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Bint-e-Zahira S, Khalid AN, Yousaf N, Iqbal M, Anwar T, Qureshi H, Salmen SH, Ansari MJ. Exploring Trichoderma Species in Industrial Wastewater: Morphological and Molecular Insights from Isolates. Life (Basel) 2024; 14:750. [PMID: 38929733 PMCID: PMC11204433 DOI: 10.3390/life14060750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The genus Trichoderma holds economic significance due to its widespread distribution and diverse applications, including biological control, enzyme production, and various biotechnological uses. The accurate identification of Trichoderma species is crucial given their close association with human activities. Despite previous efforts in classification, a comprehensive analysis combining morphological and molecular approaches is necessary. This study focuses on the isolation of four Trichoderma species from industrial wastewater in Pakistan, expanding on the known diversity in the region; isolation involved collecting samples from industrial wastewater effluents at specific sites in Punjab, Pakistan. Trichoderma strains were cultured and purified on solid media, with subsequent biomass production for bisorptional activity. Morphological characterization included colony features and microscopic examinations. DNA extraction, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were conducted for molecular analysis. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using the Maximum Likelihood Algorithm. The study identified three Trichoderma species, viz. T. citrinoviride, T. erinaceum, and T. longibrachiatum. Each species was characterized morphologically and supported by molecular-phylogenetic analysis. Illustrations of microscopic features and a phylogenetic tree based on the ITS-nrDNA region were recorded. T. citrinoviride and T. longibrachiatum, isolated from steel mill and tanneries wastewater, respectively, were differentiated based on morphological characteristics such as phialides and conidia. The combination of morphological and molecular techniques enhances the accuracy of species identification. The study highlights the significance of Trichoderma in industrial wastewater environments and underscores the need for continued research in this area. Future research should focus on exploring the ecological roles and potential applications of the newly identified Trichoderma species. Additionally, further investigations into the biotechnological potential of these species, including enzyme production and bioremediation capabilities, would contribute to their practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nousheen Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iqbal
- Department of Botany, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan
| | - Tauseef Anwar
- Department of Botany, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Huma Qureshi
- Department of Botany, University of Chakwal, Chakwal 48800, Pakistan
| | - Saleh H. Salmen
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Javed Ansari
- Department of Botany, Hindu College Moradabad, Mahatma Jyotiba Phule Rohilkhand University Bareilly, Bareilly 244001, India;
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Liu K, Zhang YZ, Du HY, Wang ZY, Gu PW, Liu ZH, Yu ZY. Beneficial and biocontrol effects of Trichoderma atroviride, a dominant species in white birch rhizosphere soil. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1265435. [PMID: 37965558 PMCID: PMC10642753 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1265435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
White birch (Betula platyphylla Suk.) is a typical pioneer tree species that is important in forest restoration in northern China, Japan, and Korea. In the present study, 37 isolates were obtained from B. platyphylla rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province; they were identified as T. pleuroticola (3 isolates), T. virens (2 isolates), T. hamatum (8 isolates), T. atroviride (21 isolates, dominant species) and T. asperelloides (3 isolates). Stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, and nutritional stress that simulated saline alkali or barren soil) and confrontation assays (with four pathogens) were performed to determine which isolates had good biocontrol ability in barren soil; the results show that T. atroviride was outstanding. Then, in order to determine the effect of T. atroviride on plants and soil, Gynura cusimbua seeds were sown and treated with a T. atroviride spore suspension, as was unsown soil. The seedlings treated using T. atroviride had significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content, soluble sugar content, and malonaldehyde (MDA) content and their catalase (CAT) activity was also significantly increased. In addition, when the plants were inoculated with Alternaria alternata, the plants treated using T. atroviride had stronger CAT activity, significantly higher soluble protein content and soluble sugar content, and significantly lower MDA content, which indicates stronger resistance and less injury caused by the pathogen. In addition, T. atroviride not only increased the content of available nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil, but also promoted G. cusimbua seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen and available phosphorus. Thus, the characteristics of T. atroviride may make it the main factor that helps B. platyphylla colonise cut-over lands. T. atroviride, a promising biocontrol candidate, can be used in agriculture and forestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Liu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Yu-Zhou Zhang
- Ningxia Forest Disease and Pest Control and Quarantine Station, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Hua-Ying Du
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Wang
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Pei-Wen Gu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Liu
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- College of Forestry, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ze-Yang Yu
- School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, China
- School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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Khuong NQ, Nhien DB, Thu LTM, Trong ND, Hiep PC, Thuan VM, Quang LT, Thuc LV, Xuan DT. Using Trichoderma asperellum to Antagonize Lasiodiplodia theobromae Causing Stem-End Rot Disease on Pomelo ( Citrus maxima). J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:981. [PMID: 37888237 PMCID: PMC10607552 DOI: 10.3390/jof9100981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem-end rot disease has been causing damage to the production of pomelos in Vietnam. The cur-rent study aimed to (i) isolate fungal pathogens causing pomelo stem-end rot disease (PSERD) and (ii) discover Trichoderma spp. that had an antagonistic ability against pathogens under in vitro conditions. Fungi causing PSERD were isolated from pomelo fruits with symptoms of stem-end rot disease and collected from pomelo farms in Ben Tre province, Vietnam. Moreover, 50 fungal strains of Trichoderma spp. also originated from soils of these pomelo farms in Ben Tre province and were dual-tested with the fungal pathogen on the PDA medium. The results demonstrated that 11 pathogenic fungi causing PSERD were isolated from the fruit and showed mycelial growth of roughly 5.33-8.77 cm diameter at 72 h after inoculation. The two fungi that exhibited the fast-est growth, namely, S-P06 and S-P07, were selected. ITS sequencing of the S-P06 and S-P07 fungi resulted in Lasiodiplodia theobromae. All the 50 Trichoderma spp. strains were allowed to antago-nize against the S-P06 and S-P07 strains under in vitro conditions. The greatest antagonistic effi-ciency was found in Trichoderma spp. T-SP19 at 85.4-86.2% and T-SP32 at 84.7-85.4%. The two antagonists were identified as Trichoderma asperellum T-SP19 and T-SP32. The selected strains of Trichoderma asperellum were potent as a biological control for fruit plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quoc Khuong
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Dinh Bich Nhien
- Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam;
| | - Le Thi My Thu
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Nguyen Duc Trong
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Phan Chan Hiep
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Vo Minh Thuan
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Le Thanh Quang
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Le Vinh Thuc
- Faculty of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam; (N.Q.K.); (L.T.M.T.); (N.D.T.); (P.C.H.); (V.M.T.); (L.T.Q.); (L.V.T.)
| | - Do Thi Xuan
- Institute of Food and Biotechnology, Can Tho University, Can Tho 94115, Vietnam;
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Oliveira LG, Kettner MG, Lima MLS, Leão MPC, da S Santos AC, Costa AF. Trichoderma Species from Soil of Pernambuco State, Brazil. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:289. [PMID: 37462778 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03401-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Trichoderma is an important fungal genus, known mainly for its potential for the biological control of phytopathogens. Accurate identification of these fungi is essential for research and applications involving them, to be addressed correctly. The objectives of this study were to isolate, identify, and report the species richness of Trichoderma species that occur in the soil of different regions of Pernambuco, Brazil. DNA sequences of portions of the translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF1) gene region were generated for 56 isolates of Trichoderma, obtained from the Zona da Mata, Agreste, and Sertão regions of Pernambuco. According to the phylogenetic analysis based on these sequences, these fungi belong to two Sections-Trichoderma (35 isolates) and Pachybasidium (21 isolates). These fungi have been resolved in nine species, including Trichoderma afroharzianum, Trichoderma asperelloides, Trichoderma asperellum, Trichoderma koningiopsis, and five possible new species to be confirmed in further studies. This study shows that the soils of Pernambuco host a diversity of Trichoderma species and consequently of biological resources with potential for application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana G Oliveira
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Av. General San Martin, 1371, Bongi, Recife, Pernambuco, 50761-000, Brazil.
| | - Mayara G Kettner
- Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza S Lima
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Av. General San Martin, 1371, Bongi, Recife, Pernambuco, 50761-000, Brazil
| | - Mariele P Carneiro Leão
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Av. General San Martin, 1371, Bongi, Recife, Pernambuco, 50761-000, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla da S Santos
- Departamento de Micologia, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Professor Moraes Rego 1235, Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Antonio F Costa
- Instituto Agronômico de Pernambuco, Av. General San Martin, 1371, Bongi, Recife, Pernambuco, 50761-000, Brazil
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5
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Saharan R, Patil JA, Yadav S, Kumar A, Goyal V. The nematicidal potential of novel fungus, Trichoderma asperellum FbMi6 against Meloidogyne incognita. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6603. [PMID: 37088805 PMCID: PMC10123068 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-33669-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most damaging pests in vegetable crops is the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) worldwide. The continuous use of nematicide is costly and has unintended consequences for human and environmental health. To minimize nematicides, eco-friendly integrated nematode management is required. Trichoderma, an antagonistic fungus has been explored to control root-knot nematode. The fungal bio-control strain FbMi6 was identified as Trichoderma asperellum (accession no. MT529846.1). T. asperellum FbMi6 showed substantial nematicidal activity in the laboratory, with egg hatch suppression (96.6%) and juvenile mortality (90.3%) of M. incognita. T. asperellum FbMi6 was examined under pot and field conditions (after neem cake enrichment), both alone and in combination, and compared with controls. Application of T. asperellum FbMi6 enriched neem cake (1-ton ha-1) increased (28.3%) the okra yield and decreased (57.1%) nematode population as compared with control. T. asperellum FbMi6 enriched neem cake had higher polyphenol content (resistance enhancer) in okra compared with inoculated check.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritul Saharan
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - J A Patil
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Saroj Yadav
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India.
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Nematology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
| | - Vinod Goyal
- Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar, Haryana, India
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Guzmán-Guzmán P, Kumar A, de los Santos-Villalobos S, Parra-Cota FI, Orozco-Mosqueda MDC, Fadiji AE, Hyder S, Babalola OO, Santoyo G. Trichoderma Species: Our Best Fungal Allies in the Biocontrol of Plant Diseases-A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:plants12030432. [PMID: 36771517 PMCID: PMC9921048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12030432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Biocontrol agents (BCA) have been an important tool in agriculture to prevent crop losses due to plant pathogens infections and to increase plant food production globally, diminishing the necessity for chemical pesticides and fertilizers and offering a more sustainable and environmentally friendly option. Fungi from the genus Trichoderma are among the most used and studied microorganisms as BCA due to the variety of biocontrol traits, such as parasitism, antibiosis, secondary metabolites (SM) production, and plant defense system induction. Several Trichoderma species are well-known mycoparasites. However, some of those species can antagonize other organisms such as nematodes and plant pests, making this fungus a very versatile BCA. Trichoderma has been used in agriculture as part of innovative bioformulations, either just Trichoderma species or in combination with other plant-beneficial microbes, such as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Here, we review the most recent literature regarding the biocontrol studies about six of the most used Trichoderma species, T. atroviride, T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. virens, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, highlighting their biocontrol traits and the use of these fungal genera in Trichoderma-based formulations to control or prevent plant diseases, and their importance as a substitute for chemical pesticides and fertilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Guzmán-Guzmán
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Postharvest Science, ARO, Volcani Center, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | | | - Fannie I. Parra-Cota
- Campo Experimental Norman E. Borlaug, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), Ciudad Obregón 85000, Mexico
| | | | - Ayomide Emmanuel Fadiji
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Sajjad Hyder
- Department of Botany, Government College Women University Sialkot, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan
| | - Olubukola Oluranti Babalola
- Food Security and Safety Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X2046, Mmabatho 2735, South Africa
| | - Gustavo Santoyo
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico-Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás de Hidalgo, Morelia 58030, Mexico
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Tang GT, Li Y, Zhou Y, Zhu YH, Zheng XJ, Chang XL, Zhang SR, Gong GS. Diversity of Trichoderma species associated with soil in the Zoige alpine wetland of Southwest China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21709. [PMID: 36522367 PMCID: PMC9755243 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The ecology of soil fungi is poorly understood, and recent comprehensive reports on Trichoderma are unavailable for any region, including the Zoige alpine wetland ecological region in China. One hundred soil samples were collected from different soil types and soil layers in Zoige alpine wetland ecological regions. Using the traditional suspension plating method, 80 Trichoderma strains were chosen to analyze species diversity. After a preliminary classification of morphological characteristics and the genes glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gpd), 57 representative strains were selected and eventually identified as seven species via phylogenetic analyses of multilocus sequences based on the genes transcription elongation factor 1 alpha (tef1), encoding RNA polymerase II subunit B (rpb2) and ATP citrate lyase (acl1). Among them, T. harzianum was the dominant species isolated from five soil layers and four soil types, and had the highest isolation frequency (23%) in this zone, while T. polysporum and T. pyramidale were rare species, with isolation frequencies of less than 1%. Our detailed morphological observation and molecular phylogenetic analyses support the recognition of Trichoderma zoigense was described for the first time as a new species, while T. atrobrunneum as a new record for China was found. Our results will be used as a reference for a greater understanding of soil microbial resources, ecological rehabilitation and reconstructions in the Zoige alpine wetland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Ting Tang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China ,grid.506923.b0000 0004 1808 3190Southeast Chongqing Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuling, 408099 China
| | - Ying Li
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - You Zhou
- grid.453499.60000 0000 9835 1415Environment and Plant Protection Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101 China
| | - Yu-Hang Zhu
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Xiao-Juan Zheng
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Xiao-Li Chang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Shi-Rong Zhang
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
| | - Guo-Shu Gong
- grid.80510.3c0000 0001 0185 3134College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130 China
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Bai B, Liu C, Zhang C, He X, Wang H, Peng W, Zheng C. Trichoderma species from plant and soil: An excellent resource for biosynthesis of terpenoids with versatile bioactivities. J Adv Res 2022:S2090-1232(22)00212-0. [PMID: 36195283 DOI: 10.1016/j.jare.2022.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma species are rich source of bioactive secondary metabolites. In the past decades, a series of secondary metabolites were reported from different Trichoderma fungi, among which terpenoids possessing versatile structural diversities and extensive pharmacological activities are one of the particularly important categories. AIM OF REVIEW The review aims to summarize the terpenoids isolated from Trichoderma species regarding their structural diversities, biological activities, and promising biosynthetic potentials. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS OF REVIEW So far, a total of 253 terpenoids, including 202 sesquiterpenes, 48 diterpenes, 2 monoterpenes and 1 meroterpenoid, were isolated and identified from Trichoderma species between 1948 and 2022. Pharmacological investigations of Trichoderma terpenoids mainly focused on their antibacterial activities, antifungal activities, inhibitory activities on marine plankton species and cytotoxic activities, indicating that Trichoderma species are important microbial agents for drug discovery and environmentally friendly agrochemicals development. Intriguing chemistry and enzymology involved in the biosynthesis of Trichoderma terpenoids were also presented to facilitate further precise genome mining-guided novel structure discovery. Taken together, the abundance of novel skeletons, bioactivities and biosynthetic potentials presents new opportunities for drug and agrochemicals discovery, genome mining and enzymology exploration from Trichoderma species. The work will provide references for the profound study of terpenoids derived from Trichoderma, and facilitate further studies on Trichoderma species in the areas of chemistry, medicine, agriculture and microbiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingke Bai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Chengzhong Zhang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xuhui He
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongrui Wang
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Wei Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 610075, PR China.
| | - Chengjian Zheng
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Naval Medical University, Shanghai 200433, PR China.
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Trichoderma hamatum Strain Th23 Promotes Tomato Growth and Induces Systemic Resistance against Tobacco Mosaic Virus. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8030228. [PMID: 35330230 PMCID: PMC8951347 DOI: 10.3390/jof8030228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma hamatum strain Th23, isolated from tomato roots, was molecularly identified using phylogenetic analysis based on ITS, tef1, and rpb2 gene sequences and evaluated for its efficiency in suppressing tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) infection for the first time. Under greenhouse conditions, the application of Th23 promoted tomato growth with significant increases in shoot and root parameters as well as improved total chlorophyll content. Compared to the nontreated tomato plants, the soil pretreatment of tomato plants 48 h before TMV inoculation produced a significant reduction in the TMV accumulation level by 84.69% and enhanced different growth parameters. In contrast, TMV had a deleterious impact on fresh and dry matter accumulation and inhibited photosynthetic capacity. Furthermore, the protective activity of Th23 was associated with a significant increase in reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes (PPO, CAT, and SOD) as well as decreased nonenzymatic oxidative stress markers (H2O2 and MDA) compared to the TMV treatment at 15 days post-viral inoculation (dpi). In addition, considerable increases in the transcriptional levels of polyphenolic genes (HQT and CHS) and pathogenesis-related proteins (PR-1 and PR-7) were shown to induce systemic resistance against TMV. Consequently, the ability of T. hamatum strain Th23 to promote plant growth, induce systemic resistance, and boost innate immunity against TMV infestation supported the incorporation of Th23 as a potential biocontrol agent for managing plant viral infections. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the antiviral activity of T. hamatum against plant viral infection.
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Trichovariability in rhizosphere soil samples and their biocontrol potential against downy mildew pathogen in pearl millet. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9517. [PMID: 33947949 PMCID: PMC8096818 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89061-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The present work is aimed to examine the genetic variability and the distribution pattern of beneficial Trichoderma spp. isolated from rhizosphere samples and their mode of action in improving the plant health. A total of 131 suspected fungi were isolated from the rhizospheric soil and 91 isolates were confirmed as Trichoderma spp. T. asperellum and T. harzianum were found high in the frequency of occurrence. Genetic diversity analysis using RAPD and ISSR revealed the diverse distribution pattern of Trichoderma spp. indicating their capability to adapt to broad agroclimatic conditions. Analysis of genetic diversity using molecular markers revealed intra-species diversity of isolated Trichoderma spp. The frequency of pearl millet (PM) root colonization by Trichoderma spp. was found to be 100%. However, they showed varied results for indole acetic acid, siderophore, phosphate solubilization, β-1,3-glucanase, chitinase, cellulase, lipase, and protease activity. Downy mildew disease protection studies revealed a strong involvement of Trichoderma spp. in direct suppression of the pathogen (mean 37.41) in the rhizosphere followed by inducing systemic resistance. Our findings highlights the probable distribution and diversity profile of Trichoderma spp. as well as narrate the possible utilization of Trichoderma spp. as microbial fungicides in PM cultivation across different agroclimatic zones of India.
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11
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Asis A, Shahriar SA, Naher L, Saallah S, Fatihah HNN, Kumar V, Siddiquee S. Identification patterns of Trichoderma strains using morphological characteristics, phylogenetic analyses and lignocellulolytic activities. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:3285-3301. [PMID: 33880673 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06321-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma is a genus of soil-borne fungus with an abundance of reports of its economic importance in the agriculture industry. Thus, the correct identification of Trichoderma species is necessary for its commercial purposes. Globally, Trichoderma species are routinely identified from micro-morphological descriptions which can be tedious and prone to errors. Thus, we emphasize that the accurate identification of Trichoderma strains requires a three-pronged approach i.e. based on its morphological characteristics, multilocus gene sequences of the rDNA [internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 1 and 2 regions], translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF-1α), Calmodulin (CAL) and its lignocellulolytic activities. We used this approach to identify a total of 53 Trichoderma strains which were isolated from a wet paddy field located at Tuaran, Sabah, Malaysia. The 53 strains were positively identified as belonging to three Trichoderma species, namely T. asperellum (43 strains), T. harzianum (9 strains), and T. reesei (one strain) on the basis of its morphological characteristics and multilocus gene sequences. Phylogenetic trees constructed based on the UPGMA method of the ITS 1 and 2 regions of the rDNA, TEF-1α and CAL revealed three distinct groups with the T. asperellum, T. harzianum and T. reesei strains placed under the section of Trichoderma, Pachybasium and Longibrachiatum, respectively. In addition, the lignocellulolytic activities of the isolates were measured based on the diameters of the halo zones produced when degrading cellulose, lignin, and starch, respectively. This diagnostic assay can be used to identify Trichoderma as it produces polyphenol oxidase when Tannic Acid Media is used for the lignin test, endoglucanases when Jensen media is used for cellulose, and it hydrolyzes starch to glucose when the modified Melin-Nokrans media is used for the starch test. Accurate identification of Trichoderma species is needed as these strains can potentially be used as a biocontrol agent to prevent diseases and to increase yield in agriculture crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azriah Asis
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Saleh Ahmed Shahriar
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Laila Naher
- Faculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, 17600 Pengkalan Chepa, Jeli Campus, Kelantan Darul Naim, Malaysia
| | - Suryani Saallah
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Hasan Nudin Nur Fatihah
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Kampus Besut, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Vijay Kumar
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Shafiquzzaman Siddiquee
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jln UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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12
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Madbouly AK. Biodiversity of Genus Trichoderma and Their Potential Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67561-5_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Afzal I, Sabir A, Sikandar S. Trichoderma: Biodiversity, Abundances, and Biotechnological Applications. Fungal Biol 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-60659-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Urbaniak M, Waśkiewicz A, Koczyk G, Błaszczyk L, Stępień Ł. Divergence of Beauvericin Synthase Gene among Fusarium and Trichoderma Species. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E288. [PMID: 33203083 PMCID: PMC7712144 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Beauvericin (BEA) is a cyclodepsipeptide mycotoxin, showing insecticidal, antibiotic and antimicrobial activities, as well as inducing apoptosis of cancer cell lines. BEA can be produced by multiple fungal species, including saprotrophs, plant, insect and human pathogens, particularly belonging to Fusarium, Beauveria and Isaria genera. The ability of Trichoderma species to produce BEA was until now uncertain. Biosynthesis of BEA is governed by a non-ribosomal peptide synthase (NRPS), known as beauvericin synthase (BEAS), which appears to present considerable divergence among different fungal species. In the present study we compared the production of beauvericin among Fusarium and Trichoderma strains using UPLC methods. BEAS fragments were sequenced and analyzed to examine the level of the gene's divergence between these two genera and confirm the presence of active BEAS copy in Trichoderma. Seventeen strains of twelve species were studied and phylogenetic analysis showed distinctive grouping of Fusarium and Trichoderma strains. The highest producers of beauvericin were F. proliferatum and F. nygamai. Trichoderma strains of three species (T. atroviride, T. viride, T. koningiopsis) were minor BEA producers. The study showed beauvericin production by Fusarium and Trichoderma species and high variance of the non-ribosomal peptide synthase gene among fungal species from the Hypocreales order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Urbaniak
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Waśkiewicz
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Grzegorz Koczyk
- Functional Evolution of Biological Systems Team, Department of Biometrics and Bioinformatics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Lidia Błaszczyk
- Plant Microbiome Structure and Function Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Stępień
- Plant-Pathogen Interaction Team, Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479 Poznań, Poland;
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15
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Basińska-Barczak A, Błaszczyk L, Szentner K. Plant Cell Wall Changes in Common Wheat Roots as a Result of Their Interaction with Beneficial Fungi of Trichoderma. Cells 2020; 9:E2319. [PMID: 33086614 PMCID: PMC7603241 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant cell walls play an important role in shaping the defense strategies of plants. This research demonstrates the influence of two differentiators: the lifestyle and properties of the Trichoderma species on cell wall changes in common wheat seedlings. The methodologies used in this investigation include microscopy observations and immunodetection. In this study was shown that the plant cell wall was altered due to its interaction with Trichoderma. The accumulation of lignins and reorganization of pectin were observed. The immunocytochemistry indicated that low methyl-esterified pectins appeared in intercellular spaces. Moreover, it was found that the arabinogalactan protein epitope JIM14 can play a role in the interaction of wheat roots with both the tested Trichoderma strains. Nevertheless, we postulate that modifications, such as the appearance of lignins, rearrangement of low methyl-esterified pectins, and arabinogalactan proteins due to the interaction with Trichoderma show that tested strains can be potentially used in wheat seedlings protection to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneta Basińska-Barczak
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Lidia Błaszczyk
- Department of Pathogen Genetics and Plant Resistance, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Kinga Szentner
- Department of Chemistry, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznan, Poland;
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16
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Biocontrol and growth-promoting effect of Trichoderma asperellum TaspHu1 isolate from Juglans mandshurica rhizosphere soil. Microbiol Res 2020; 242:126596. [PMID: 33007636 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2020.126596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 09/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
To better apply the biocontrol agent Trichoderma spp. in Northeast China, collecting and screening more suitable native Trichoderma strains is necessary. In the present study, 10 isolates were obtained from Juglans mandshurica rhizosphere soils in Heilongjiang Province, and were identified as T. asperellum (four isolates), T. harzianum (four), T. hamatum (one), T. atroviride (one). The fastest-growing isolate per species on potato dextrose agar medium were further evaluated in stress tolerance tests (salt, alkali, nutritional stress, and low temperature) and confrontation assays (eight pathogens), which showed that T. asperellum TaspHu1 possessed the best adaptation and biological control ability. Then, Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) seeds were sown and treated with a series of concentrations of TaspHu1 spore suspension, as was unsown soil. Tomato seedlings treated by TaspHu1 had a significantly greater height, stem diameter, soluble protein content and soluble sugar content. Furthermore, their nitrate reductase activity and catalase activity were significantly increased, and these promoting effects depended on the concentration of the spore suspension. Meanwhile, a decrease in chlorophyll content was observed in the tomato seedlings treated with TaspHu1. In addition, strain TaspHu1 enhanced the tomato seedlings' absorption of available nitrogen, but did not influence the soil available nitrogen content. Furthermore, the resistance of tomato seedlings against Alternaria alternata was enhanced by TaspHu1 (smaller, fewer leaf spots), the seedlings' hormone signal transduction genes JAR1, MYC2, NPR1, PR1, and GH3.2 were highly expressed. Thus, TaspHu1 is a promising biocontrol candidate for use in agriculture and forestry.
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17
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Biodiversity of Trichoderma from grassland and forest ecosystems in Northern Xinjiang, China. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:362. [PMID: 32821644 PMCID: PMC7392985 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp., a cosmopolitan fungal genus, has remarkable economic value in industry and agriculture. The resources of Trichoderma spp. in the grassland and forest ecosystems of northern Xinjiang were explored in this study. A total of 634 soil samples was collected, and 312 strains assigned to 23 species of Trichoderma spp. were identified. T. harzianum was the dominant species with 28.2% from all isolates. The principal components analysis indicated that ecosystem was the most dominant impact factor among longitude, latitude, altitude and ecosystems for the species diversities of Trichoderma spp. with the decreasing trend from the north to the south of northern Xinjiang (e.g., from Altay, followed by Yili, Changji, Bayingolin and finally Urumqi). Overall, Trichoderma spp. were more frequently encountered in forest ecosystems (coniferous forest and coniferous and broadleaf mixed forest) than in grassland ecosystems (desert steppe and temperate steppe). Frequency of Trichoderma spp. was significantly decreased along with increased altitude and only a few strains were isolated from altitudes above 3000 m. The results provided essential information on Trichoderma occurrence and distribution, which should benefit the application of Trichoderma in agriculture.
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18
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Baturo-Cieśniewska A, Pusz W, Patejuk K. Problems, Limitations, and Challenges in Species Identification of Ascomycota Members on the Basis of ITS Regions. ACTA MYCOLOGICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5586/am.5512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region is regarded as a formal fungal primary barcode with a high probability of the correct identification for a broad group of fungi. ITS sequences have been widely used to determine many fungal species and analysis of rDNA ITS is still one of the most popular tools used in mycology. However, this region is not equally variable in all groups of fungi; therefore, identification may be problematic and result in ambiguous data, especially in some species-rich genera of Ascomycota. For these reasons, identification based on rDNA ITS is usually complemented by morphological observations and analysis of additional genes. Reliable species identification of Ascomycota members is essential in diagnosing plant diseases, verifying air quality and the effectiveness of agronomic practices, or analyzing relationships between microorganisms. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify, using specific examples, the extent to which ITS sequence analysis is useful in species identification of pathogens and saprobionts from Ascomycota and demonstrate problems related to such identification in practice. We analyzed 105 ITS sequences of isolates originating from air and plant material. Basic local alignment search tool (BLASTn) significantly contributed to the reliable species identification of nearly 80% of isolates such as <em>Arthrinium arundinis</em>, <em>Beauveria bassiana</em>, <em>Boeremia exigua</em>, <em>Cladosporium cladosporioides</em>, <em>Epicoccum nigrum</em>, <em>Nigrospora oryzae</em>, <em>Sclerotinia sclerotiorum</em>, or <em>Sordaria fimicola </em>and members of the genera <em>Alternaria </em>and <em>Trichoderma</em>. However, for most isolates, additional morphological observations, information regarding the isolate origin and, where possible, a PCR with species-specific primers were helpful and complementary. Using our practical approach, we determined that ITS-based species identification and comparative analysis with GenBank sequences significantly helps identifying Ascomycota members. However, in many cases, this should be regarded as suggestive of a taxon because the data usually require the use of additional tools to verify the results of such analysis.
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19
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Hatvani L, Homa M, Chenthamara K, Cai F, Kocsubé S, Atanasova L, Mlinaric-Missoni E, Manikandan P, Revathi R, Dóczi I, Bogáts G, Narendran V, Büchner R, Vágvölgyi C, Druzhinina IS, Kredics L. Agricultural systems as potential sources of emerging human mycoses caused by Trichoderma: a successful, common phylotype of Trichoderma longibrachiatum in the frontline. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2020; 366:5670621. [PMID: 31816013 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnz246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species are abundant in different agricultural habitats, but some representatives of this genus, mainly clade Longibrachiatum members are also emerging as causative agents of various human diseases with even fatal outcome. Strains of these species frequently show resistance to commonly used azole antifungals. Based on previous data it is hypothesized that Trichoderma isolates identified in human infections derive from environmental-including agricultural-origins. We examined Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai and Trichoderma bissettii Sandoval-Denis & Guarro strains recovered from four novel cases of human mycoses, along with isolates from previous case reports and different agricultural habitats, using multilocus phylogenetic analysis, BIOLOG Phenotype Microarrays and Etest. Strains attributed to T. bissettii were more abundant in both clinical and agricultural specimens compared to T. longibrachiatum. The majority of the isolates of both taxa could tolerate >256, >32 and >32 μg/ml fluconazole, itraconazole and posaconazole, respectively. None of the obtained results revealed characteristic differences between strains of clinical and agricultural origin, nor between the two taxa, supporting that agricultural environments may be significant sources of infections caused by these emerging human fungal pathogens. Furthermore, based on our findings we propose the re-classification of T. bissettii as T. longibrachiatum f. sp. bissettii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lóránt Hatvani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Mycobiome Research Group, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Mónika Homa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,MTA-SZTE "Lendület" Fungal Pathogenicity Mechanisms Research Group, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Komal Chenthamara
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/E166-5., TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria
| | - Feng Cai
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/E166-5., TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria.,Fungal Genomics Group, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Sándor Kocsubé
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Lea Atanasova
- Department of Food Sciences and Technology, Institute of Food Technology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18., Vienna, 1190, Austria
| | - Emilija Mlinaric-Missoni
- Croatian National Institute of Public Health, Rockefellerova 2., Zagreb, 10000, Croatia (retired)
| | - Palanisamy Manikandan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Academic City, Majmaah, 11952, Saudi Arabia.,Greenlink Analytical and Research Laboratory India Private Ltd, Tex Park Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Rajaraman Revathi
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Ilona Dóczi
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Gábor Bogáts
- Second Department of Internal Medicine and Cardiology Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 8., Szeged, 6725, Hungary
| | - Venkatapathy Narendran
- Aravind Eye Hospital and Postgraduate Institute of Ophthalmology, Avinashi Road, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, 641 014, India
| | - Rita Büchner
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary.,Doctoral School of Biology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Csaba Vágvölgyi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
| | - Irina S Druzhinina
- Microbiology and Applied Genomics Group, Research Area Biochemical Technology, Institute of Chemical, Environmental & Bioscience Engineering (ICEBE), Gumpendorferstrasse 1a/E166-5., TU Wien, Vienna, 1060, Austria.,Fungal Genomics Group, Jiangsu Provincial Key Lab of Organic Solid Waste Utilization, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang No. 1., Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - László Kredics
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science and Informatics, University of Szeged, Közép fasor 52., Szeged, 6726, Hungary
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20
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Hu J, Zhou Y, Chen K, Li J, Wei Y, Wang Y, Wu Y, Ryder MH, Yang H, Denton MD. Large‐scale
Trichoderma
diversity was associated with ecosystem, climate and geographic location. Environ Microbiol 2019; 22:1011-1024. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Hu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Yi Zhou
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Kai Chen
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Jishun Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Yanli Wei
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Yilian Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Yuanzheng Wu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Maarten H. Ryder
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Hetong Yang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, Ecology Institute Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
| | - Matthew D. Denton
- China‐Australia Joint Laboratory for Soil Ecological Health and Remediation, Ecology Institute, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences) Shandong China
- Waite campus The University of Adelaide SA Australia
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine The University of Adelaide SA Australia
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21
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Occurrence of Mycotoxigenic Fusarium Species and Competitive Fungi on Preharvest Maize Ear Rot in Poland. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11040224. [PMID: 30991649 PMCID: PMC6520860 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11040224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Maize has become one of the most important crops for food and feed production-both as a silage and crop residue worldwide. The present study aimed to identify the co-occurrence of Fusarium subglutinans, Fusarium verticillioides, Trichoderma atroviride, Sarocladium zeae, and Lecanicillium lecanii on maize ear rot. Further, the accumulation of mycotoxins as secondary metabolites of Fusarium spp. in maize ear samples was also analyzed. Maize ear samples were collected between 2014 and 2017 from two main maize growing areas in Poland (Greater Poland and Silesia region). A significant difference was found in the frequency of two main Fusarium spp. that infect maize ears, namely F. subglutinans and F. verticillioides. In addition to Fusarium spp. T. atroviride, S. zeae, and L. lecanii were also identified. T. atroviride species was found in 14% of maize samples examined between 2014 and 2017, particularly with a high percentage of Trichoderma spp. recorded in 2014, i.e., in 31% of samples. However, mycotoxin content (beauvericin and fumonisins) varied, depending on both the location and year of sampling. The interaction of fungi and insects inhabiting maize ear and kernel is very complex and not yet elucidated. Therefore, further research is required in this area.
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22
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Lignocellulolytic characterization and comparative secretome analysis of a Trichoderma erinaceum strain isolated from decaying sugarcane straw. Fungal Biol 2019; 123:330-340. [PMID: 30928041 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fungus Trichoderma reesei is employed in the production of most enzyme cocktails used by the lignocellulosic biofuels industry today. Despite significant improvements, the cost of the required enzyme preparations remains high, representing a major obstacle for the industrial production of these alternative fuels. In this study, a new Trichoderma erinaceum strain was isolated from decaying sugarcane straw. The enzyme cocktail secreted by the new isolate during growth in pretreated sugarcane straw-containing medium presented higher specific activities of β-glucosidase, endoxylanase, β-xylosidase and α-galactosidase than the cocktail of a wild T. reesei strain and yielded more glucose in the hydrolysis of pretreated sugarcane straw. A proteomic analysis of the two strains' secretomes identified a total of 86 proteins, of which 48 were exclusive to T. erinaceum, 35 were exclusive to T. reesei and only 3 were common to both strains. The secretome of T. erinaceum also displayed a higher number of carbohydrate-active enzymes than that of T. reesei (37 and 27 enzymes, respectively). Altogether, these results reveal the significant potential of the T. erinaceum species for the production of lignocellulases, both as a possible source of enzymes for the supplementation of industrial cocktails and as a candidate chassis for enzyme production.
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23
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Gerin D, Pollastro S, Raguseo C, De Miccolis Angelini RM, Faretra F. A Ready-to-Use Single- and Duplex-TaqMan-qPCR Assay to Detect and Quantify the Biocontrol Agents Trichoderma asperellum and Trichoderma gamsii. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2073. [PMID: 30233545 PMCID: PMC6127317 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma asperellum strain icc012 and Trichoderma gamsii strain icc080, the microbial active ingredients of RemedierTM (ISAGRO, Novara, Italy), are biocontrol agents (BCAs) employable for crop protection against a wide range of fungal pathogens, including soil-borne pathogens and fungi involved in grapevine trunk disease. In this study, single and duplex real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) methods to detect and quantify T. asperellum and T. gamsii were developed. Primers/probe sets were designed on the T. asperellum and T. gamsii rpb2 genes and tested for specificity on a panel of microorganisms commonly associated with grape wood and soil. No differences were observed comparing single- and duplex-qPCR assays on different BCAs, 1 pg of target DNA was detected approximately at Cq = 34. R2-values and the efficiency were always equal to 0.99 and >80%, respectively. The detection limit of the duplex-qPCR assay on artificially inoculated samples was 2 × 103 and 4 × 104 conidia g-1 of grape wood tissue and soil, respectively. The methods will be useful to better schedule BCA application in the field and in grapevine nurseries, as well as for investigating the dynamic of BCA populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Gerin
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefania Pollastro
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Public Laboratory of Research SELGE Network No. 14, Bari, Italy
| | - Celeste Raguseo
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Rita M. De Miccolis Angelini
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Public Laboratory of Research SELGE Network No. 14, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Faretra
- Department of Soil, Plant and Food Sciences, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
- Public Laboratory of Research SELGE Network No. 14, Bari, Italy
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MARECIK ROMAN, BŁASZCZYK LIDIA, BIEGAŃSKA-MARECIK RÓŻA, PIOTROWSKA-CYPLIK AGNIESZKA. Screening and Identification of Trichoderma Strains Isolated from Natural Habitats with Potential to Cellulose and Xylan Degrading Enzymes Production. Pol J Microbiol 2018; 67:181-190. [PMID: 30015456 PMCID: PMC7256729 DOI: 10.21307/pjm-2018-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 123 Trichoderma strains were isolated from different habitats and tested for their ability to degrade cellulose and xylan by simple plate screening method. Among strains, more than 34 and 45% respectively, exhibited higher cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity, compared to the reference strain T. reesei QM 9414. For strains efficiently degrading cellulose, a highest enzyme activity was confirmed using filter paper test, and it resulted in a range from 1.01 to 7.15 FPU/ml. Based on morphological and molecular analysis, the isolates were identified as Trichoderma. The most frequently identified strains belonged to Trichoderma harzianum species. Among all strains, the most effective in degradation of cellulose and xylose was T. harzianum and T. virens, especially those isolated from forest wood, forest soil or garden and mushroom compost. The results of this work confirmed that numerous strains from the Trichoderma species have high cellulose and xylan degradation potential and could be useful for lignocellulose biomass conversion e.g. for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- ROMAN MARECIK
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Microbiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - LIDIA BŁASZCZYK
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - RÓŻA BIEGAŃSKA-MARECIK
- Institute of Food Technology of Plant Origin, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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25
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Zimowska B, Zalewska ED, Król ED, Furmańczyk A. Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Phoma complanata,a New Causal Agent of Archangelica officinalis Hoffm. in Poland. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 66:281-285. [PMID: 28735304 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0010.7886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The paper concerns the fungus Phoma complanata, isolated for the first time in Poland, from the roots and umbels of angelica (Archangelica officinalis) in 2009. The morphology of fungal isolates was tested on standard culture media. Moreover, the sequence analysis of ITS regions was conducted. Morphological similarity of P. complanata Polish isolates to the reference isolate obtained from CBS culture collection was determined and together with the molecular analysis confirmed the affiliation of the fungus to the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Zimowska
- Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa D Zalewska
- Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa D Król
- Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Furmańczyk
- Department of Plant Pathology and Mycology, University of Life Sciences, Lublin, Poland
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26
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Wu Q, Sun R, Ni M, Yu J, Li Y, Yu C, Dou K, Ren J, Chen J. Identification of a novel fungus, Trichoderma asperellum GDFS1009, and comprehensive evaluation of its biocontrol efficacy. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0179957. [PMID: 28644879 PMCID: PMC5482467 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to its efficient broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, Trichoderma has been established as an internationally recognized biocontrol fungus. In this study, we found and identified a novel strain of Trichoderma asperellum, named GDFS1009. The mycelium of T. asperellum GDFS1009 exhibits a high growth rate, high sporulation capacity, and strong inhibitory effects against pathogens that cause cucumber fusarium wilt and corn stalk rot. T. asperellum GDFS1009 secretes chitinase, glucanase, and protease, which can degrade the cell walls of fungi and contribute to mycoparasitism. The secreted xylanases are good candidates for inducing plant resistance and enhancing plant immunity against pathogens. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) showed that T. asperellum GDFS1009 produces primary metabolites that are precursors of antimicrobial compounds; it also produces a variety of antimicrobial secondary metabolites, including polyketides and alkanes. In addition, this study speculated the presence of six antimicrobial peptides via ultra-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS). Future studies should focus on these antimicrobial metabolites for facilitating widespread application in the field of agricultural bio-control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Mi Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jia Yu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaqian Li
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Chuanjin Yu
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Kai Dou
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianhong Ren
- Suzhou BioNovoGene Metabolomics Platform, Suzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Environment and Resource, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- The Key laboratory of Urban (South) Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, China
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27
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Chen PH, Chou JY. Screening and Identification of Yeasts Antagonistic to Pathogenic Fungi Show a Narrow Optimal pH Range for Antagonistic Activity. Pol J Microbiol 2017; 66:101-106. [PMID: 29359688 DOI: 10.5604/17331331.1234997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbes have evolved ways of interference competition to gain advantage over their ecological competitors. The use of secreted antagonistic compounds by yeast cells is one of the prominent examples. Although this killer behavior has been thoroughly studied in laboratory yeast strains, our knowledge of the antagonistic specificity of killer effects in nature remains limited. In this study, yeast strains were collected from various niches and screened for antagonistic activity against one toxin-sensitive strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and three pathogenic fungi. We demonstrate that some strains with antagonistic activity against these pathogenic fungi can be found in antagonist culture tests. These yeasts were identified as members of Trichosporon asahii, Candida stellimalicola, Wickerhamomyces anomalus, Ustilago esculenta, Aureobasidium pullulans, and Pichia kluyveri. The results indicated that the antagonistic activity of these killer yeasts has a narrow optimal pH range. Furthermore, we found that the antagonistic activity of some species is strain-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hua Chen
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Yu Chou
- Department of Biology, National Changhua University of Education, Changhua, Taiwan
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28
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Saravanakumar K, Yu C, Dou K, Wang M, Li Y, Chen J. Biodiversity of Trichoderma Community in the Tidal Flats and Wetland of Southeastern China. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168020. [PMID: 28002436 PMCID: PMC5176281 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the biodiversity of Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae) and their relation to sediment physical and chemical properties, we collected a total of 491 sediment samples from coastal wetlands (tidal flat and wetland) in Southeast China. Further, we applied two types of molecular approaches such as culture dependent and independent methods for identification of Trichoderma spp. A total of 254 isolates were obtained and identified to 13 species such as T. aureoviride, T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. atroviride, T. koningiopsis, T. longibrachiatum, T. koningii. T. tawa, T. viridescens, T. virens, T. hamatum, T. viride, and T. velutinum by the culture-dependent (CD) method of these, T. tawa was newly described in China. Subsequently, the culture indepented method of 454 pyrosequencing analysis revealed a total of six species such as T. citrinoviride, T. virens, T. polysporum, T. harzianum/Hypocrea lixii and two unknown species. Notably, T. citrinoviride and T. polysporum were not found by the CD method. Therefore, this work revealed that the combination of these two methods could show the higher biodiversity of Trichoderma spp., than either of this method alone. Among the sampling sites, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, exhibited rich biodiversity and low in Fengxian. Correlation and Redundancy discriminant analysis (RDA) revealed that sediment properties of temperature, redox potential (Eh) and pH significantly influenced the biodiversity of Trichoderma spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kandasamy Saravanakumar
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chuanjin Yu
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kai Dou
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yaqian Li
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jie Chen
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (South), Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, P.R. China
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Rai S, Kashyap PL, Kumar S, Srivastava AK, Ramteke PW. Identification, characterization and phylogenetic analysis of antifungal Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:1939. [PMID: 27917337 PMCID: PMC5102998 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of Trichoderma isolates with efficient antagonistic activity represents a potentially effective and alternative disease management strategy to replace health hazardous chemical control. In this context, twenty isolates were obtained from tomato rhizosphere and evaluated by their antagonistic activity against four fungal pathogens (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, Alternaria alternata, Colletotrichum gloeosporoides and Rhizoctonia solani). The production of extracellular cell wall degrading enzymes of tested isolates was also measured. All the isolates significantly reduced the mycelial growth of tested pathogens but the amount of growth reduction varied significantly as well. There was a positive correlation between the antagonistic capacity of Trichoderma isolates towards fungal pathogens and their lytic enzyme production. The Trichoderma isolates were initially sorted according to morphology and based on the translation elongation factor 1-α gene sequence similarity, the isolates were designated as Trichoderma harzianum, T. koningii, T. asperellum, T. virens and T. viride. PCA analysis explained 31.53, 61.95, 62.22 and 60.25% genetic variation among Trichoderma isolates based on RAPD, REP-, ERIC- and BOX element analysis, respectively. ERG-1 gene, encoding a squalene epoxidase has been used for the first time for diversity analysis of antagonistic Trichoderma from tomato rhizosphere. Phylogenetic analysis of ERG-1 gene sequences revealed close relatedness of ERG-1sequences with earlier reported sequences of Hypocrea lixii, T. arundinaceum and T. reesei. However, ERG-1 gene also showed heterogeneity among some antagonistic isolates and indicated the possibility of occurrence of squalene epoxidase driven triterpene biosynthesis as an alternative biocontrol mechanism in Trichoderma species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini Rai
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
| | - Prem Lal Kashyap
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Regional Station, Flowerdale, Shimla, 171002 India
| | - Sudheer Kumar
- ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research (IIWBR), Karnal, Haryana 132001 India
| | - Alok Kumar Srivastava
- ICAR-National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Microorganisms (NBAIM), Mau, Uttar Pradesh 275103 India
| | - Pramod W. Ramteke
- Sam Higginbottom Institute of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHIATS), Allahabad, 211007 India
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Werner S, Polle A, Brinkmann N. Belowground communication: impacts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from soil fungi on other soil-inhabiting organisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 100:8651-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-016-7792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Jiang Y, Wang JL, Chen J, Mao LJ, Feng XX, Zhang CL, Lin FC. Trichoderma Biodiversity of Agricultural Fields in East China Reveals a Gradient Distribution of Species. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160613. [PMID: 27482910 PMCID: PMC4970770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We surveyed the Trichoderma (Hypocreales, Ascomycota) biodiversity in agricultural fields in four major agricultural provinces of East China. Trichoderma strains were identified based on molecular approaches and morphological characteristics. In three sampled seasons (spring, summer and autumn), 2078 strains were isolated and identified to 17 known species: T. harzianum (429 isolates), T. asperellum (425), T. hamatum (397), T. virens (340), T. koningiopsis (248), T. brevicompactum (73), T. atroviride (73), T. fertile (26), T. longibrachiatum (22), T. pleuroticola (16), T. erinaceum (16), T. oblongisporum (2), T. polysporum (2), T. spirale (2), T. capillare (2), T. velutinum (2), and T. saturnisporum (1). T. harzianum, T. asperellum, T. hamatum, and T. virens were identified as the dominant species with dominance (Y) values of 0.057, 0.052, 0.048, and 0.039, respectively. The species amount, isolate numbers and the dominant species of Trichoderma varied between provinces. Zhejiang Province has shown the highest diversity, which was reflected in the highest species amount (14) and the highest Shannon–Wiener diversity index of Trichoderma haplotypes (1.46). We observed that relative frequencies of T. hamatum and T. koningiopsis under rice soil were higher than those under wheat and maize soil, indicating the preference of Trichoderma to different crops. Remarkable seasonal variation was shown, with summer exhibiting the highest biodiversity of the studied seasons. These results show that Trichoderma biodiversity in agricultural fields varies by region, crop, and season. Zhejiang Province (the southernmost province in the investigated area) had more T. hamatum than Shandong Province (the northernmost province), not only in isolate amounts but also in haplotype amounts. Furthermore, at haplotype level, only T. hamatum showed a gradient distribution from south to north in correspondence analysis among the four dominant species. The above results would contribute to the application of Trichoderma biocontrol strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jin-Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li-Juan Mao
- Analysis Center of Agrobiology and Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao-Xiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chu-Long Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (CLZ); (FCL)
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- * E-mail: (CLZ); (FCL)
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Comparative analysis of microsatellites in five different antagonistic Trichoderma species for diversity assessment. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 32:8. [PMID: 26712623 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1964-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Microsatellites provide an ideal molecular markers system to screen, characterize and evaluate genetic diversity of several fungal species. Currently, there is very limited information on the genetic diversity of antagonistic Trichoderma species as determined using a range of molecular markers. In this study, expressed and whole genome sequences available in public database were used to investigate the occurrence, relative abundance and relative density of SSRs in five different antagonistic Trichoderma species: Trichoderma atroviride, T. harzianum, T. reesei, T. virens and T. asperellum. Fifteen SSRs loci were used to evaluate genetic diversity of twenty isolates of Trichoderma spp. from different geographical regions of India. Results indicated that relative abundance and relative density of SSRs were higher in T. asperellum followed by T. reesei and T. atroviride. Tri-nucleotide repeats (80.2%) were invariably the most abundant in all species. The abundance and relative density of SSRs were not influenced by the genome sizes and GC content. Out of eighteen primer sets, only 15 primer pairs showed successful amplification in all the test species. A total of 24 alleles were detected and five loci were highly informative with polymorphism information content values greater than 0.40, these markers provide useful information on genetic diversity and population genetic structure, which, in turn, can exploit for establishing conservation strategy for antagonistic Trichoderma isolates.
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Tchórzewska D, Deryło K, Błaszczyk L, Winiarczyk K. Tubulin cytoskeleton during microsporogenesis in the male-sterile genotype of Allium sativum and fertile Allium ampeloprasum L. PLANT REPRODUCTION 2015; 28:171-82. [PMID: 26493316 PMCID: PMC4623095 DOI: 10.1007/s00497-015-0268-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Microsporogenesis in garlic. The male-sterile Allium sativum (garlic) reproduces exclusively in the vegetative mode, and anthropogenic factors seem to be the cause of the loss of sexual reproduction capability. There are many different hypotheses concerning the causes of male sterility in A.sativum; however, the mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been comprehensively elucidated.Numerous attempts have been undertaken to understand the causes of male sterility, but the tubulin cytoskeleton in meiotically dividing cells during microsporogenesis has never been investigated in this species. Using sterile A.sativum genotype L13 and its fertile close relative A. ampeloprasum (leek), we have analysed the distribution of the tubulin cytoskeleton during microsporogenesis. We observed that during karyokinesis and cytokinesis, in both meiotic divisions I and II, the microtubular cytoskeleton in garlic L13 formed configurations that resembled tubulin arrangement typical of monocots. However, the tubulin cytoskeleton in garlic was distinctly poorer (composed of a few MT filaments) compared with that found in meiotically dividing cells in A. ampeloprasum. These differences did not affect the course of karyogenesis, chondriokinesis, and cytokinesis, which contributed to completion of microsporogenesis, but there was no further development of the male gametophyte. At the very beginning of the successive stage of development of fertile pollen grains, i.e. gametogenesis, there were disorders involving the absence of a normal cortical cytoskeleton and dramatically progressive degeneration of the cytoplasm in garlic. Therefore,we suggest that, due to disturbances in cortical cytoskeleton formation at the very beginning of gametogenesis, the intracellular transport governed by the cytoskeleton might be perturbed, leading to microspore decay in the male-sterile garlic genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Tchórzewska
- />Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Kamil Deryło
- />Department of Molecular Biology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Lidia Błaszczyk
- />Laboratory of Metabolomics, Institute of Plant Genetics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Krystyna Winiarczyk
- />Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Błaszczyk L, Strakowska J, Chełkowski J, Gąbka-Buszek A, Kaczmarek J. Trichoderma species occurring on wood with decay symptoms in mountain forests in Central Europe: genetic and enzymatic characterization. J Appl Genet 2015; 57:397-407. [PMID: 26586561 PMCID: PMC4963455 DOI: 10.1007/s13353-015-0326-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the species diversity of Trichoderma obtained from samples of wood collected in the forests of the Gorce Mountains (location A), Karkonosze Mountains (location B) and Tatra Mountains (location C) in Central Europe and to examine the cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity of these species as an expression of their probable role in wood decay processes. The present study has led to the identification of the following species and species complex: Trichoderma atroviride P. Karst., Trichoderma citrinoviride Bissett, Trichoderma cremeum P. Chaverri & Samuels, Trichoderma gamsii Samuels & Druzhin., Trichoderma harzianum complex, Trichoderma koningii Oudem., Trichoderma koningiopsis Samuels, C. Suárez & H.C. Evans, Trichoderma longibrachiatum Rifai, Trichoderma longipile Bissett, Trichoderma sp. (Hypocrea parapilulifera B.S. Lu, Druzhin. & Samuels), Trichoderma viride Schumach. and Trichoderma viridescens complex. Among them, T. viride was observed as the most abundant species (53 % of all isolates) in all the investigated locations. The Shannon's biodiversity index (H), evenness (E), and the Simpson's biodiversity index (D) calculations for each location showed that the highest species diversity and evenness were recorded for location A-Gorce Mountains (H' = 1.71, E = 0.82, D = 0.79). The preliminary screening of 119 Trichoderma strains for cellulolytic and xylanolytic activity showed the real potential of all Trichoderma species originating from wood with decay symptoms to produce cellulases and xylanases-the key enzymes in plant cell wall degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Błaszczyk
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Judyta Strakowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jerzy Chełkowski
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gąbka-Buszek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
| | - Joanna Kaczmarek
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, 60-479, Poznań, Poland
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SSR Markers for Trichoderma virens: Their Evaluation and Application to Identify and Quantify Root-Endophytic Strains. DIVERSITY 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/d7040360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Kottb M, Gigolashvili T, Großkinsky DK, Piechulla B. Trichoderma volatiles effecting Arabidopsis: from inhibition to protection against phytopathogenic fungi. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:995. [PMID: 26483761 PMCID: PMC4586454 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma species are present in many ecosystems and some strains have the ability to reduce the severity of plant diseases by activating various defense pathways via specific biologically active signaling molecules. Hence we investigated the effects of low molecular weight volatile compounds of Trichoderma asperellum IsmT5 on Arabidopsis thaliana. During co-cultivation of T. asperellum IsmT5 without physical contact to A. thaliana we observed smaller but vital and robust plants. The exposed plants exhibit increased trichome numbers, accumulation of defense-related compounds such as H2O2, anthocyanin, camalexin, and increased expression of defense-related genes. We conclude that A. thaliana perceives the Trichoderma volatiles as stress compounds and subsequently initiates multilayered adaptations including activation of signaling cascades to withstand this environmental influence. The prominent headspace volatile of T. asperellum IsmT5 was identified to be 6-pentyl-α-pyrone (6PP), which was solely applied to A. thaliana to verify the growth and defense reactions. Most noticeable is that A. thaliana preexposed to 6PP showed significantly reduced symptoms when challenged with Botrytis cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola, indicating that defense-activated plants subsequently became more resistant to pathogen attack. Together, these results support that products that are based on Trichoderma volatiles have the potential being a useful biocontrol agent in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Metwally Kottb
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
| | - Tamara Gigolashvili
- Biocenter, Botanical Institute and Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - Dominik K. Großkinsky
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Copenhagen Plant Science Centre, University of CopenhagenTaastrup, Denmark
- Institute of Plant Sciences, University of GrazGraz, Austria
| | - Birgit Piechulla
- Institute for Biological Sciences, University of RostockRostock, Germany
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Ab Majid AH, Zahran Z, Abd Rahim AH, Ismail NA, Abdul Rahman W, Mohammad Zubairi KS, Dieng H, Satho T. Morphological and molecular characterization of fungus isolated from tropical bed bugs in Northern Peninsular Malaysia, Cimex hemipterus (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjtb.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Skoneczny D, Oskiera M, Szczech M, Bartoszewski G. Genetic diversity of Trichoderma atroviride strains collected in Poland and identification of loci useful in detection of within-species diversity. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2015; 60:297-307. [PMID: 25791292 PMCID: PMC4445485 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-015-0385-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Molecular markers that enable monitoring of fungi in their natural environment or assist in the identification of specific strains would facilitate Trichoderma utilization, particularly as an agricultural biocontrol agent (BCA). In this study, sequence analysis of internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of the ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene cluster, a fragment of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene, and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were applied to determine the genetic diversity of Trichoderma atroviride strains collected in Poland, and also in order to identify loci and PCR-based molecular markers useful in genetic variation assessment of that fungus. Although tef1 and RAPD analysis showed limited genetic diversity among T. atroviride strains collected in Poland, it was possible to distinguish major groups that clustered most of the analyzed strains. Polymorphic RAPD amplicons were cloned and sequenced, yielding sequences representing 13 T. atroviride loci. Based on these sequences, a set of PCR-based markers specific to T. atroviride was developed and examined. Three cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers could assist in distinguishing T. atroviride strains. The genomic regions identified may be useful for further exploration and development of more precise markers suitable for T. atroviride identification and monitoring, especially in environmental samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Skoneczny
- Department of Plant Genetics Breeding and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776, Warszawa, Poland
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Abstract
The first large-scale survey of sexual and asexual Trichoderma morphs collected from plant and fungal materials conducted in Southern Europe and Macaronesia including a few collections from French islands east of Africa yielded more than 650 specimens identified to the species level. Routine sequencing of tef1 revealed a genetic variation among these isolates that exceeds previous experience and ca. 90 species were recognized, of which 74 are named and 17 species newly described. Aphysiostroma stercorarium is combined in Trichoderma. For the first time a sexual morph is described for T. hamatum. The hitherto most complete phylogenetic tree is presented for the entire genus Trichoderma, based on rpb2 sequences. For the first time also a genus-wide phylogenetic tree based on acl1 sequences is shown. Detailed phylogenetic analyses using tef1 sequences are presented in four separate trees representing major clades of Trichoderma. Discussions involve species composition of clades and ecological and biogeographic considerations including distribution of species.
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Affiliation(s)
- W.M. Jaklitsch
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Wien, Austria
- Department for Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstraße 38, A-1190 Wien, Austria
- Correspondence: W.M. Jaklitsch.
| | - H. Voglmayr
- Division of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Wien, Austria
- Department for Forest and Soil Sciences, Institute of Forest Entomology, Forest Pathology and Forest Protection (IFFF), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Hasenauerstraße 38, A-1190 Wien, Austria
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Dawidziuk A, Koczyk G, Popiel D, Kaczmarek J, Buśko M. Molecular diagnostics on the toxigenic potential of Fusarium spp. plant pathogens. J Appl Microbiol 2014; 116:1607-20. [PMID: 24575830 PMCID: PMC4237539 DOI: 10.1111/jam.12488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Revised: 02/05/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We propose and test an efficient and rapid protocol for the detection of toxigenic Fusarium isolates producing three main types of Fusarium-associated mycotoxins (fumonisins, trichothecenes and zearelanone). METHODS AND RESULTS The novel approach utilizes partially multiplexed markers based on genes essential for mycotoxin biosynthesis (fumonisin--fum6, fum8; trichothecenes--tri5, tri6; zearalenone, zea2) in Fusarium spp. The protocol has been verified by screening a collection of 96 isolates representing diverse species of filamentous fungi. Each Fusarium isolate was taxonomically identified through both molecular and morphological techniques. The results demonstrate a reliable detection of toxigenic potential for trichothecenes (sensitivity 100%, specificity 95%), zearalenone (sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%) and fumonisins (sensitivity 94%, specificity 88%). Both presence and identity of toxin biosynthetic genes were further confirmed by direct sequencing of amplification products. CONCLUSIONS The cross-species-specific PCR markers for key biosynthetic genes provide a sensitive detection of toxigenic fungal isolates, contaminating biological material derived from agricultural fields. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The conducted study shows that a PCR-based assay of biosynthetic genes is a reliable, cost-effective, early warning system against Fusarium contamination. Its future use as a high-throughput detection strategy complementing chemical assays enables effective targeted application of crop protection products.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Dawidziuk
- Functional Evolution of Biological Systems Team, Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland
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Popiel D, Koczyk G, Dawidziuk A, Gromadzka K, Blaszczyk L, Chelkowski J. Zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in Hypocreales and its evolutionary relationships within the epoxide hydrolase subset of a/b-hydrolases. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:82. [PMID: 24708405 PMCID: PMC4021089 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Zearalenone is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Fusarium genus, most notably Fusarium graminearum and Fusarium culmorum. This resorcylic acid lactone is one of the most important toxins causing serious animal and human diseases. For over two decades it has been known that the mycoparasitic fungus Clonostachys rosea (synonym: Gliocladium roseum, teleomorph: Bionectria ochroleuca) can detoxify zearalenone, however no such attributes have been described within the Trichoderma genus. Results We screened for the presence of zearalenone lactonohydrolase homologs in isolates of Clonostachys and Trichoderma genera. We report first finding of expressed zearalenone lactonohydrolase in Trichoderma aggressivum. For three isolates (T. aggressivum, C. rosea and Clonostachys catenulatum isolates), we were able to reconstruct full coding sequence and verify the biotransformation ability potential. Additionally, we assessed progression of the detoxification process (in terms of transcript accumulation and mycotoxin decomposition in vitro). In silico, search for origins of zearalenone lactonohydrolase activity in model fungal and bacterial genomes has shown that zearalenone lactonohydrolase homologs form a monophyletic fungal clade among the a/b hydrolase superfamily representatives. We corroborated the finding of functional enzyme homologs by investigating the functional sites (active site pocket with postulated, noncanonical Ser-Glu-His catalytic triad) conserved in both multiple sequence alignment and in homology-based structural models. Conclusions Our research shows the first finding of a functional zearalenone lactonohydrolase in mycoparasitic Trichoderma aggressivum (an activity earlier characterised in the Clonostachys rosea strains). The supporting evidence for presence and activity of functional enzyme homologs is based on the chemical analyses, gene expression patterns, homology models showing conservation of key structural features and marked reduction of zearalenone content in cultured samples (containing both medium and mycelium). Our findings also show divergent strategies of zearalenone biotransformation ability (rapid induced expression and detoxification vs. gradual detoxification) present in several members of Hypocreales order (Trichoderma and Clonostachys genera). The potential for lactonhydrolase activity directed towards zearalenone and/or similar compounds is likely ancient, with homologs present in several divergent filamentous fungi among both Sordariomycetes (Bionectria sp., Trichoderma sp., Apiospora montagnei) and Leotiomycetes (Marssonina brunnea f. sp. ‘multigermtubi’).
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina Popiel
- Institute of Plant Genetics Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan, Poland.
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Strakowska J, Błaszczyk L, Chełkowski J. The significance of cellulolytic enzymes produced by Trichoderma in opportunistic lifestyle of this fungus. J Basic Microbiol 2014; 54 Suppl 1:S2-13. [PMID: 24532413 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201300821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The degradation of native cellulose to glucose monomers is a complex process, which requires the synergistic action of the extracellular enzymes produced by cellulolytic microorganisms. Among fungi, the enzymatic systems that can degrade native cellulose have been extensively studied for species belonging to the genera of Trichoderma. The majority of the cellulolytic enzymes described so far have been examples of Trichoderma reesei, extremely specialized in the efficient degradation of plant cell wall cellulose. Other Trichoderma species, such as T. harzianum, T. koningii, T. longibrachiatum, and T. viride, known for their capacity to produce cellulolytic enzymes, have been isolated from various ecological niches, where they have proved successful in various heterotrophic interactions. As saprotrophs, these species are considered to make a contribution to the degradation of lignocellulosic plant material. Their cellulolytic potential is also used in interactions with plants, especially in plant root colonization. However, the role of cellulolytic enzymes in species forming endophytic associations with plants or in those existing in the substratum for mushroom cultivation remains unknown. The present review discusses the current state of knowledge about cellulolytic enzymes production by Trichoderma species and the encoding genes, as well as the involvement of these proteins in the lifestyle of Trichoderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judyta Strakowska
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Formation of 6-n-pentyl-2H-pyran-2-one (6-PAP) and other volatiles by different Trichoderma species. Mycol Prog 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-013-0942-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Disentangling the Trichoderma viridescens complex. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2013; 31:112-46. [PMID: 24761039 PMCID: PMC3904046 DOI: 10.3767/003158513x672234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Trichoderma viridescens is recognised as a species complex. Multigene analyses based on the translation elongation factor 1-alpha encoding gene (tef1), a part of the rpb2 gene, encoding the second largest RNA polymerase subunit and the larger subunit of ATP citrate lyase (acl1) reveals 13 phylogenetic species with little or no phenotypic differentiation. This is the first use of acl1 in Trichoderma phylogenetics. The typification of T. viridescens s.str. is clarified and Hypocrea viridescens is replaced by the new name T. paraviridescens. Besides these two species, eleven are phylogenetically recognised and T. olivascens, T. viridarium, T. virilente, T. trixiae, T. viridialbum, T. appalachiense, T. neosinense, T. composticola, T. nothescens and T. sempervirentis are formally described and illustrated. Several species produce yellow diffusing pigment on cornmeal dextrose agar, particularly after storage at 15 °C, while T. olivascens is characterised by the formation of an olivaceous pigment. The results are compared with earlier publications on this group of species.
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Błaszczyk L, Siwulski M, Sobieralski K, Frużyńska-Jóźwiak D. Diversity of Trichoderma spp. causing Pleurotus green mould diseases in Central Europe. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2013; 58:325-33. [PMID: 23192526 PMCID: PMC3683140 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-012-0214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The present study includes the molecular characteristics of Trichoderma pleurotum and Trichoderma pleuroticola isolates collected from green moulded cereal straw substrates at 47 oyster mushroom farms in Poland. The screening of the 80 Trichoderma isolates was performed by morphological observation and by using the multiplex PCR assay. This approach enabled specific detection of 47 strains of T. pleurotum and 2 strains of T. pleuroticola. Initial identifications were confirmed by sequencing the fragment of internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and ITS2) of the rRNA gene cluster and the fragment including the fourth and fifth introns and the last long exon of the translation-elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene. ITS and tef1 sequence information was also used to establish the intra- and interspecies relationship of T. pleurotum and T. pleuroticola originating from the oyster mushroom farms in Poland and from other countries. Comparative analysis of the ITS sequences showed that all T. pleurotum isolates from Poland represent one haplotype, identical to that of T. pleurotum strains from Hungary and Romania. Sequence analysis of the tef1 locus revealed two haplotypes ("T" and "N") of Polish T. pleurotum isolates. The "T" type isolates of T. pleurotum were identical to those of strains from Hungary and Romania. The "N" type isolates possessed a unique tef1 allele. Detailed analysis of the ITS and tef1 sequences of two T. pleuroticola isolates showed their identicalness to Italian strain C.P.K. 1540.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Błaszczyk
- Institute of Plant Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 34, Poznań, Poland.
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Biotransformation of Trichoderma spp. and their tolerance to aromatic amines, a major class of pollutants. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:4719-26. [PMID: 23728813 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00989-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trichoderma spp. are cosmopolitan soil fungi that are highly resistant to many toxic compounds. Here, we show that Trichoderma virens and T. reesei are tolerant to aromatic amines (AA), a major class of pollutants including the highly toxic pesticide residue 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA). In a previous study, we provided proof-of-concept remediation experiments in which another soil fungus, Podospora anserina, detoxifies 3,4-DCA through its arylamine N-acetyltransferase (NAT), a xenobiotic-metabolizing enzyme that enables acetyl coenzyme A-dependent detoxification of AA. To assess whether the N-acetylation pathway enables AA tolerance in Trichoderma spp., we cloned and characterized NATs from T. virens and T. reesei. We characterized recombinant enzymes by determining their catalytic efficiencies toward several toxic AA. Through a complementary approach, we also demonstrate that both Trichoderma species efficiently metabolize 3,4-DCA. Finally, we provide evidence that NAT-independent transformation is solely (in T. virens) or mainly (in T. reesei) responsible for the observed removal of 3,4-DCA. We conclude that T. virens and, to a lesser extent, T. reesei likely utilize another, unidentified, metabolic pathway for the detoxification of AA aside from acetylation. This is the first molecular and functional characterization of AA biotransformation in Trichoderma spp. Given the potential of Trichoderma for cleanup of contaminated soils, these results reveal new possibilities in the fungal remediation of AA-contaminated soil.
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Kamala T, Devi SI, Thingnam G, Somkuwar BG. Genetic diversity and species pattern of Trichoderma and Hypocrea in Manipur using in silico analysis. Bioinformation 2013; 9:106-11. [PMID: 23390355 PMCID: PMC3563407 DOI: 10.6026/97320630009106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence and genetic diversity of Trichoderma and Hypocrea in Manipur which lies in the Indo-Burma biodiversity hot spot region. 65 Trichoderma isolates were identified at species level by morphological as well as sequence based analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region 1 and 4. Altogether 22 different species of Trichoderma and Hypocrea were found, of which Trichoderma harzianum represent the dominant species. Phylogenetic analysis reveals a clear cut distinction of strains isolated from various collection sites which further hints the need for detail study of Trichoderma on molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gourshyam Thingnam
- Biological Database and Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable
Development, Departent of Biotechnology, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India
| | - Bharat Gopalrao Somkuwar
- Biological Database and Bioinformatics Division, Institute of Bioresources and Sustainable
Development, Departent of Biotechnology, Government of India, Takyelpat, Imphal-795001, Manipur, India
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Shemesh Mayer E, Winiarczyk K, Błaszczyk L, Kosmala A, Rabinowitch HD, Kamenetsky R. Male gametogenesis and sterility in garlic (Allium sativum L.): barriers on the way to fertilization and seed production. PLANTA 2013; 237:103-20. [PMID: 22986686 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-012-1748-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Commercial cultivars of garlic (Allium sativum) do not produce flowers and seed; hence, information on microgametogenesis and genetic knowledge of this important crop is unavailable. Recently, physiological studies enabled flowering and fertility restoration in garlic bolting genotypes by environmental manipulations, thus broadening of the genetic variation and facilitating genetic studies. The present report provides first detailed description of the development of male gametophytes in 11 garlic genotypes varying in their fertility traits. Morphological and anatomical studies revealed completely fertile genotypes, as well as variation in anther and pollen development and disruption of the male organs and gametes at different developmental stages. Three types of plant sterility were observed, including complete sterility, male sterility and environmentally induced male sterility. The ITS1 and ITS2 regions of rRNA of the studied genotypes proved to be strongly conservative and thus did not correspond with the phenotypic expression of fertility or sterility in garlic. On the other hand, two-dimensional protein separation maps revealed significant differences between fertile and sterile genotypes, as well as between developmental stages of microsporogenesis. Further research is needed to investigate the internal mechanisms and environmental component of garlic sterility, as well as the possible molecular markers of these traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Einat Shemesh Mayer
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Science and Genetics in Agriculture, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food, and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Jaklitsch WM, Stadler M, Voglmayr H. Blue pigment in Hypocrea caerulescens sp. nov. and two additional new species in sect. Trichoderma. Mycologia 2012; 104:925-41. [PMID: 22453122 PMCID: PMC3432493 DOI: 10.3852/11-327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Three new species of Hypocrea/Trichoderma sect. Trichoderma (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota, Fungi) are described from recent collections in southern Europe and the Canary Islands. They have been characterized by morphological and molecular methods, including microscopic examination of the teleomorph in thin sections, the anamorph, growth rate experiments and phylogenetic analyses based on a part of the translation elongation factor 1-alpha encoding gene (tef1) containing the two last introns and a part of the rpb2 gene, encoding the second largest RNA polymerase subunit. Analyses involving tef1 did not unequivocally resolve the sister clade relationship of Hypocrea caerulescens relative to the Koningii and Viride clades, while analyses based on rpb2 clearly suggest a close relationship with the former, although the phenotype of H. caerulescens is similar to H. viridescens, particularly by its warted conidia and a coconut-like odor in CMD culture. Hypocrea hispanica and T. samuelsii however are clearly related to the Viride clade by both phylogenetic markers, despite their morphological similarity to H. koningii and its relatives. An apparently specific blue pigment is formed in CMD cultures by Hypocrea caerulescens but could not be obtained by extraction with organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter M Jaklitsch
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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