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Consalvo F, Padovano M, Scopetti M, Morena D, Cipolloni L, Fineschi V, Santurro A. Analysis of miRNA Expression Profiles in Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) and Their Correlation with Survival and Severity of Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9539. [PMID: 39273487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of traumatic death worldwide and is a public health problem associated with high mortality and morbidity rates, with a significant socioeconomic burden. The diagnosis of brain injury may be difficult in some cases or may leave diagnostic doubts, especially in mild trauma with insignificant pathological brain changes or in cases where instrumental tests are negative. Therefore, in recent years, an important area of research has been directed towards the study of new biomarkers, such as micro-RNAs (miRNAs), which can assist clinicians in the diagnosis, staging, and prognostic evaluation of TBI, as well as forensic pathologists in the assessment of TBI and in the estimation of additional relevant data, such as survival time. The aim of this study is to investigate the expression profiles (down- and upregulation) of a panel of miRNAs in subjects deceased with TBI in order to assess, verify, and define the role played by non-coding RNA molecules in the different pathophysiological mechanisms of brain damage. This study also aims to correlate the detected expression profiles with survival time, defined as the time elapsed between the traumatic event and death, and with the severity of the trauma. This study was conducted on 40 cases of subjects deceased with TBI (study group) and 10 cases of subjects deceased suddenly from non-traumatic causes (control group). The study group was stratified according to the survival time and the severity of the trauma. The selection of miRNAs to be examined was based on a thorough literature review. Analyses were performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) brain tissue samples, with a first step of total RNA extraction and a second step of quantification of the selected miRNAs of interest. This study showed higher expression levels in cases compared to controls for miR-16, miR-21, miR-130a, and miR-155. In contrast, lower expression levels were found in cases compared to controls for miR-23a-3p. There were no statistically significant differences in the expression levels between cases and controls for miR-19a. In cases with short survival, the expression levels of miR-16-5p and miR-21-5p were significantly higher. In cases with long survival, miR-21-5p was significantly lower. The expression levels of miR-130a were significantly higher in TBI cases with short and middle survival. In relation to TBI severity, miR-16-5p and miR-21-5p expression levels were significantly higher in the critical-fatal TBI subgroup. Conclusions: This study provides evidence for the potential of the investigated miRNAs as predictive biomarkers to discriminate between TBI cases and controls. These miRNAs could improve the postmortem diagnosis of TBI and also offer the possibility to define the survival time and the severity of the trauma. The analysis of miRNAs could become a key tool in forensic investigations, providing more precise and detailed information on the nature and extent of TBI and helping to define the circumstances of death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Consalvo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
| | - Martina Padovano
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Scopetti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Donato Morena
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Cipolloni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71100 Foggia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Fineschi
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Santurro
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Schola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, 84081 Baronissi, Italy
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2
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Barrett JP, Aubrecht TG, Smith A, Vaida M, Henry RJ, Doran SJ, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Molecular Pathway Changes Associated with Different Post-Conditioning Exercise Interventions After Experimental TBI. J Neurotrauma 2024. [PMID: 39078326 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2024.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes complex, time-dependent molecular and cellular responses, which include adaptive changes that promote repair and recovery, as well as maladaptive processes such as chronic inflammation that contribute to chronic neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction. Hormesis is a well-established biological phenomenon in which exposure to low-dose toxins or stressors results in protective responses to subsequent higher-level stressors or insults. Hormetic stimuli show a characteristic U-shaped or inverted J-shaped dose-response curve, as well as being time and exposure-frequency dependent, similar to pre-conditioning and post-conditioning actions. Voluntary exercise interventions, before or after injury, appear to follow these general hormetic principles. But the molecular alterations associated with exercise interventions or more general hormetic responses have received only limited attention. In this study, we used a well-characterized mouse TBI model to assess the effects of different post-conditioning exercise-intervention paradigms on diverse molecular pathways, including neuroinflammation regulators, and post-traumatic neurological deficits. We generated high-throughput gene expression data and associated molecular pathway analyses to assess the potential molecular mechanisms associated with time- and duration-dependent voluntary exercise intervention, as well as time after treatment. Importantly, we also used newer analytical methods to more broadly assess the impact of exercise on diverse molecular pathways. TBI caused long-term changes in multiple neuroinflammation markers and chronic cognitive dysfunction. Notably, all delayed, post-conditioning exercise interventions reduced post-traumatic neuroinflammation and/or attenuated the related cognitive changes, albeit with different pathway specificity and effects magnitude. Exercise comprehensively reversed injury-associated effects in the hippocampus across both activated inflammatory and inhibited neuronal pathways, consistent with a return toward the noninjured, homeostatic state. In contrast, the cortex showed a less consistent pattern with more limited attenuation of inflammatory pathway activation and an amplification in the injury-dependent inhibition of select noninflammatory pathways, indicating less effective and potentially detrimental responses to exercise. Exercise intervention beginning 2 weeks after injury and lasting 2 weeks was less effective than exercise continuing for 4 weeks. Exercise initiated at a more delayed timepoint of 6 weeks after injury and continuing for 4 weeks was more effective than that during the acute phase. The delayed paradigm was also more effective than exercise initiated at 10 weeks after injury and continuing for 8 weeks, consistent with hormetic responses in other models and species. Overall, our study delineates regional and interventional parameters, as well as related molecular pathway changes, associated with post-conditioning exercise treatment, which may help inform future translational interventional strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Taryn G Aubrecht
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Aidan Smith
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Vaida
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah J Doran
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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3
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Zhou C, Li S, Qiu N, Sun P, Hamblin MH, Dixon CE, Chen J, Yin KJ. Loss of microRNA-15a/16-1 function promotes neuropathological and functional recovery in experimental traumatic brain injury. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e178650. [PMID: 38912585 PMCID: PMC11383186 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.178650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The diffuse axonal damage in white matter and neuronal loss, along with excessive neuroinflammation, hinder long-term functional recovery after traumatic brain injury (TBI). MicroRNAs (miRs) are small noncoding RNAs that negatively regulate protein-coding target genes in a posttranscriptional manner. Recent studies have shown that loss of function of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster reduced neurovascular damage and improved functional recovery in ischemic stroke and vascular dementia. However, the role of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster in neurotrauma is poorly explored. Here, we report that genetic deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster facilitated the recovery of sensorimotor and cognitive functions, alleviated white matter/gray matter lesions, reduced cerebral glial cell activation, and inhibited infiltration of peripheral blood immune cells to brain parenchyma in a murine model of TBI when compared with WT controls. Moreover, intranasal delivery of the miR-15a/16-1 antagomir provided similar brain-protective effects conferred by genetic deletion of the miR-15a/16-1 cluster after experimental TBI, as evidenced by showing improved sensorimotor and cognitive outcomes, better white/gray matter integrity, and less inflammatory responses than the control antagomir-treated mice after brain trauma. miR-15a/16-1 genetic deficiency and miR-15a/16-1 antagomir also significantly suppressed inflammatory mediators in posttrauma brains. These results suggest miR-15a/16-1 as a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhou
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shun Li
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Na Qiu
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ping Sun
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - C Edward Dixon
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Henry RJ, Barrett JP, Vaida M, Khan NZ, Makarevich O, Ritzel RM, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Interaction of high-fat diet and brain trauma alters adipose tissue macrophages and brain microglia associated with exacerbated cognitive dysfunction. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:113. [PMID: 38685031 PMCID: PMC11058055 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases the morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Detailed analyses of transcriptomic changes in the brain and adipose tissue were performed to elucidate the interactive effects between high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and TBI. Adult male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks prior to experimental TBI and continuing after injury. High-throughput transcriptomic analysis using Nanostring panels of the total visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and cellular components in the brain, followed by unsupervised clustering, principal component analysis, and IPA pathway analysis were used to determine shifts in gene expression patterns and molecular pathway activity. Cellular populations in the cortex and hippocampus, as well as in VAT, during the chronic phase after combined TBI-HFD showed amplification of central and peripheral microglia/macrophage responses, including superadditive changes in selected gene expression signatures and pathways. Furthermore, combined TBI and HFD caused additive dysfunction in Y-Maze, Novel Object Recognition (NOR), and Morris water maze (MWM) cognitive function tests. These novel data suggest that HFD-induced obesity and TBI can independently prime and support the development of altered states in brain microglia and VAT, including the disease-associated microglia/macrophage (DAM) phenotype observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction between HFD and TBI promotes a shift toward chronic reactive microglia/macrophage transcriptomic signatures and associated pro-inflammatory disease-altered states that may, in part, underlie the exacerbation of cognitive deficits. Thus, targeting of HFD-induced reactive cellular phenotypes, including in peripheral adipose tissue immune cell populations, may serve to reduce microglial maladaptive states after TBI, attenuating post-traumatic neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
| | - James P Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Vaida
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, 326 Market St, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Niaz Z Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodney M Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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5
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Bougea A, Georgakopoulou VE, Lempesis IG, Fotakopoulos G, Papalexis P, Sklapani P, Trakas N, Spandidos DA, Angelopoulou E. Role of microRNAs in cognitive decline related to COVID‑19 (Review). Exp Ther Med 2024; 27:139. [PMID: 38476899 PMCID: PMC10928821 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2024.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The likelihood and severity of cognitive decline related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have been shown to be reflected by the severity of the infection and concomitant alterations in specific biomarkers. The present review discusses the role of microRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) as biomarkers in COVID-19 and the potential molecular mechanisms of cognitive dysfunction related to COVID-19. A systematic search of published articles was carried out from January 31, 2000 to December 31, 2022 using the PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct and Google Scholar databases, combining the following terms: 'COVID-19' OR 'SARS-CoV-2' OR 'post-COVID-19 effects' OR 'cognitive decline' OR 'neurodegeneration' OR 'microRNAs'. The quality of the evidence was evaluated as high, moderate, low, or very low based on the GRADE rating. A total of 36 studies were identified which demonstrated reduced blood levels of miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR 31 and miR-21 in patients with COVID-19 in comparison with a healthy group. The overexpression of the Let-7b may result in the downregulation of BCL-2 during COVID-9 by adjusting the immune responses between chronic inflammatory disease, type 2 diabetes, COVID-19 and cognitive impairment. The reduced expression of miR-31 is associated with cognitive dysfunction and increased microcoagulability in patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). miR-155 mediates synaptic dysfunction and the dysregulation of neurotransmitters due to acute inflammation, leading to brain atrophy and a subcortical cognitive profile. The downregulation of miR-21 in patients with COVID-19 aggravates systemic inflammation, mediating an uncontrollable immune response and the failure of T-cell function, provoking cognitive impairment in patients with SARS-CoV-2. On the whole, the present review indicates that dysregulated levels of miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, and miR-21 in the blood of individuals with COVID-19 are associated with cognitive decline, the chronic activation of immune mechanisms, the cytokine storm, and the vicious cycle of damage and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Bougea
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis G. Lempesis
- Department of Pathophysiology, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - George Fotakopoulos
- Department of Neurosurgery, General University Hospital of Larissa, 41221 Larissa, Greece
| | - Petros Papalexis
- Unit of Endocrinology, First Department of Internal Medicine, Laiko General Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
| | - Pagona Sklapani
- Department of Biochemistry, Sismanogleio Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Trakas
- Department of Biochemistry, Sismanogleio Hospital, 15126 Athens, Greece
| | - Demetrios A. Spandidos
- Laboratory of Clinical Virology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- 1st Department of Neurology, Eginition Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece
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Bhusal A, Kim JH, Kim SC, Hwang EM, Ryu H, Ali MS, Park SC, Lee WH, Suk K. The microglial innate immune protein PGLYRP1 mediates neuroinflammation and consequent behavioral changes. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113813. [PMID: 38393947 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 (PGLYRP1) is a pattern-recognition protein that mediates antibacterial actions and innate immune responses. Its expression and role in neuroinflammatory conditions remain unclear. We observed the upregulation of PGLYRP1 in inflamed human and mouse spinal cord and brain, with microglia being the primary cellular source. Experiments using a recombinant PGLYRP1 protein show that PGLYRP1 potentiates reactive gliosis, neuroinflammation, and consequent behavioral changes in multiple animal models of neuroinflammation. Furthermore, shRNA-mediated knockdown of Pglyrp1 gene expression attenuates this inflammatory response. In addition, we identify triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cell-1 (TREM1) as an interaction partner of PGLYRP1 and demonstrate that PGLYRP1 promotes neuroinflammation through the TREM1-Syk-Erk1/2-Stat3 axis in cultured glial cells. Taken together, our results reveal a role for microglial PGLYRP1 as a neuroinflammation mediator. Finally, we propose that PGLYRP1 is a potential biomarker and therapeutic target in various neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anup Bhusal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hong Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Korea 21 Four KNU Convergence Educational Program of Biomedical Sciences for Creative Future Talents, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chan Kim
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Mi Hwang
- Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Ryu
- Center for Neuroscience, Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Sekendar Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, Institute for Veterinary Biomedical Science, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Cardiovascular Research Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea; Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Republic of Korea.
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7
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He X, Liu L, Gu F, Huang R, Liu L, Nian Y, Zhang Y, Song C. Exploration of the anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and wound healing activities of Bletilla Striata polysaccharide. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 261:129874. [PMID: 38307430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Bletilla Striata (BS) Polysaccharide (BSP) is one of the main components of the traditional Chinese medicinal plant Bletilla striata Rchb. F. BSP has been widely used in antimicrobial and hemostasis treatments in clinics. Despite its use in skin disease treatment and cosmetology, the effects of BSP on wound healing remain unclear. Here we investigated the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and analgesic effects of BSP and explored its impact on morphological changes and inflammatory mediators during wound healing. A carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model was established to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of BSP. Antioxidant indicators, including NO, SOD, and MDA, were measured in the blood and liver. The increased pain threshold induced by BSP was also determined using the hot plate test. A mouse excisional wound model was applied to evaluate the wound healing rate, and HE staining and Masson staining were used to detect tissue structure changes. In addition, ELISA was employed to detect the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β in serum. BSP significantly decreased the concentration of NO and MDA in serum and liver while increasing SOD activity. It exhibited a notable improvement in mouse paw edema induced by carrageenan. BSP dose-dependently delayed the appearance of licking behavior in mice, indicating its analgesic effect. Compared to the control group, the wound healing rate was significantly improved in the BSP treatment group. HE and Masson staining results showed that the BSP and 'Jingwanhong' ointment groups had slightly milder inflammatory responses and significantly promoted more new granulation tissue formation. The levels of serum inflammatory mediators TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 were reduced to varying degrees. The results demonstrated that BSP possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, analgesic, and wound healing properties, and it may promote wound healing through inhibition of inflammatory cytokine synthesis and release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei He
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China; Anhui Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Chinese Medicinal Industry, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China
| | - Longyun Liu
- School of Biotechnology, Hefei Vocational and Technical College, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Fangli Gu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China; Anhui Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Chinese Medicinal Industry, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China
| | - Renshu Huang
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China; Anhui Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Chinese Medicinal Industry, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China
| | - Li Liu
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China
| | - Yuting Nian
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China
| | - Yingyu Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Rare Diseases, Endocrinology and Metabolism Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471003, China.
| | - Cheng Song
- College of Biology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China; Anhui Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Modern Chinese Medicinal Industry, West Anhui University, Lu'an, Anhui 237012, China.
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Li S, Qiu N, Ni A, Hamblin MH, Yin KJ. Role of regulatory non-coding RNAs in traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2024; 172:105643. [PMID: 38007071 PMCID: PMC10872636 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/27/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a potentially fatal health event that cannot be predicted in advance. After TBI occurs, it can have enduring consequences within both familial and social spheres. Yet, despite extensive efforts to improve medical interventions and tailor healthcare services, TBI still remains a major contributor to global disability and mortality rates. The prompt and accurate diagnosis of TBI in clinical contexts, coupled with the implementation of effective therapeutic strategies, remains an arduous challenge. However, a deeper understanding of changes in gene expression and the underlying molecular regulatory processes may alleviate this pressing issue. In recent years, the study of regulatory non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), a diverse class of RNA molecules with regulatory functions, has been a potential game changer in TBI research. Notably, the identification of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and other ncRNAs has revealed their potential as novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets for TBI, owing to their ability to regulate the expression of numerous genes. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the functions of regulatory ncRNAs in TBI. We also summarize regulatory ncRNAs used for treatment in animal models, as well as miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs that served as biomarkers for TBI diagnosis and prognosis. Finally, we discuss future challenges and prospects in diagnosing and treating TBI patients in the clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Li
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Na Qiu
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Andrew Ni
- Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, 222 Richmond Street, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Milton H Hamblin
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Riverside, 1212 Webber Hall, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Ke-Jie Yin
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, S514 BST, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA; Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA.
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9
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Tufan E, Taheri S, Karaca Z, Mehmetbeyoglu E, Yilmaz Sukranli Z, Korkmaz Bayram K, Ulutabanca H, Tanrıverdi F, Unluhizarci K, Rassoulzadegan M, Kelestimur F. Alterations in Serum miR-126-3p Levels over Time: A Marker of Pituitary Insufficiency following Head Trauma. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 114:315-330. [PMID: 38071970 PMCID: PMC10997266 DOI: 10.1159/000535748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) pose a high risk of pituitary insufficiency development in patients. We have previously reported alterations in miR-126-3p levels in sera from patients with TBI-induced pituitary deficiency. METHODS To investigate why TBI-induced pituitary deficiency develops only in some patients and to reveal the relationship between miR-126-3p with hormone axes, we used mice that were epigenetically modified with miR-126-3p at the embryonic stage. These modified mice were subjected to mild TBI (mTBI) according to the Marmarou's weight-drop model at 2 months of age. The levels of miR-126-3p were assessed at 1 and 30 days in serum after mTBI. Changes in miR-126-3p levels after mTBI of wild-type and miR-126-3p* modified mouse lines validated our human results. Additionally, hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal tissues were analyzed for transcripts and associated serum hormone levels. RESULTS We report that miR-126-3p directly affects hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis upregulation and ACTH secretion in the acute phase after mTBI. We also demonstrated that miR-126-3p suppresses Gnrh transcripts in the hypothalamus and pituitary, but this is not reflected in serum FSH/LH levels. The increase in ACTH levels in the acute phase may indicate that upregulation of miR-126-3p at the embryonic stage has a protective effect on the HPA axis after TBI. Notably, the most prominent transcriptional response is found in the adrenals, highlighting their role in the pathophysiology of TBI. CONCLUSION Our study revealed the role of miR-126-3p in TBI and pituitary deficiency developing after TBI, and the obtained data will significantly contribute to elucidating the mechanism of pituitary deficiency development after TBI and development of new diagnostic and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Tufan
- Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Serpil Taheri
- Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey,
- Department of Medical Biology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey,
| | - Züleyha Karaca
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Ecmel Mehmetbeyoglu
- Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Department of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Kezban Korkmaz Bayram
- Department of Medical Genetics, Yıldırım Beyazıd University Medical School, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Halil Ulutabanca
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Fatih Tanrıverdi
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Kursad Unluhizarci
- Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Minoo Rassoulzadegan
- Betul-Ziya Eren Genome and Stem Cell Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Inserm, Nice, France
| | - Fahrettin Kelestimur
- Department of Endocrinology, Yeditepe University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
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10
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Henry RJ, Barrett JP, Vaida M, Khan NZ, Makarevich O, Ritzel RM, Faden AI, Stoica BA. Interaction of high-fat diet and brain trauma alters adipose tissue macrophages and brain microglia associated with exacerbated cognitive dysfunction. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.550986. [PMID: 37546932 PMCID: PMC10402152 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity increases the morbidity and mortality of traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed a detailed analysis of transcriptomic changes in the brain and adipose tissue to examine the interactive effects between high-fat diet-induced obesity (DIO) and TBI in relation to central and peripheral inflammatory pathways, as well as neurological function. Adult male mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks prior to experimental TBI and continuing after injury. Combined TBI and HFD resulted in additive dysfunction in the Y-Maze, novel object recognition (NOR), and Morris water maze (MWM) cognitive function tests. We also performed high-throughput transcriptomic analysis using Nanostring panels of cellular compartments in the brain and total visceral adipose tissue (VAT), followed by unsupervised clustering, principal component analysis, and IPA pathway analysis to determine shifts in gene expression programs and molecular pathway activity. Analysis of cellular populations in the cortex and hippocampus as well as in visceral adipose tissue during the chronic phase after combined TBI-HFD showed amplification of central and peripheral microglia/macrophage responses, including superadditive changes in select gene expression signatures and pathways. These data suggest that HFD-induced obesity and TBI can independently prime and support the development of altered states in brain microglia and visceral adipose tissue macrophages, including the disease-associated microglia/macrophage (DAM) phenotype observed in neurodegenerative disorders. The interaction between HFD and TBI promotes a shift toward chronic reactive microglia/macrophage transcriptomic signatures and associated pro-inflammatory disease-altered states that may, in part, underlie the exacerbation of cognitive deficits. Targeting of HFD-induced reactive cellular phenotypes, including in peripheral adipose tissue macrophages, may serve to reduce microglial maladaptive states after TBI, attenuating post-traumatic neurodegeneration and neurological dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - James P. Barrett
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Maria Vaida
- Harrisburg University of Science and Technology, 326 Market St, Harrisburg, PA, USA
| | - Niaz Z. Khan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Oleg Makarevich
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rodney M. Ritzel
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore VA Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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11
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Yang R, Yang B, Liu W, Tan C, Chen H, Wang X. Emerging role of non-coding RNAs in neuroinflammation mediated by microglia and astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 2023; 20:173. [PMID: 37481642 PMCID: PMC10363317 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-023-02856-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the initiation and progression of several central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke, traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, viral encephalitis, and bacterial encephalitis. Microglia and astrocytes are essential in neural development, maintenance of synaptic connections, and homeostasis in a healthy brain. The activation of astrocytes and microglia is a defense mechanism of the brain against damaged tissues and harmful pathogens. However, their activation triggers neuroinflammation, which can exacerbate or induce CNS injury. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that lack coding capabilities but can actively regulate mRNA expression and function through various mechanisms. ncRNAs are highly expressed in astrocytes and microglia and are potential mediators of neuroinflammation. We reviewed the recent research progress on the role of miRNAs, lncRNAs, and circRNAs in regulating neuroinflammation in various CNS diseases. Understanding how these ncRNAs affect neuroinflammation will provide important therapeutic insights for preventing and managing CNS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicheng Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Bo Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Wuhan Keqian Biological Co., Ltd., Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chen Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Huanchun Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiangru Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, The Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Animal Breeding and Sustainable Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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12
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Liu JJ, Long YF, Xu P, Guo HD, Cui GH. Pathogenesis of miR-155 on nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimers Res Ther 2023; 15:122. [PMID: 37452431 PMCID: PMC10347850 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-023-01264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common age-related neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system and is the primary cause of dementia. It is clinically characterized by the memory impairment, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, visuospatial and executive dysfunction, behavioral changes, and so on. Incidence of this disease was bound up with age, genetic factors, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular dysfunction, and other basic diseases, but the exact etiology has not been clarified. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous non-coding RNAs that were involved in the regulation of post-transcriptional gene expression. miRNAs have been extensively studied as noninvasive potential biomarkers for disease due to their relative stability in bodily fluids. In addition, they play a significant role in the physiological and pathological processes of various neurological disorders, including stroke, AD, and Parkinson's disease. MiR-155, as an important pro-inflammatory mediator of neuroinflammation, was reported to participate in the progression of β-amyloid peptide and tau via regulating immunity and inflammation. In this review, we put emphasis on the effects of miR-155 on AD and explore the underlying biological mechanisms which could provide a novel approach for diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Jia Liu
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yun-Fan Long
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272000, Shandong, China.
| | - Hai-Dong Guo
- Academy of Integrative Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Guo-Hong Cui
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai No. 9 People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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13
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Zhu Z, Huang X, Du M, Wu C, Fu J, Tan W, Wu B, Zhang J, Liao ZB. Recent advances in the role of miRNAs in post-traumatic stress disorder and traumatic brain injury. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2630-2644. [PMID: 37340171 PMCID: PMC10615752 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02126-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is usually considered a psychiatric disorder upon emotional trauma. However, with the rising number of conflicts and traffic accidents around the world, the incidence of PTSD has skyrocketed along with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a complex neuropathological disease due to external physical force and is also the most common concurrent disease of PTSD. Recently, the overlap between PTSD and TBI is increasingly attracting attention, as it has the potential to stimulate the emergence of novel treatments for both conditions. Of note, treatments exploiting the microRNAs (miRNAs), a well-known class of small non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), have rapidly gained momentum in many nervous system disorders, given the miRNAs' multitudinous and key regulatory role in various biological processes, including neural development and normal functioning of the nervous system. Currently, a wealth of studies has elucidated the similarities of PTSD and TBI in pathophysiology and symptoms; however, there is a dearth of discussion with respect to miRNAs in both PTSD and TBI. In this review, we summarize the recent available studies of miRNAs in PTSD and TBI and discuss and highlight promising miRNAs therapeutics for both conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyu Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuekang Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mengran Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Chenrui Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jiayuanyuan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Weilin Tan
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Biying Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Z B Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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14
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Mohamadzadeh O, Hajinouri M, Moammer F, Tamehri Zadeh SS, Omid Shafiei G, Jafari A, Ostadian A, Talaei Zavareh SA, Hamblin MR, Yazdi AJ, Sheida A, Mirzaei H. Non-coding RNAs and Exosomal Non-coding RNAs in Traumatic Brain Injury: the Small Player with Big Actions. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:4064-4083. [PMID: 37020123 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, there is an increasing concern regarding traumatic brain injury (TBI) worldwide since substantial morbidity is observed after it, and the long-term consequences that are not yet fully recognized. A number of cellular pathways related to the secondary injury in brain have been identified, including free radical production (owing to mitochondrial dysfunction), excitotoxicity (regulated by excitatory neurotransmitters), apoptosis, and neuroinflammatory responses (as a result of activation of the immune system and central nervous system). In this context, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) maintain a fundamental contribution to post-transcriptional regulation. It has been shown that mammalian brains express high levels of ncRNAs that are involved in several brain physiological processes. Furthermore, altered levels of ncRNA expression have been found in those with traumatic as well non-traumatic brain injuries. The current review highlights the primary molecular mechanisms participated in TBI that describes the latest and novel results about changes and role of ncRNAs in TBI in both clinical and experimental research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Mohamadzadeh
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Imam Khomeini Hospital Complex, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahsasadat Hajinouri
- Department of Psychiatry, Roozbeh Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Moammer
- Student Research Committee, School of Medicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | | | | | - Ameneh Jafari
- Advanced Therapy Medicinal Product (ATMP) Department, Breast Cancer Research Center, Motamed Cancer Institute, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
- Proteomics Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amirreza Ostadian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Allied Medical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Michael R Hamblin
- Laser Research Centre, Faculty of Health Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein, 2028, South Africa
| | | | - Amirhossein Sheida
- School of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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15
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Rastegar-Moghaddam SH, Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan A, Shahba S, Malvandi AM, Mohammadipour A. Roles of the miR-155 in Neuroinflammation and Neurological Disorders: A Potent Biological and Therapeutic Target. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:455-467. [PMID: 35107690 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-022-01200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays a crucial role in the development and progression of neurological disorders. MicroRNA-155 (miR-155), a miR is known to play in inflammatory responses, is associated with susceptibility to inflammatory neurological disorders and neurodegeneration, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis as well as epilepsy, stroke, and brain malignancies. MiR-155 damages the central nervous system (CNS) by enhancing the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, like IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and IRF3. It also disturbs the blood-brain barrier by decreasing junctional complex molecules such as claudin-1, annexin-2, syntenin-1, and dedicator of cytokinesis 1 (DOCK-1), a hallmark of many neurological disorders. This review discusses the molecular pathways which involve miR-155 as a critical component in the progression of neurological disorders, representing miR-155 as a viable therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamidreza Rastegar-Moghaddam
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.,Applied Biomedical Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sara Shahba
- Medical Biotechnology Research Center, School of Paramedicine, Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Amir Mohammad Malvandi
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Galeazzi, Via Riccardo Galeazzi, 4, 20161, Milan, Italy.
| | - Abbas Mohammadipour
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, PO Box 91779-48564, Mashhad, Iran.
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16
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Alvarez M, Trent E, Goncalves BDS, Pereira DG, Puri R, Frazier NA, Sodhi K, Pillai SS. Cognitive dysfunction associated with COVID-19: Prognostic role of circulating biomarkers and microRNAs. Front Aging Neurosci 2022; 14:1020092. [PMID: 36268187 PMCID: PMC9577202 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.1020092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is renowned as a multi-organ disease having subacute and long-term effects with a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. The evolving scientific and clinical evidence demonstrates that the frequency of cognitive impairment after COVID-19 is high and it is crucial to explore more clinical research and implement proper diagnostic and treatment strategies. Several central nervous system complications have been reported as comorbidities of COVID-19. The changes in cognitive function associated with neurodegenerative diseases develop slowly over time and are only diagnosed at an already advanced stage of molecular pathology. Hence, understanding the common links between COVID-19 and neurodegenerative diseases will broaden our knowledge and help in strategizing prognostic and therapeutic approaches. The present review focuses on the diverse neurodegenerative changes associated with COVID-19 and will highlight the importance of major circulating biomarkers and microRNAs (miRNAs) associated with the disease progression and severity. The literature analysis showed that major proteins associated with central nervous system function, such as Glial fibrillary acidic protein, neurofilament light chain, p-tau 181, Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1, S100 calcium-binding protein B, Neuron-specific enolase and various inflammatory cytokines, were significantly altered in COVID-19 patients. Furthermore, among various miRNAs that are having pivotal roles in various neurodegenerative diseases, miR-146a, miR-155, Let-7b, miR-31, miR-16 and miR-21 have shown significant dysregulation in COVID-19 patients. Thus the review consolidates the important findings from the numerous studies to unravel the underlying mechanism of neurological sequelae in COVID-19 and the possible association of circulatory biomarkers, which may serve as prognostic predictors and therapeutic targets in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sneha S. Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntington, WV, United States
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17
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De Santi C, Nally FK, Afzal R, Duffy CP, Fitzsimons S, Annett SL, Robson T, Dowling JK, Cryan SA, McCoy CE. Enhancing arginase 2 expression using target site blockers as a strategy to modulate macrophage phenotype. MOLECULAR THERAPY - NUCLEIC ACIDS 2022; 29:643-655. [PMID: 36090747 PMCID: PMC9424864 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are plastic cells playing a crucial role in innate immunity. While fundamental in responding to infections, when persistently maintained in a pro-inflammatory state they can initiate and sustain inflammatory diseases. Therefore, a strategy that reprograms pro-inflammatory macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype could hold therapeutic potential in that context. We have recently shown that arginase 2 (Arg2), a mitochondrial enzyme involved in arginine metabolism, promotes the resolution of inflammation in macrophages and it is targeted by miR-155. Here, we designed and tested a target site blocker (TSB) that specifically interferes and blocks the interaction between miR-155 and Arg2 mRNA, leading to Arg2 increased expression and activity. In bone marrow-derived macrophages transfected with Arg2 TSB (in the presence or absence of the pro-inflammatory stimulus LPS), we observed an overall shift of the polarization status of macrophages toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype, as shown by significant changes in surface markers (CD80 and CD71), metabolic parameters (mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation) and cytokines secretion (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF). Moreover, in an in vivo model of LPS-induced acute inflammation, intraperitoneal administration of Arg2 TSB led to an overall decrease in systemic levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Overall, this proof-of-concept strategy represent a promising approach to modulating macrophage phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Santi
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Corresponding author Chiara De Santi, School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Frances K. Nally
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Remsha Afzal
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Conor P. Duffy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephen Fitzsimons
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Stephanie L. Annett
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Tracy Robson
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jennifer K. Dowling
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- Tissue Engineering Research Group, Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Medicine, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CÚRAM), RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dublin, Ireland
- SFI Advanced Materials and Bioengineering Research (AMBER) Centre, RCSI University of Medicine and Health Sciences and Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Claire E. McCoy
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
- FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, D02 YN77 Dublin, Ireland
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18
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Ebrahimy N, Gasterich N, Behrens V, Amini J, Fragoulis A, Beyer C, Zhao W, Sanadgol N, Zendedel A. Neuroprotective effect of the Nrf2/ARE/miRNA145-5p signaling pathway in the early phase of spinal cord injury. Life Sci 2022; 304:120726. [PMID: 35750202 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating neurological condition often associated with chronic neuroinflammation and redox imbalance. Oxidative stress is one of the main hallmark of secondary injury of SCI which is tightly regulated by nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) signaling. In this study, we aimed at investigating the interplay between inflammation-related miRNAs and the Nrf2 pathway in animal model of SCI. MATERIALS AND METHODS The expression of selected four validated miRNA-target pairs (miRNA223-3p, miRNA155-5p, miRNA145-5p, and miRNA124-3p) was examined at different time points (6 h, 12 h, 1 day, 3 day and 7 day) after SCI. Further, using GFAP-specific kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 deletion (Keap1-/-) and whole-body Nrf2-/- knockout mice, we investigated the potential interplay between each miRNA and the Keap1/Nrf2 signaling system. KEY FINDINGS The expression of all miRNAs except miRNA155-5p significantly increased 24 h after SCI and decreased after 7 days. Interestingly, Keap1-/- mice only showed significant increase in the miRNA145-5p after 24 h SCI compared to the WT group. In addition, Keap1-/- mice showed significant decrease in CXCL10/12 (CXCL12 increased in Nrf2-/- mice), and TNF-α, and an increase in Mn-SOD and NQO-1 (Mn-SOD and NQO-1 decreased in Nrf2-/- mice) compared to WT mice. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that astrocytic hyperactivation of Nrf2 exert neuroprotective effects at least in part through the upregulation of miRNA145-5p, a negative regulator of astrocyte proliferation, and induction of ARE in early phase of SCI. Further studies are needed to investigate the potential interplay between Nrf2 and miRNA145-5p in neuroinflammatory condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahal Ebrahimy
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | | | - Victoria Behrens
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Javad Amini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Molecular Science, North Khorasan University of Medical Science, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Athanassios Fragoulis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Weiyi Zhao
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Nima Sanadgol
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.
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Upregulation of Spinal miR-155-5p Contributes to Mechanical Hyperalgesia by Promoting Inflammatory Activation of Microglia in Bone Cancer Pain Rats. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091349. [PMID: 36143385 PMCID: PMC9503135 DOI: 10.3390/life12091349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cancer pain (BCP) seriously deteriorates the life quality of patients, but its underlying mechanism is still unclear. Spinal microRNAs might contribute to the development of BCP and the role of microglial activation is controversial. In this study, we established a BCP model by injecting Walker 256 breast carcinoma cells into the tibial intramedullary cavity of rats and significant hyperalgesia was observed in the BCP rats. The lumbar spinal cords were harvested to perform RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and 31 differentially expressed miRNAs (26 upregulated and 5 downregulated) were identified in the BCP rats. Among them, miR-155-5p was significantly upregulated in the BCP rats. Spinal microglial activation was observed during BCP development. miR-155-5p could be expressed in spinal microglia and was significantly upregulated in microglia treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in vitro. Serum/glucocorticoid regulated kinase family member 3 (Sgk3) was predicted to be the possible downstream target of miR-155-5p and this was confirmed using a dual-luciferase reporter assay in vitro. The inhibition of miR-155-5p restored Sgk3-expression-attenuated microglial activation and alleviated hyperalgesia in the BCP rats. In conclusion, spinal miR-155-5p/Sgk3/microglial activation might play an important role in BCP pathogenesis.
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20
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Inhibition of PDE10A-Rescued TBI-Induced Neuroinflammation and Apoptosis through the cAMP/PKA/NLRP3 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:3311250. [PMID: 35463083 PMCID: PMC9019408 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3311250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a dual-substrate phosphodiesterase that is highly expressed in the striatal complex. PDE10A is an important target for the treatment of ganglion dysfunction and neuroinflammation-related diseases, but its possible impact on traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unclear. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of inhibiting PDE10A on neuroinflammation post-TBI injury and its possible molecular mechanism. The expression of PDE10A in rats and HT22 cells was determined by Western blotting. The neurological dysfunction of these rats was detected by Nissl staining, hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining, and Morris water maze test. The activity of HT22 cells was measured by MTT. The findings of this study suggest that PDE10A is highly expressed in the brain tissue of TBI rats and HT22 cells induced by mechanical injury. Inhibition of PDE10A reduces the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in HT22 cells induced by mechanical injury to inhibit cell apoptosis. Simultaneously, inhibition of PDE10A in TBI rats reduces the time to find a visible platform in the same pool, while cAMP/PKA activator treatment alleviates all of the abovementioned phenomena. Additionally, it is further confirmed that inhibition of PDE10A activates the cAMP/PKA pathway and downregulates the expression of NRLP3. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of PDE10A exerts neuroprotection by inhibiting apoptosis and inflammation following TBI, at least partially by the cAMP/PKA/NLRP3 pathway.
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21
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Kelani H, Nuovo G, Bratasz A, Rajan J, Efanov AA, Michaille JJ, Awad H, Tili E. MicroRNA miR-155 Activity in Mouse Choline Acetyltransferase-Positive Neurons Is Critical for the Rate of Early and Late Paraplegia After Transient Aortic Cross-Clamping. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:788301. [PMID: 35185466 PMCID: PMC8850917 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.788301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic aneurism open repair surgery can cause spinal cord (SC) injury with 5–15% of patients developing paraparesis or paraplegia. Using a mouse model of transient aortic cross-clamping (ACC), we have previously found that the expression of proinflammatory microRNA miR-155 increases in motoneurons (MNs) and endothelial cells (ECs) of ischemic SCs, and that global miR-155 deletion decreases the percentage of paraplegia by 37.4% at 48-h post-ACC. Here, we investigated the cell-specific contribution of miR-155 in choline acetyltransferase-positive (ChAT+) neurons (that include all MNs of the SC) and ECs to SC injury after ACC. Mice lacking miR-155 in ChAT+ neurons (MN-miR-155-KO mice) developed 24.6% less paraplegia than control mice at 48-h post-ACC. In contrast, mice lacking miR-155 in ECs (ECs-miR-155-KO mice) experienced the same percentage of paraplegia as control mice, despite presenting smaller central cord edema. Unexpectedly, mice overexpressing miR-155 in ChAT+ neurons were less likely than control mice to develop early paraplegia during the first day post-ACC, however they reached the same percentage of paraplegia at 48-h. In addition, all mice overexpressing miR-155 in ECs (ECs-miR-155-KI mice) were paraplegic at 48-h post-ACC. Altogether, our results suggest that miR-155 activity in ChAT+ neurons protects the SC against ischemic injury during the first day post-ACC before becoming deleterious during the second day, which indicates that early and late paraplegias arise from different molecular malfunctions. These results point to the need to develop specific protective therapeutics aimed at inhibiting both the early and late deleterious events after open repair surgery of aortic aneurisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham Kelani
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | | | - Anna Bratasz
- Small Animal Imaging Center Shared Resource, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jayanth Rajan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Alexander A. Efanov
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jean-Jacques Michaille
- BioPerox-IL, Faculté des Sciences Gabriel, Université de Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Hamdy Awad
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Hamdy Awad,
| | - Esmerina Tili
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Esmerina Tili,
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22
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Transfer RNA-Derived Fragments and isomiRs Are Novel Components of Chronic TBI-Induced Neuropathology. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10010136. [PMID: 35052815 PMCID: PMC8773447 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10010136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a secondary injury mechanism that evolves in the brain for months after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We hypothesized that an altered small non-coding RNA (sncRNA) signature plays a key role in modulating post-TBI secondary injury and neuroinflammation. At 3threemonths post-TBI, messenger RNA sequencing (seq) and small RNAseq were performed on samples from the ipsilateral thalamus and perilesional cortex of selected rats with a chronic inflammatory endophenotype, and sham-operated controls. The small RNAseq identified dysregulation of 2 and 19 miRNAs in the thalamus and cortex, respectively. The two candidates from the thalamus and the top ten from the cortex were selected for validation. In the thalamus, miR-146a-5p and miR-155-5p levels were upregulated, and in the cortex, miR-375-3p and miR-211-5p levels were upregulated. Analysis of isomiRs of differentially expressed miRNAs identified 3′ nucleotide additions that were increased after TBI. Surprisingly, we found fragments originating from 16 and 13 tRNAs in the thalamus and cortex, respectively. We further analyzed two upregulated fragments, 3′tRF-IleAAT and 3′tRF-LysTTT. Increased expression of the full miR-146a profile, and 3′tRF-IleAAT and 3′tRF-LysTTT was associated with a worse behavioral outcome in animals with chronic neuroinflammation. Our results highlight the importance of understanding the regulatory roles of as-yet unknown sncRNAs for developing better strategies to treat TBI and neuroinflammation.
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23
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Microglia Polarization from M1 toward M2 Phenotype Is Promoted by Astragalus Polysaccharides Mediated through Inhibition of miR-155 in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2021:5753452. [PMID: 34976303 PMCID: PMC8720009 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5753452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Activated microglia is considered to be major mediators of the neuroinflammatory environment in demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Activated microglia are mainly polarized into M1 type, which plays a role in promoting inflammation and demyelinating. However, the proportion of microglia polarized into M2 type is relatively low, which cannot fully play the role of anti-inflammatory and resistance to demyelinating. Our previous study found that Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) has an immunomodulatory effect and can inhibit neuroinflammation and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is a classic animal model of CNS demyelinating disease. In this study, we found that APS was effective in treating EAE mice. It restored microglia balance by inhibiting the polarization of microglia to M1-like phenotype and promoting the polarization of microglia to M2-like phenotype in vivo and in vitro. miR-155 is a key factor in regulating microglia polarization. We found that APS could inhibit the expression level of miR-155 in vivo and in vitro. Furthermore, we performed transfection overexpression and blocking experiments. The results showed that miR-155 mediated the polarization of microglia M1/M2 phenotype, while the selective inhibitor of miR-155 attenuated the inhibition of APS on microglia M1 phenotype and eliminated the promotion of APS on microglia M2 phenotype. Microglia can secrete IL-1α, TNF-α, and C1q after polarizing into M1 type and induce the activation of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes, further aggravating neuroinflammation and demyelination. APS reduced the secretion of IL-1α, TNF-α, and C1q by activated microglia, thus inhibited the formation of A1 neurotoxic astrocytes. In summary, our study suggests that APS regulates the polarization of microglia from M1 to M2 phenotype by inhibiting the miR-155, reduces the secretion of inflammatory factors, and inhibits the activation of neurotoxic astrocytes, thus effectively treating EAE.
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24
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Zingale VD, Gugliandolo A, Mazzon E. MiR-155: An Important Regulator of Neuroinflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:90. [PMID: 35008513 PMCID: PMC8745074 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression at the post-transcriptional level and that play an important role in many cellular processes, including modulation of inflammation. MiRNAs are present in high concentrations in the central nervous system (CNS) and are spatially and temporally expressed in a specific way. Therefore, an imbalance in the expression pattern of these small molecules can be involved in the development of neurological diseases. Generally, CNS responds to damage or disease through the activation of an inflammatory response, but many neurological disorders are characterized by uncontrolled neuroinflammation. Many studies support the involvement of miRNAs in the activation or inhibition of inflammatory signaling and in the promotion of uncontrolled neuroinflammation with pathological consequences. MiR-155 is a pro-inflammatory mediator of the CNS and plays an important regulatory role. The purpose of this review is to summarize how miR-155 is regulated and the pathological consequences of its deregulation during neuroinflammatory disorders, including multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer's disease and other neuroinflammatory disorders. Modulation of miRNAs' expression could be used as a therapeutic strategy in the treatment of pathological neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnese Gugliandolo
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi “Bonino-Pulejo”, Via Provinciale Palermo, Contrada Casazza, 98124 Messina, Italy; (V.D.Z.); (E.M.)
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25
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MicroRNA-Target Interaction Regulatory Network in Alzheimer's Disease. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11121275. [PMID: 34945753 PMCID: PMC8708198 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11121275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder and the most common cause of dementia; however, early diagnosis of the disease is challenging. Research suggests that biomarkers found in blood, such as microRNAs (miRNA), may be promising for AD diagnostics. Experimental data on miRNA–target interactions (MTI) associated with AD are scattered across databases and publications, thus making the identification of promising miRNA biomarkers for AD difficult. In response to this, a list of experimentally validated AD-associated MTIs was obtained from miRTarBase. Cytoscape was used to create a visual MTI network. STRING software was used for protein–protein interaction analysis and mirPath was used for pathway enrichment analysis. Several targets regulated by multiple miRNAs were identified, including: BACE1, APP, NCSTN, SP1, SIRT1, and PTEN. The miRNA with the highest numbers of interactions in the network were: miR-9, miR-16, miR-34a, miR-106a, miR-107, miR-125b, miR-146, and miR-181c. The analysis revealed seven subnetworks, representing disease modules which have a potential for further biomarker development. The obtained MTI network is not yet complete, and additional studies are needed for the comprehensive understanding of the AD-associated miRNA targetome.
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26
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Fattal E, Fay F. Nanomedicine-based delivery strategies for nucleic acid gene inhibitors in inflammatory diseases. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113809. [PMID: 34033819 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to their abilities to modulate the expression of virtually any genes, RNA therapeutics have attracted considerable research efforts. Among the strategies focusing on nucleic acid gene inhibitors, antisense oligonucleotides and small interfering RNAs have reached advanced clinical trial phases with several of them having recently been marketed. These successes were obtained by overcoming stability and cellular delivery issues using either chemically modified nucleic acids or nanoparticles. As nucleic acid gene inhibitors are promising strategies to treat inflammatory diseases, this review focuses on the barriers, from manufacturing issues to cellular/subcellular delivery, that still need to be overcome to deliver the nucleic acids to sites of inflammation other than the liver. Furthermore, key examples of applications in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel, and lung diseases are presented as case studies of systemic, oral, and lung nucleic acid delivery.
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27
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Aloi MS, Prater KE, Sopher B, Davidson S, Jayadev S, Garden GA. The pro-inflammatory microRNA miR-155 influences fibrillar β-Amyloid 1-42 catabolism by microglia. Glia 2021; 69:1736-1748. [PMID: 33694209 PMCID: PMC9098129 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia are the innate immune cells of the central nervous system that adopt rapid functional changes in response to Damage Associated Molecular Patterns, including aggregated β-Amyloid (Aβ) found in Alzheimer's disease (AD). microRNAs (miRNAs) are post-transcriptional modulators that influence the timing and magnitude of microglia inflammatory responses by downregulating the expression of inflammatory effectors. Recent studies implicate miR-155, a miRNA known to regulate inflammatory responses, in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders including multiple sclerosis, ALS, familial Parkinson's disease, and AD. In this work, we asked if miR-155 expression in microglia modifies cellular behaviors in response to fibrillar Aβ1-42 (fAβ1-42 ), in vitro. We hypothesized that in microglia, miR-155 expression would impact the internalization and catabolism of extracellular fAβ1-42 . Primary microglia stimulated with lipopolysaccharide demonstrate fast upregulation of miR-155 followed by delayed upregulation of miR-146a, an anti-inflammatory miRNA. Conditional overexpression of miR-155 in microglia resulted in significant upregulation of miR-146a. Conditional deletion of miR-155 promoted transit of fAβ1-42 to low-pH compartments where catabolism occurs, while miR-155 overexpression decreases fAβ1-42 catabolism. Uptake of fAβ1-42 across the plasma membrane increased with both up and downregulation of miR-155 expression. Taken together, our results support the hypothesis that inflammatory signaling influences the ability of microglia to catabolize fAβ1-42 through interconnected mechanisms modulated by miR-155. Understanding how miRNAs modulate the ability of microglia to catabolize fAβ1-42 will further elucidate the role of cellular players and molecular crosstalk in AD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena S. Aloi
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Katherine E. Prater
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Bryce Sopher
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Stephanie Davidson
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Suman Jayadev
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Gwenn A. Garden
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Cui C, Zhang D, Sun K, Li H, Xu L, Lin G, Guo Y, Hu J, Chen J, Nong L, Cai Y, Yu D, Yang W, Wang P, Sun Y. Propofol maintains Th17/Treg cell balance and reduces inflammation in rats with traumatic brain injury via the miR‑145‑3p/NFATc2/NF‑κB axis. Int J Mol Med 2021; 48:135. [PMID: 34036377 PMCID: PMC8148094 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2021.4968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Propofol is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic. The aim of the study was to examine the mechanism of propofol in traumatic brain injury (TBI) by regulating interleukin (IL)‑17 activity and maintaining the Th17/Treg balance. A rat model with moderate TBI was established using the weight‑drop method. Rats with TBI were regularly injected with propofol and their brain injuries were monitored. The peripheral blood of rats was collected to measure the Th17/Treg ratio. MicroRNA (miR)‑145‑3p expression was detected in the brain tissues of rats and antagomiR‑145‑3p was injected into the lateral ventricles of their brains to verify the effect of miR‑145‑3p on brain injury. The downstream target of miR‑145‑3p was predicted. The targeting relationship between miR‑145‑3p and nuclear factor of activated T cells c2 (NFATc2) was confirmed. NFATC2 expression and phosphorylation of NF‑κB pathway‑related proteins were measured. Propofol alleviated brain injury in rats with TBI and maintained the Th17/Treg balance. Propofol upregulated miR‑145‑3p expression in rat brains, while the inhibition of miR‑145‑3p reversed the effect of propofol on brain injury. A binding relationship was observed between miR‑145‑3p and NFATc2. Furthermore, propofol decreased the phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα, and inhibited activation of the NF‑κB pathway in the brains of rats with TBI. In conclusion, propofol maintained Th17/Treg balance and reduced inflammation in the rats with TBI via the miR‑145‑3p/NFATc2/NF‑κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Cui
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dengwen Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Ke Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Liqian Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Gen Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yuanbo Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jiaqi Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Jieyuan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Lidan Nong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yujin Cai
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Dongnan Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Wei Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510080, P.R. China
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29
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Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Chopp M, Pang H, Zhang ZG, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. MiR-17-92 Cluster-Enriched Exosomes Derived from Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improve Tissue and Functional Recovery in Rats after Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2021; 38:1535-1550. [PMID: 33787364 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes play an important role in intercellular communication by delivering microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) to recipient cells. Previous studies have demonstrated that multi-potent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC)-derived exosomes improve functional recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). This study was performed to determine efficacy of miR-17-92 cluster-enriched exosomes (Exo-17-92) harvested from human bone marrow MSCs transfected with a miR-17-92 cluster plasmid in enhancing tissue and neurological recovery compared with exosomes derived from MSCs transfected with an empty plasmid vector (Exo-empty) for treatment of TBI. Adult male rats underwent a unilateral moderate cortical contusion. Animals received a single intravenous injection of miR-17-92 cluster-enriched exosomes (100 μg/rat, approximately 3.75x1011 particles, Exo-17-92) or control exosomes (100 μg/rat, Exo-empty) or Vehicle (phosphate-buffered solution) one day after injury. A battery of neurological functional tests was performed weekly after TBI for five weeks. Spatial learning and memory were measured on days 31-35 after TBI using the Morris water maze test. All animals were sacrificed five weeks after injury. Their brains were processed for histopathological and immunohistochemical analyses of lesion volume, cell loss, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuroinflammation. Compared with Vehicle, both Exo-17-92 and Exo-empty treatments significantly improved sensorimotor and cognitive function, reduced neuroinflammation and hippocampal neuronal cell loss, promoted angiogenesis and neurogenesis without altering the lesion volume. Moreover, Exo-17-92 treatment exhibited a significantly more robust therapeutic effect on improvement in functional recovery by reducing neuroinflammation and cell loss, enhancing angiogenesis and neurogenesis than did Exo-empty treatment. Exosomes enriched with miR-17-92 cluster have a significantly better effect on improving functional recovery after TBI compared with Exo-empty, likely by reducing neuroinflammation and enhancing endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis. Engineering specific miRNA in exosomes may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for management of unilateral moderate cortical contusion TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan, USA
| | - Haiyan Pang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Zheng Gang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery and Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Out-of-Field Hippocampus from Partial-Body Irradiated Mice Displays Changes in Multi-Omics Profile and Defects in Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22084290. [PMID: 33924260 PMCID: PMC8074756 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain undergoes ionizing radiation exposure in many clinical situations, particularly during radiotherapy for brain tumors. The critical role of the hippocampus in the pathogenesis of radiation-induced neurocognitive dysfunction is well recognized. The goal of this study is to test the potential contribution of non-targeted effects in the detrimental response of the hippocampus to irradiation and to elucidate the mechanisms involved. C57Bl/6 mice were whole body (WBI) or partial body (PBI) irradiated with 0.1 or 2.0 Gy of X-rays or sham irradiated. PBI consisted of the exposure of the lower third of the mouse body, whilst the upper two thirds were shielded. Hippocampi were collected 15 days or 6 months post-irradiation and a multi-omics approach was adopted to assess the molecular changes in non-coding RNAs, proteins and metabolic levels, as well as histological changes in the rate of hippocampal neurogenesis. Notably, at 2.0 Gy the pattern of early molecular and histopathological changes induced in the hippocampus at 15 days following PBI were similar in quality and quantity to the effects induced by WBI, thus providing a proof of principle of the existence of out-of-target radiation response in the hippocampus of conventional mice. We detected major alterations in DAG/IP3 and TGF-β signaling pathways as well as in the expression of proteins involved in the regulation of long-term neuronal synaptic plasticity and synapse organization, coupled with defects in neural stem cells self-renewal in the hippocampal dentate gyrus. However, compared to the persistence of the WBI effects, most of the PBI effects were only transient and tended to decrease at 6 months post-irradiation, indicating important mechanistic difference. On the contrary, at low dose we identified a progressive accumulation of molecular defects that tended to manifest at later post-irradiation times. These data, indicating that both targeted and non-targeted radiation effects might contribute to the pathogenesis of hippocampal radiation-damage, have general implications for human health.
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Assessment of the Effects of Stretch-Injury on Primary Rat Microglia. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3545-3560. [PMID: 33763772 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical stretch-injury is a prominent force involved in the etiology of traumatic brain injury (TBI). It is known to directly cause damage and dysfunction in neurons, astrocytes, and endothelial cells. However, the deleterious effects of stretch-injury on microglia, the brain's primary immunocompetent cell, are currently unknown. The Cell Injury Controller II (CICII), a validated cellular neurotrauma model, was used to induce a mechanical stretch-injury in primary rat microglia. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t test and one- and two-way ANOVAs with Tukey's and Sidak's multiple comparisons, respectively. Cells exposed to stretch-injury showed no signs of membrane permeability, necrosis, or apoptosis, as measured by media-derived lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cleaved-caspase 3 immunocytochemistry, respectively. Interestingly, injured cells displayed a functional deficit in nitric oxide production (NO), identified by media assay and immunocytochemistry, at 6, 12, 18, and 48 h post-injury. Furthermore, gene expression analysis revealed the expression of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-10, and enzyme arginase-1 was significantly downregulated at 12 h post-injury. Time course evaluation of migration, using a cell exclusion zone assay, showed stretch-injured cells display decreased migration into the exclusion zone at 48- and 72-h post-stretch. Lastly, coinciding with the functional immune deficits was a significant change in morphology, with process length decreasing and cell diameter increasing following an injury at 12 h. Taken together, the data demonstrate that stretch-injury produces significant alterations in microglial function, which may have a marked impact on their response to injury or their interaction with other cells.
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Liu N, Sun H, Li X, Cao W, Peng A, Dong S, Yu Z. Downregulation of lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 relieves traumatic brain injury induced neurological deficits via promoting "M2" microglia polarization. Brain Res Bull 2021; 171:91-102. [PMID: 33713751 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia-induced neuroinflammation is one of the main characteristics of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Presently, we aim to investigate the role of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) KCNQ1 overlapping transcript 1 (KCNQ1OT1) in TBI-induced neurological deficits and the related mechanism. METHODS An in-vivo TBI model was established in mice, and in-vitro experiments were carried out on BV2 microglia. Then the neurological functions, microglial activation, inflammatory cytokines, and proteins were detected. RESULTS Our data indicated that KCNQ1OT1 was markedly overexpressed in the cerebral tissues of TBI mice, accompanied by a higher level of the cytokines (including IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα). However, knocking down KCNQ1OT1 relieved neurological deficits, neuron loss, and blood-brain barrier damage. Besides, overexpressing miR-873-5p enhanced the "M2″ polarization of microglia by repressing the TRAF6-mediated p38 and NF-κB pathways. In contrast, downregulating KCNQ1OT1 repressed microglial neuroinflammation by attenuating the "M1″ polarization of microglia and promoting "M2″ polarization of microglia, and inactivating the p38 and NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS Mechanistically, KCNQ1OT1 functioned as a competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-873-5p, which targeted the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of TRAF6. Overall, our data confirmed that downregulating lncRNA KCNQ1OT1 exerted neuroprotective effects on TBI mice by modulating the miR-873-5p-TRAF6-p38/NF-κB axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Haiyan Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jilin Provincial FAW General Hospital, Changchun, 130000, Jilin, China
| | - Xuezhong Li
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Cao
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Aini Peng
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suyan Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhixin Yu
- ICU, The First People's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212000, Jiangsu, China
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Aggio-Bruce R, Chu-Tan JA, Wooff Y, Cioanca AV, Schumann U, Natoli R. Inhibition of microRNA-155 Protects Retinal Function Through Attenuation of Inflammation in Retinal Degeneration. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:835-854. [PMID: 33037565 PMCID: PMC7843561 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02158-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Although extensively investigated in inflammatory conditions, the role of pro-inflammatory microRNAs (miRNAs), miR-155 and miR-146a, has not been well-studied in retinal degenerative diseases. We therefore aimed to explore the role and regulation of these miRNA in the degenerating retina, with a focus on miR-155. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to photo-oxidative damage for up to 5 days to induce focal retinal degeneration. MiR-155 expression was quantified by qRT-PCR in whole retina, serum, and small-medium extracellular vesicles (s-mEVs), and a PrimeFlow™ assay was used to identify localisation of miR-155 in retinal cells. Constitutive miR-155 knockout (KO) mice and miR-155 and miR-146a inhibitors were utilised to determine the role of these miRNA in the degenerating retina. Electroretinography was employed as a measure of retinal function, while histological quantification of TUNEL+ and IBA1+ positive cells was used to quantify photoreceptor cell death and infiltrating immune cells, respectively. Upregulation of miR-155 was detected in retinal tissue, serum and s-mEVs in response to photo-oxidative damage, localising to the nucleus of a subset of retinal ganglion cells and glial cells and in the cytoplasm of photoreceptors. Inhibition of miR-155 showed increased function from negative controls and a less pathological pattern of IBA1+ cell localisation and morphology at 5 days photo-oxidative damage. While neither dim-reared nor damaged miR-155 KO animals showed retinal histological difference from controls, following photo-oxidative damage, miR-155 KO mice showed increased a-wave relative to controls. We therefore consider miR-155 to be associated with the inflammatory response of the retina in response to photoreceptor-specific degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riemke Aggio-Bruce
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
| | - Joshua A. Chu-Tan
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
| | - Yvette Wooff
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
| | - Adrian V. Cioanca
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Ulrike Schumann
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
| | - Riccardo Natoli
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Garran Road, Acton, Australian Capital Territory 2601 Australia
- The Australian National University Medical School, Mills Road, Australian Capital Territory, Acton, 2601 Australia
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Hsu HW, Rodriguez-Ortiz CJ, Zumkehr J, Kitazawa M. Inflammatory Cytokine IL-1β Downregulates Endothelial LRP1 via MicroRNA-mediated Gene Silencing. Neuroscience 2021; 453:69-80. [PMID: 33246059 PMCID: PMC7796931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Effective clearance of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) from the brain is a critical process to prevent Alzheimer's disease (AD). One major clearance mechanism is Aβ transcytosis mediated by low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) in capillary endothelial cells. A marked loss of endothelial LRP1 is found in AD brains and is believed to significantly impair Aβ clearance. Recently, we demonstrated that pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α, significantly down-regulated LRP1 in human primary microvascular endothelial cells (MVECs). In this study, we sought to determine the underlying molecular mechanism by which IL-1β led to LRP1 loss in MVECs. Reduced LRP1 protein and transcript were detected up to 24 h post-exposure and returned to the baseline levels after 48 h post-exposure with 1 ng/ml IL-1β. This reduction was in part mediated by microRNA-205-5p, -200b-3p, and -200c-3p, as these microRNAs were concomitantly upregulated in MVECs exposed to IL-1β. Synthetic microRNA-205-5p, -200b-3p, and -200c-3p mimics recapitulated LRP1 loss in MVECs without IL-1β, and their synthetic antagomirs effectively reversed IL-1β-mediated LRP1 loss. Importantly, we found that the expression of these three microRNAs was controlled by NF-κB as pharmacological NF-κB inhibitor, BMS-345541, inhibited the IL-1β-mediated upregulation of these microRNAs and rescued LRP1 expression. siRNA-mediated silencing of IκB in MVECs elevated microRNA-200b-3p and decreased LRP1 transcript, partially confirming our overall findings. In conclusion, our study provides a mechanism by which pro-inflammatory IL-1β instigates the suppression of LRP1 expression in MVECs. Our findings could implicate spatiotemporal loss of LRP1 and impairment of the LRP1-mediated clearance mechanism by endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng-Wei Hsu
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Carlos J Rodriguez-Ortiz
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Joannee Zumkehr
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Masashi Kitazawa
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Health, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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35
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Henry RJ, Meadows VE, Stoica BA, Faden AI, Loane DJ. Longitudinal Assessment of Sensorimotor Function after Controlled Cortical Impact in Mice: Comparison of Beamwalk, Rotarod, and Automated Gait Analysis Tests. J Neurotrauma 2020; 37:2709-2717. [PMID: 32484024 PMCID: PMC8024371 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2020.7139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients are reported to experience long-term sensorimotor dysfunction, with gait deficits evident up to 2 years after the initial brain trauma. Experimental TBI including rodent models of penetrating ballistic-like brain injury and severe controlled cortical impact (CCI) can induce impairments in static and dynamic gait parameters. It is reported that the majority of deficits in gait-related parameters occur during the acute phase post-injury, as functional outcomes return toward baseline levels at chronic time points. In the present study, we carried out a longitudinal analysis of static, temporal and dynamic gait patterns following moderate-level CCI in adult male C57Bl/6J mice using the automated gait analysis apparatus, CatWalk. For comparison, we also performed longitudinal assessment of fine-motor coordination and function in CCI mice using more traditional sensorimotor behavioral tasks such as the beamwalk and accelerating rotarod tasks. We determined that longitudinal CatWalk analysis did not detect TBI-induced deficits in static, temporal, or dynamic gait parameters at acute or chronic time points. In contrast, the rotarod and beamwalk tasks showed that CCI mice had significant motor function impairments as demonstrated by deficits in balance and fine-motor coordination through 28 days post-injury. Stereological analysis confirmed that CCI produced a significant lesion in the parietal cortex at 28 days post-injury. Overall, these findings demonstrate that CatWalk analysis of gait parameters is not useful for assessment of long-term sensorimotor dysfunction after CCI, and that more traditional neurobehavioral tests should be used to quantify acute and chronic deficits in sensorimotor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Victoria E. Meadows
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bogdan A. Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alan I. Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - David J. Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Hadj-Moussa H, Pamenter ME, Storey KB. Hypoxic naked mole-rat brains use microRNA to coordinate hypometabolic fuels and neuroprotective defenses. J Cell Physiol 2020; 236:5080-5097. [PMID: 33305831 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats are among the mammalian champions of hypoxia tolerance. They evolved adaptations centered around reducing metabolic rate to overcome the challenges experienced in their underground burrows. In this study, we used next-generation sequencing to investigate one of the factors likely supporting hypoxia tolerance in naked mole-rat brains, posttranscriptional microRNAs (miRNAs). Of the 212 conserved miRNAs identified using small RNA sequencing, 18 displayed significant differential expression during hypoxia. Bioinformatic enrichment revealed that hypoxia-mediated miRNAs were suppressing energy expensive processes including de novo protein translation and cellular proliferation. This suppression occurred alongside the activation of neuroprotective and neuroinflammatory pathways, and the induction of central signal transduction pathways including HIF-1α and NFκB via miR-335, miR-101, and miR-155. MiRNAs also coordinated anaerobic glycolytic fuel sources, where hypoxia-upregulated miR-365 likely suppressed protein levels of ketohexokinase, the enzyme responsible for catalyzing the first committed step of fructose catabolism. This was further supported by a hypoxia-mediated reduction in glucose transporter 5 proteins that import fructose into the cell. Yet, messenger RNA and protein levels of lactate dehydrogenase, which converts pyruvate to lactate in the absence of oxygen, were elevated during hypoxia. Together, this demonstrated the induction of anaerobic glycolysis despite a lack of reliance on fructose as the primary fuel source, suggesting that hypoxic brains are metabolically different than anoxic naked mole-rat brains that were previously found to shift to fructose-based glycolysis. Our findings contribute to the growing body of oxygen-responsive miRNAs "OxymiRs" that facilitate natural miRNA-mediated mechanisms for successful hypoxic exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew E Pamenter
- Biology Department, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Department of Biology and Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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37
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Gholami S, Mirian M, Eftekhari SM, Aliomrani M. Apamin administration impact on miR-219 and miR-155-3p expression in cuprizone induced multiple sclerosis model. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9013-9019. [PMID: 33174081 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05959-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating disease that attacks the central nervous system. This study aims to investigate miR-219 and miR-155-3p expression levels involved in the myelination process following the administration of apamin peptide in the model of multiple sclerosis disease. Forty-four 8 week C57BL/6 male mice (22 ± 5 g) randomly divided into six groups. Apamin (100 µg/kg/BW) was administered intraperitoneally as a co-treatment during phase I (demyelination) or post-treatment phase II (remyelination) twice a week in cuprizone induced MS model. At the end of study myelin content and microRNA expression levels were measured with LFB staining and quantitative Real-Time PCR method, respectively. It was observed that the intended microRNAs were dysregulated during the different phases of disease induction. After 6 weeks of cuprizone exposure, miR-219 downregulated in phase I in comparison with the negative control. On the other hand, the apamin co-treatment significantly inhibit the miR-155-3p upregulation during the phase I as compared with the cuprizone group (p < 0.0001). Apamin has more impact on the miR155-3p reduction in phase I than miR-219 elevation in phase II. It could be considered as a therapeutic option for decreasing plaque formation during the exacerbation phase of the MS disease. Apamin has more impact on the miR155-3p reduction in phase I than miR-219 elevation in phase II. It could be considered as a therapeutic option for decreasing plaque formation during the exacerbation phase of the MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Gholami
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mina Mirian
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Aliomrani
- Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Isfahan Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Room 117, Isfahan, Islamic Republic of Iran.
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38
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Oxidative Stress and Neuroinflammation as a Pivot in Drug Abuse. A Focus on the Therapeutic Potential of Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents and Biomolecules. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9090830. [PMID: 32899889 PMCID: PMC7555323 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse is a major global health and economic problem. However, there are no pharmacological treatments to effectively reduce the compulsive use of most drugs of abuse. Despite exerting different mechanisms of action, all drugs of abuse promote the activation of the brain reward system, with lasting neurobiological consequences that potentiate subsequent consumption. Recent evidence shows that the brain displays marked oxidative stress and neuroinflammation following chronic drug consumption. Brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation disrupt glutamate homeostasis by impairing synaptic and extra-synaptic glutamate transport, reducing GLT-1, and system Xc− activities respectively, which increases glutamatergic neurotransmission. This effect consolidates the relapse-promoting effect of drug-related cues, thus sustaining drug craving and subsequent drug consumption. Recently, promising results as experimental treatments to reduce drug consumption and relapse have been shown by (i) antioxidant and anti-inflammatory synthetic molecules whose effects reach the brain; (ii) natural biomolecules secreted by mesenchymal stem cells that excel in antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, delivered via non-invasive intranasal administration to animal models of drug abuse and (iii) potent anti-inflammatory microRNAs and anti-miRNAs which target the microglia and reduce neuroinflammation and drug craving. In this review, we address the neurobiological consequences of brain oxidative stress and neuroinflammation that follow the chronic consumption of most drugs of abuse, and the current and potential therapeutic effects of antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents and biomolecules to reduce these drug-induced alterations and to prevent relapse.
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Cassidy BR, Zhang M, Sonntag WE, Drevets DA. Neuroinvasive Listeria monocytogenes infection triggers accumulation of brain CD8 + tissue-resident memory T cells in a miR-155-dependent fashion. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:259. [PMID: 32878636 PMCID: PMC7466815 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01929-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Brain inflammation is a key cause of cognitive decline after central nervous system (CNS) infections. A thorough understanding of immune responses to CNS infection is essential for developing anti-inflammatory interventions that improve outcomes. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are non-recirculating memory T cells that provide surveillance of previously infected tissues. However, in addition to protecting the brain against reinfection, brain TRM can contribute to post-infectious neuroinflammation. We hypothesized that accumulation of CD8+TRM in the brain could be reduced by inhibiting microRNA (miR)-155, a microRNA that influences development of cytotoxic CD8+ T lymphocytes during infection. Methods C57BL/6J mice were infected by intraperitoneal injection with a lethal inoculum of Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) then treated with antibiotics. Flow cytometry was used to quantify specific populations of brain leukocytes 28–29 days (d) post-infection (p.i.). To test the degree to which miR-155 altered leukocyte influxes into the brain, infected mice were injected with a miR-155 inhibitor or locked nucleic acid (LNA) scramble control 2d, 4d, 6d, and 8d p.i. along with antibiotic treatment. Bacterial loads in spleen and liver and body weights were measured up to 7d p.i. Brain leukocytes were analyzed 14d and 28d p.i. Confirmatory studies were performed in mutated mice lacking miR-155 (miR-155−/−) Results Lm infection significantly increased the numbers of brain CD3+CD8+ lymphocytes at 28d p.i. These cells were extravascular, and displayed markers characteristic of TRM, with the predominant phenotype of CD44+CD62L-CD69+CX3CR1−. Further analysis showed that > 75% of brain TRM also expressed CD49a, PD-1, Ly6C, CD103, and CD127. Mice injected with miR-155 inhibitor lost less weight through 7d p.i. than did control mice, whereas bacterial loads in brain, liver, and spleen were not different from controls. By 28d p.i., the numbers of brain CD8+ TRM cells were significantly decreased in mice treated with the inhibitor compared with controls. Similarly, miR-155−/− mice showed significantly reduced numbers of brain CD8+TRM cells by 28d p.i. Conclusions Brain CD8+ TRM populations are established during neuroinvasive Lm infection. Accumulation of brain CD8+ TRM cells is reduced by blocking miR-155 and in miR-155−/− mice, indicating that this molecule has a critical role in development of these specialized cells. Administering anti-miR-155 during infection could provide a novel avenue for reducing post-infectious neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R Cassidy
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Miao Zhang
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - William E Sonntag
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Douglas A Drevets
- Department of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA. .,Section of Infectious Diseases, 800 Stanton L. Young, Suite 7300, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.
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40
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Korotkov A, Puhakka N, Gupta SD, Vuokila N, Broekaart DWM, Anink JJ, Heiskanen M, Karttunen J, van Scheppingen J, Huitinga I, Mills JD, van Vliet EA, Pitkänen A, Aronica E. Increased expression of miR142 and miR155 in glial and immune cells after traumatic brain injury may contribute to neuroinflammation via astrocyte activation. Brain Pathol 2020; 30:897-912. [PMID: 32460356 PMCID: PMC7540383 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with the pathological activation of immune-competent cells in the brain, such as astrocytes, microglia and infiltrating immune blood cells, resulting in chronic inflammation and gliosis. This may contribute to the secondary injury after TBI, thus understanding of these processes is crucial for the development of effective treatments of post-traumatic pathologies. MicroRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) are small noncoding RNAs, functioning as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression. The increased expression of inflammation-associated microRNAs miR155 and miR142 has been reported after TBI in rats. However, expression of these miRNAs in the human brain post-TBI is not studied and their functions are not well understood. Moreover, circulating miR155 and miR142 are candidate biomarkers. Therefore, we characterized miR142 and miR155 expression in the perilesional cortex and plasma of rats that underwent lateral fluid-percussion injury, a model for TBI and in the human perilesional cortex post-TBI. We demonstrated higher miR155 and miR142 expression in the perilesional cortex of rats 2 weeks post-TBI. In plasma, miR155 was associated with proteins and miR142 with extracellular vesicles, however their expression did not change. In the human perilesional cortex miR155 was most prominently expressed by activated astrocytes, whereas miR142 was expressed predominantly by microglia, macrophages and lymphocytes. Pro-inflammatory medium from macrophage-like cells stimulated miR155 expression in astrocytes and overexpression of miR142 in these cells further potentiated a pro-inflammatory state of activated astrocytes. We conclude that miR155 and miR142 promote brain inflammation via astrocyte activation and may be involved in the secondary brain injury after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatoly Korotkov
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
| | - Noora Puhakka
- Department of Neurology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Shalini Das Gupta
- Department of Neurology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Niina Vuokila
- Department of Neurology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Diede W. M. Broekaart
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
| | - Jasper J. Anink
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
| | - Mette Heiskanen
- Department of Neurology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Jenni Karttunen
- Department of Neurology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
- Department of NeuroimmunologyNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceMeibergdreef 47Amsterdam1105 BAthe Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Department of NeuroimmunologyNetherlands Institute for NeuroscienceMeibergdreef 47Amsterdam1105 BAthe Netherlands
| | - James D. Mills
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
| | - Erwin A. van Vliet
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for NeuroscienceUniversity of AmsterdamScience Park 904Amsterdam1090 GEthe Netherlands
| | - Asla Pitkänen
- Department of Neurology, A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular SciencesUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFI‐70211Finland
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Department of (Neuro)Pathology, Amsterdam NeuroscienceAmsterdam UMC, University of AmsterdamMeibergdreef 9Amsterdam1105 AZthe Netherlands
- Stichting Epilepsie Instellingen Nederland (SEIN)Heemstedethe Netherlands
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Readhead B, Haure-Mirande JV, Mastroeni D, Audrain M, Fanutza T, Kim SH, Blitzer RD, Gandy S, Dudley JT, Ehrlich ME. miR155 regulation of behavior, neuropathology, and cortical transcriptomics in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2020; 140:295-315. [PMID: 32666270 PMCID: PMC8414561 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-020-02185-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are recognized as important regulators of many facets of physiological brain function while also being implicated in the pathogenesis of several neurological disorders. Dysregulation of miR155 is widely reported across a variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and traumatic brain injury. In previous work, we observed that experimentally validated miR155 gene targets were consistently enriched among genes identified as differentially expressed across multiple brain tissue and disease contexts. In particular, we found that human herpesvirus-6A (HHV-6A) suppressed miR155, recapitulating reports of miR155 inhibition by HHV-6A in infected T-cells, thyrocytes, and natural killer cells. In earlier studies, we also reported the effects of constitutive deletion of miR155 on accelerating the accumulation of Aβ deposits in 4-month-old APP/PSEN1 mice. Herein, we complete the cumulative characterization of transcriptomic, electrophysiological, neuropathological, and learning behavior profiles from 4-, 8- and 10-month-old WT and APP/PSEN1 mice in the absence or presence of miR155. We also integrated human post-mortem brain RNA-sequences from four independent AD consortium studies, together comprising 928 samples collected from six brain regions. We report that gene expression perturbations associated with miR155 deletion in mouse cortex are in aggregate observed to be concordant with AD-associated changes across these independent human late-onset AD (LOAD) data sets, supporting the relevance of our findings to human disease. LOAD has recently been formulated as the clinicopathological manifestation of a multiplex of genetic underpinnings and pathophysiological mechanisms. Our accumulated data are consistent with such a formulation, indicating that miR155 may be uniquely positioned at the intersection of at least four components of this LOAD "multiplex": (1) innate immune response pathways; (2) viral response gene networks; (3) synaptic pathology; and (4) proamyloidogenic pathways involving the amyloid β peptide (Aβ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Readhead
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | | | - Diego Mastroeni
- Arizona State University-Banner Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Mickael Audrain
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Tomas Fanutza
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Soong H Kim
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Robert D Blitzer
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Sam Gandy
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Mount Sinai Center for Cognitive Health and NFL Neurological Care, Department of Neurology, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- James J. Peters VA Medical Center, 130 West Kingsbridge Road, New York, NY, 10468, USA
| | - Joel T Dudley
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Michelle E Ehrlich
- Icahn Institute of Genomic Sciences and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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Baumert B, Sobuś A, Gołąb-Janowska M, Paczkowska E, Łuczkowska K, Rogińska D, Zawiślak A, Milczarek S, Osękowska B, Pawlukowska W, Meller A, Machowska-Sempruch K, Wełnicka A, Safranow K, Nowacki P, Machaliński B. Repeated Application of Autologous Bone Marrow-Derived Lineage-Negative Stem/Progenitor Cells-Focus on Immunological Pathways in Patients with ALS. Cells 2020; 9:cells9081822. [PMID: 32752182 PMCID: PMC7463801 DOI: 10.3390/cells9081822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic interventions in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are still far from satisfying. Immune modulating procedures raise hopes for slowing the disease progression. Stem cell therapies are believed to possess the ability to regulate innate and adaptive immune response and inflammation processes. Hence, three intrathecal administrations of autologous bone marrow-derived lineage-negative (Lin–) cells were performed every six weeks in 40 sporadic ALS patients. The concentrations of inflammatory-related proteins and expression profiles of selected miRNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma at different timepoints post-transplantation were quantified by multiplex Luminex and qRT-PCR. The global gene expression in nucleated blood cells was assessed using the gene microarray technique. According to the ALS Functional Rating Scale (FRSr), the study population was divided into responders (group I, n = 17) and non-responders (group II, n = 23). A thorough analysis of the pro-inflammatory expression profiles, regulated miRNA pathways, and global gene expression profiles at the RNA level revealed the local and systemic effects of Lin– cell therapy on the immune system of patients with ALS. The autologous application of Lin– cells in CSF modulates immune processes and might prevent the progression of neurodegeneration. However, further in-depth studies are necessary to confirm the findings, and prolonged intervention is needed to maintain therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej Baumert
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Anna Sobuś
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Monika Gołąb-Janowska
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (W.P.); (A.M.); (K.M.-S.); (A.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Edyta Paczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Karolina Łuczkowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Dorota Rogińska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Alicja Zawiślak
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Sławomir Milczarek
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Bogumiła Osękowska
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
| | - Wioletta Pawlukowska
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (W.P.); (A.M.); (K.M.-S.); (A.W.); (P.N.)
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation and Clinical Physiotherapy, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-210 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Meller
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (W.P.); (A.M.); (K.M.-S.); (A.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Karolina Machowska-Sempruch
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (W.P.); (A.M.); (K.M.-S.); (A.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Agnieszka Wełnicka
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (W.P.); (A.M.); (K.M.-S.); (A.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland;
| | - Przemysław Nowacki
- Department of Neurology, Pomeranian Medical University, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland; (M.G.-J.); (W.P.); (A.M.); (K.M.-S.); (A.W.); (P.N.)
| | - Bogusław Machaliński
- Department of General Pathology, Pomeranian Medical University, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland; (B.B.); (A.S.); (E.P.); (K.Ł.); (D.R.); (A.Z.); (S.M.); (B.O.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-91-4661-546
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Zhao Y, Yang J, Li C, Zhou G, Wan H, Ding Z, Wan H, Zhou H. Role of the neurovascular unit in the process of cerebral ischemic injury. Pharmacol Res 2020; 160:105103. [PMID: 32739425 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic injury exhibits both high morbidity and mortality worldwide. Traditional research of the pathogenesis of cerebral ischemic injury has focused on separate analyses of the involved cell types. In recent years, the neurovascular unit (NVU) mechanism of cerebral ischemic injury has been proposed in modern medicine. Hence, more effective strategies for the treatment of cerebral ischemic injury may be provided through comprehensive analysis of brain cells and the extracellular matrix. However, recent studies that have investigated the function of the NVU in cerebral ischemic injury have been insufficient. In addition, the metabolism and energy conversion of the NVU depend on interactions among multiple cell types, which make it difficult to identify the unique contribution of each cell type. Therefore, in the present review, we comprehensively summarize the regulatory effects and recovery mechanisms of four major cell types (i.e., astrocytes, microglia, brain-microvascular endothelial cells, and neurons) in the NVU under cerebral ischemic injury, as well as discuss the interactions among these cell types in the NVU. Furthermore, we discuss the common signaling pathways and signaling factors that mediate cerebral ischemic injury in the NVU, which may help to provide a theoretical basis for the comprehensive elucidation of cerebral ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhao
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Jiehong Yang
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Chang Li
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Guoying Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haofang Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Zhishan Ding
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China
| | - Haitong Wan
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310053, PR China.
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Paudel YN, Angelopoulou E, Piperi C, Othman I, Shaikh MF. HMGB1-Mediated Neuroinflammatory Responses in Brain Injuries: Potential Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134609. [PMID: 32610502 PMCID: PMC7370155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injuries are devastating conditions, representing a global cause of mortality and morbidity, with no effective treatment to date. Increased evidence supports the role of neuroinflammation in driving several forms of brain injuries. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein is a pro-inflammatory-like cytokine with an initiator role in neuroinflammation that has been implicated in Traumatic brain injury (TBI) as well as in early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Herein, we discuss the implication of HMGB1-induced neuroinflammatory responses in these brain injuries, mediated through binding to the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), toll-like receptor4 (TLR4) and other inflammatory mediators. Moreover, we provide evidence on the biomarker potential of HMGB1 and the significance of its nucleocytoplasmic translocation during brain injuries along with the promising neuroprotective effects observed upon HMGB1 inhibition/neutralization in TBI and EBI induced by SAH. Overall, this review addresses the current advances on neuroinflammation driven by HMGB1 in brain injuries indicating a future treatment opportunity that may overcome current therapeutic gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yam Nath Paudel
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Y.N.P.); (C.P.); (M.F.S.); Tel.: +6-01-8396-0285 (Y.N.P.); +30-210-746-2610 (C.P.); +60-3-5514-6000 (ext. 44483) or +60-3-5514-4483 (M.F.S.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (C.P.); +601-4283-2410 (M.F.S.)
| | - Efthalia Angelopoulou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
| | - Christina Piperi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece;
- Correspondence: (Y.N.P.); (C.P.); (M.F.S.); Tel.: +6-01-8396-0285 (Y.N.P.); +30-210-746-2610 (C.P.); +60-3-5514-6000 (ext. 44483) or +60-3-5514-4483 (M.F.S.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (C.P.); +601-4283-2410 (M.F.S.)
| | - Iekhsan Othman
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd. Farooq Shaikh
- Neuropharmacology Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway, Selangor 47500, Malaysia;
- Correspondence: (Y.N.P.); (C.P.); (M.F.S.); Tel.: +6-01-8396-0285 (Y.N.P.); +30-210-746-2610 (C.P.); +60-3-5514-6000 (ext. 44483) or +60-3-5514-4483 (M.F.S.); Fax: +30-210-746-2703 (C.P.); +601-4283-2410 (M.F.S.)
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MicroRNAs as regulators of brain function and targets for treatment of epilepsy. Nat Rev Neurol 2020; 16:506-519. [DOI: 10.1038/s41582-020-0369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Yuan Y, Wu C, Ling EA. Heterogeneity of Microglia Phenotypes: Developmental, Functional and Some Therapeutic Considerations. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2375-2393. [PMID: 31584369 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190722114248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia play a pivotal role in maintaining homeostasis in complex brain environment. They first exist as amoeboid microglial cells (AMCs) in the developing brain, but with brain maturation, they transform into ramified microglial cells (RMCs). In pathological conditions, microglia are activated and have been classified into M1 and M2 phenotypes. The roles of AMCs, RMCs and M1/M2 microglia phenotypes especially in pathological conditions have been the focus of many recent studies. METHODS Here, we review the early development of the AMCs and RMCs and discuss their specific functions with reference to their anatomic locations, immunochemical coding etc. M1 and M2 microglia phenotypes in different neuropathological conditions are also reviewed. RESULTS Activated microglia are engaged in phagocytosis, production of proinflammatory mediators, trophic factors and synaptogenesis etc. Prolonged microglia activation, however, can cause damage to neurons and oligodendrocytes. The M1 and M2 phenotypes featured prominently in pathological conditions are discussed in depth. Experimental evidence suggests that microglia phenotype is being modulated by multiple factors including external and internal stimuli, local demands, epigenetic regulation, and herbal compounds. CONCLUSION Prevailing views converge that M2 polarization is neuroprotective. Thus, proper therapeutic designs including the use of anti-inflammatory drugs, herbal agents may be beneficial in suppression of microglial activation, especially M1 phenotype, for amelioration of neuroinflammation in different neuropathological conditions. Finally, recent development of radioligands targeting 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in activated microglia may hold great promises clinically for early detection of brain lesion with the positron emission tomography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Yuan
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, China
| | - Chunyun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology/Embryology, Kunming Medical University, 1168 West Chunrong Road, Kunming, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, 4 Medical Drive, MD10, National University of Singapore, 117594, Singapore
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Microglial Depletion with CSF1R Inhibitor During Chronic Phase of Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury Reduces Neurodegeneration and Neurological Deficits. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2960-2974. [PMID: 32094203 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2402-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation with sustained microglial activation occurs following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) and is believed to contribute to subsequent neurodegeneration and neurological deficits. Microglia, the primary innate immune cells in brain, are dependent on colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) signaling for their survival. In this preclinical study, we examined the effects of delayed depletion of chronically activated microglia on functional recovery and neurodegeneration up to 3 months postinjury. A CSF1R inhibitor, Plexxikon (PLX) 5622, was administered to adult male C57BL/6J mice at 1 month after controlled cortical impact to remove chronically activated microglia, and the inhibitor was withdrawn 1-week later to allow for microglial repopulation. Following TBI, the repopulated microglia displayed a ramified morphology similar to that of Sham uninjured mice, whereas microglia in vehicle-treated TBI mice showed the typical chronic posttraumatic hypertrophic morphology. PLX5622 treatment limited TBI-associated neuropathological changes at 3 months postinjury; these included a smaller cortical lesion, reduced hippocampal neuron cell death, and decreased NOX2- and NLRP3 inflammasome-associated neuroinflammation. Furthermore, delayed depletion of chronically activated microglia after TBI led to widespread changes in the cortical transcriptome and altered gene pathways involved in neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuroplasticity. Using a variety of complementary neurobehavioral tests, PLX5622-treated TBI mice also had improved long-term motor and cognitive function recovery through 3 months postinjury. Together, these studies demonstrate that chronic phase removal of neurotoxic microglia after TBI using CSF1R inhibitors markedly reduce chronic neuroinflammation and associated neurodegeneration, as well as related motor and cognitive deficits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a debilitating neurological disorder that can seriously impact the patient's quality of life. Microglial-mediated neuroinflammation is induced after severe TBI and contributes to neurological deficits and on-going neurodegenerative processes. Here, we investigated the effect of breaking the neurotoxic neuroinflammatory loop at 1-month after controlled cortical impact in mice by pharmacological removal of chronically activated microglia using a colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, Plexxikon 5622. Overall, we show that short-term elimination of microglia during the chronic phase of TBI followed by repopulation results in long-term improvements in neurological function, suppression of neuroinflammatory and oxidative stress pathways, and a reduction in persistent neurodegenerative processes. These studies are clinically relevant and support new concepts that the therapeutic window for TBI may be far longer than traditionally believed if chronic and evolving microglial-mediated neuroinflammation can be inhibited or regulated in a precise manner.
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Interferon-β Plays a Detrimental Role in Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury by Enhancing Neuroinflammation That Drives Chronic Neurodegeneration. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2357-2370. [PMID: 32029532 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2516-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
DNA damage and type I interferons (IFNs) contribute to inflammatory responses after traumatic brain injury (TBI). TBI-induced activation of microglia and peripherally-derived inflammatory macrophages may lead to tissue damage and neurological deficits. Here, we investigated the role of IFN-β in secondary injury after TBI using a controlled cortical impact model in adult male IFN-β-deficient (IFN-β-/-) mice and assessed post-traumatic neuroinflammatory responses, neuropathology, and long-term functional recovery. TBI increased expression of DNA sensors cyclic GMP-AMP synthase and stimulator of interferon genes in wild-type (WT) mice. IFN-β and other IFN-related and neuroinflammatory genes were also upregulated early and persistently after TBI. TBI increased expression of proinflammatory mediators in the cortex and hippocampus of WT mice, whereas levels were mitigated in IFN-β-/- mice. Moreover, long-term microglia activation, motor, and cognitive function impairments were decreased in IFN-β-/- TBI mice compared with their injured WT counterparts; improved neurological recovery was associated with reduced lesion volume and hippocampal neurodegeneration in IFN-β-/- mice. Continuous central administration of a neutralizing antibody to the IFN-α/β receptor (IFNAR) for 3 d, beginning 30 min post-injury, reversed early cognitive impairments in TBI mice and led to transient improvements in motor function. However, anti-IFNAR treatment did not improve long-term functional recovery or decrease TBI neuropathology at 28 d post-injury. In summary, TBI induces a robust neuroinflammatory response that is associated with increased expression of IFN-β and other IFN-related genes. Inhibition of IFN-β reduces post-traumatic neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, resulting in improved neurological recovery. Thus, IFN-β may be a potential therapeutic target for TBI.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT TBI frequently causes long-term neurological and psychiatric changes in head injury patients. TBI-induced secondary injury processes including persistent neuroinflammation evolve over time and can contribute to chronic neurological impairments. The present study demonstrates that TBI is followed by robust activation of type I IFN pathways, which have been implicated in microglial-associated neuroinflammation and chronic neurodegeneration. We examined the effects of genetic or pharmacological inhibition of IFN-β, a key component of type I IFN mechanisms to address its role in TBI pathophysiology. Inhibition of IFN-β signaling resulted in reduced neuroinflammation, attenuated neurobehavioral deficits, and limited tissue loss long after TBI. These preclinical findings suggest that IFN-β may be a potential therapeutic target for TBI.
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Bertogliat MJ, Morris-Blanco KC, Vemuganti R. Epigenetic mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases and acute brain injury. Neurochem Int 2020; 133:104642. [PMID: 31838024 PMCID: PMC8074401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2019.104642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic modifications are emerging as major players in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders and susceptibility to acute brain injury. DNA and histone modifications act together with non-coding RNAs to form a complex gene expression machinery that adapts the brain to environmental stressors and injury response. These modifications influence cell-level operations like neurogenesis and DNA repair to large, intricate processes such as brain patterning, memory formation, motor function and cognition. Thus, epigenetic imbalance has been shown to influence the progression of many neurological disorders independent of aberrations in the genetic code. This review aims to highlight ways in which epigenetics applies to several commonly researched neurodegenerative diseases and forms of acute brain injury as well as shed light on the benefits of epigenetics-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario J Bertogliat
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Kahlilia C Morris-Blanco
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Raghu Vemuganti
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA; William S. Middleton VA Hospital, Madison, WI, USA.
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Bhat SA, Henry RJ, Blanchard AC, Stoica BA, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Enhanced Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling mediates the anti-inflammatory actions of mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators in microglia and following traumatic brain injury in male mice. J Neurochem 2020; 156:225-248. [PMID: 31926033 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment with a mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) is neuroprotective after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), limiting post-traumatic neuroinflammation by reducing pro-inflammatory microglial activation and promoting anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective responses. However, the specific molecular mechanisms governing this anti-inflammatory shift in microglia remain unknown. Here we show that the mGluR5 PAM, VU0360172 (VuPAM), regulates microglial inflammatory responses through activation of Akt, resulting in the inhibition of GSK-3β. GSK-3β regulates the phosphorylation of CREB, thereby controlling the expression of inflammation-related genes and microglial plasticity. The anti-inflammatory action of VuPAM in microglia is reversed by inhibiting Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling. Using a well-characterized TBI model and CX3CR1gfp/+ mice to visualize microglia in vivo, we demonstrate that VuPAM enhances Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling in the injured cortex, as well as anti-inflammatory microglial markers. Furthermore, in situ analysis revealed that GFP + microglia in the cortex of VuPAM-treated TBI mice co-express pCREB and the anti-inflammatory microglial phenotype marker YM1. Taken together, our data show that VuPAM decreases pro-inflammatory microglial activation by modulating Akt/GSK-3β/CREB signaling. These findings serve to clarify the potential neuroprotective mechanisms of mGluR5 PAM treatment after TBI, and suggest novel therapeutic targets for post-traumatic neuroinflammation. Cover Image for this issue: https://doi.org/10.1111/jnc.15048.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahnawaz A Bhat
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rebecca J Henry
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alexa C Blanchard
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Bogdan A Stoica
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David J Loane
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Alan I Faden
- Department of Anesthesiology and Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (STAR) Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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