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Öğütlü H, Kütük ÖM, Tufan AE, Akay AP, Gündoğdu ÖY, Ercan ES. The detect consensus report on Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and its management among Turkish children and adolescents (Detect: consensus report on ADHD among Turkish youth). Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1372341. [PMID: 38577402 PMCID: PMC10993048 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1372341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common and heritable neurodevelopmental disorders which may last through the life-span. A consensus report on diagnosis and management of ADHD among Turkish youth was prepared previously. However, the participants as well as the management options were rather limited and developments in the past decade necessitated a revision and update of the consensus. Therefore, this review aims to summarize the consensus among Child and Adolescent Psychiatrists from Türkiye on the nature and management of pediatric ADHD. For those aims, the etiology of ADHD, diagnostic and evaluation process, epidemiology, developmental presentations, differential diagnoses and comorbidities, course/outcome and pharmacological as well as non-pharmacological management options were reviewed and suggestions for clinical practice are presented. Since ADHD is a chronic disorder with wide-ranging effects on functionality that is frequently accompanied by other mental disorders, a multidimensional therapeutic approach is recommended. However, since the disorder has neurobiological basis, pharmacotherapy represents the mainstay of treatment. Additional therapies may include psychosocial therapy, behavioral therapy, school-based therapeutic approaches, and family education. This review provides recommendations for ADHD at the national and global levels. It contains information about ADHD that will contribute to and facilitate clinicians' decision-making processes. It is advisable to consider this guideline in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Öğütlü
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Cognitive Behavioral Psychotherapies Association, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Meryem Kütük
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Baskent University, Adana, Türkiye
| | - Ali Evren Tufan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Türkiye
| | - Aynur Pekcanlar Akay
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Dokuz Eylul University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Özlem Yildiz Gündoğdu
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli, Türkiye
| | - Eyüp Sabri Ercan
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Medical Faculty, Ege University, Izmir, Türkiye
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Kimchi EY, Burgos-Robles A, Matthews GA, Chakoma T, Patarino M, Weddington JC, Siciliano C, Yang W, Foutch S, Simons R, Fong MF, Jing M, Li Y, Polley DB, Tye KM. Reward contingency gates selective cholinergic suppression of amygdala neurons. eLife 2024; 12:RP89093. [PMID: 38376907 PMCID: PMC10942609 DOI: 10.7554/elife.89093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons modulate how organisms process and respond to environmental stimuli through impacts on arousal, attention, and memory. It is unknown, however, whether basal forebrain cholinergic neurons are directly involved in conditioned behavior, independent of secondary roles in the processing of external stimuli. Using fluorescent imaging, we found that cholinergic neurons are active during behavioral responding for a reward - even prior to reward delivery and in the absence of discrete stimuli. Photostimulation of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons, or their terminals in the basolateral amygdala (BLA), selectively promoted conditioned responding (licking), but not unconditioned behavior nor innate motor outputs. In vivo electrophysiological recordings during cholinergic photostimulation revealed reward-contingency-dependent suppression of BLA neural activity, but not prefrontal cortex. Finally, ex vivo experiments demonstrated that photostimulation of cholinergic terminals suppressed BLA projection neuron activity via monosynaptic muscarinic receptor signaling, while also facilitating firing in BLA GABAergic interneurons. Taken together, we show that the neural and behavioral effects of basal forebrain cholinergic activation are modulated by reward contingency in a target-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Y Kimchi
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
| | - Anthony Burgos-Robles
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- The Department of Neuroscience, Developmental, and Regenerative Biology, Neuroscience Institute & Brain Health Consortium, University of Texas at San AntonioSan AntonioUnited States
| | - Gillian A Matthews
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Tatenda Chakoma
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Makenzie Patarino
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Javier C Weddington
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Cody Siciliano
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Vanderbilt Center for Addiction Research, Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt UniversityNashvilleUnited States
| | - Wannan Yang
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Shaun Foutch
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Renee Simons
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
| | - Ming-fai Fong
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech & Emory UniversityAtlantaUnited States
| | - Miao Jing
- Chinese Institute for Brain ResearchBeijingChina
| | - Yulong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Peking University School of Life Sciences; PKUIDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research; Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Daniel B Polley
- Eaton-Peabody Laboratories, Massachusetts Eye and EarBostonUnited States
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Harvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Kay M Tye
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeUnited States
- HHMI Investigator, Member of the Kavli Institute for Brain and Mind, and Wylie Vale Professor at the Salk Institute for Biological StudiesLa JollaUnited States
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Qu S, Zhou X, Wang Z, Wei Y, Zhou H, Zhang X, Zhu Q, Wang Y, Yang Q, Jiang L, Ma Y, Gao Y, Kong L, Zhang L. The effects of methylphenidate and atomoxetine on Drosophila brain at single-cell resolution and potential drug repurposing for ADHD treatment. Mol Psychiatry 2024; 29:165-185. [PMID: 37957291 PMCID: PMC11078728 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02314-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The stimulant methylphenidate (MPH) and the non-stimulant atomoxetine (ATX) are frequently used for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the function of these drugs in different types of brain cells and their effects on related genes remain largely unknown. To address these questions, we built a pipeline for the simultaneous examination of the activity behavior and transcriptional responses of Drosophila melanogaster at single-cell resolution following drug treatment. We selected the Drosophila with significantly increased locomotor activities (hyperactivity-like behavior) following the administration of each drug in comparison with the control (same food as the drug-treated groups with 5% sucrose, yeast, and blue food dye solution) using EasyFlyTracker. Subsequently, single cell RNA sequencing (scRNASEQ) was used to capture the transcriptome of 82,917 cells, unsupervised clustering analysis of which yielded 28 primary cell clusters representing the major cell types in adult Drosophila brain. Indeed, both neuronal and glial cells responded to MPH and ATX. Further analysis of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed distinct transcriptional changes associated with these two drugs, such as two well-studied dopamine receptor genes (Dop2R and DopEcR) were responsive to MPH but not to ATX at their optimal doses, in addition to genes involved in dopamine metabolism pathways such as Syt1, Sytalpha, Syt7, and Ih in different cell types. More importantly, MPH also suppressed the expression of genes encoding other neurotransmitter receptors and synaptic signaling molecules in many cell types, especially those for Glu and GABA, while the responsive effects of ATX were much weaker. In addition to monoaminergic neuronal transmitters, other neurotransmitters have also shown a similar pattern with respect to a stronger effect associated with MPH than with ATX. Moreover, we identified four distinct glial cell subtypes responsive to the two drugs and detected a greater number of differentially expressed genes associated with ensheathing and astrocyte-like glia. Furthermore, our study provides a rich resource of candidate target genes, supported by drug set enrichment analysis (P = 2.10E-4; hypergeometric test), for the further exploration of drug repurposing. The whole list of candidates can be found at ADHDrug ( http://adhdrug.cibr.ac.cn/ ). In conclusion, we propose a fast and cost-efficient pipeline to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms of ADHD drug treatment in Drosophila brain at single-cell resolution, which may further facilitate drug repurposing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susu Qu
- Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, China.
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Zhicheng Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | | | - Qingjie Zhu
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yanmin Wang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Quanjun Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Likun Jiang
- Department of Computer Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Kong
- Center for Bioinformatics, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China.
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Fiore G, Veneri F, Di Lorenzo R, Generali L, Vinceti M, Filippini T. Fluoride Exposure and ADHD: A Systematic Review of Epidemiological Studies. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:medicina59040797. [PMID: 37109754 PMCID: PMC10143272 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59040797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
Background and objectives: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by two dimensions: inattentiveness and hyperactivity/impulsivity. ADHD may be the result of complex interactions between genetic, biological and environmental factors possibly including fluoride exposure. Materials and methods: A literature search was performed on 31 March 2023 in the following databases: PubMed, Embase and Web of Science. We defined the following inclusion criteria according to the PECOS statement: a healthy child and adolescent population (P), fluoride exposure of any type (E), comparison with low or null exposure (C), ADHD spectrum disorder (O), and ecological, cross-sectional, case-control and cohort studies (S). Results: We found eight eligible records corresponding to seven different studies investigating the effect of fluoride exposure on children and adolescents. One study had a cohort design and one a case-control one, while five were cross-sectional. Only three studies applied validated questionnaires for the purpose of ADHD diagnosis. As regards exposure assessment, levels of fluoride in urine and tap water were, respectively used in three and two studies, while two used both. Three studies reported a positive association with ADHD risk, all assessing exposure through fluoride levels. By using urinary fluoride, conversely, a positive correlation with inattention, internalizing symptoms, cognitive and psychosomatic problems was found in three studies, but no relation was found in the other one. Conclusions: The present review suggests that early exposure to fluoride may have neurotoxic effects on neurodevelopment affecting behavioral, cognitive and psychosomatic symptoms related to ADHD diagnosis. However, due to the heterogeneity of the studies included, current evidence does not allow to conclusively confirm that fluoride exposure is specifically linked to ADHD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Fiore
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Federica Veneri
- Unit of Dentistry & Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- PhD Program in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences-University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Rosaria Di Lorenzo
- Service of Psychiatric Diagnosis and Care (SPDC), Department of Mental Health and Drug Abuse, AUSL Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Luigi Generali
- Unit of Dentistry & Oral-Maxillo-Facial Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medicine, Dentistry and Morphological Sciences with Transplant Surgery, Oncology and Regenerative Medicine Relevance (CHIMOMO), University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Marco Vinceti
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Epidemiology, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Tommaso Filippini
- Environmental, Genetic and Nutritional Epidemiology Research Center (CREAGEN), Section of Public Health, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
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Sonuga-Barke EJS, Becker SP, Bölte S, Castellanos FX, Franke B, Newcorn JH, Nigg JT, Rohde LA, Simonoff E. Annual Research Review: Perspectives on progress in ADHD science - from characterization to cause. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2023; 64:506-532. [PMID: 36220605 PMCID: PMC10023337 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The science of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is motivated by a translational goal - the discovery and exploitation of knowledge about the nature of ADHD to the benefit of those individuals whose lives it affects. Over the past fifty years, scientific research has made enormous strides in characterizing the ADHD condition and in understanding its correlates and causes. However, the translation of these scientific insights into clinical benefits has been limited. In this review, we provide a selective and focused survey of the scientific field of ADHD, providing our personal perspectives on what constitutes the scientific consensus, important new leads to be highlighted, and the key outstanding questions to be addressed going forward. We cover two broad domains - clinical characterization and, risk factors, causal processes and neuro-biological pathways. Part one focuses on the developmental course of ADHD, co-occurring characteristics and conditions, and the functional impact of living with ADHD - including impairment, quality of life, and stigma. In part two, we explore genetic and environmental influences and putative mediating brain processes. In the final section, we reflect on the future of the ADHD construct in the light of cross-cutting scientific themes and recent conceptual reformulations that cast ADHD traits as part of a broader spectrum of neurodivergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmund J S Sonuga-Barke
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London. UK
- Department of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University, Denmark
| | - Stephen P. Becker
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, United States
| | - Sven Bölte
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatry Research, Stockholm County Council, Sweden
| | - Francisco Xavier Castellanos
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, USA
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | - Barbara Franke
- Departments of Human Genetics and Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Joel T. Nigg
- Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health and Science University, USA
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program & Developmental Psychiatry Program, Hospital de Clinica de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry, Brazil
| | - Emily Simonoff
- School of Academic Psychiatry, Institute of Psychology, Psychiatry & Neuroscience, King’s College London. UK
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Koevoet D, Deschamps PKH, Kenemans JL. Catecholaminergic and cholinergic neuromodulation in autism spectrum disorder: A comparison to attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Front Neurosci 2023; 16:1078586. [PMID: 36685234 PMCID: PMC9853424 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1078586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by social impairments and restricted, repetitive behaviors. Treatment of ASD is notoriously difficult and might benefit from identification of underlying mechanisms that overlap with those disturbed in other developmental disorders, for which treatment options are more obvious. One example of the latter is attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), given the efficacy of especially stimulants in treatment of ADHD. Deficiencies in catecholaminergic systems [dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE)] in ADHD are obvious targets for stimulant treatment. Recent findings suggest that dysfunction in catecholaminergic systems may also be a factor in at least a subgroup of ASD. In this review we scrutinize the evidence for catecholaminergic mechanisms underlying ASD symptoms, and also include in this analysis a third classic ascending arousing system, the acetylcholinergic (ACh) network. We complement this with a comprehensive review of DA-, NE-, and ACh-targeted interventions in ASD, and an exploratory search for potential treatment-response predictors (biomarkers) in ASD, genetically or otherwise. Based on this review and analysis we propose that (1) stimulant treatment may be a viable option for an ASD subcategory, possibly defined by genetic subtyping; (2) cerebellar dysfunction is pronounced for a relatively small ADHD subgroup but much more common in ASD and in both cases may point toward NE- or ACh-directed intervention; (3) deficiency of the cortical salience network is sizable in subgroups of both disorders, and biomarkers such as eye blink rate and pupillometric data may predict the efficacy of targeting this underlying deficiency via DA, NE, or ACh in both ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Koevoet
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands,*Correspondence: Damian Koevoet,
| | - P. K. H. Deschamps
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - J. L. Kenemans
- Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
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Szerman N, Basurte-Villamor I, Vega P, Mesías B, Martínez-Raga J, Ferre F, Arango C. Is there such a thing as gambling dual disorder? Preliminary evidence and clinical profiles. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 66:78-91. [PMID: 36516511 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patients with gambling disorder (GD) frequently present other mental disorders, such as substance use disorder (SUDs), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders, and impulse-control disorders. We propose that GD should not be conceptualized as a single nosological entity, but rather as a gambling dual disorder (GDD). This study aims to provide further evidence of the co-occurrence of GD and other mental disorders in routine clinical practice and to identify different clinical profiles of severity. This descriptive, cross-sectional, and observational study included 116 patients with GD who were undergoing treatment in a specialized center. The MULTICAGE-CAD 4 and South Oaks gambling screen questionnaires confirmed the presence of GD in 97.4% and 100% of the patients, respectively. Other addictive behaviors such as compulsive spending, Internet, video games, or SUD (59.5%, 27.6%, 11.2%, and 13.8%, respectively) were also identified. The most used substances were tobacco (42.2%) and alcohol (5.2%). Half of the patients suffered from ADHD, 30.2% showed moderate or severe depression, and 17.2% suffered from a social anxiety problem. The majority (76.7%) also presented a phenotype with high impulsiveness. The cluster analysis identified two different clinical profiles of severity in patients with GDD. One profile showed higher severity of other mental disorders (ADHD, depression, anxiety, SUD, or insomnia), impulsivity, general psychopathological burden, and disability. In conclusion, our study provides further evidence on the co-occurrence of GD and other mental disorders supporting the GDD existence, shows impulsiveness as a vulnerability factor for GD, and identifies two clinical severity profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Néstor Szerman
- WADD and WPA Section Dual Disorders, Mental Health and Psychiatric Institute, Gregorio Marañon University Hospital, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ignacio Basurte-Villamor
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Health, Clínica López Ibor, Madrid, Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Spain.
| | - Pablo Vega
- Institute for Addictions, Madrid Salud, Madrid City Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Mesías
- Institute for Addictions, Madrid Salud, Madrid City Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Martínez-Raga
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, Hospital Universitario Doctor Peset & University of Valencia
| | - Francisco Ferre
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CIBERSAM, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Institute of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Gregorio Marañón University Hospital, Madrid, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, CIBERSAM, Spain
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Cholinergic blockade of neuroinflammation – from tissue to RNA regulators. Neuronal Signal 2022; 6:NS20210035. [PMID: 35211331 PMCID: PMC8837817 DOI: 10.1042/ns20210035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory stimuli and consequent pro-inflammatory immune responses may facilitate neurodegeneration and threaten survival following pathogen infection or trauma, but potential controllers preventing these risks are incompletely understood. Here, we argue that small RNA regulators of acetylcholine (ACh) signaling, including microRNAs (miRs) and transfer RNA fragments (tRFs) may tilt the balance between innate and adaptive immunity, avoid chronic inflammation and prevent the neuroinflammation-mediated exacerbation of many neurological diseases. While the restrictive permeability of the blood–brain barrier (BBB) protects the brain from peripheral immune events, this barrier can be disrupted by inflammation and is weakened with age. The consequently dysregulated balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory processes may modify the immune activities of brain microglia, astrocytes, perivascular macrophages, oligodendrocytes and dendritic cells, leading to neuronal damage. Notably, the vagus nerve mediates the peripheral cholinergic anti-inflammatory reflex and underlines the consistent control of body–brain inflammation by pro-inflammatory cytokines, which affect cholinergic functions; therefore, the disruption of this reflex can exacerbate cognitive impairments such as attention deficits and delirium. RNA regulators can contribute to re-balancing the cholinergic network and avoiding its chronic deterioration, and their activities may differ between men and women and/or wear off with age. This can lead to hypersensitivity of aged patients to inflammation and higher risks of neuroinflammation-driven cholinergic impairments such as delirium and dementia following COVID-19 infection. The age- and sex-driven differences in post-transcriptional RNA regulators of cholinergic elements may hence indicate new personalized therapeutic options for neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Abstract
The use of multiple species to model complex human psychiatric disorders, such as ADHD, can give important insights into conserved evolutionary patterns underlying multidomain behaviors (e.g., locomotion, attention, and impulsivity). Here we discuss the advantages and challenges in modelling ADHD-like phenotypes in zebrafish (Danio rerio), a vertebrate species that has been widely used in neuroscience and behavior research. Moreover, multiple behavioral tasks can be used to model the core symptoms of ADHD and its comorbidities. We present a critical review of current ADHD studies in zebrafish, and how this species might be used to accelerate the discovery of new drug treatments for this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Fontana
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - William H J Norton
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, College of Medicine, Biological Sciences and Psychology, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK.
- Department of Genetics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Matthew O Parker
- Brain and Behaviour Laboratory, School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK.
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Fan HC, Chang YK, Tsai JD, Chiang KL, Shih JH, Yeh KY, Ma KH, Li IH. The Association Between Parkinson's Disease and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Cell Transplant 2021; 29:963689720947416. [PMID: 33028106 PMCID: PMC7784516 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720947416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
While Parkinson’s disease (PD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two distinct conditions, it has been hypothesized that they share several overlapping anatomical and neurochemical changes. In order to investigate that hypothesis, this study used claims data from Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database 2000 to provide the significant nationwide population-based evidence of an increased risk of PD among ADHD patients, and the connection between the two conditions was not the result of other comorbidities. Moreover, this study showed that the patients with PD were 2.8 times more likely to have a prior ADHD diagnosis compared with those without a prior history of ADHD. Furthermore, an animal model of ADHD was generated by neonatally injecting rats with 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA). These rats were subjected to behavior tests and the 99mTc-TRODAT-1 brain imaging at the juvenile stage. Compared to control group rats, the 6-OHDA rats showed a significantly reduced specific uptake ratio in the striatum, indicating an underlying PD-linked pathology in the brains of these ADHD phenotype-expressing rats. Overall, these results support that ADHD shares a number of anatomical and neurochemical changes with PD. As such, improved knowledge of the neurochemical mechanisms underlying ADHD could result in improved treatments for various debilitating neurological disorders, including PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hueng-Chuen Fan
- Department of Pediatrics, 59084Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung.,Department of Medical research, 68866Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung.,Department of Life Sciences, 59084National Chung Hsing University, Taichung.,Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli
| | - Yu-Kang Chang
- Department of Medical research, 68866Tungs' Taichung Metroharbor Hospital, Wuchi, Taichung.,Department of Life Sciences, 59084National Chung Hsing University, Taichung.,Department of Rehabilitation, Jen-Teh Junior College of Medicine, Nursing and Management, Miaoli
| | - Jeng-Dau Tsai
- School of Medicine, 34899Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung.,Department of Pediatrics, 34899Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung
| | - Kuo-Liang Chiang
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, 38009Kuang-Tien General Hospital, Taichung.,Department of Nutrition, Hungkuang University, Taichung
| | - Jui-Hu Shih
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 63452Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei.,School of Pharmacy, 71548National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Kuan-Yi Yeh
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, 71548National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - Kuo-Hsing Ma
- Department of Biology and Anatomy, 71548National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
| | - I-Hsun Li
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, 63452Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei.,School of Pharmacy, 71548National Defense Medical Center, Taipei
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11
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Lee YS, Yang K, Kameg B, Palmer J, Lee H. Characteristics of electronic cigarette user and traditional smokers: 2017 Youth risk behavior surveillance system. Public Health Nurs 2021; 38:1030-1038. [PMID: 34101886 DOI: 10.1111/phn.12936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among adolescents rapidly has increased over the past decade, which has raised concerns over the corresponding behavioral health risks, the current literature presents limited data for understanding the characteristics of adolescent e-cigarette users. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to (1) identify general characteristics that may be shared between e-cigarette users and traditional cigarette smokers and (2) examine the unique characteristics of e-cigarette users vis-à-vis traditional cigarette smokers. DESIGN Cross-sectional descriptive study. SAMPLE AND DATA SOURCE A total of 14,765 9th- to 12-grade students drawn from the CDC 2017 Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System. RESULTS We observed that the prevalence of marijuana, alcohol, and other illicit drug use was higher among e-cigarette users and traditional tobacco users than non-users. Moreover, physically active adolescents were more likely to use e-cigarettes than those who were physically inactive, although the level of the activity did not predict smoking status. CONCLUSION We recommend that primary prevention strategies for e-cigarette use should be incorporated in physical education programs and target adolescents who engage in not only health risk behaviors, but also health promoting behaviors, such as physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Shin Lee
- School of Nursing, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kyeongra Yang
- School of Nursing, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brayden Kameg
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Josh Palmer
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heeyoung Lee
- School of Nursing, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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12
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Xie L, Hu Y, Yan D, McQuillan P, Liu Y, Zhu S, Zhu Z, Jiang Y, Hu Z. The relationship between exposure to general anesthetic agents and the risk of developing an impulse control disorder. Pharmacol Res 2021; 165:105440. [PMID: 33493656 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Most studies examining the effect of extended exposure to general anesthetic agents (GAAs) have demonstrated that extended exposure induces both structural and functional changes in the central nervous system. These changes are frequently accompanied by neurobehavioral changes that include impulse control disorders that are generally characterized by deficits in behavioral inhibition and executive function. In this review, we will.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linghua Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuhan Hu
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Dandan Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - P McQuillan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Penn State Hershey Medical Centre, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhirui Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yilei Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Children Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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13
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Wright EC. Neurobiological Insights Into Stress-Induced Attention Deficit. Biol Psychiatry 2020; 88:e29-e31. [PMID: 32912427 PMCID: PMC7475766 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily C. Wright
- Address correspondence to Emily C. Wright, M.A., Department of Psychology, University of California-Davis, 135 Young Hall, One Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616
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14
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Boutwell BB, Kavish N, Narvey C. The efficacy, ethics, & pitfalls of stimulants for justice system involved individuals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 116:120-129. [PMID: 32544539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Incarceration rates in the U.S. rank among the highest in the developed world. Large representative studies have revealed that approximately one third of individuals report having been arrested, or in some other way contacted by the justice system, at some point in their life. A natural outgrowth of this is the need to consider strategies aimed at preventing further CJ contact. Complicating the situation further is that incarcerated populations also report disproportionately high levels of both psychiatric disturbances in general, and ADHD symptomology in particular. Thus, much debate remains around the topic of preventing recidivism. We discuss the possibility of incorporating pharmacological interventions as adjuvant therapies directed toward preventing re-offending. In particular, we explore whether stimulant medications might provide additional return on investment on top of therapies already known to be effective. Given the virtual absence of evidence on this topic, we also endeavor to provide specific recommendations for designing studies that could yield convincing evidence either for, or against, the inclusion of stimulant medications in the recidivism prevention toolkit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Boutwell
- The University of Mississippi, University of Mississippi Medical Center, United States.
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15
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Higgins GA, Silenieks LB, MacMillan C, Thevarkunnel S, Parachikova AI, Mombereau C, Lindgren H, Bastlund JF. Characterization of Amphetamine, Methylphenidate, Nicotine, and Atomoxetine on Measures of Attention, Impulsive Action, and Motivation in the Rat: Implications for Translational Research. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:427. [PMID: 32390829 PMCID: PMC7193984 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphetamine (AMP), methylphenidate (MPH), and atomoxetine (ATX) are approved treatments for ADHD, and together with nicotine (NIC), represent pharmacological agents widely studied on cognitive domains including attention and impulsive action in humans. These agents thus represent opportunities for clinical observation to be reinvestigated in the preclinical setting, i.e., reverse translation. The present study investigated each drug in male, Long Evans rats trained to perform either (1) the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), (2) Go/NoGo task, or (3) a progressive ratio (PR) task, for the purpose of studying each drug on attention, impulsive action and motivation. Specific challenges were adopted in the 5-CSRTT designed to tax attention and impulsivity, i.e., high frequency of stimulus presentation (sITI), variable reduction in stimulus duration (sSD), and extended delay to stimulus presentation (10-s ITI). Initially, performance of a large (> 80) cohort of rats in each task variant was conducted to examine performance stability over repeated challenge sessions, and to identify subgroups of "high" and "low" attentive rats (sITI and sSD schedules), and "high" and "low" impulsives (10-s ITI). Using an adaptive sequential study design, the effects of AMP, MPH, ATX, and NIC were examined and contrasting profiles noted across the tests. Both AMP (0.03-0.3 mg/kg) and MPH (1-6 mg/kg) improved attentional performance in the sITI but not sSD or 10-s ITI condition, NIC (0.05-0.2 mg/kg) improved accuracy across all conditions. ATX (0.1-1 mg/kg) detrimentally affected performance in the sITI and sSD condition, notably in "high" performers. In tests of impulsive action, ATX reduced premature responses notably in the 10-s ITI condition, and also reduced false alarms in Go/NoGo. Both AMP and NIC increased premature responses in all task variants, although AMP reduced false alarms highlighting differences between these two measures of impulsive action. The effect of MPH was mixed and appeared baseline dependent. ATX reduced break point for food reinforcement suggesting a detrimental effect on motivation for primary reward. Taken together these studies highlight differences between AMP, MPH, and ATX which may translate to their clinical profiles. NIC had the most reliable effect on attentional accuracy, whereas ATX was reliably effective against all tests of impulsive action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guy A Higgins
- Intervivo Solutions, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Hanna Lindgren
- Discovery Research, H. Lundbeck A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Gasanov RF, Makarov IV, Emelina DA. [Cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:126-131. [PMID: 32323954 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2020120031126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The review presents current data on the nature of cognitive deficit in children with hyperkinetic disorder, and possible pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease. Considering possible neurobiological components of hyperkinetic disorder, attention is given to pathological functional connections underlying specific clinical manifestations of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Gasanov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - I V Makarov
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia.,Mechnicov North-Western State Medical University, St. Peterburg, Russia
| | - D A Emelina
- Bekhterev National Research Medical Center for Psychiatry and Neurology, St. Peterburg, Russia
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17
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Perfluoroalkyl chemicals in neurological health and disease: Human concerns and animal models. Neurotoxicology 2020; 77:155-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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18
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Matsumoto K, Fujiwara H, Araki R, Yabe T. Post-weaning social isolation of mice: A putative animal model of developmental disorders. J Pharmacol Sci 2019; 141:111-118. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphs.2019.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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19
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Bawari S, Tewari D, Argüelles S, Sah AN, Nabavi SF, Xu S, Vacca RA, Nabavi SM, Shirooie S. Targeting BDNF signaling by natural products: Novel synaptic repair therapeutics for neurodegeneration and behavior disorders. Pharmacol Res 2019; 148:104458. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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20
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Cell class-specific modulation of attentional signals by acetylcholine in macaque frontal eye field. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:20180-20189. [PMID: 31527242 PMCID: PMC6778228 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905413116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention is critical to high-level cognition, and attentional deficits are a hallmark of cognitive dysfunction. A key transmitter for attentional control is acetylcholine, but its cellular actions in attention-controlling areas remain poorly understood. Here we delineate how muscarinic and nicotinic receptors affect basic neuronal excitability and attentional control signals in different cell types in macaque frontal eye field. We found that broad spiking and narrow spiking cells both require muscarinic and nicotinic receptors for normal excitability, thereby affecting ongoing or stimulus-driven activity. Attentional control signals depended on muscarinic, not nicotinic receptors in broad spiking cells, while they depended on both muscarinic and nicotinic receptors in narrow spiking cells. Cluster analysis revealed that muscarinic and nicotinic effects on attentional control signals were highly selective even for different subclasses of narrow spiking cells and of broad spiking cells. These results demonstrate that cholinergic receptors are critical to establish attentional control signals in the frontal eye field in a cell type-specific manner.
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21
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Ding X, Salmeron BJ, Wang J, Yang Y, Stein EA, Ross TJ. Evidence of subgroups in smokers as revealed in clinical measures and evaluated by neuroimaging data: a preliminary study. Addict Biol 2019. [PMID: 29516603 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
To date, fractionation of the nicotine addiction phenotype has been limited to that based primarily on characteristics of cigarette use, although it is widely appreciated that a variety of individual factors are associated with tobacco use disorder. Identifying subtypes of tobacco use disorder based on such factors may lead to better understanding of potential treatment targets, individualize treatments and improve outcomes. In this preliminary study, to identify potential subgroups, we applied hierarchical clustering to a broad range of assessments measuring personality, IQ and psychiatric symptoms, as well as various environmental and experiential characteristics from 102 otherwise healthy cigarette smokers. The identified subgroups were further compared on various resting-state fMRI measures from a subset (N = 65) of individuals who also underwent resting-state fMRI scanning. The clustering dendrogram indicated that smokers can be divided into three subgroups. Each subgroup had unique clinical assessment characteristics. The division yielded imaging differences between subgroups in the supplementary motor area/middle cingulate cortex and the cuneus. Regression analyses showed that amplitude of low frequency fluctuations in the supplementary motor area/middle cingulate cortex differed between groups and were negatively correlated with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale subscale Difficulty Describing Feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ding
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Betty Jo Salmeron
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Jamei Wang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringCarnegie Mellon University Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Yihong Yang
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Elliot A. Stein
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
| | - Thomas J. Ross
- Neuroimaging Research Branch, Intramural Research ProgramNational Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health Baltimore MD USA
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22
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Tzeng NS, Chung CH, Lin FH, Yeh CB, Huang SY, Lu RB, Chang HA, Kao YC, Yeh HW, Chiang WS, Chou YC, Tsao CH, Wu YF, Chien WC. Risk of Dementia in Adults With ADHD: A Nationwide, Population-Based Cohort Study in Taiwan. J Atten Disord 2019. [PMID: 28629260 DOI: 10.1177/1087054717714057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the association between adults with ADHD and the risk of developing dementia. METHOD Utilizing National Health Insurance Research Database of Taiwan, ADHD patients were identified and compared with age- and gender-matched controls (1:3). RESULTS Of the study participants, 37 (5.48%) developed dementia compared with 81 (4.0%) in the control group. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed that the study participants were more likely to develop dementia. The crude hazard ratio (HR) is 3.418 (95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.289, 5.106], p < .001), and adjusted HR is 4.008 (95% CI = [2.526, 6.361], p < .001) in risk of developing dementia after adjusted for age, gender, comorbidities, geographical area of residence, urbanization level of residence, and monthly income. CONCLUSION Adults with ADHD have a 3.4-fold risk of developing dementia, and other large or national data sets should be explored to support the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Sheng Tzeng
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,2 Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hsiang Chung
- 3 School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,4 Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,5 Taiwanese Injury Prevention and Safety Promotion Association, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Fu-Huang Lin
- 3 School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chin-Bin Yeh
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - San-Yuan Huang
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ru-Band Lu
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,6 Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine & Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsin-An Chang
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,2 Student Counseling Center, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Chen Kao
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,7 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, Song-Shan Branch, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hui-Wen Yeh
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,8 Institute of Bioinformatics and System Biology, National Chiao Tung University, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, Republic of China.,9 Department of Nursing, Kang-Ning University (Taipei Campus), Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Shan Chiang
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,10 Department and Institute of Mathematics, Tamkang University, New Taipei City, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yu-Ching Chou
- 3 School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chang-Huei Tsao
- 4 Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,11 Department and Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yung-Fu Wu
- 4 Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wu-Chien Chien
- 3 School of Public Health, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,4 Department of Medical Research, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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23
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Fontana BD, Franscescon F, Rosemberg DB, Norton WH, Kalueff AV, Parker MO. Zebrafish models for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 100:9-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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24
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Terry AV, Callahan PM. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Ligands, Cognitive Function, and Preclinical Approaches to Drug Discovery. Nicotine Tob Res 2019; 21:383-394. [PMID: 30137518 PMCID: PMC6379039 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interest in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) ligands as potential therapeutic agents for cognitive disorders began more than 30 years ago when it was first demonstrated that the tobacco alkaloid nicotine could improve cognitive function in nicotine-deprived smokers as well as nonsmokers. Numerous animal and human studies now indicate that nicotine and a variety of nAChR ligands have the potential to improve multiple domains of cognition including attention, spatial learning, working memory, recognition memory, and executive function. The purpose of this review is to (1) discuss several pharmacologic strategies that have been developed to enhance nAChR activity (eg, agonist, partial agonist, and positive allosteric modulator) and improve cognitive function, (2) provide a brief overview of some of the more common rodent behavioral tasks with established translational validity that have been used to evaluate nAChR ligands for effects on cognitive function, and (3) briefly discuss some of the topics of debate regarding the development of optimal therapeutic strategies using nAChR ligands. Because of their densities in the mammalian brain and the amount of literature available, the review primarily focuses on ligands of the high-affinity α4β2* nAChR ("*" indicates the possible presence of additional subunits in the complex) and the low-affinity α7 nAChR. The behavioral task discussion focuses on representative methods that have been designed to model specific domains of cognition that are relevant to human neuropsychiatric disorders and often evaluated in human clinical trials. IMPLICATIONS The preclinical literature continues to grow in support of the development of nAChR ligands for a variety of illnesses that affect humans. However, to date, no new nAChR ligand has been approved for any condition other than nicotine dependence. As discussed in this review, the studies conducted to date provide the impetus for continuing efforts to develop new nAChR strategies (ie, beyond simple agonist and partial agonist approaches) as well as to refine current behavioral strategies and create new animal models to address translational gaps in the drug discovery process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvin V Terry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Small Animal Behavior Core Laboratory, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
| | - Patrick M Callahan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
- Small Animal Behavior Core Laboratory, Augusta University, Augusta, GA
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25
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Faraone SV. The pharmacology of amphetamine and methylphenidate: Relevance to the neurobiology of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and other psychiatric comorbidities. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 87:255-270. [PMID: 29428394 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 297] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychostimulants, including amphetamines and methylphenidate, are first-line pharmacotherapies for individuals with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This review aims to educate physicians regarding differences in pharmacology and mechanisms of action between amphetamine and methylphenidate, thus enhancing physician understanding of psychostimulants and their use in managing individuals with ADHD who may have comorbid psychiatric conditions. A systematic literature review of PubMed was conducted in April 2017, focusing on cellular- and brain system-level effects of amphetamine and methylphenidate. The primary pharmacologic effect of both amphetamine and methylphenidate is to increase central dopamine and norepinephrine activity, which impacts executive and attentional function. Amphetamine actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, vesicular monoamine transporter 2 (VMAT-2) inhibition, and monoamine oxidase activity inhibition. Methylphenidate actions include dopamine and norepinephrine transporter inhibition, agonist activity at the serotonin type 1A receptor, and redistribution of the VMAT-2. There is also evidence for interactions with glutamate and opioid systems. Clinical implications of these actions in individuals with ADHD with comorbid depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and sleep disturbances are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen V Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York (SUNY) Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
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26
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ADHD symptoms impact smoking outcomes and withdrawal in response to Varenicline treatment for smoking cessation. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:18-24. [PMID: 28738266 PMCID: PMC5599352 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is associated with nicotine dependence and difficulty quitting smoking. Few cessation trials specifically consider the impact of ADHD on treatment outcomes, including those testing established pharmacological therapies, such as varenicline. METHODS The current study focused on the impact of pretreatment ADHD inattention (IN) and hyperactivity-impulsivity (HI) symptoms on treatment outcome in a randomized controlled trial of varenicline [N=205, average age=34.13(10.07), average baseline cigarettes per day=14.71(7.06)]. Given that varenicline's putative therapeutic mechanism is attenuation of withdrawal severity during abstinence, we also tested changes in withdrawal as a mediator of treatment effects in high and low ADHD groups. RESULTS ADHD symptom severity in this sample was in the subclinical range. Cessation was associated with HI, but not IN, such that high HI individuals on varenicline reported the lowest smoking levels at the end of treatment across all groups (3.06cig/day for high HI vs 4.02cig/day for low HI). Individuals with high HI who received placebo had the highest smoking at the end of treatment (7.69cigs/day for high HI vs 5.56cig/day for low HI). Patterns continued at follow-up. Varenicline significantly reduced withdrawal for those with high HI, but not low HI. However, path models did not support an indirect effect of medication on reducing smoking via withdrawal in either group, suggesting that unmeasured variables are involved in varenicline's effect on reducing smoking. CONCLUSIONS These data add to a gap in the smoking cessation literature regarding the impact of ADHD symptoms on the efficacy and mechanisms of frontline pharmacological treatments.
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27
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Poirier GL, Huang W, Tam K, DiFranza JR, King JA. Evidence of Altered Brain Responses to Nicotine in an Animal Model of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1016-1023. [PMID: 28444321 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Individuals with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are susceptible to earlier and more severe nicotine addiction. To shed light on the relationship between nicotine and ADHD, we examined nicotine's effects on functional brain networks in an animal model of ADHD. Methods Awake magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare functional connectivity in adolescent (post-natal day 44 ± 2) males of the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR) strain and two control strains, Wistar-Kyoto and Sprague-Dawley (n = 16 each). We analyzed functional connectivity immediately before and after nicotine exposure (0.4 mg/kg base) in naïve animals, using a region-of-interest approach focussing on 16 regions previously implicated in reward and addiction. Results Relative to the control groups, the SHR strain demonstrated increased functional connectivity between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and retrosplenial cortex in response to nicotine, suggesting an aberrant response to nicotine. In contrast, increased VTA-substantia nigra connectivity in response to a saline injection in the SHR was absent following a nicotine injection, suggesting that nicotine normalized function in this circuit. Conclusions In the SHR, nicotine triggered an atypical response in one VTA circuit while normalizing activity in another. The VTA has been widely implicated in drug reward. Our data suggest that increased susceptibility to nicotine addiction in individuals with ADHD may involve altered responses to nicotine involving VTA circuits. Implications Nicotine addiction is more common among individuals with ADHD. We found that two circuits involving the VTA responded differently to nicotine in animals that model ADHD in comparison to two control strains. In one circuit, nicotine normalized activity that was abnormal in the ADHD animals, while in the other circuit nicotine caused an atypical brain response in the ADHD animals. The VTA has been implicated in drug reward. Our results would be consistent with an interpretation that nicotine may normalize abnormal brain activity in ADHD, and that nicotine may be more rewarding for individuals with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume L Poirier
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA
| | - Wei Huang
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA
| | - Kelly Tam
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School,Worcester, MA
| | - Joseph R DiFranza
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Jean A King
- Center for Comparative NeuroImaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Radiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA.,Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
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Yoshimura RF, Tran MB, Hogenkamp DJ, Ayala NL, Johnstone T, Dunnigan AJ, Gee TK, Gee KW. Allosteric modulation of nicotinic and GABA A receptor subtypes differentially modify autism-like behaviors in the BTBR mouse model. Neuropharmacology 2017; 126:38-47. [PMID: 28842344 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is associated with two core symptoms (social communication deficits and stereotyped repetitive behaviors) in addition to a number of comorbidities. There are no FDA-approved drugs for the core symptoms and the changes that underlie these behaviors are not fully understood. One hypothesis is an imbalance of the excitation (E)/inhibition (I) ratio with excessive E and diminished I occurring in specific neuronal circuits. Data suggests that both gamma-aminobutyric acidA (GABAA) and α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) significantly impact E/I. BTBR T+tf/J (BTBR) mice are a model that display an autism-like phenotype with impaired social interaction and stereotyped behavior. A β2/3-subunit containing GABAA receptor (GABAAR) subtype selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM), 2-261, and an α7 nAChR subtype selective PAM, AVL-3288, were tested in social approach and repetitive self-grooming paradigms. 2-261 was active in the social approach but not the self-grooming paradigm, whereas AVL-3288 was active in both. Neither compound impaired locomotor activity. Modulating α7 nAChRs alone may be sufficient to correct these behavioral and cognitive deficits. GABAergic and nicotinic compounds are already in various stages of clinical testing for treatment of the core symptoms and comorbidities associated with ASD. Our findings and those of others suggest that compounds that have selective activities at GABAAR subtypes and the α7 nAChR may address not only the core symptoms, but many of the associated comorbidities as well and warrant further investigation in other models of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan F Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Minhtam B Tran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Derk J Hogenkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Narielle L Ayala
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Timothy Johnstone
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Andrew J Dunnigan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Timothy K Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States
| | - Kelvin W Gee
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697-4625, United States.
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de la Peña JB, Dela Peña IJ, Custodio RJ, Botanas CJ, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. Exploring the Validity of Proposed Transgenic Animal Models of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3739-3754. [PMID: 28534274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, behavioral, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Symptoms of this disorder are managed by treatment with methylphenidate, amphetamine, and/or atomoxetine. The cause of ADHD is unknown, but substantial evidence indicates that this disorder has a significant genetic component. Transgenic animals have become an essential tool in uncovering the genetic factors underlying ADHD. Although they cannot accurately reflect the human condition, they can provide insights into the disorder that cannot be obtained from human studies due to various limitations. An ideal animal model of ADHD must have face (similarity in symptoms), predictive (similarity in response to treatment or medications), and construct (similarity in etiology or underlying pathophysiological mechanism) validity. As the exact etiology of ADHD remains unclear, the construct validity of animal models of ADHD would always be limited. The proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD have substantially increased and diversified over the years. In this paper, we compiled and explored the validity of proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD. Each of the reviewed transgenic animal models has strengths and limitations. Some fulfill most of the validity criteria of an animal model of ADHD and have been extensively used, while there are others that require further validation. Nevertheless, these transgenic animal models of ADHD have provided and will continue to provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Irene Joy Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Raly James Custodio
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
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Ohmura Y, Sasamori H, Tsutsui-Kimura I, Izumi T, Yoshida T, Yoshioka M. Varenicline provokes impulsive action by stimulating α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the infralimbic cortex in a nicotine exposure status-dependent manner. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2017; 154:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Rojas-Mayorquín AE, Padilla-Velarde E, Ortuño-Sahagún D. Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Rodents As a Promising Model for the Study of ADHD Molecular Basis. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:565. [PMID: 28018163 PMCID: PMC5156702 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A physiological parallelism, or even a causal effect relationship, can be deducted from the analysis of the main characteristics of the “Alcohol Related Neurodevelopmental Disorders” (ARND), derived from prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), and the behavioral performance in the Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). These two clinically distinct disease entities, exhibits many common features. They affect neurological shared pathways, and also related neurotransmitter systems. We briefly review here these parallelisms, with their common and uncommon characteristics, and with an emphasis in the subjacent molecular mechanisms of the behavioral manifestations, that lead us to propose that PAE in rats can be considered as a suitable model for the study of ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia E Rojas-Mayorquín
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Edgar Padilla-Velarde
- Departamento de Ciencias Ambientales, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Daniel Ortuño-Sahagún
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara Guadalajara, Mexico
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Molina-Carballo A, Checa-Ros A, Muñoz-Hoyos A. Treatments and compositions for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a patent review. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2016; 26:799-814. [DOI: 10.1080/13543776.2016.1182989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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