NO2) pollution is a major health and social challenge in South African induced mainly by fossil fuel combustions for power generation, transportation and domestic biomass burning for indoor activities. The pollution level is moderated by various environmental and social factors, yet previous studies made use of limited factors or focussed on only industrialised regions ignoring the contributions in large parts of the country. There is a need to assess how socio-environmenral factors, which inherently exhibit variations across space, influence the pollution levels in South Africa. This study therefore aimed to predict annual tropospheric NO2 column density using socio-environmental variables that are widely proven in the literature as sources and sinks of pollution. The environmental variables used to predict NO2 included remotely sensed Enhanced Vegetation Index (EVI), Land Surface Temperature and Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) while the social data, which were obtained from national household surveys, included energy sources data, settlement patterns, gender and age statistics aggregated at municipality scale. The prediction was accomplished by applying the Multiscale Geographically Weighted Regression that fine-tunes the spatial scale of each variable when building geographically localised relationships. The model returned an overall R2 of 0.92, indicating good predicting performance and the significance of the socio-environmental variables in estimating NO2 in South Africa. From the environmental variables, AOD had the most influence in increasing NO2 pollution while vegetation represented by EVI had the opposite effect of reducing the pollution level. Among the social variables, household electricity and wood usage had the most significant contributions to pollution. Communal residential arrangements significantly reduced NO2, while informal settlements showed the opposite effect. The female proportion was the most important demographic variable in reducing NO2. Age groups had mixed effects on NO2 pollution, with the mid-age group (20-29) being the most important contributor to NO2 emission. The findings of the current study provide evidence that NO2 pollution is explained by socio-economic variables that vary widely across space. This can be achieved reliably using the MGWR approach that produces strong models suited to each locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sphamandla N. Hlatshwayo
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Solomon G. Tesfamichael
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Mahlatse Kganyago
- Department of Geography, Environmental Management and Energy Studies, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Liu W, Fang J, Liang Y, Wang X, Zhang Q, Wang J, He M, Wang W, Deng J, Ren C, Zhang W, Han X. Acid rain reduced soil carbon emissions and increased the temperature sensitivity of soil respiration: A comprehensive meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171370. [PMID: 38438037 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
Soil respiration the second-largest carbon flux in terrestrial ecosystems, has been extensively studied across a wide range of biomes. Surprisingly, no consensus exist on how acid rain (AR) impacts the spatiotemporal pattern of soil respiration. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis using 318 soil respiration and 263 soil respiration temperature sensitivity (Q10) data points obtained from 48 studies to assess the impact of AR on soil respiration components and their Q10. The results showed that AR reduced soil total respiration (Rt) and soil autotrophic respiration (Ra) by 7.41 % and 20.75 %, respectively. As the H+ input increased, the response rates of Ra to AR (RR-Ra) and soil heterotrophic respiration (Rh) to AR (RR-Rh) decreased and increased, respectively. With increased AR duration, the RR-Ra increased, whereas the RR-Rh did not change. AR increased the Q10 of Rt (Rt-Q10) and Rh (Rh-Q10) by 1.92 % and 9.47 %, respectively, and decreased the Q10 of Ra (Ra-Q10) by 2.77 %. Increased mean annual temperature, mean annual precipitation, and initial soil organic carbon increased the response rate of Ra-Q10 to AR (RR-Ra-Q10) and decreased the response rate of Rh-Q10 to AR (RR-Rh-Q10). However, as the AR frequency and initial soil pH increased, both RR-Ra-Q10 and RR-Rh-Q10 also increased. In summary, AR decreased Rt but increased Q10, likely due to soil acidification (soil pH decreased by 7.84 %), reducing plant root biomass (decreased by 5.67 %) and soil microbial biomass (decreased by 5.67 %), changing microbial communities (increased fungi to bacteria ratio of 15.91 %), and regulated by climate, vegetation, soil and AR regimes. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to reveal the large-scale, varied response patterns of soil respiration components and their Q10 to AR. It highlights the importance of applying the reductionism theory in soil respiration research to enhance our understanding of soil carbon cycling processes with in the context of global climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jingbo Fang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yaoyue Liang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xing Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jinduo Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengfan He
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Jian Deng
- College of life sciences, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chengjie Ren
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- College of Grassland Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Xinhui Han
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; The Research Center of Recycle Agricultural Engineering and Technology of Shaanxi Province, China.
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Yu Q, Ge X, Zheng H, Xing J, Duan L, Lv D, Ding D, Dong Z, Sun Y, Maximilian P, Xie D, Zhao Y, Zhao B, Wang S, Mulder J, Larssen T, Hao J. A probe into the acid deposition mitigation path in China over the last four decades and beyond. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae007. [PMID: 38495813 PMCID: PMC10941815 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024] Open
Abstract
China currently has the highest acid deposition globally, yet research on its status, impacts, causes and controls is lacking. Here, we compiled data and calculated critical loads regarding acid deposition. The results showed that the abatement measures in China have achieved a sharp decline in the emissions of acidifying pollutants and a continuous recovery of precipitation pH, despite the drastic growth in the economy and energy consumption. However, the risk of ecological acidification and eutrophication showed no significant decrease. With similar emission reductions, the decline in areas at risk of acidification in China (7.0%) lags behind those in Europe (20%) or the USA (15%). This was because, unlike Europe and the USA, China's abatement strategies primarily target air quality improvement rather than mitigating ecological impacts. Given that the area with the risk of eutrophication induced by nitrogen deposition remained at 13% of the country even under the scenario of achieving the dual targets of air quality and carbon dioxide mitigation in 2035, we explored an enhanced ammonia abatement pathway. With a further 27% reduction in ammonia by 2035, China could largely eliminate the impacts of acid deposition. This research serves as a valuable reference for China's future acid deposition control and for other nations facing similar challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaodong Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongwei Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhaoxin Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yisheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Posch Maximilian
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Danni Xie
- International Institute for Applied System Analysis (IIASA), Laxenburg A-2361, Austria
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jan Mulder
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Ås 5003, Norway
| | | | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse and School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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5
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Xie D, Zhao B, Kang R, Ma X, Larssen T, Jin Z, Duan L. Delayed recovery of surface water chemistry from acidification in subtropical forest region of China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169126. [PMID: 38070570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The three largest acid rain regions of current earth are located in northern and western Europe, eastern North America, and East Asia. Sulfur and nitrate concentrations in headwater streams in Europe and North America decreased as atmospheric sulfur and nitrogen deposition decreased, albeit with a considerable delay. However, how water chemistry responds to the declining sulfur and nitrogen deposition in China is unclear. The regional survey of surface water chemistry during 2010 and 2018 within the Sichuan Basin in southwestern China showed that the recovery of the surface water chemistry was delayed for at least 5 years owing to the release of previously deposited sulfur and nitrogen stored in the soil. After sulfur deposition declined from its peak value, the subregions of purplish soil with low sulfate adsorption capacity still exhibited a net sulfur release in 2010, but this release was no longer evident by 2018. The subregions with the red and yellow soils, which have a high sulfate adsorption capacity, operated as sulfur sinks during 2010 and 2018, indicating a continuous immobilization process through sulfate reduction despite a decrease in sulfur deposition. Additionally, this sulfate reduction countered the release of sulfate caused by sulfur desorption. There was a substantial nitrogen sink within the Sichuan Basin. Nitrogen leaching decreased slowly with the declined nitrogen deposition, except in regions where nitrogen deposition exceeded the critical threshold. Compared to temperate forest regions in Europe, the Sichuan Basin and its surrounding areas have experienced higher decline rates in the leaching of sulfur and nitrogen, highlighting that the subtropical forest region undergoes a faster restoration of surface water chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danni Xie
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ronghua Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Ma
- State Grid Xinyuan Company Ltd., Beijing 100052, China
| | - Thorjørn Larssen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, Oslo 0579, Norway
| | - Zhangdong Jin
- School of Land Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710064, China; SKLLQG, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Lei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
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Peng K, Li Q, Ma M, Li N, Sheng H, Li H, Huang Y, Yun F. Acidic Gas Determination Using Indium Tin Oxide-Based Gas Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:1286. [PMID: 38400444 PMCID: PMC10892682 DOI: 10.3390/s24041286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This work has presented gas sensors based on indium tin oxide (ITO) for the detection of SO2 and NO2. The ITO gas-sensing material was deposited by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering. The properties of gas sensing could be improved by increasing the ratio of SnO2. The response characteristics of the gas sensor for detecting different concentrations of NO2 and SO2 were investigated. In the detection of NO2, the sensitivity was significantly improved by increasing the SnO2 ratio in ITO by 5%, and the response and recovery time were reduced significantly. However, the sensitivity of the sensor decreased with increasing SO2 concentration. From X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, the gas-sensitive response mechanisms were different in the atmosphere of NO2 and SO2. The NO2 was adsorbed by ITO via physisorption but the SO2 had a chemical reaction with the ITO surface. The gas selectivity, temperature dependence, and environmental humidity of ITO-based gas sensors were systematically analyzed. The high detection sensitivity for acidic gas of the prepared sensor presented great potential for acid rain monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Peng
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices for Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Qiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Physical Electronics and Devices for Ministry of Education and Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Photonics & Information Technology, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China;
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Mingwei Ma
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Na Li
- Northwest Survey & Planning Institute of National Forestry and Grassland Administration, Xi’an 710048, China;
| | - Haoran Sheng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Haoyu Li
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Yujie Huang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
| | - Feng Yun
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China; (M.M.); (H.S.); (H.L.); (Y.H.); (F.Y.)
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Li Y, Lou D, Zhou X, Zhuang X, Wang C. Alteration of bacterial community composition in the sediments of an urban artificial river caused by sewage discharge. PeerJ 2024; 12:e16931. [PMID: 38371377 PMCID: PMC10874175 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.16931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Urbanization has an ecological and evolutionary effect on urban microorganisms. Microorganisms are fundamental to ecosystem functions, such as global biogeochemical cycles, biodegradation and biotransformation of pollutants, and restoration and maintenance of ecosystems. Changes in microbial communities can disrupt these essential processes, leading to imbalances within ecosystems. Studying the impact of human activities on urban microbes is critical to protecting the environment, human health, and overall urban sustainability. Methods In this study, bacterial communities in the sediments of an urban artificial river were profiled by sequencing the 16S rRNA V3-V4 region. The samples collected from the eastern side of the Jiusha River were designated as the JHE group and were marked by persistent urban sewage discharges. The samples collected on the western side of the Jiusha River were categorized as the JHW group for comparative analysis. Results The calculated alpha diversity indices indicated that the bacterial community in the JHW group exhibited greater species diversity and evenness than that of the JHE group. Proteobacteria was the most dominant phylum between the two groups, followed by Bacteroidota. The relative abundance of Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota accumulated in the JHE group was higher than in the JHW group. Therefore, the estimated biomarkers in the JHE group were divided evenly between Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota, whereas the biomarkers in the JHW group mainly belonged to Proteobacteria. The Sulfuricurvum, MND1, and Thiobacillus genus were the major contributors to differences between the two groups. In contrast to JHW, JHE exhibited higher enzyme abundances related to hydrolases, oxidoreductases, and transferases, along with a prevalence of pathways associated with carbohydrate, energy, and amino acid metabolisms. Our study highlights the impact of human-induced water pollution on microorganisms in urban environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yishi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- Focused Photonics (Hangzhou), Inc., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Daoming Lou
- Hangzhou Urban Water Facilities and River Conservation Management Center, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaofei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xuchao Zhuang
- Focused Photonics (Hangzhou), Inc., Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuandong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
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Zeng J, Han G, Wu Q, Peng M, Ge X, Mao S, Wang ZJ, Ma Q. Chemical evolution of rainfall in China's first eco-civilization demonstration city: Implication for the provenance identification of pollutants and rainwater acid neutralization. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 910:168567. [PMID: 37981127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 11/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Rainfall chemistry is a vital indicator for reflecting anthropogenic/natural input on atmospheric quality, and the rainfall process is also the main sink of air contaminants, which has received widely concerns by all walks of life. However, the chemical compositions, sources of major solutes, historical evolution, and their determinants of rainwater in Chinese urban area, which is hotspot of atmospheric pollutant emission, are unclear under the dual background of fast economic development and eco-civilization construction. To decipher these issues, the latest year data of observation-based rainwater chemistry and the historical rainwater data, and air pollution data of China's first eco-civilization demonstration city were integrated and studied. The results presented that SO42- (53.4 %) and NO3- (28.8 %), Ca2+ (46.5 %) and NH4+ (37.9 %) dominated the present rainwater anions and cations. The historical changes in the relative proportion of rainwater ions (e.g., the holistic decreasing trend of SO42-) revealed the reduction and management achievement of atmospheric pollutant emission driven by different stages of eco-civilization city construction. The atmospheric components were well removed by rainfall scouring and all the rainwater ions showed obvious temporal variations. The concentrations of most of ions were higher in winter but lower in summer due to the key factors of meteorological factor (mainly rainfall amount) and the seasonal variations of source contribution. The stoichiometry-based source identification and relative contribution calculation reflected that anthropogenic input was the most primary contributor of NO3- (99.4 %) and SO42- (95.4 %), and the contribution of fixed emission source was relatively higher than that of traffic sources. The NH4+ was defined as the anthropogenic input ion (urban wastes and fuel combustion), while all Cl- and Na+ were from oceanic input. In contrast, terrigenous input represented the most important origin of Ca2+, K+, and Mg2+, with relative contribution of 99.5 %, 97.0 %, and 90.7 %, respectively. The high neutralization factor (NF, about 2.0) values and neutralizing to acidifying potential (NP/AP, about 1.7) ratios and their increasing trend in past few decades revealed the fact of rainwater acid being highly neutralized under the background of eco-civilization city construction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Guilin Han
- Institute of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Qixin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Meixue Peng
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xin Ge
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Shijun Mao
- North Alabama International College of Engineering and Technology, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Zhong-Jun Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224051, China
| | - Qing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Karst Georesources and Environment (Guizhou University), Ministry of Education, College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Nordberg K, Björk G, Abrahamsson K, Josefsson S, Lundin L. Historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, Swedish west coast as reflected in a high-resolution sediment record and compared to the Environmental Quality Standards (EQS). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 199:116014. [PMID: 38183834 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.116014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
We present the historic distribution of Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds (PAC) in a Skagerrak fjord, a relatively unexploited area, on the Swedish west coast. PACs encompass various compounds, including PAHs, alkyl-PAHs, nitro-PAHs, and oxy-PAHs. These compounds, have environmental implications due to their harmful properties. Using a high-resolution sediment record, PAC variations including standard PAHs, nitro-PAHs and oxy-PAHs were investigated over the last approximately 170 years, comparing them with other European records. The sediment record reveals a significant increase in PAC levels during the 1940s-1950s, followed by peaks in the 1960s and 1970s, and a subsequent decrease in the 1980s. These trends align with industrial growth and evolving stronger environmental regulations in the region. The highest recorded concentration of PACs (1950-1970) reached levels comparable to present-day polluted urban environments. The study also compared PAH levels with EQS values. Results indicated that PAH levels exceeded EQS standards, potentially posing risks to sediment-dwelling organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjell Nordberg
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Göran Björk
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katarina Abrahamsson
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, PO Box 461, SE 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, PO Box 670, SE 75128 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lisa Lundin
- Dept. of Chemistry, Umeå Univ., Linneus väg 6, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden
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10
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Silva TP, Paixão SM, Tavares J, Paradela F, Crujeira T, Roseiro JC, Alves L. Streamlining the biodesulfurization process: development of an integrated continuous system prototype using Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B. RSC Adv 2024; 14:725-742. [PMID: 38173596 PMCID: PMC10758933 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07405f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Biodesulfurization is a biotechnological process that uses microorganisms as biocatalysts to actively remove sulfur from fuels. It has the potential to be cleaner and more efficient than the current industrial process, however several bottlenecks have prevented its implementation. Additionally, most works propose models based on direct cultivation on fuel, or batch production of biocatalysts followed by a processing step before application to batch biodesulfurization, which are difficult to replicate at a larger scale. Thus, there is a need for a model that can be adapted to a refining process, where fuel is being continuously produced to meet consumer needs. The main goal of this work was to develop the first bench-scale continuous biodesulfurization system that integrates biocatalyst production, biodesulfurization and fuel separation, into a single continuous process, taking advantage of the method for the continuous production of the biodesulfurization biocatalysts previously established. This system eliminates the need to process the biocatalysts and facilitates fuel separation, while mitigating some of the process bottlenecks. First, using the bacterium Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B, continuous culture conditions were optimized to double biocatalyst production, and the produced biocatalysts were applied in batch biphasic biodesulfurization assays for a better understanding of the influence of different factors. Then, the novel integrated system was developed and evaluated using a model fuel (n-heptane + dibenzothiophene) in continuous biodesulfurization assays. With this system strain 1B surpassed its highest biodesulfurization rate, reaching 21 μmol h-1 g-1. Furthermore, by testing a recalcitrant model fuel, composed of n-heptane with dibenzothiophene and three alkylated derivatives (with 109 ppm of sulfur), 72% biodesulfurization was achieved by repeatedly passing the same fuel through the system, maintaining a constant response throughout sequential biodesulfurization cycles. Lastly, the system was also tested with real fuels (used tire/plastic pyrolysis oil; sweet and sour crude oils), revealing increased desulfurization activity. These results highlight the potential of the continuous biodesulfurization system to accelerate the transition from bench to commercial scale, contributing to the development of biodesulfurization biorefineries, centered on the valorization of sulfur-rich residues/biomasses for energy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago P Silva
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
| | - Susana M Paixão
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
| | - João Tavares
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
| | - Filipe Paradela
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
| | - Teresa Crujeira
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
| | - José C Roseiro
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
| | - Luís Alves
- LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia, IP, Unidade de Bioenergia e Biorrefinarias Estrada do Paço do Lumiar, 22 1649-038 Portugal
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11
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Zhao W, Xiao C, Li M, Xu L, Li X, He N. Spatial variation of sulfur in terrestrial ecosystems in China: Content, density, and storage. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167848. [PMID: 37844639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur (S) is an important macronutrient that is widely distributed in nature. Understanding the patterns and mechanisms of S dynamics is of great significance for accurately predicting the geophysical and chemical cycles of S and formulating policies for S emission and management. We systematically investigated and integrated 17,618 natural plots in China's terrestrial ecosystems and built a S density database of vegetation (including leaves, branches, stems, and roots) and surface soil (0-30 cm depth). The biogeographic patterns and environmental drivers of the S content, density, and storage in the vegetation and soil of terrestrial ecosystems were explored. Vegetation and soil were the major components of terrestrial ecosystems, storing a total of 2228.77 ± 121.72 Tg S, with mean S densities of 4.32 ± 0.04 × 10-2, and 267.93 ± 14.94 × 10-2 t hm-2, respectively. The forest was the most important vegetation S pool and their S storage accounted for about 55.28 % of the total vegetation S storage, whereas soil S pools of croplands and other vegetation types (e.g., deserts and wetlands) accounted for about 63.18 % of the total soil S storage. The mean S density (2.18 ± 0.02 × 10-2 t hm-2) and S storage (12.45 ± 0.31 Tg) of plant roots were significantly higher than those of other organs. The spatial variation in the S density was mainly regulated by climate and soil properties, reflecting the physiological adaptation mechanisms of plants by adjusting the S uptake and distribution to cope with climate change. In this study, the spatial patterns of S density and storage in vegetation and soil in terrestrial ecosystems of China and their response to environmental factors on a national scale were systematically studied. The results provide insights into the biological functions of S and its role in plant-environment interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzong Zhao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China; Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunwang Xiao
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Minzu University of China, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Mingxu Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Earth Critical Zone and Flux Research Station of Xing'an Mountains, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Daxing'anling 165200, China
| | - Li Xu
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecosystem Network Observation and Modeling, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Nianpeng He
- Center for Ecological Research, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
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12
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Marinković D, Relić R, Lakić N, Aničić M, Beuković D, Davidović V, Lavadinović V, Popović Z. Influence of age, habitat elevation, and distance to a thermal power plant on pathomorphological findings in the European brown hare ( Lepuseuropaeus P.). Vet Q 2023; 43:1-10. [PMID: 37869876 PMCID: PMC11003476 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2023.2273887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The lifespan of the European hare (Lepus europaeus P.) is affected by a number of negative factors, including pollutants. In this paper, the individual and joint influence of age and habitat (elevation and distance from the thermal power plant - TPP) on pathomorphological findings of hares shot during three hunting seasons was investigated. Pathomorphological changes were found in 95.12% of hares. In hares up to 1 year of age, the changes were predominant in the lungs, and in older hares, in the kidneys. Degenerative changes in kidneys and liver and inflammatory changes in kidneys and lungs were considered important most in discussing the influence of chemical pollution. The proximity of TPP influenced the type of changes in the liver. A significant joint effect of age and elevation on the type of changes in the lungs of adult hares and on the heart of young hares was found. Elevation and distance from TPP had a joint effect on the occurrence of changes in the lungs, intestines, and heart in hares from the field farther from TPP. The results indicate that the hares were highly exposed to chemical pollutants that may affect their immunity, and lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darko Marinković
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Renata Relić
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nada Lakić
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Milan Aničić
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dejan Beuković
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Vesna Davidović
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vukan Lavadinović
- Laboratory for Hunting and Wildlife Management, Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Zoran Popović
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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13
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Futter MN, Dirnböck T, Forsius M, Bäck JK, Cools N, Diaz-Pines E, Dick J, Gaube V, Gillespie LM, Högbom L, Laudon H, Mirtl M, Nikolaidis N, Poppe Terán C, Skiba U, Vereecken H, Villwock H, Weldon J, Wohner C, Alam SA. Leveraging research infrastructure co-location to evaluate constraints on terrestrial carbon cycling in northern European forests. AMBIO 2023; 52:1819-1831. [PMID: 37725249 PMCID: PMC10562320 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-023-01930-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Integrated long-term, in-situ observations are needed to document ongoing environmental change, to "ground-truth" remote sensing and model outputs and to predict future Earth system behaviour. The scientific and societal value of in-situ observations increases with site representativeness, temporal duration, number of parameters measured and comparability within and across sites. Research Infrastructures (RIs) can support harmonised, cross-site data collection, curation and publication. Integrating RI networks through site co-location and standardised observation methods can help answers three questions about the terrestrial carbon sink: (i) What are present and future carbon sequestration rates in northern European forests? (ii) How are these rates controlled? (iii) Why do the observed patterns exist? Here, we present a conceptual model for RI co-location and highlight potential insights into the terrestrial carbon sink achievable when long-term in-situ Earth observation sites participate in multiple RI networks (e.g., ICOS and eLTER). Finally, we offer recommendations to promote RI co-location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyn N. Futter
- Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Martin Forsius
- Finnish Environment Institute, Latokartanonkaari 11, 00790 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | - Eugenio Diaz-Pines
- Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Dick
- University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Lauren M. Gillespie
- Institute of Soil Research (IBF), Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lars Högbom
- Skogforsk, Uppsala Science Park, 751 83 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Hjalmar Laudon
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 901 83 Umeå, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Ute Skiba
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, EH26 0QB UK
| | - Harry Vereecken
- Agropshere Institute (IBG-3), Forschungszentrum Jülich Gmbh, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Holger Villwock
- Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - James Weldon
- Institutionen för vatten och miljö, Lennart Hjelms Väg 9, Box 7050, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Syed Ashraful Alam
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Latokartanonkaari 7, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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14
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He T, Tang Y, Cao R, Xia N, Li B, Du E. Distinct urban-rural gradients of air NO 2 and SO 2 concentrations in response to emission reductions during 2015-2022 in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 333:122021. [PMID: 37339730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) are two major air pollutants in urban environment. Emission reduction policies have thus been implemented to improve urban air quality, especially in the metropolises. However, it remains unclear whether the air concentrations of NO2 and SO2 in and around large cities follow a same spatial pattern and how their characteristics change over time in response to the emission reductions. Using ground-based monitoring datasets of air NO2 and SO2 concentrations in Beijing, China, we tested the hypothesis of urban air pollutant islands and evaluated their seasonal and inter-annual variations during 2015-2022. The results showed that air NO2 concentrations increased significantly towards the urban core, being in line with the hypothesis of urban air pollutant island, while air SO2 concentrations showed no such spatial patterns. The urban air NO2 island varied seasonally, with larger radius and higher air NO2 concentrations in spring and winter. In response to the emission reduction, the annual mean radius of the urban air NO2 island showed a rapid decrease from 45.8 km to zero km during the study period. The annual mean air NO2 concentration at the urban core showed a linear decrease at a rate of 4.5 μg m-3 yr-1. In contrast, air SO2 concentration decreased nonlinearly over time and showed a legacy in comparison to the emission reduction. Our findings suggest different urban-rural gradients of air NO2 and SO2 concentrations and highlight their distinct responses to the regional reductions of anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Rui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Nan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Binghe Li
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Enzai Du
- State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China; School of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geographical Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
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15
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Gröning H, Oksanen A, Skrzypczak T, Autio T. A survey for antibodies against Fasciola hepatica in cattle and sheep in finland indicates a low level of exposure. Acta Vet Scand 2023; 65:24. [PMID: 37349804 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-023-00688-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fasciolosis is a parasitic infection caused by the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica that can have a major economic impact on livestock industry. The prevalence of the disease has recently been increasing in many North European countries. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of antibody against F. hepatica in Finnish cattle herds and sheep flocks during 2019 by using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Randomly selected bulk tank milk samples were obtained from 660 dairy herds. Blood samples were collected at slaughterhouses from 1944 suckler cows from 309 herds and from 1120 sheep from 95 flocks. RESULTS Antibodies against F. hepatica were found in 0.45% (95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-1.33) of the dairy herds and 0.97% (95% CI: 0.33-2.82) of the suckler cow herds. The seropositive herds were located in eastern and central Finland. None of the sampled sheep flocks tested had antibodies against F. hepatica (95% CI: 0-3.89). The results of the assays were compared with meat inspection data received from the slaughterhouses. All positive herds also had liver condemnations due to F. hepatica based on the meat inspection reports. CONCLUSIONS Compared to other North European countries, the prevalence of fasciolosis in Finland can be considered low, and according to meat inspection reports, there are no indications of the prevalence increasing in Finland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heini Gröning
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio, FI-70210, Finland
| | - Antti Oksanen
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Elektroniikkatie 3, Oulu, FI-90590, Finland
| | - Teresa Skrzypczak
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Mustialankatu 3, Helsinki, FI-00790, Finland
| | - Tiina Autio
- Animal Health Diagnostic Unit, Laboratory and Research Division, Finnish Food Authority, Neulaniementie 4, Kuopio, FI-70210, Finland.
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16
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Mirzavand Borujeni S, Arras L, Srinivasan V, Samek W. Explainable sequence-to-sequence GRU neural network for pollution forecasting. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9940. [PMID: 37336995 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of pollution forecasting models is to allow the prediction and control of the air quality. Non-linear data-driven approaches based on deep neural networks have been increasingly used in such contexts showing significant improvements w.r.t. more conventional approaches like regression models and mechanistic approaches. While such deep learning models were deemed for a long time as black boxes, recent advances in eXplainable AI (XAI) allow to look through the model's decision-making process, providing insights into decisive input features responsible for the model's prediction. One XAI technique to explain the predictions of neural networks which was proven useful in various domains is Layer-wise Relevance Propagation (LRP). In this work, we extend the LRP technique to a sequence-to-sequence neural network model with GRU layers. The explanation heatmaps provided by LRP allow us to identify important meteorological and temporal features responsible for the accumulation of four major pollutants in the air ([Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]), and our findings can be backed up with prior knowledge in environmental and pollution research. This illustrates the appropriateness of XAI for understanding pollution forecastings and opens up new avenues for controlling and mitigating the pollutants' load in the air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mirzavand Borujeni
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leila Arras
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, 10587, Berlin, Germany
- BIFOLD-Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vignesh Srinivasan
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Wojciech Samek
- Department of Artificial Intelligence, Fraunhofer Heinrich Hertz Institute, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Technische Universität Berlin, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
- BIFOLD-Berlin Institute for the Foundations of Learning and Data, 10587, Berlin, Germany.
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17
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Day S, Alexander P, Maslin M. Energy decarbonization threatens food security by reducing the availability of cheap sulfur. NATURE FOOD 2023:10.1038/s43016-023-00782-1. [PMID: 37268713 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-023-00782-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Simon Day
- Institute for Risk and Disaster, UCL, London, UK
| | - Peter Alexander
- School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
- Global Academy of Agriculture and Food Security, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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18
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Zhang Y, Li J, Tan J, Li W, Singh BP, Yang X, Bolan N, Chen X, Xu S, Bao Y, Lv D, Peng A, Zhou Y, Wang H. An overview of the direct and indirect effects of acid rain on plants: Relationships among acid rain, soil, microorganisms, and plants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162388. [PMID: 36842576 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acid rain (AR) causes numerous environmental problems and complex negative effects on plants globally. Many studies have previously reported on direct effects of AR or its depositional substances on plant injury and performance. However, few studies have addressed the indirect effects of AR on plants as mediated by soil microorganisms and the abiotic environment of the soil rhizosphere. The indirect effects (e.g., AR → soil microorganisms→plants) need greater attention, because acidic deposition not only affects the distribution, composition, abundance, function, and activity of plant-associated microorganisms, but also influences the dynamics of some substances in the soil in a way that may be harmful to plants. Therefore, this review not only focused on the direct effects of AR on plant performance, growth, and biomass allocations from a whole-plant perspective, but also addressed the pathway of AR-soil chemical characteristics-plants, which explains how soil solute leaching and acidification by AR will reduce the availability of essential nutrients and increase the availability of heavy metals for plants, affecting carbon and nitrogen cycles. Mainly, we evaluated the AR-soil microorganisms-plants pathway by: 1) synthesizing the potential roles of soil microbes in alleviating soil acidic stress on plants and the adverse effects of AR on plant-associated soil microorganisms; 2) exploring how plant mycorrhizal types affect the detection of AR effect on plants. The meta-analysis showed that the effects of AR-induced pH on leaf chlorophyll content, plant height, and plant root biomass were dependent on plant mycorrhizal types. Some possible reasons for different synergy between mycorrhizal symbiotic types and plants were discussed. Future research relating to the effects of AR on plants should focus on the combined direct and indirect effects to evaluate how AR affects plant performance comprehensively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Jiahong Li
- School of Karst Science, Guizhou Normal University, Guiyang 550001, China
| | - Junyan Tan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Bhupinder Pal Singh
- University of New England, School of Environmental and Rural Science, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Xunan Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- UWA School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Song Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yanping Bao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Daofei Lv
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Anan Peng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Yanbo Zhou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China; Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
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Neagoe A, Iordache V. A Commercial Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculum Alleviated the Effects of Acid Water on Lupinus angustifolius Grown in a Sterilized Mining Dump. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1983. [PMID: 37653900 PMCID: PMC10222887 DOI: 10.3390/plants12101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Lupinus species have been sporadically reported to be colonized by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF). The interactions between AMF and lupine plants could also be non-symbiotic, from positive to negative, as controlled by the stress conditions of the plant. The goal of the study was to reveal the existence of such positive interactions and provide preliminary data for a myco-phytoremediation technology of mining dumps using L. angustifolius as a first crop. The objective was to test the hypothesis that the AMF inoculation of an acidified dump material contaminated with heavy metals would improve the growth of L. angustifolius and decrease oxidative stress. The design consisted of a one-month bivariate pot experiment with plants grown in a mining dump soil inoculated and not inoculated with a commercial AMF inoculum sequestered in expanded clay and watered with acidic and neutral water. There was no AMF root colonization under the experimental conditions, but under neutral and acidic water conditions, the phosphorus concentrations in roots and leaves increased, and the superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities significantly decreased due to AMF inoculation. The increase in leaf phosphorus concentration was correlated with the decrease in peroxidase activity. The fresh weight of shoots and leaves significantly increased due to the commercial inoculum (under acidic water conditions). At the end of the experiment, the ammonium concentration in the substrate was higher in the inoculated treatments than in the not inoculated ones, and the concentrations of many elements in the dump material decreased compared to the start of the experiment. A comprehensive discussion of the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of the commercial AMF inoculum on the non-host L. angustifolius is completed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Neagoe
- “Dan Manoleli” Research Centre for Ecological Services—CESEC and “Dimitrie Brândză” Botanical Garden, University of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, Sector 6, 060101 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Virgil Iordache
- Department of Systems Ecology and Sustainability, and “Dan Manoleli” Research Centre for Ecological Services—CESEC, University of Bucharest, Spl Independentei 91-95, Sector 5, 050089 Bucharest, Romania
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20
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Liu Z, Chen J, Su Z, Liu Z, Li Y, Wang J, Wu L, Wei H, Zhang J. Acid rain reduces plant-photosynthesized carbon sequestration and soil microbial network complexity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162030. [PMID: 36740064 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Acid rain threatens the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems; however, the mechanisms by which acid rain affects the photosynthesized carbon (C) fluxes and soil microbial communities are far less understood, thus impeding accurate projections of regional C flux in the plant-soil-atmosphere system. In this study, we performed an isotopic 13C labeling experiment to trace C footprints in a maize-soil system under acid rain pollution (pH 4.5 and 3.0; SO42-/NO3-= 2:1). Our results showed that acid rain exerted a negligible effect on total plant biomass as well as shoot biomass. Acid rain of pH 3.0 inhibited plant 13C assimilation and the flow of fixed 13C to the soil. Acid rain decreased soil total C and organic nitrogen (N) but increased inorganic N (i.e., nitrate-N) content. The acid rain of pH 3.0 enhanced soil bulk density, led to soil acidification, and promoted soil microbial diversity. However, acid rain reduced the connectivity and complexity of soil microbial network. Soil 13C content was mainly regulated by soil pH, ammonium-N, and root biomass. Our findings demonstrated that acid rain reduces photosynthesized C sequestration of maize-soil system and soil microbial taxa interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqiang Liu
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jiayi Chen
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhijun Su
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhenxiu Liu
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yazheng Li
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Lizhu Wu
- Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Jiaen Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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21
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Luo H, Li W, Cai Z, Luo H. The environmental effects of digital economy: evidence from province-level empirical data in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63272-63288. [PMID: 36961639 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26529-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The environment is the foundation for human existence, and the digital economy has exacerbated the impact of human beings on the environment. Based on data of 31 provinces in China from 2011 to 2020, we used the spatial Durbin model to research the impact of the digital economy on the environment and its spatiotemporal characteristics. We found that the digital economy has a significant positive impact on the environmental effects of the region, and also has a positive spatial overflow. This conclusion still holds after robustness test and endogenous treatment (changing the space weight matrix, applying the instrumental variables, and two-stage least-squares method). Second, we found that environmental effects of the digital economy have a time lag, and the lag decreases gradually over time. Third, we used geographically and temporally weighted regression model and K-means clustering, which shows that digital economy has a strong effect on the environment in western region. The western region may need to increase digital infrastructure construction to achieve better environmental effects. In addition, China needs to upgrade its industrial structure as soon as possible, accelerate technological innovation, and advocate a green lifestyle, so as to realize the coordinated development of human beings and nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanqi Luo
- School of Economics, Minzu University of China, No. 27 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100081, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiming Li
- College of Humanities and Development Studies, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Malianwa Street, Haidian District, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaoyang Cai
- School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University, No. 195 Chuangxin Road, Hunnan District, Shenyang, 110169, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hang Luo
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Chongqing University, No. 174 Shazheng Street, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400044, People's Republic of China
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22
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Crapart C, Finstad AG, Hessen DO, Vogt RD, Andersen T. Spatial predictors and temporal forecast of total organic carbon levels in boreal lakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161676. [PMID: 36731567 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Browning of Fennoscandian boreal lakes is raising concerns for negative ecosystem impacts as well as reduced drinking water quality. Declined sulfur deposition and warmer climate, along with afforestation, other climate impacts and less outfield grazing, have resulted in increased fluxes of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) from catchments to freshwater, and subsequently to coastal waters. This study assesses the major governing factors for increased TOC levels among several catchment characteristics in almost 5000 Fennoscandian lakes and catchments. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), a proxy for plant biomass, and the proportions of peatland in the catchment, along with surface runoff intensity and nitrogen deposition loading, were identified as the main spatial predictors for lake TOC concentrations. A multiple linear model, based on these explanatory variables, was used to simulate future TOC concentration in surface runoff from coastal drainage basins in 2050 and 2100, using the forecasts of climatic variables in two of the Shared Socio-economic Pathways (SSP): 1-2.6 (+2 °C) and 3-7.0 (+4,5 °C). These scenarios yield contrasting effects. SSP 1-2.6 predicts an overall decrease of TOC export to coastal waters, while SSP 3-7.0 in contrast leads to an increase in TOC export.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Crapart
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anders G Finstad
- Department of Natural History, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Dag O Hessen
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Rolf D Vogt
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Tom Andersen
- Department of Biosciences and Centre for Biogeochemistry in the Anthropocene, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1066, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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23
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Zhang B, Zheng L, Wang Y, Li N, Li J, Yang H, Bi Y. Multiscale ecosystem service synergies/trade-offs and their driving mechanisms in the Han River Basin, China: implications for watershed management. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:43440-43454. [PMID: 36656473 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-25248-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services (ESs) and their driving mechanisms are hot topics in ecology and geography research. In recent years, the Han River Basin (HRB) has been continuously impacted by high-intensity urban sprawl and the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project, which have posed severe threats to the ecology and regional stability along the route. It is thus critical to study the ES synergies/trade-offs and their driving mechanisms. Based on the InVEST model and the value coefficient method, four vital types of ESs in the HRB, i.e., carbon sequestration (CS), food supply (FS), net primary productivity (NPP), and water yield (WY), were evaluated at town, county, and sub-watershed scales. Then, the Pearson correlation analysis was adopted to quantify the interrelationship among different ESs. Finally, the ordinary least squares (OLS) and geographical detector model (GDM) were applied to reveal the driving mechanisms of the ES synergies/trade-offs. The results showed that (1) apart from NPP, which increased at a rate of 7.54 gC·m-2·a-1 during 2000-2018, the other three types of ESs in the HRB deteriorated, with WY almost halving. (2) While CS, FS, and WY tended to exhibit high synergistic relationships, NPP showed mostly trade-off relationships, and the evaluation scale did not affect those main relationships. (3) Precipitation is the strongest driving force for the ES synergies/trade-offs in the HRB, and natural factors are generally more influential than socioeconomic factors on the ES synergies/trade-offs. This study warns of the deteriorating ecological condition of the HRB and provides empirical evidence for the synergistic enhancement of regional ESs and the optimization of ecological management policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Zhang
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Natural Resources for Legal Research, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Liang Zheng
- Changjiang Institute of Survey, Planning, Design and Research, Wuhan, 430074, China
- The Key Laboratory of Changjiang Regulation and Protection of Ministry of Water Resource, Wuhan, 430074, China
- The Key Laboratory of Water Network Engineering and Dispatching of Ministry of Water Resource, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Na Li
- Wuhan Natural Resources Conservation and Utilization Center, Wuhan, 430014, China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Hui Yang
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Natural Resources for Legal Research, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yuzhe Bi
- School of Public Administration, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- The Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Natural Resources for Legal Research, Wuhan, 430074, China
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24
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Green Energy by Hydrogen Production from Water Splitting, Water Oxidation Catalysis and Acceptorless Dehydrogenative Coupling. INORGANICS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics11020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we want to explain how the burning of fossil fuels is pushing us towards green energy. Actually, for a long time, we have believed that everything is profitable, that resources are unlimited and there are no consequences. However, the reality is often disappointing. The use of non-renewable resources, the excessive waste production and the abandonment of the task of recycling has created a fragile thread that, once broken, may never restore itself. Metaphors aside, we are talking about our planet, the Earth, and its unique ability to host life, including ourselves. Our world has its balance; when the wind erodes a mountain, a beach appears, or when a fire devastates an area, eventually new life emerges from the ashes. However, humans have been distorting this balance for decades. Our evolving way of living has increased the number of resources that each person consumes, whether food, shelter, or energy; we have overworked everything to exhaustion. Scientists worldwide have already said actively and passively that we are facing one of the biggest problems ever: climate change. This is unsustainable and we must try to revert it, or, if we are too late, slow it down as much as possible. To make this happen, there are many possible methods. In this review, we investigate catalysts for using water as an energy source, or, instead of water, alcohols. On the other hand, the recycling of gases such as CO2 and N2O is also addressed, but we also observe non-catalytic means of generating energy through solar cell production.
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25
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Hruška J, Oulehle F, Chuman T, Kolář T, Rybníček M, Trnka M, McDowell WH. Forest growth responds more to air pollution than soil acidification. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0256976. [PMID: 36888624 PMCID: PMC9994739 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The forests of central Europe have undergone remarkable transitions in the past 40 years as air quality has improved dramatically. Retrospective analysis of Norway spruce (Picea abies) tree rings in the Czech Republic shows that air pollution (e.g. SO2 concentrations, high acidic deposition to the forest canopy) plays a dominant role in driving forest health. Extensive soil acidification occurred in the highly polluted "Black Triangle" in Central Europe, and upper mineral soils are still acidified. In contrast, acidic atmospheric deposition declined by 80% and atmospheric SO2 concentration by 90% between the late 1980s and 2010s. In this study we oserved that annual tree ring width (TRW) declined in the 1970s and subsequently recovered in the 1990s, tracking SO2 concentrations closely. Furthermore, recovery of TRW was similar in unlimed and limed stands. Despite large increases in soil base saturation, as well as soil pH, as a result of repeated liming starting in 1981, TRW growth was similar in limed and unlimed plots. TRW recovery was interrupted in 1996 when highly acidic rime (originating from more pronounced decline of alkaline dust than SO2 from local power plants) injured the spruce canopy, but recovered soon to the pre-episode growth. Across the long-term site history, changes in soil chemistry (pH, base saturation, Bc/Al soil solution ratio) cannot explain observed changes in TRW at the two study sites where we tracked soil chemistry. Instead, statistically significant recovery in TRW is linked to the trajectory of annual SO2 concentrations or sulfur deposition at all three stands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Hruška
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
- * E-mail:
| | - Filip Oulehle
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Chuman
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kolář
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Rybníček
- Czech Geological Survey, Praha 1, Czech Republic
- Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Trnka
- Global Change Research Institute, Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - William H. McDowell
- Department of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States of America
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26
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Castellani B, Bartington S, Wistow J, Heckels N, Ellison A, Van Tongeren M, Arnold SR, Barbrook-Johnson P, Bicket M, Pope FD, Russ TC, Clarke CL, Pirani M, Schwannauer M, Vieno M, Turnbull R, Gilbert N, Reis S. Mitigating the impact of air pollution on dementia and brain health: Setting the policy agenda. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114362. [PMID: 36130664 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging research suggests exposure to high levels of air pollution at critical points in the life-course is detrimental to brain health, including cognitive decline and dementia. Social determinants play a significant role, including socio-economic deprivation, environmental factors and heightened health and social inequalities. Policies have been proposed more generally, but their benefits for brain health have yet to be fully explored. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Over the course of two years, we worked as a consortium of 20+ academics in a participatory and consensus method to develop the first policy agenda for mitigating air pollution's impact on brain health and dementia, including an umbrella review and engaging 11 stakeholder organisations. RESULTS We identified three policy domains and 14 priority areas. Research and Funding included: (1) embracing a complexities of place approach that (2) highlights vulnerable populations; (3) details the impact of ambient PM2.5 on brain health, including current and historical high-resolution exposure models; (4) emphasises the importance of indoor air pollution; (5) catalogues the multiple pathways to disease for brain health and dementia, including those most at risk; (6) embraces a life course perspective; and (7) radically rethinks funding. Education and Awareness included: (8) making this unrecognised public health issue known; (9) developing educational products; (10) attaching air pollution and brain health to existing strategies and campaigns; and (11) providing publicly available monitoring, assessment and screening tools. Policy Evaluation included: (12) conducting complex systems evaluation; (13) engaging in co-production; and (14) evaluating air quality policies for their brain health benefits. CONCLUSION Given the pressing issues of brain health, dementia and air pollution, setting a policy agenda is crucial. Policy needs to be matched by scientific evidence and appropriate guidelines, including bespoke strategies to optimise impact and mitigate unintended consequences. The agenda provided here is the first step toward such a plan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Castellani
- Durham Research Methods Centre, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Centre for the Evaluation of Complexity Across the Nexus, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton Road, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Department of Sociology, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom.
| | - Suzanne Bartington
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Wistow
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton Road, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Department of Sociology, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Neil Heckels
- Research and Innovation Services, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Ellison
- Wolfson Research Institute for Health and Wellbeing, Durham University, Stockton Road, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
| | - Martie Van Tongeren
- Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Health Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Steve R Arnold
- School of Earth & Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Pete Barbrook-Johnson
- Centre for the Evaluation of Complexity Across the Nexus, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom; Environmental Change Institute, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Martha Bicket
- Centre for the Evaluation of Complexity Across the Nexus, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Francis D Pope
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tom C Russ
- Alzheimer Scotland Dementia Research Centre, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Charlotte L Clarke
- Department of Sociology, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, United Kingdom; School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
| | - Monica Pirani
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, W2 1PG, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Schwannauer
- School of Health in Social Science, University of Edinburgh, Teviot Place, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG, United Kingdom
| | - Massimo Vieno
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Turnbull
- Academic Health Sciences Network, North East and North Cumbria, Nuns' Moor Road, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE4 5PL, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Gilbert
- Centre for the Evaluation of Complexity Across the Nexus, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Reis
- UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Bush Estate, Penicuik, Midlothian, EH26 0QB, United Kingdom; University of Exeter Medical School, European Centre for Environment and Health, Knowledge Spa, Truro, TR1 3HD, United Kingdom; The University of Edinburgh, School of Chemistry, Level 3, Murchison House, 10 Max Born Crescent, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3BF, United Kingdom
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27
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Xu X, Zhou W, Xie C, Zhu Y, Tang W, Zhou X, Xiao H. Airborne bacterial communities in the poultry farm and their relevance with environmental factors and antibiotic resistance genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157420. [PMID: 35850323 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The accelerating occurrence and environmental dissemination of bacteria, gas pollutants and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in aerosols of poultry farms have become emerging environmental issues due to their potential threat to animals, workers, and the communities located near such farms. Here, aerosol samples were gathered from inside and outside of the chicken house in winter with a transportable high-flow bioaerosol sampler. Then, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing was used to categorize the bacteria in air samples, and the abundance of 12 ARG subtypes was researched via the real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results indicated that the bacterial richness and diversity and total absolute abundance of ARGs were similar in the bioaerosols from indoor and downwind site of the poultry farm. The zoonotic pathogens, Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium, were detected both inside and outside of the chicken house, and the four most abundant target genes were blaTEM, tetQ, ermB and sul1 in aerosols. Moreover, the correlation between the bacterial communities and environmental factors, such as NH3 and H2S concentrations, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity, was analyzed. The result revealed that the indoor bacteria community was positively associated with temperature and concentrations of air pollutants (NH3 and H2S), and could spread from confinement buildings to the ambient atmosphere through wind. In addition, the network analysis result showed that the airborne bacteria might significantly contribute in shaping the ARGs' profiles in bioaerosol from inside and outside of the poultry house. Overall, our results revealed the airborne bacterial communities and their associated influencing factors in the micro-environment (inside of the chicken house and nearby the boundary of the farm), and brought a new perspective for studying the gas pollutants and bioaerosol from poultry farms in winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Xu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Weidong Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Chuanqi Xie
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Yinchu Zhu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Wensheng Tang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Huangyan Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Taizhou 318020, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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Neighborhood Emission Mapping Operation (NEMO): A 1-km anthropogenic emission dataset in the United States. Sci Data 2022; 9:680. [PMID: 36351966 PMCID: PMC9646775 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01790-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We present an unprecedented effort to map anthropogenic emissions of air pollutants at 1 km spatial resolution in the contiguous United States (CONUS). This new dataset, Neighborhood Emission Mapping Operation (NEMO), is produced at hourly intervals based on the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) National Emission Inventories 2017. Fine-scale spatial allocation was achieved through distributing the emission sources using 108 spatial surrogates, factors representing the portion of a source in each 1 km grid. Gaseous and particulate pollutants are speciated into model species for the Carbon Bond 6 chemical mechanism. All sources are grouped in 9 sectors and stored in NetCDF format for air quality models, and in shapefile format for GIS users and air quality managers. This dataset shows good consistency with the USEPA benchmark dataset, with a monthly difference in emissions less than 0.03% for any sector. NEMO provides the first 1 km mapping of air pollution over the CONUS, enabling new applications such as fine-scale air quality modeling, air pollution exposure assessment, and environmental justice studies. Measurement(s) | anthropogenic emission in United States | Technology Type(s) | Census survey and computer models |
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29
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Tan L, Yang Q, Peng L, Xie C, Luo K, Zhou L. Molecular engineering-based a dual-responsive fluorescent sensor for sulfur dioxide and nitric oxide detecting in acid rain and its imaging studies in biosystems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 435:128947. [PMID: 35472539 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitric oxide (NO), known as sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides, are toxic air pollutants and seriously threaten human health. Herein, for the first time, a robust dual-response fluorescent sensor CGT with two different emission fluorophores and dual well-known response-group for visual bisulphites (HSO3-) and nitrites (NO2-) detection was reported. Specifically, once CGT was incubated with HSO3- firstly, the color of the test solution changed to dark yellow with no-fluorescence emission, following added NO2-, the color of the test solution changed to yellow with a bright cyan emission. However, NO2- was added firstly, the color of the test solution changed to dark purple with a white emission, and then added HSO3-, the color of the test solution changed to yellow with a bright cyan emission. Furthermore, CGT showed high sensitivity and selectivity toward HSO3- and NO2- detecting with good detection limits as low as 20.17 nM and 4.14 nM, respectively. Impressively, CGT showed good detection capability in complex aqueous samples and was successfully used for the detection of HSO3- and NO2- in biosystems. Thus, the experimental results indicated CGT as a powerful novel visual detecting tool for HSO3- and NO2- detecting in complex acid rain and biosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Tan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Qiaomei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Longpeng Peng
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Can Xie
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Kun Luo
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China
| | - Liyi Zhou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha, Hunan 410004, China.
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30
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Akimoto H, Sato K, Sase H, Dong Y, Hu M, Duan L, Sunwoo Y, Suzuki K, Tang X. Development of science and policy related to acid deposition in East Asia over 30 years. AMBIO 2022; 51:1800-1818. [PMID: 35119616 PMCID: PMC9200921 DOI: 10.1007/s13280-022-01702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Scientific and public interest in acid deposition and its ecological impacts have increased throughout 1990s in East Asia (Northeast and Southeast Asia). After being established in 2001, the Acid Deposition Monitoring Network in East Asia (EANET) celebrates the 20th anniversary in 2021, and is now being expanded in scope reflecting the shifting social concern from acid deposition to broader air quality and climate change in recent years. This paper reviews the past 30 years of development of scientific research and policy related to acid deposition in East Asia. Since the onset of the twenty-first century, East Asia has had the highest SO2 and NOx emissions in the world by continents, with substantial economic developmental inequality among countries. An overview of studies on sulfur and nitrogen deposition, the acidification of inland water and forest soil, and forest decline reveal that although limited acidification of inland water and forest soils have been documented, no decline in the populations of fish and other aquatic biota has been reported in East Asia. After a review of policy-oriented modeling studies on source receptor relationships and the critical loads of sulfur and nitrogen in East Asia, the history of EANET and its success and challenges are discussed. Finally, the importance of epistemic communities as the interface between science and policy in the region is discussed. Regional governance and cooperation are essential for reducing the emission of greenhouse gases, especially short-lived climate pollutants and atmospheric pollutants to realize the co-benefits of global climate change mitigation and improved air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Akimoto
- National Institute for Environmental Studies, 16-2 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8506 Japan
| | - Keiichi Sato
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, 1182, Sowa Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2144 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sase
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, 1182, Sowa Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2144 Japan
| | - Yao Dong
- Asia Center for Air Pollution Research, 1182, Sowa Nishi-ku, Niigata-shi, 950-2144 Japan
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Research Center for Atmospheric Research (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Lei Duan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Young Sunwoo
- Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 05029 Korea
| | - Katsunori Suzuki
- Japan Council on Education for Sustainable Development, 5-38-5-201, Nishinippori, Arakawa-ku, Tokyo, 116-0013 Japan
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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31
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Luo Z, He T, Liu H, Duan L, Lu K, Liu C, Li X, Wu F, Zhang Y, Liu W, He K. 环境空气质量基准和标准制定方法及其对我国的启示. CHINESE SCIENCE BULLETIN-CHINESE 2022. [DOI: 10.1360/tb-2022-0157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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A Whiff of Sulfur: One Wind a Day Keeps the Doctor Away. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061036. [PMID: 35739933 PMCID: PMC9219989 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive Sulfur Species (RSS), such as allicin from garlic or sulforaphane from broccoli, are fre-quently associated with biological activities and possible health benefits in animals and humans. Among these Organic Sulfur Compounds (OSCs) found in many plants and fungi, the Volatile Sulfur Compounds (VSCs) feature prominently, not only because of their often-pungent smell, but also because they are able to access places which solids and solutions cannot reach that easily. Indeed, inorganic RSS such as hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2) can be used to lit-erally fumigate entire rooms and areas. Similarly, metabolites of garlic, such as allyl methyl sulfide (AMS), are formed metabolically in humans in lower concentrations and reach the airways from inside the body as part of one’s breath. Curiously, H2S is also formed in the gastrointestinal tract by gut bacteria, and the question of if and for which purpose this gas then crosses the barriers and enters the body is indeed a delicate matter for equally delicate studies. In any case, nature is surprisingly rich in such VSCs, as fruits (for instance, the infamous durian) demonstrate, and therefore these VSCs represent a promising group of compounds for further studies.
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Choe H, Kim SY, Zhao S, Cha BJ, Grehl T, Brüner P, Kim YD. Surface Structures of Fe-TiO 2 Photocatalysts for NO Oxidation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:24028-24038. [PMID: 35549024 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c04118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Commercial rutile TiO2 particles capped with Al2O3 and ZrO2 layers, which are widely used in white pigments, can serve as a starting material for the fabrication of visible light-responsive photocatalysts toward gas-phase NO oxidation. The as-received TiO2 with iron impurities exhibited reduced photocatalytic activity, and the activity was boosted by the deposition of additional iron comparable in quantity to the intrinsic iron impurity level. Analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectroscopy, and low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy revealed that the deposited iron and intrinsic impurity iron are dissimilar in terms of location, oxidation states, and interaction with TiO2. This suggests that tracking the structure and impurity levels of photocatalyst elements can be crucial for understanding structure-activity relationships of real catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huicheol Choe
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Soong Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Shufang Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Byeong Jun Cha
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
- Center of Scientific Instrumentation, Korea Basic Science Institute, Ochang Center, Cheongju 28119, Chungbuk, Korea
| | - Thomas Grehl
- IONTOF Technologies GmbH, Heisenbergstr. 15, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Philipp Brüner
- IONTOF Technologies GmbH, Heisenbergstr. 15, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Young Dok Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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34
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Changes in the Concentrations of Trace Elements and Supply of Nutrients to Silver Fir (Abies alba Mill.) Needles as a Bioindicator of Industrial Pressure over the Past 30 Years in Świętokrzyski National Park (Southern Poland). FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13050718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify changes in the concentrations of elements in fir assimilation organs over the past 30 years in order to assess fir reactions as a bioindicator of changes in the functioning of Central European fir forest ecosystems under conditions of reduced anthropogenic emissions. In particular, we selected the example of the Świętokrzyskie Mountains (Świętokrzyski National Park located in the northern range of Abies alba Mill.). The research was carried out in the “Łysica-Święty Krzyż” area under strict protection, including multi-species and uneven-aged tree stands with a complex structure, dominance of beech and fir, and numerous admixtures of other tree species. A decrease in the concentrations of pollutants in fir needles indicates a significant reduction in pressure on the environment and an improvement in the conditions of ecosystems in 2018 compared with those in 1986. In the period of more than 30 years between the sets of research, the concentrations of lead in fir needles decreased threefold and those of sulfur decreased twofold. A significant increase in the concentrations of cadmium, copper, manganese, and zinc in the three-year-old needles showed that they are a good indicator of environmental pollution with trace elements and may be used in biomonitoring.
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35
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Tso CHM, Monteith D, Scott T, Watson H, Dodd B, Pereira MG, Henrys P, Hollaway M, Rennie S, Lowther A, Watkins J, Killick R, Blair G. The evolving role of weather types on rainfall chemistry under large reductions in pollutant emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 299:118905. [PMID: 35091021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term change and shorter-term variability in the atmospheric deposition of pollutants and marine salts can have major effects on the biogeochemistry and ecology of soils and surface water ecosystems. In the 1980s, at the time of peak acid deposition in the UK, deposition loads were highly dependent on prevailing weather types, and it was postulated that future pollution recovery trajectories would be partly dependent on any climate change-driven shifts in weather systems. Following three decades of substantial acidic emission reductions, we used monitoring data collected between 1992 and 2015 from four UK Environmental Change Network (ECN) sites in contrasting parts of Great Britain to examine the trends in precipitation chemistry in relation to prevailing weather conditions. Weather systems were classified on the basis of Lamb weather type (LWT) groupings, while emissions inventories and clustering of air mass trajectories were used to interpret the observed patterns. Concentrations of ions showed clear differences between cyclonic-westerly-dominated periods and others, reflecting higher marine and lower anthropogenic contributions in Atlantic air masses. Westerlies were associated with higher rainfall, higher sea salt concentrations, and lower pollutant concentrations at all sites, while air mass paths exerted additional controls. Westerlies therefore have continued to favour higher sea salt fluxes, whereas emission reductions are increasingly leading to positive correlations between westerlies and pollutant fluxes. Our results also suggest a shift from the influence of anthropogenic emissions to natural emissions (e.g., sea salt) and climate forcing as they are transported under relatively cleaner conditions to the UK. Westerlies have been relatively frequent over the ECN monitoring period, but longer-term cyclicity in these weather types suggests that current contributions to precipitation may not be sustained over coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chak-Hau Michael Tso
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - Don Monteith
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Tony Scott
- Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, Hertfordshire, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Helen Watson
- James Hutton Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
| | - Beverley Dodd
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - M Glória Pereira
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Peter Henrys
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Michael Hollaway
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Susannah Rennie
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Aaron Lowther
- Department of Maths and Statistics, Fylde College, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK
| | - John Watkins
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Rebecca Killick
- Department of Maths and Statistics, Fylde College, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4YF, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
| | - Gordon Blair
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK; School of Computing and Communications, InfoLab21, Lancaster University, Lancaster, LA1 4WA, UK; Centre of Excellence for Environmental Data Science, Lancaster Environment Centre, Library Avenue, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK
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36
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Wolf MJ, Esty DC, Kim H, Bell ML, Brigham S, Nortonsmith Q, Zaharieva S, Wendling ZA, de Sherbinin A, Emerson JW. New Insights for Tracking Global and Local Trends in Exposure to Air Pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3984-3996. [PMID: 35255208 PMCID: PMC8988294 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Over six million people die prematurely each year from exposure to air pollution. Current air quality metrics insufficiently monitor exposure to air pollutants. This gap hinders the ability of decisionmakers to address the public health impacts of air pollution. To spur new emissions control policies and ensure implemented solutions realize meaningful gains in environmental health, we develop a framework of public-health-focused air quality indicators that quantifies over 200 countries' trends in exposure to particulate matter, ozone, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and volatile organic compounds. We couple population density to ground-level pollutant concentrations to derive population-weighted exposure metrics that quantify the pollutant levels experienced by the average resident in each country. Our analyses demonstrate that most residents in 171 countries experience pollutant levels exceeding international health guidelines. In addition, we find a negative correlation between temporal trends in ozone and nitrogen oxide concentrations, which─when qualitatively interpreted with a simple atmospheric chemistry box model─can help describe the apparent tradeoff between the mitigation of these two pollutants on local scales. These novel indicators and their applications enable regulators to identify their most critical pollutant exposure trends and allow countries to track the performance of their emission control policies over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Wolf
- Yale
Center for Environmental Law & Policy, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School
of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale
Law School, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- . Phone: +1 203
436 9566
| | - Daniel C. Esty
- Yale
Center for Environmental Law & Policy, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- School
of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale
Law School, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Honghyok Kim
- School
of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Michelle L. Bell
- School
of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Yale
School of Public Health, Environmental Health
Sciences Division, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Sam Brigham
- Department
of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Quinn Nortonsmith
- Department
of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Slaveya Zaharieva
- Department
of Economics, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
| | - Zachary A. Wendling
- Yale
Center for Environmental Law & Policy, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
- Sustainable
Development Solutions Network, New York, New York 10115, United States
| | - Alex de Sherbinin
- Center
for International Earth Science Information Network, The Earth Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York 10025, United States
| | - John W. Emerson
- Department
of Statistics and Data Science, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06511, United States
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Hu WJ, Liu TW, Zhu CQ, Wu Q, Chen L, Lu HL, Jiang CK, Wei J, Shen GX, Zheng HL. Physiological, Proteomic Analysis, and Calcium-Related Gene Expression Reveal Taxus wallichiana var. mairei Adaptability to Acid Rain Stress Under Various Calcium Levels. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:845107. [PMID: 35386672 PMCID: PMC8978443 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.845107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As one of the serious environmental problems worldwide, acid rain (AR) has always caused continuous damage to the forestry ecosystem. Studies have shown that AR can leach calcium ions from plants and soil. Calcium (Ca) is also a crucial regulator of the plant stress response, whereas there are few reports on how Ca regulates the response of AR-resistant woody plants to AR stress. In this study, by setting different exogenous Ca levels, we study the physiological and molecular mechanism of Ca in regulating the Taxus wallichiana var. mairei response to AR stress. Our results showed that low Ca level leads to photosynthesis, and antioxidant defense system decreases in T. wallichiana var. mairei leaves; however, these negative effects could be reversed at high Ca level. In addition, proteomic analyses identified 44 differentially expressed proteins in different Ca level treatments of T. wallichiana var. mairei under AR stress. These proteins were classified into seven groups, which include metabolic process, photosynthesis and energy pathway, cell rescue and defense, transcription and translation, protein modification and degradation, signal transduction, etc. Furthermore, the study found that low Ca level leads to an obvious increase of Ca-related gene expression under AR stress in T. wallichiana var. mairei using qRT-PCR analyses and however can be reversed at high Ca level. These findings would enrich and extend the Ca signaling pathways of AR stress in AR-resistant woody plants and are expected to have important theoretical and practical significance in revealing the mechanism of woody plants tolerating AR stress and protecting forestry ecosystem in soil environment under different Ca levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jun Hu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ting-Wu Liu
- School of Life Science, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an, China
| | - Chun-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qian Wu
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education (MOE), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Ling Lu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Kai Jiang
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Xin Shen
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hai-Lei Zheng
- Key Laboratory for Subtropical Wetland Ecosystem Research of Ministry of Education (MOE), College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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38
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Foldvik A, Holthe E, Bremset G, Solem Ø. Effects of Episodic Exposure to High-pH Water on Survival of Atlantic Salmon Eggs and Juveniles: Results from Laboratory and Field Studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:771-780. [PMID: 35049060 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although effects of acidification on salmonid fish are well studied and documented, effects of episodic high pH have rarely received attention. In the present study, we investigated effects of high-pH events on Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using both field and laboratory data. Effects of an episodic high-pH event on juvenile densities in a Norwegian river were studied using data from several electrofishing surveys conducted both before and after the event. Effects of high pH on survival of eggs were studied by exposing eggs to a range of high-pH treatments for different durations. Juvenile densities from the field study showed that the high-pH event had little or no effect on the cohort that had been exposed to pH 9.7-10.3 during the egg stage. This finding was in accordance with the laboratory experiment that showed no excess mortality on eggs until pH was >12. The high-pH event occurred in March during low winter flows, and densities of older juveniles in May were significantly lower in the affected area compared to controls upstream. In June and September the difference was not significant, but there was a clear spatial trend indicating that the event had a negative effect on densities of older juvenile salmon. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:771-780. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Foldvik
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Espen Holthe
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Øyvind Solem
- Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, Trondheim, Norway
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Fu JS, Carmichael GR, Dentener F, Aas W, Andersson C, Barrie LA, Cole A, Galy-Lacaux C, Geddes J, Itahashi S, Kanakidou M, Labrador L, Paulot F, Schwede D, Tan J, Vet R. Improving Estimates of Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Ozone Total Deposition through Multi-Model and Measurement-Model Fusion Approaches. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:2134-2142. [PMID: 35081307 PMCID: PMC8962501 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Earth system and environmental impact studies need high quality and up-to-date estimates of atmospheric deposition. This study demonstrates the methodological benefits of multimodel ensemble and measurement-model fusion mapping approaches for atmospheric deposition focusing on 2010, a year for which several studies were conducted. Global model-only deposition assessment can be further improved by integrating new model-measurement techniques, including expanded capabilities of satellite observations of atmospheric composition. We identify research and implementation priorities for timely estimates of deposition globally as implemented by the World Meteorological Organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Fu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Computational Earth Sciences Group, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37380, United States
| | - Gregory R Carmichael
- Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Frank Dentener
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, 21027 Ispra VA Italy
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Camilla Andersson
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, SE-601 76 Norrköping, Sweden
| | - Leonard A Barrie
- Department of Atmosphere and Ocean Science, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - Amanda Cole
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Corinne Galy-Lacaux
- Laboratoire d'Aérologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jeffrey Geddes
- Department of Earth & Environment, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Syuichi Itahashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry (CRIEPI), Chiba 270-1194, Japan
| | - Maria Kanakidou
- Environmental Chemical Processes laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Heraklion - Crete Greece
- Institute of Environmental Physics, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Labrador
- Global Atmosphere Watch Programme, Science and Innovation Department, World Meteorological Organization, Case postale 2300, CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland
| | - Fabien Paulot
- NOAA Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Donna Schwede
- Center for Environmental Measurement and Modeling, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Calonia 27709, United States
| | - Jiani Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
- Jiani Tan is now in Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Vet
- Unaffiliated, Markham, Ontario L3R 1P5, Canada
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Heberlein S, Chan WP, Veksha A, Giannis A, Hupa L, Lisak G. High temperature slagging gasification of municipal solid waste with biomass charcoal as a greener auxiliary fuel. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127057. [PMID: 34523484 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During high temperature slagging gasification of municipal solid waste (MSW), coal coke is typically used as an auxiliary fuel to maintain the high temperature in the gasifier and convert ashes into slag. Herein, biomass charcoal was utilized as a greener and more sustainable auxiliary fuel to replace the coal coke during stable and continuous gasification of MSW. Several monitoring characteristics were assessed, like operating conditions of the gasifier, influence of local MSW properties generated in Singapore, environmental impacts, and main by-products (slag, fly ash and metals). The performance data revealed that the replacement of coal coke with biomass charcoal provided significant environmental benefits. The use of biomass charcoal resulted in 78% less SO2 emissions, and 22% less generated fly ash because the lower sulfur content in biomass charcoal resulted in a 32% reduced use of sorbent for flue gas treatment. Furthermore, there was clear evidence of a 22% carbon footprint reduction due to replacing fossil fuel as auxiliary fuel. In addition, the slag characteristics demonstrated lower heavy metals leaching as compared to the incineration bottom ash generated from the conventional MSW incineration plant suggesting its great potential in the application as clean and green waste-derived material in the construction industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Heberlein
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Wei Ping Chan
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Andrei Veksha
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore
| | - Apostolos Giannis
- School of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Crete (TUC), University Campus, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Leena Hupa
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Grzegorz Lisak
- Residues and Resource Reclamation Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Cleantech Loop, CleanTech One, Singapore 637141, Singapore; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
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41
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Chang CT, Yang CJ, Huang KH, Huang JC, Lin TC. Changes of precipitation acidity related to sulfur and nitrogen deposition in forests across three continents in north hemisphere over last two decades. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150552. [PMID: 34844330 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Through synthesizing bulk precipitation chemistry in forest sites (n = 128) from three monitoring networks, (NADP in Northern America, EMEP in Europe, and EANET in East Asia), this study quantifies the temporal changes of precipitation acidity and its dominant acidifying agents over the last two decades. Results show distinct declines of sulfate and nitrate depositions and increases of precipitation pH in northeast America and central and east Europe, but not in Asia during 1999 and 2018. The decreases of sulfate and nitrate depositions likely reflect the long-term effort of pollutant emission controls. The temporal pattern of sulfate (SO42-)/nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N)/nitrate nitrogen (NO3-N) equivalent ratios indicate that acid rain in the NADP and EMEP have transitioned from sulfate-dominated to nitrate-dominated, and the DIN deposition has shifted from nitrate-dominated to ammonium-dominated in recent years, owing to reductions of sulfur dioxides (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. In contrast, sulfate still plays a dominant role on the acidity of precipitation than nitrate in Asia, and NH4-N deposition also has a significant contribution in N flux due to increasing trends of ammonia emissions in Southeast Asia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Chang
- Center for Ecology and Environment, Tunghai University, Taichung 40799, Taiwan; Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40799, Taiwan.
| | - Ci-Jian Yang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Han Huang
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung 40799, Taiwan
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Teng-Chiu Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
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42
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Bhatti UA, Zeeshan Z, Nizamani MM, Bazai S, Yu Z, Yuan L. Assessing the change of ambient air quality patterns in Jiangsu Province of China pre-to post-COVID-19. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132569. [PMID: 34655644 PMCID: PMC8514250 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the outbreak of the novel coronavirus in early 2020, to effectively prevent the spread of the disease, major cities across China suspended work and production. While the rest of the world struggles to control COVID-19, China has managed to control the pandemic rapidly and effectively with strong lockdown policies. This study investigates the change in air pollution (focusing on the air quality index (AQI), six ambient air pollutants nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), sulphur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters ≤10 μm (PM10) and ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5)) patterns for three periods: pre-COVID (from 1 January to May 30, 2019), active COVID (from 1 January to May 30, 2020) and post-COVID (from 1 January to May 30, 2021) in the Jiangsu province of China. Our findings reveal that the change in air pollution from pre-COVID to active COVID was greater than in previous years due to the government's lockdown policies. Post-COVID, air pollutant concentration is increasing. Mean change PM2.5 from pre-COVID to active COVID decreased by 18%; post-COVID it has only decreased by 2%. PM10 decreased by 19% from pre-COVID to active COVID, but post-COVID pollutant concentration has seen a 23% increase. Air pollutants show a positive correlation with COVID-19 cases among which PM2.5, PM10 and NO2 show a strong correlation during active COVID-19 cases. Metrological factors such as minimum temperature, average temperature and humidity show a positive correlation with COVID-19 cases while maximum temperature, wind speed and air pressure show no strong positive correlation. Although the COVID-19 pandemic had numerous negative effects on human health and the global economy, the reduction in air pollution and significant improvement in ambient air quality likely had substantial short-term health benefits; the government must implement policies to control post-COVID environmental issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uzair Aslam Bhatti
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Mir Muhammad Nizamani
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, School of Life and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hainan University, Haikou, 570228, China
| | - Sibghatullah Bazai
- School of Natural and Computational Sciences, Massey University, Auckland, 0632, New Zealand; Department of Computer Engineering, BUITEMS, Quetta 87300, Pakistan
| | - Zhaoyuan Yu
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, China
| | - Linwang Yuan
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Ministry of Education, Nanjing Normal University, No. 1 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing, China.
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43
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Air Quality Measurements in Kitchener, Ontario, Canada Using Multisensor Mini Monitoring Stations. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13010083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The Region of Waterloo is the third fastest growing region in Southern Ontario in Canada with a population of 619,000 as of 2019. However, only one air quality monitoring station, located in a city park in Kitchener, Ontario, is currently being used to assess the air quality of the region. In September 2020, a network of AQMesh Multisensor Mini Monitoring Stations (pods) were installed near elementary schools in Kitchener located near different types of emission source. Data analysis using a custom-made long-distance scaling software showed that the levels of nitrogen oxides (NO and NO2), ground level ozone (O3), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) were traffic related. These pollutants were used to calculate the Air Quality Health Index-Plus (AQHI+) at each location, highlighting the inability of the provincial air quality monitoring station to detect hotspot areas in the city. The case study presented here quantified the impact of the 2021 summer wildfires on the local air quality at a high time resolution (15-min). The findings in this article show that these multisensor pods are a viable alternative to expensive research-grade equipment. The results highlight the need for networks of local scale air quality measurements, particularly in fast-growing cities in Canada.
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44
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Krecl P, Harrison RM, Johansson C, Targino AC, Beddows DC, Ellermann T, Lara C, Ketzel M. Long-term trends in nitrogen oxides concentrations and on-road vehicle emission factors in Copenhagen, London and Stockholm. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118105. [PMID: 34523530 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Road transport is the main anthropogenic source of NOx in Europe, affecting human health and ecosystems. Thus, mitigation policies have been implemented to reduce on-road vehicle emissions, particularly through the Euro standard limits. To evaluate the effectiveness of these policies, we calculated NO2 and NOx concentration trends using air quality and meteorological measurements conducted in three European cities over 26 years. These data were also employed to estimate the trends in NOx emission factors (EFNOx, based on inverse dispersion modeling) and NO2:NOx emission ratios for the vehicle fleets under real-world driving conditions. In the period 1998-2017, Copenhagen and Stockholm showed large reductions in both the urban background NOx concentrations (-2.1 and -2.6% yr-1, respectively) and EFNOx at curbside sites (68 and 43%, respectively), proving the success of the Euro standards in diminishing NOx emissions. London presented a modest decrease in urban background NOx concentrations (-1.3% yr-1), while EFNOx remained rather constant at the curbside site (Marylebone Road) due to the increase in public bus traffic. NO2 primary emissions -that are not regulated- increased until 2008-2010, which also reflected in the ambient concentrations. This increase was associated with a strong dieselization process and the introduction of new after-treatment technologies that targeted the emission reduction of other species (e.g., greenhouse gases or particulate matter). Thus, while regulations on ambient concentrations of specific species have positive effects on human health, the overall outcomes should be considered before widely adopting them. Emission inventories for the on-road transportation sector should include EFNOx derived from real-world measurements, particularly in urban settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Krecl
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil.
| | - Roy M Harrison
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Center of Excellence in Environmental Studies, King Abdulaziz University, PO Box 80203, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 8, 106 91, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Admir Créso Targino
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - David C Beddows
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Ellermann
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Camila Lara
- Graduate Program in Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Technology, Av. Pioneiros 3131, 86036-370, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Matthias Ketzel
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, DK-4000, Roskilde, Denmark; Global Centre for Clean Air Research (GCARE), University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, United Kingdom
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45
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Crausbay SD, Sofaer HR, Cravens AE, Chaffin BC, Clifford KR, Gross JE, Knapp CN, Lawrence DJ, Magness DR, Miller-Rushing AJ, Schuurman GW, Stevens-Rumann CS. A Science Agenda to Inform Natural Resource Management Decisions in an Era of Ecological Transformation. Bioscience 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biab102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Earth is experiencing widespread ecological transformation in terrestrial, freshwater, and marine ecosystems that is attributable to directional environmental changes, especially intensifying climate change. To better steward ecosystems facing unprecedented and lasting change, a new management paradigm is forming, supported by a decision-oriented framework that presents three distinct management choices: resist, accept, or direct the ecological trajectory. To make these choices strategically, managers seek to understand the nature of the transformation that could occur if change is accepted while identifying opportunities to intervene to resist or direct change. In this article, we seek to inspire a research agenda for transformation science that is focused on ecological and social science and based on five central questions that align with the resist–accept–direct (RAD) framework. Development of transformation science is needed to apply the RAD framework and support natural resource management and conservation on our rapidly changing planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley D Crausbay
- Conservation Science Partners, Fort Collins, Colorado, and is a consortium partner for the US Geological Survey's North Central Climate Adaptation Science Center, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Helen R Sofaer
- US Geological Survey Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, Hawai'i, United States
| | - Amanda E Cravens
- US Geological Survey's Social and Economic Analysis Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | | | - Katherine R Clifford
- US Geological Survey's Social and Economic Analysis Branch, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - John E Gross
- US National Park Service Climate Change Response Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | | | - David J Lawrence
- US National Park Service Climate Change Response Program, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Dawn R Magness
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Kenai National Wildlife Refuge, Soldotna, Alaska, United States
| | | | - Gregor W Schuurman
- US National Park Service Climate Change Response Program, in Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Camille S Stevens-Rumann
- Forest and Rangeland Stewardship Department and assistant director of the Colorado Forest Restoration Institute, at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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46
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Carbon-Based Materials for Oxidative Desulfurization and Denitrogenation of Fuels: A Review. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11101239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) are elements naturally found in petroleum-based fuels. S- and N-based compounds in liquid fuels are associated with a series of health and environmental issues. Thus, legislation has become stricter worldwide regarding their content and related emissions. Traditional treatment systems (namely hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation) fail to achieve the desired levels of S and N contents in fuels without compromising combustion parameters. Thus, oxidative treatments (oxidative desulfurization–ODS, and oxidative denitrogenation-ODN) are emerging as alternatives to producing ultra-low-sulfur and nitrogen fuels. This paper presents a thorough review of ODS and ODN processes applying carbon-based materials, either in hybrid forms or as catalysts on their own. Focus is brought to the role of the carbonaceous structure in oxidative treatments. Furthermore, a special section related to the use of amphiphilic carbon-based catalysts, which have some advantages related to a closer interaction with the oily and aqueous phases, is discussed.
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47
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Road Salt Damage to Historical Milestones Indicates Adaptation of Winter Roads to Future Climate Change May Damage Arctic Cultural Heritage. CLIMATE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/cli9100149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There is no doubt that anthropogenic global warming is accelerating damage to cultural heritage. Adaptation measures are required to reduce the loss of sites, monuments and remains. However, little research has been directed towards understanding potential impacts of climate adaptation measures in other governmental sectors on cultural heritage. We provide a case study demonstrating that winter road salt, used to reduce ice related accidents, damages historical iron milestones. As the climate warms, road salt use will move north into areas where sites have been protected by contiguous winter snow cover. This will expose Artic/sub-Arctic cultural heritage, including Viking graves and Sami sites, to a new anthropogenic source of damage. Research and planning should therefore include the evaluation of secondary impacts when choosing climate adaptation strategies.
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Abstract
In recent decades, maritime transport demand has increased along with world population and global trades. This is associated with higher pollution levels, including the emissions of GHG and other polluting gases. Ports are important elements within maritime transport and contribute themselves to pollutant emissions. This paper aims to offer a comprehensive yet technical review of the latest related technologies, explaining and covering aspects that link ports with emissions, i.e., analyzing, monitoring, assessing, and mitigating emissions in ports. This has been achieved through a robust scientific analysis of very recent and significant research studies, to offer an up-to-date and reliable overview. Results show the correlation between emissions and port infrastructures, and demonstrate how proper interventions can help with reducing pollutant emissions and financial costs as well, in ports and for maritime transportation in general. Besides, this review also wishes to propose new ideas for future research: new future experimental studies might spin-off from it, and perhaps port Authorities might be inspired to experiment and implement dedicated technologies to improve their impact on environment and sustainability.
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49
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Health Cost Estimation of Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Assessing the Pollution Reduction Potential of Zero-Emission Vehicles in Toronto, Canada. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14164956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fossil fuel vehicles, emitting air toxics into the atmosphere, impose a heavy burden on the economy through additional health care expenses and ecological degradation. Air pollution is responsible for millions of deaths and chronic and acute health problems every year, such as asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The fossil-fuel-based transportation system releases tons of toxic gases into the atmosphere putting human health at risk, especially in urban areas. This analysis aims to determine the economic burden of environmental and health impacts caused by Highway 401 traffic. Due to the high volume of vehicles driving on the Toronto Highway 401 corridor, there is an annual release of 3771 tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent (CO2e). These emissions are mainly emitted onsite through the combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel. The integration of electric and hydrogen vehicles shows maximum reductions of 405–476 g CO2e per vehicle-kilometer. Besides these carbon dioxide emissions, there is also a large amount of hazardous air pollutants. To examine the impact of air pollution on human health, the mass and concentrations of criteria pollutants of PM2.5 and NOx emitted by passenger vehicles and commercial trucks on Highway 401 were determined using the MOVES2014b software. Then, an air dispersion model (AERMOD) was used to find the concentration of different pollutants at the receptor’s location. The increased risk of health issues was calculated using hazard ratios from literature. Finally, the health cost of air pollution from Highway 401 traffic was estimated to be CAD 416 million per year using the value of statistical life, which is significantly higher than the climate change costs of CAD 55 million per year due to air pollution.
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Güner ŞT, Yücel E, Çömez A. Impact of harvesting methods and forest floor displacement on nutrient stock of Scots pine ecosystems in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:533. [PMID: 34324011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09331-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Concern about the negative effects of logging residue extraction on the sustainability of forest ecosystems has been rising recently. Tree residues, including leaves, branches, bark and roots, left in the forest after logging may supply most of the nutrients for tree growth. The aim of this study was to (i) determine the carbon and nutrient stocks in different components and (ii) model the carbon and nutrient stocks in tree biomass of a mature Scots pine forest. The study site was located on the Turkmen mountain range in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. In sample plots, stand measurements were made, and samples collected from trees, soil and the forest floor for analysis of carbon and nutrients and the stock of each nutrient per unit area were calculated. Data were analysed using analysis of variance and regression analysis. Significant differences were found in carbon and nutrient concentrations and stocks between ecosystem components. C, Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Cu and Mn stocks were higher in wood; the N stock was higher in needles, and P, K, S and Zn stocks were higher in roots. In the ecosystem, trees had the highest C stock; the soil had the highest N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cu, Zn and Mn stocks, and the forest floor had the highest Fe and S stocks. Therefore, it is critical that the forest floor is protected as it is an important element of the ecosystem nutrient cycle and source of Fe and S stocks. Maximum attention should be paid to leaving behind needles, bark, roots and thin branches with low economic value to minimise carbon and nutrient loss in the nutrient-limited forests. Equations predicting carbon and nutrient stocks through stem volume can be used for estimation of nutrient loss due to biomass removed from the system through interventions, contributing to sustainable forest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şükrü Teoman Güner
- Ulus Vocational School, Department of Forestry, Bartın University, 74600, Ulus, Bartın, Turkey.
| | - Ersin Yücel
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology, Eskisehir Technical University, 26470, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Aydın Çömez
- Western Black Sea Forestry Research Institute, Bolu, Turkey
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