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Lian K, Hammarström D, Hamarsland H, Mølmen KS, Moen SC, Ellefsen S. Glucose ingestion before and after resistance training sessions does not augment ribosome biogenesis in healthy moderately trained young adults. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:2329-2342. [PMID: 38459192 PMCID: PMC11322406 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05446-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Resistance training-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy seems to depend on ribosome biogenesis and content. High glucose treatment may augment ribosome biogenesis through potentiating resistance training-induced adaptations. This was investigated with total RNA and ribosomal RNA abundances as main outcomes, with relevant transcriptional/translational regulators (c-Myc/UBF/rpS6) as a secondary outcome. METHODS Sixteen healthy, moderately trained individuals [male/female, n = 9/7; age, 24.1 (3.3)] participated in a within-participant crossover trial with unilateral resistance training (leg press and knee extension, 3 sets of 10 repetitions maximum) and pre- and post-exercise ingestion of either glucose (3 × 30 g, 90 g total) or placebo supplements (Stevia rebaudiana, 3 × 0.3 g, 0.9 g total), together with protein (2 × 25 g, 50 g total), on alternating days for 12 days. Six morning resistance exercise sessions were conducted per condition, and the sessions were performed in an otherwise fasted state. Micro-biopsies were sampled from m. vastus lateralis before and after the intervention. RESULTS Glucose ingestion did not have beneficial effects on resistance training-induced increases of ribosomal content (mean difference 7.6% [- 7.2, 24.9], p = 0.34; ribosomal RNA, 47S/18S/28S/5.8S/5S, range 7.6-37.9%, p = 0.40-0.98) or levels of relevant transcriptional or translational regulators (c-MYK/UBF/rpS6, p = 0.094-0.292). Of note, both baseline and trained state data of total RNA showed a linear relationship with UBF; a ∼14% increase in total RNA corresponded to 1 SD unit increase in UBF (p = 0.003). CONCLUSION Glucose ingestion before and after resistance training sessions did not augment ribosomal RNA accumulation during twelve days of heavy-load resistance training in moderately trained young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristian Lian
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway.
| | - Daniel Hammarström
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Håvard Hamarsland
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Knut Sindre Mølmen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Sara Christine Moen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
| | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section for Health and Exercise Physiology, Department of Public Health and Sport Sciences, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Lillehammer, Norway
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Bossi AH, Timmerman W, Cole D, Passfield L, Hopker J. The delta concept does not effectively normalise exercise responses to exhaustive interval training. J Sci Med Sport 2024:S1440-2440(24)00260-3. [PMID: 39138044 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study was designed to quantify inter- and intra-individual variability in performance, physiological, and perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training prescribed using the percentage of delta (%Δ) method, in which the gas exchange threshold and maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) are taken into account to normalise relative exercise intensity. DESIGN Repeated-measures, within-subjects design with mixed-effects modelling. METHODS Eighteen male and four female cyclists (age: 36 ± 12 years, height: 178 ± 10 cm, body mass: 75.2 ± 13.7 kg, V̇O2max: 51.6 ± 5.3 ml·kg-1·min-1) undertook an incremental test to exhaustion to determine the gas exchange threshold and V̇O2max as prescription benchmarks. On separate occasions, participants then completed four high-intensity interval training sessions of identical intensity (70 %Δ) and format (4-min on, 2-min off); all performed to exhaustion. Acute high-intensity interval training responses were modelled with participant as a random effect to provide estimates of inter- and intra-individual variability. RESULTS Greater variability was generally observed at the between- compared with the within-individual level, ranging from 50 % to 89 % and from 11 % to 50 % of the total variability, respectively. For the group mean time to exhaustion of 20.3 min, inter- and intra-individual standard deviations reached 9.3 min (coefficient of variation = 46 %) and 4.5 min (coefficient of variation = 22 %), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Due to the high variability observed, the %Δ method does not effectively normalise the relative intensity of exhaustive high-intensity interval training across individuals. The generally larger inter- versus intra-individual variability suggests that day-to-day biological fluctuations and/or measurement errors cannot explain the identified shortcoming of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom; School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom; The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Edinburgh Napier University, United Kingdom.
| | - Wouter Timmerman
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom; School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Australia
| | - Diana Cole
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, United Kingdom
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3
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Rabbani A, Ermidis G, Clemente FM, Anderson L. Monitoring Within-Individual Dose-Response Relationships in Professional Soccer Players: The Importance of Fitness Level. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:670-676. [PMID: 38754857 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE To (1) examine within-individual player dose-response associations between selected training-load measures and changes in aerobic fitness level via submaximal exercise heart rate (HRex%) and (2) measure the relationships between these dose-response associations with basal HRex% (to study the influence of fitness level on dose-response relationship). METHODS During an in-season phase, selected training-load measures including total minutes, total distance, mechanical work (the sum number of accelerations and decelerations > 3 m2), high metabolic load distance, and Edwards' training impulse were collected via Global Positioning System and heart-rate sensors for analyzing accumulated load. A submaximal warm-up test was used repeatedly before and after 9 phases to elicit HRex% and track fitness changes at an individual level. RESULTS Negative to positive extensive ranges of within-individual associations were found among players for different metrics (r = -.84 to .89). The relationship between pooled HRex% (basal fitness) and dose-response correlations showed inverse very large (r = -.71) and large (r = -.65) values for accumulated weekly minutes and distance. However, moderate values were found for all other measures (r = -.35 to -.42). CONCLUSIONS Individual players show extensive different ranges of dose-response associations with training measures. The dose-response association is influenced by players' fitness level, and players with lower fitness levels show stronger inverse relationships with accumulated minutes and total distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Rabbani
- Department of Sport Sciences, Ittihad Kalba F.C, Kalba, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Sport Science, OFI Crete F.C, Crete, Greece
| | | | - Filipe Manuel Clemente
- Escola Superior Desporto e Lazer, Instituto Politécnico de Viana do Castelo, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Sport Physical Activity and Health Research & Innovation Center, Viana do Castelo, Portugal
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Liam Anderson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Fosstveit SH, Berntsen S, Feron J, Joyce KE, Ivarsson A, Segaert K, Lucas SJE, Lohne-Seiler H. HIIT at Home: Enhancing Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Older Adults-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14694. [PMID: 38982665 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a 6-month home-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT) intervention to improve peak oxygen consumption (V̇O2peak) and lactate threshold (LT) in older adults. METHODS Two hundred thirty-three healthy older adults (60-84 years; 54% females) were randomly assigned to either 6-month, thrice-weekly home-based HIIT (once-weekly circuit training and twice-weekly interval training) or a passive control group. Exercise sessions were monitored using a Polar watch and a logbook for objective and subjective data, respectively, and guided by a personal coach. The outcomes were assessed using a modified Balke protocol combining V̇O2peak and LT measures. General linear regression models assessed between-group differences in change and within-group changes for each outcome. RESULTS There was a significant between-group difference in the pre-to-post change in V̇O2peak (difference: 1.8 [1.2; 2.3] mL/kg/min; exercise: +1.4 [1.0; 1.7] mL/kg/min [~5%]; control: -0.4 [-0.8; -0.0] mL/kg/min [approximately -1.5%]; effect size [ES]: 0.35). Compared with controls, the exercise group had lower blood lactate concentration (-0.7 [-0.9; -0.4] mmol/L, ES: 0.61), % of peak heart rate (-4.4 [-5.7; -3.0], ES: 0.64), and % of V̇O2peak (-4.5 [-6.1; -2.9], ES: 0.60) at the intensity corresponding to preintervention LT and achieved a higher treadmill stage (% incline) at LT (0.6 [0.3; 0.8]; ES: 0.47), following the intervention. CONCLUSION This study highlights the effectiveness of a home-based HIIT intervention as an accessible and equipment-minimal strategy to induce clinically meaningful improvements in cardiorespiratory fitness in older adults. Over 6 months, the exercise group showed larger improvements in all outcomes compared with the control group. Notably, the LT outcome exhibited a more pronounced magnitude of change than V̇O2peak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Jack Feron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Kelsey E Joyce
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Katrien Segaert
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Stöggl TL, Strepp T, Wiesinger HP, Haller N. A training goal-oriented categorization model of high-intensity interval training. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1414307. [PMID: 38957216 PMCID: PMC11218030 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1414307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
There are various categorization models of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) in the literature that need to be more consistent in definition, terminology, and concept completeness. In this review, we present a training goal-oriented categorization model of HIIT, aiming to find the best possible consensus among the various defined types of HIIT. This categorization concludes with six different types of HIIT derived from the literature, based on the interaction of interval duration, interval intensity and interval:recovery ratio. We discuss the science behind the defined types of HIIT and shed light on the possible effects of the various types of HIIT on aerobic, anaerobic, and neuromuscular systems and possible transfer effects into competition performance. We highlight various research gaps, discrepancies in findings and not yet proved know-how based on a lack of randomized controlled training studies, especially in well-trained to elite athlete cohorts. Our HIIT "toolbox" approach is designed to guide goal-oriented training. It is intended to lay the groundwork for future systematic reviews and serves as foundation for meta-analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L. Stöggl
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Red Bull Athlete Performance Center, Thalgau, Austria
| | - Tilmann Strepp
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Hans-Peter Wiesinger
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of Nursing Science and Practice, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
- Institute of General Practice, Family Medicine and Preventive Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Nils Haller
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Paris Lodron University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
- Department of Sports Medicine, Rehabilitation and Disease Prevention, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
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Moda TEDR, Viana RB, Dias RKN, Penna EM, Coswig VS. Responsiveness of functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size to resistance training: A systematic review. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 6:111-122. [PMID: 38708326 PMCID: PMC11067735 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2024] Open
Abstract
There is a recent and growing interest in assessing differential responders to resistance training (RT) for diverse outcomes. Thus, the individual ability to respond to an intervention for a specific measurement, called responsiveness, remains to be better understood. Thus, the current study aimed to summarize the available information about the effects of RT on functional performance and muscle strength, power, and size in healthy adults, through the prevalence rate in different responsiveness classifications models. A systematic review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and was registered at the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO, CRD42021265378). PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and Embase databases were systematically searched in October 2023. A total of 13 studies were included, totaling 921 subjects. Only two studies presented a low risk of bias. Regarding the effectiveness of RT, the prevalence rate for non-responders ranged from 0% to 44% for muscle strength, from 0% to 84% for muscle size, and from 0% to 42% for functional performance, while for muscle power, the only study found showed a responsiveness rate of 37%. In conclusion, a wide range of differential responders is described for all variables investigated. However, the evidence summarized in this systematic review suggested some caution while interpreting the findings, since the body of evidence found seems to be incipient, and widely heterogeneous in methodological and statistical aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomé Edson dos Reis Moda
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Borges Viana
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Rayra Khalinka Neves Dias
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Macedo Penna
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - Victor Silveira Coswig
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências do Movimento Humano, Universidade Federal do Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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Xu H, Song J, Li G, Wang H. Optimal Prescription for Superior Outcomes: A Comparative Analysis of Inter-Individual Variability in Adaptations to Small-Sided Games and Short Sprint Interval Training in Young Basketball Players. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:305-316. [PMID: 38841633 PMCID: PMC11149073 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
This study compared the inter-individual variability in adaptive responses to six weeks of small-sided games (SSG) and short sprint interval training (sSIT) in young basketball players. Thirty well-trained young athletes (age: 16.4 ± 0.6 years; stature: 190 ± 8.4 cm; weight: 84.1 ± 8.2 kg) voluntarily participated and were randomly assigned to SSG (3 sets of 5 min 3v3 on full length (28 m) and half-width (7.5 m) court, with 2 minutes of passive recovery in-between), sSIT (3 sets of 12 × 5 s sprinting with 20 s recovery between efforts and 2 min of rest between sets), or CON (routine basketball-specific technical and tactical drills) groups, each of ten. Before and after the training period, participants underwent a series of laboratory- and field-based measurements to evaluate their maximum oxygen uptake (V̇O2max), first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2), oxygen pulse, peak and average power output (PPO and APO), linear speed, change of direction (COD), countermovement jump (CMJ), and vertical jump (VJ). Both SSG and sSIT sufficiently stimulated adaptive mechanisms involved in enhancement of the mentioned variables (p < 0.05). However, sSIT resulted in lower residuals in percent changes in V̇O2max (p = 0.02), O2pulse (p = 0.005), VT1 (p = 0.001), PPO (p = 0.03), and linear speed (p = 0.01) across athletes compared to the SSG. Moreover, sSIT resulted in more responders than SSG in V̇O2max (p = 0.02, φ = 0.500), O2pulse (p = 0.003, φ = 0.655), VT1 (p = 0.003, φ = 0.655), VT2 (p = 0.05, φ = 0.436), and linear speed (p = 0.05, φ = 0.420). Our results indicate that sSIT creates a more consistent level of mechanical and physiological stimulus than SSG, potentially leading to more similar adaptations across team members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoming Xu
- School of Sports Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Song
- School of Sports Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
- Graduate School, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guoxing Li
- School of Sports Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hengtong Wang
- School of Sports Training, Guangzhou Sport University, Guangzhou, China
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Strohacker K, Sudeck G, Keegan R, Ibrahim AH, Beaumont CT. Contextualising flexible nonlinear periodization as a person-adaptive behavioral model for exercise maintenance. Health Psychol Rev 2024; 18:285-298. [PMID: 37401403 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2023.2233592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing focus on developing person-adaptive strategies to support sustained exercise behaviour, necessitating conceptual models to guide future research and applications. This paper introduces Flexible nonlinear periodisation (FNLP) - a proposed, but underdeveloped person-adaptive model originating in sport-specific conditioning - that, pending empirical refinement and evaluation, may be applied in health promotion and disease prevention settings. To initiate such efforts, the procedures of FNLP (i.e., acutely and dynamically matching exercise demand to individual assessments of mental and physical readiness) are integrated with contemporary health behaviour evidence and theory to propose a modified FNLP model and to show hypothesised pathways by which FNLP may support exercise adherence (e.g., flexible goal setting, management of affective responses, and provision of autonomy/variety-support). Considerations for future research are also provided to guide iterative, evidence-based efforts for further development, acceptability, implementation, and evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley Strohacker
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Gorden Sudeck
- Institute of Sport Science, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfacultary Research Institute for Sports and Physical Activity, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Richard Keegan
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, Faculty of Health, University of Canberra, Canberra, Australia
| | - Adam H Ibrahim
- Department of Kinesiology, Recreation, and Sport Studies, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Cory T Beaumont
- Department of Allied Health, Sport, and Wellness, Baldwin Wallace University, Berea, OH, USA
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9
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He J, Liu D, Wang T, Xu Q, Zhao X. Sex Influences the Extent of Physical Performance Adaptations in Response to Small-Sided Games and Running-Based High-Intensity Interval Training: A Parallel Study Design Involving Men and Women Soccer Players. J Sports Sci Med 2024; 23:265-275. [PMID: 38841647 PMCID: PMC11149076 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2024.265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to compare physical fitness adaptations following small-sided games (SSG) and running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT), considering sex interactions; and (ii) to describe intra-individual variations of adaptations in both men and women developmental/trained soccer players over an 8-week randomized parallel study design involving 25 women and 27 men. Pre and post-intervention assessments included countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-meter linear sprint test, change-of-direction (COD) deficit, and final velocity at 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT). Significant interactions between time, groups and sex were found in 10-m sprint (F1,48 = 6.042; p = 0.018; ηp2 = 0.112). No significant interactions between time, groups and sex were found in CMJ (F F1,48 = 0.609; p = 0.439; ηp2 = 0.013), COD deficit (F F1,48 = 2.718; p = 0.106; ηp2 = 0.054) and VIFT (F F1,48 = 1.141; p = 0.291; ηp2 = 0.023). Significant interactions were found between time and sex in CMJ (F F1,48 = 29.342; p < 0.001; ηp2= 0.379), 10-m sprint (F F1,48 = 4.359; p = 0.042; ηp2 = 0.083), COD deficit (F F1,48 = 5.066; p = 0.029; ηp2= 0.095) and VIFT (F F1,48 = 11.248; p = 0.002; ηp2 = 0.190). In conclusion, this study suggests similar effects of HIIT in both sexes. However, for women, SSG may entail less efficacy and more inter-individual variability compared to men. Therefore, HIIT could potentially be a better solution for women, whereas both training approaches were equally effective in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia He
- Sichuan Normal University, 610066 Chengdu, China
| | - Diao Liu
- Sichuan Normal University, 610066 Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Geely University of China, 641423 Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Xu
- Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, 80-336 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Xiang Zhao
- School of Physical Education, Anhui Normal University, 241002,Wuhu,China
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10
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Kuerschner B, Kirton M, Dalleck LC, Beleigoli A, Gebremichael L, Weatherwax R, Ramos JS. The impact of individualised versus standardised endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in inactive adults. J Sci Med Sport 2024; 27:326-332. [PMID: 38388327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2024.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of the current study was to investigate the impact of individualised versus standardised combined endurance and resistance training on the fitness-fatness index in physically inactive adults. DESIGN Randomised controlled trial. METHODS Fifty-four participants aged 21-55 years were randomised into three groups; 1) non-exercise control (n = 18), 2) standardised moderate-intensity continuous training (n = 18), or 3) individualised moderate-intensity continuous training + high-intensity interval training (n = 18). The fitness-fatness index was calculated by dividing cardiorespiratory fitness (expressed as metabolic equivalents) by the waist-to-height ratio. Participants were classified as likely responders to the intervention if a change of ≥1 fitness-fatness index unit was achieved. RESULTS The individualised group showed the greatest fitness-fatness index improvement (between group difference p < 0.001), with 100 % of this group classified as likely responders, compared to the standardised (68 %) and non-exercise control (0 %) groups. CONCLUSIONS An individualised, threshold-based exercise programme may produce more favourable changes in the fitness-fatness index than a standardised exercise programme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Kuerschner
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| | - Michael Kirton
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia; Western Colorad University, Recreation, Exercise & Sports Science Department, USA
| | - Alline Beleigoli
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Lemlem Gebremichael
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia
| | - Ryan Weatherwax
- Southern Oregon University, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Ashland, USA
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Flinders University, Caring Futures Institute, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Australia; Flinders University, SHAPE Research Centre, Australia; Flinders University, Medical Device Research Institute, College of Science and Engineering, Australia.
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Sheykhlouvand M, Gharaat M. Optimal homeostatic stress to maximize the homogeneity of adaptations to interval interventions in soccer players. Front Physiol 2024; 15:1377552. [PMID: 38655030 PMCID: PMC11035815 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2024.1377552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study examined the uniformity of adaptations in cardiorespiratory fitness and bio-motor abilities by analyzing individual responses to measures representing the mentioned qualities. Twenty-four male well-trained soccer players (Age = 26 ± 4 years; stature = 181 ± 3.8; Weight = 84 ± 6.1) were randomized to two groups performing short sprint interval training [sSIT (3 sets of 10 × 4 s all-out sprints with 20 s of recovery between efforts and 3 min of rest intervals between sets)] or a time-matched small-sided game [SSG (3 sets of 3 v 3 efforts in a 20 × 15 m area with 3 min of relief in-between)]. Before and after the 6-week training period, aerobic fitness indices, cardiac hemodynamics, and anaerobic power were assessed through a graded exercise test utilizing a gas collection system, noninvasive impedance cardiography, and a lower-body Wingate test, respectively. Also, sport-specific bio-motor abilities were determined by measuring linear speed, change of direction, and jumping ability. Comparing inter-individual variability in the adaptive changes by analyzing residuals in individual adaptations indicated that sSIT induces more uniform changes in the first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 & VT2), stroke volume, and peak power output across team members than SSG. SSG also yielded lower proportions of responders in V ˙ O 2 max , VT1, VT2, peak, and average power output compared to sSIT. Additionally, the coefficient of variation in mean group changes in measures of aerobic fitness and bio-motor abilities in response to sSIT were lower than in SSG. Short sprint interval training induces more homogenized adaptations in measures of cardiorespiratory fitness and anaerobic power than small-sided games across team members.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Sheykhlouvand
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran
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12
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Gindre C, Patoz A, Breine B, Lussiana T. Mind to move: Differences in running biomechanics between sensing and intuition shod runners. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300108. [PMID: 38568899 PMCID: PMC10990178 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Delving into the complexities of embodied cognition unveils the intertwined influence of mind, body, and environment. The connection of physical activity with cognition sparks a hypothesis linking motion and personality traits. Hence, this study explored whether personality traits could be linked to biomechanical variables characterizing running forms. To do so, 80 runners completed three randomized 50-m running-trials at 3.3, 4.2, and 5m/s during which their running biomechanics [ground contact time (tc), flight time (tf), duty factor (DF), step frequency (SF), leg stiffness (kleg), maximal vertical ground reaction force (Fmax), and maximal leg compression of the spring during stance (ΔL)] was evaluated. In addition, participants' personality traits were assessed through the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test. The MBTI classifies personality traits into one of two possible categories along four axes: extraversion-introversion; sensing-intuition; thinking-feeling; and judging-perceiving. This exploratory study offers compelling evidence that personality traits, specifically sensing and intuition, are associated with distinct running biomechanics. Individuals classified as sensing demonstrated a more grounded running style characterized by prolonged tc, shorter tf, higher DF, and greater ΔL compared to intuition individuals (p≤0.02). Conversely, intuition runners exhibited a more dynamic and elastic running style with a shorter tc and higher kleg than their sensing counterparts (p≤0.02). Post-hoc tests revealed a significant difference in tc between intuition and sensing runners at all speeds (p≤0.02). According to the definition of each category provided by the MBTI, sensing individuals tend to focus on concrete facts and physical realities while intuition individuals emphasize abstract concepts and patterns of information. These results suggest that runners with sensing and intuition personality traits differ in their ability to use their lower limb structures as springs. Intuition runners appeared to rely more in the stretch-shortening cycle to energetically optimize their running style while sensing runners seemed to optimize running economy by promoting more forward progression than vertical oscillations. This study underscores the intriguing interplay between personality traits of individuals and their preferred movement patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Gindre
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen, Chavéria, France
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- MPFRPV, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Besançon, France
| | - Aurélien Patoz
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bastiaan Breine
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Thibault Lussiana
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen, Chavéria, France
- Research and Development Department, Volodalen SwissSportLab, Aigle, Switzerland
- MPFRPV, Université de Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
- Exercise Performance Health Innovation (EPHI) Platform, Besançon, France
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13
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Wang C, Ye M. Individualizing Basketball-Specific Interval Training Using Anaerobic Speed Reserve: Effects on Physiological and Hormonal Adaptations. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:365-374. [PMID: 38237576 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE We compared the adaptive responses to supramaximal high-intensity interval training (HIIT) individualized according to anaerobic speed reserve (ASR), the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT), and velocity associated with maximum oxygen uptake (MAS) to determine which approach facilitates more identical adaptations across athletes with different profiles. METHODS Thirty national-level basketball players (age = 28.4 [5] y; body mass = 88.9 [6.3] kg; height = 190 [4.8] cm) were randomly assigned to 3 training groups performing 2 sets of 4, 6, 8, 6, 8, and 10-minute runs (from first to sixth week, respectively), consisting of 15-second running at Δ%20ASR (MAS + 0.2 × ASR), 95%VIFT, and 120%MAS, with 15 seconds recovery between efforts and a 3-minute relief between sets. RESULTS All 3 interval interventions significantly (P < .05) enhanced maximum oxygen uptake (V˙O2max), oxygen pulse (V˙O2/HR), first and second ventilatory threshold (VT1 and VT2), cardiac output (Q˙max), stroke volume, peak and average power output, testosterone levels, and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio following the training period. Different values of interindividual variability (coefficient of variation) for the percentage changes of the measured variables were observed in response to HIITASR, HIITvIFT, and HIITMAS for V˙O2max (8.7%, 18.8%, 34.6%, respectively), V˙O2/HR (9.5%, 15.0%, 28.6%), VT1 (9.6%, 19.6%, 34.6%), VT2 (21.8%, 32.4%, 56.7%), Q˙max (8.2%, 16.9%, 28.8%), stroke volume (7.9%, 15.2%, 23.5%), peak power output (20%, 22%, 37.3%), average power output (21.1%, 21.3%, 32.5%), testosterone (52.9%, 61.6%, 59.9%), and testosterone-to-cortisol ratio (55.1%, 59.5%, 57.8%). CONCLUSIONS Supramaximal HIIT performed at Δ%20ASR resulted in more uniform physiological adaptations than HIIT interventions prescribed using VIFT or MAS. Although hormonal changes do not follow this approach, all the approaches induced an anabolic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhang Wang
- College of Physical Education, Xuchang University, Henan, HEN, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Department of Physical Education, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, SD, China
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Bossi AH, Naumann U, Passfield L, Hopker J. Modelling inter-individual variability in acute and adaptive responses to interval training: insights into exercise intensity normalisation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024; 124:1201-1216. [PMID: 37966510 PMCID: PMC10954971 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05340-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the influence of exercise intensity normalisation on intra- and inter-individual acute and adaptive responses to an interval training programme. METHODS Nineteen cyclists were split in two groups differing (only) in how exercise intensity was normalised: 80% of the maximal work rate achieved in an incremental test (% W ˙ max) vs. maximal sustainable work rate in a self-paced interval training session (% W ˙ max-SP). Testing duplicates were conducted before and after an initial control phase, during the training intervention, and at the end, enabling the estimation of inter-individual variability in adaptive responses devoid of intra-individual variability. RESULTS Due to premature exhaustion, the median training completion rate was 88.8% for the % W ˙ max group, but 100% for the % W ˙ max-SP the group. Ratings of perceived exertion and heart rates were not sensitive to how intensity was normalised, manifesting similar inter-individual variability, although intra-individual variability was minimised for the % W ˙ max-SP group. Amongst six adaptive response variables, there was evidence of individual response for only maximal oxygen uptake (standard deviation: 0.027 L·min-1·week-1) and self-paced interval training performance (standard deviation: 1.451 W·week-1). However, inter-individual variability magnitudes were similar between groups. Average adaptive responses were also similar between groups across all variables. CONCLUSIONS To normalise completion rates of interval training, % W ˙ max-SP should be used to prescribe relative intensity. However, the variability in adaptive responses to training may not reflect how exercise intensity is normalised, underlining the complexity of the exercise dose-adaptation relationship. True inter-individual variability in adaptive responses cannot always be identified when intra-individual variability is accounted for.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
- The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress, Peebles, UK.
| | | | - Louis Passfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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15
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Abrahin O, Abrahin RP, Guimarães M, de Holanda VBT, Figueiredo FADPL, Viana Rosa B, de Sousa Neto IV, Rolnick N, de Melo GF, Prestes EF, da Cunha Nascimento D. Blood pressure responsiveness to resistance training in the hypertensive older adult: a randomized controlled study. Blood Press Monit 2024; 29:71-81. [PMID: 38300019 DOI: 10.1097/mbp.0000000000000690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Different lifestyle changes have been employed to improve clinical hypertension. However, there is scarce evidence on the blood pressure responsiveness to resistance training (RT) in hypertensive older adults. Consequently, little is known about some participants clinically reducing blood pressure and others not. Thus, we investigate the effects and responsiveness of RT on blood pressure in hypertensive older adults. We secondarily evaluated the biochemical risk factors for cardiovascular disease and functional performance. Older participants with hypertension were randomly assigned into RT (n = 27) and control group (n = 25). Blood pressure, functional performance (timed up and go, handgrip strength, biceps curl and sit-to-stand), fasting glucose, and lipid profiles were evaluated preintervention and postintervention. The statistic was performed in a single-blind manner, the statistician did not know who was the control and RT. RT was effective in reducing systolic blood pressure (SBP) (pre 135.7 ± 14.7; post 124.7 ± 11.0; P < 0.001) and the responses to RT stimuli varied noticeably between hypertensive older adults after 12 weeks. For example, 13 and 1 responders displayed a minimal clinical important difference for SBP attenuation (10.9 mmHg) in the RT and control groups, respectively. RT improved the functional performance of older people with hypertension, while no differences were found in biochemical parameters (triglycerides, HDL, LDL, fasting glucose) after 12 weeks. In conclusion, responses to RT stimuli varied noticeably between hypertensive individuals and RT was effective in reducing SBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Odilon Abrahin
- Laboratory of Resistance Exercise and Health, State University of Para (UEPA), Belém, Pará
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará
| | - Rejane Pequeno Abrahin
- Laboratory of Resistance Exercise and Health, State University of Para (UEPA), Belém, Pará
- Graduate Program in Genetics and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará
| | - Mayko Guimarães
- Laboratory of Resistance Exercise and Health, State University of Para (UEPA), Belém, Pará
| | | | | | - Bruno Viana Rosa
- Department of Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB), Brasília
| | - Ivo Vieira de Sousa Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic, Lehman College, New York, New York, USA
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Kim KB, Choe H, Sung H. Effects of Individualized Exercise on Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Scoping Review. J Obes Metab Syndr 2024; 33:20-26. [PMID: 38185697 PMCID: PMC11000518 DOI: 10.7570/jomes23020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise intervention is effective in alleviating the severity of metabolic syndrome (MetS). However, the results of previous studies on the effect of exercise on MetS have demonstrated considerable individual variability in response to a specific dose of exercise, which was attributed to the lack of a personalized approach to exercise prescription. It is essential to consider individual factors to enhance the effectiveness of exercise in addressing MetS. This scoping review assesses the effectiveness of individualized exercise on the risk factors associated with MetS. Various databases and articles were examined based on eligibility criteria and nine studies were chosen for this review. Personal and adjusted factors were predominantly analyzed to tailor exercise prescriptions to individual needs. This review proposes that personal factors can be classified into three categories: fixed factors, adaptation factors, and response factors, considering both clinical and exercise science perspectives. It also suggests that a two-way communication approach between specialists and individuals is more effective for prescribing exercise to address MetS compared to a one-way method. A one-way communication approach relies solely on an expert's decision, even whether or not he or she fully considers a client's lifestyle and preferences. If the individualized selection of exercise prescriptions is achieved through two-way communication between specialists and subjects, significant improvements can be expected in terms of both MetS severity and exercise adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Bae Kim
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Harim Choe
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hoyong Sung
- Department of Physical Education, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, Korea
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17
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Luo X, Zhang D, Yu W. Uniform Homeostatic Stress Through Individualized Interval Training Facilitates Homogeneous Adaptations Across Rowers With Different Profiles. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2024; 19:232-241. [PMID: 38168020 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2023-0246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study compared the effects of individualizing supramaximal interval rowing interventions using anaerobic power reserve (APR [high-intensity interval training (HIIT) prescribed according to individual APR (HIITAPR)]) and power associated with maximal oxygen uptake (WV˙O2max [HIIT prescribed based on the individual WV˙O2max (HIITW)]) on the homogeneity of physiological and performance adaptations. METHODS Twenty-four well-trained rowers (age 24.8 [4.3] y, stature 182.5 [3] cm, body mass 86.1 [4.3]) were randomized into interventions consisting of 4 × 30-second intervals at 130%APR (WV˙O2max + 0.3 × maximal sprint power) with weekly progression by increasing the number of repetitions per set (5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10, from first to sixth session) and the same sets and repetitions with the intensity described as 130% WV˙O2max. The work-to-recovery ratio was 1:1 for repetitions and 3 minutes between sets. Responses of aerobic fitness indices, power output, cardiac hemodynamics, locomotor abilities, and time-trial performance were examined. RESULTS Both HIITAPR and HIITW interventions significantly improved V˙O2max, lactate threshold, cardiac hemodynamics, and 2000-m performance, with no between-groups difference in changes over time. However, HIITAPR resulted in a lower interindividual variability in adaptations in V˙O2max and related physiological parameters, but this is not the case for athletic performance, which can depend on a multitude of factors beyond physiological parameters. CONCLUSIONS Results demonstrated that expressing supramaximal interval intensity as a proportion of APR facilitates imposing the same degrees of homeostatic stress and leads to more homogeneous physiological adaptations in maximal variables when compared to prescribing a supramaximal HIIT intervention using WV˙O2max. However, lower interindividual variability would be seen in submaximal variables if HIIT interventions were prescribed using WV˙O2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Luo
- College of Physical Education, Chengdu University, Sichuan, China
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- College of Physical Education, Huanggang Normal University, Hubei, China
| | - Wenlu Yu
- College of Physical Education, Chengdu University, Sichuan, China
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18
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Nascimento DDC, Rolnick N, da Silva Almeida I, Cipriano Junior G, Durigan JL. Frequentist, Bayesian Analysis and Complementary Statistical Tools for Geriatric and Rehabilitation Fields: Are Traditional Null-Hypothesis Significance Testing Methods Sufficient? Clin Interv Aging 2024; 19:277-287. [PMID: 38380229 PMCID: PMC10878138 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s441799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Null hypothesis significant testing (NHST) is the dominant statistical approach in the geriatric and rehabilitation fields. However, NHST is routinely misunderstood or misused. In this case, the findings from clinical trials would be taken as evidence of no effect, when in fact, a clinically relevant question may have a "non-significant" p-value. Conversely, findings are considered clinically relevant when significant differences are observed between groups. To assume that p-value is not an exclusive indicator of an association or the existence of an effect, researchers should be encouraged to report other statistical analysis approaches as Bayesian analysis and complementary statistical tools alongside the p-value (eg, effect size, confidence intervals, minimal clinically important difference, and magnitude-based inference) to improve interpretation of the findings of clinical trials by presenting a more efficient and comprehensive analysis. However, the focus on Bayesian analysis and secondary statistical analyses does not mean that NHST is less important. Only that, to observe a real intervention effect, researchers should use a combination of secondary statistical analyses in conjunction with NHST or Bayesian statistical analysis to reveal what p-values cannot show in the geriatric and rehabilitation studies (eg, the clinical importance of 1kg increase in handgrip strength in the intervention group of long-lived older adults compared to a control group). This paper provides potential insights for improving the interpretation of scientific data in rehabilitation and geriatric fields by utilizing Bayesian and secondary statistical analyses to better scrutinize the results of clinical trials where a p-value alone may not be appropriate to determine the efficacy of an intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Rolnick
- The Human Performance Mechanic Department, Lehman College, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Isabella da Silva Almeida
- Laboratory of Muscle and Tendon Plasticity, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Gerson Cipriano Junior
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - João Luiz Durigan
- Laboratory of Muscle and Tendon Plasticity, Faculdade de Ceilândia, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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19
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Puga TB, Schafer J, Thiel G, Scigliano N, Ruan T, Toledo A, Agbedanu PN, Treffer K. COVID-19 National Football League (NFL) Injury Analysis: Follow-Up Study. JMIRX MED 2024; 5:e45688. [PMID: 38462739 PMCID: PMC10985286 DOI: 10.2196/45688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Background In 2020, COVID-19 spread across the world and brought normal daily life to a halt, causing the shutdown of nearly everything in order to prevent its spread. The National Football League (NFL) similarly experienced shutdowns and the resulting effects, leaving athletes unable to train in some of the most advanced facilities with many of the best trainers in the world. A previous study, titled COVID-19 Return to Sport: NFL Injury Prevalence Analysis, determined that there was increased injury prevalence during the 2020 season, likely due to decreased physiological adaptations within athletes' bodies as a result of facility shutdowns. Understanding injury epidemiology is vital to the prevention of injuries and the development of return-to-play protocols. Objective The objective of this study is to perform a follow-up study to COVID-19 Return to Sport: NFL Injury Prevalence Analysis in order to examine the longitudinal effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on injury epidemiology. This study examines if there was a recovery to baseline levels of injuries or if there are still lingering effects from the COVID-19 pandemic-induced spike in injuries. Methods To determine if there was change in the number of injuries for each season, injury tallies collected from the 17-week-long 2018, 2019, and 2020 NFL regular seasons were compared with those from the 18-week-long 2021 and 2022 NFL regular seasons. A Kruskall-Wallis test with post hoc Dunn analysis was conducted to compare the rate of injuries per team per week between each of the 2018, 2019, 2020, 2021, and 2022 regular seasons. Results The Kruskall-Wallis test revealed an H statistic of 32.61 (P<.001) for the comparison of the injury rates across the 5 seasons. The post hoc Dunn analysis showed that 2020 had a statistically significant difference when compared with each of the 2018 (P<.001), 2019 (P=.04), 2021 (P=.02), and 2022 (P=.048) seasons. The 2019 season showed no statistical significance when compared with the 2021 (P=.23) and 2022 (P=.13) seasons. Conclusions The results of this follow-up study, combined with the previous study, show that extended training interruptions stemming from COVID-19 in 2020 induced detraining and led to increased injuries. Additionally, the results of this study show that retraining can occur, resulting in the development of injury protective factors, as injury rates returned to baseline levels after 2020. This is the first large-scale and long-term opportunity to demonstrate the effects of these principles and how they are important to understanding injury epidemiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy B Puga
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Joshua Schafer
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Grace Thiel
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Nicholas Scigliano
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Tiffany Ruan
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Andres Toledo
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Prince N Agbedanu
- Division of Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, Department of Health Sciences, Friends University, Wichita, KS, United States
| | - Kevin Treffer
- Department of Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, Kansas City, MO, United States
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20
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Lixandrão ME, Bamman M, Vechin FC, Conceicao MS, Telles G, Longobardi I, Damas F, Lavin KM, Drummer DJ, McAdam JS, Dungan CM, Leitão AE, Riani Costa LA, Aihara AY, Libardi CA, Gualano B, Roschel H. Higher resistance training volume offsets muscle hypertrophy nonresponsiveness in older individuals. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:421-429. [PMID: 38174375 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00670.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The magnitude of muscle hypertrophy in response to resistance training (RT) is highly variable between individuals (response heterogeneity). Manipulations in RT variables may modulate RT-related response heterogeneity; yet, this remains to be determined. Using a within-subject unilateral design, we aimed to investigate the effects of RT volume manipulation on whole muscle hypertrophy [quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (qCSA)] among nonresponders and responders to a low RT dose (single-set). We also investigated the effects of RT volume manipulation on muscle strength in these responsiveness groups. Eighty-five older individuals [41M/44F, age = 68 ± 4 yr; body mass index (BMI) = 26.4 ± 3.7 kg/m2] had one leg randomly allocated to a single (1)-set and the contralateral leg allocated to four sets of unilateral knee-extension RT at 8-15 repetition maximum (RM) for 10-wk 2 days/wk. Pre- and postintervention, participants underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and unilateral knee-extension 1-RM strength testing. MRI typical error (2× TE = 3.27%) was used to classify individuals according to responsiveness patterns. n = 51 were classified as nonresponders (≤2× TE) and n = 34 as responders (>2× TE) based on pre- to postintervention change qCSA following the single-set RT protocol. Nonresponders to single-set training showed a dose response, with significant time × set interactions for qCSA and 1-RM strength, indicating greater gains in response to the higher volume prescription (time × set: P < 0.05 for both outcomes). Responders improved qCSA (time: P < 0.001), with a tendency toward higher benefit from the four sets RT protocol (time × set: P = 0.08); on the other hand, 1-RM increased similarly irrespectively of RT volume prescription (time × set: P > 0.05). Our findings support the use of higher RT volume to mitigate nonresponsiveness among older adults.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Using a within-subject unilateral design, we demonstrated that increasing resistance training (RT) volume may be a simple, effective strategy to improve muscle hypertrophy and strength gains among older adults who do not respond to low-volume RT. In addition, it could most likely be used to further improve hypertrophic outcomes in responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoel E Lixandrão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group-School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Lifestyle Medicine; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcas Bamman
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Felipe C Vechin
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel S Conceicao
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Telles
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Longobardi
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group-School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Lifestyle Medicine; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Felipe Damas
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaleen M Lavin
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Devin J Drummer
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Jeremy S McAdam
- Healthspan, Resilience, and Performance Research, Florida Institute for Human and Machine Cognition, Pensacola, Florida, United States
- UAB Center for Exercise Medicine, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States
| | - Cory M Dungan
- Department of Physical Therapy and Center for Muscle Biology, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Alice E Leitão
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group-School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Lifestyle Medicine; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz A Riani Costa
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Y Aihara
- Diagnostic Imaging Department, Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo-Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, Brazil
- Diagnósticos da América S.A. (DASA)/Laboratório Delboni, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Bruno Gualano
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group-School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Lifestyle Medicine; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hamilton Roschel
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group-School of Physical Education and Sport and Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Center of Lifestyle Medicine; Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rheumatology Division, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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H Fosstveit S, Lohne-Seiler H, Feron J, Lucas SJE, Ivarsson A, Berntsen S. The intensity paradox: A systematic review and meta-analysis of its impact on the cardiorespiratory fitness of older adults. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14573. [PMID: 38389140 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
AIM The present systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effect of moderate- versus high-intensity aerobic exercise on cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in older adults, taking into account the volume of exercise completed. METHODS The databases MEDLINE (Ovid), EMBASE (Ovid), and CENTRAL (Cochrane Library) were searched to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Two reviewers extracted data and assessed bias. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software calculated overall effect size, intensity differences, and performed meta-regression analyses using pre-to-post intervention or change scores of peak oxygen uptake (V̇O2 peak). The review included 23 RCTs with 1332 older adults (intervention group: n = 932; control group: n = 400), divided into moderate-intensity (435 older adults) and high-intensity (476 older adults) groups. RESULTS Meta-regression analysis showed a moderate, but not significant, relationship between exercise intensity and improvements in V̇O2 peak after accounting for the completed exercise volume (β = 0.31, 95% CI = [-0.04; 0.67]). Additionally, studies comparing moderate- versus high-intensity revealed a small, but not significant, effect in favor of high-intensity (Hedges' g = 0.20, 95% CI = [-0.02; 0.41]). Finally, no significant differences in V̇O2 peak improvements were found across exercise groups employing various methods, modalities, and intensity monitoring strategies. CONCLUSION Findings challenge the notion that high-intensity exercise is inherently superior and indicate that regular aerobic exercise, irrespective of the specific approach and intensity, provides the primary benefits to CRF in older adults. Future RCTs should prioritize valid and reliable methodologies for monitoring and reporting exercise volume and adherence among older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sindre H Fosstveit
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Hilde Lohne-Seiler
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Jack Feron
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Samuel J E Lucas
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences and Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Andreas Ivarsson
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- School of Health and Welfare, Halmstad University, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Sveinung Berntsen
- Department of Sport Science and Physical Education, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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22
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Cosio PL, Moreno-Simonet L, Porcelli A, Lloret M, Padulles X, Padulles JM, Farran-Codina A, Cadefau JA. Assessment of inter-individual variability in hamstring muscle recovery after a sport-specific sprint training in women and men. Front Physiol 2024; 14:1331878. [PMID: 38264326 PMCID: PMC10803508 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1331878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Hamstring muscles are most affected by multiple sprint-based sports as a result of muscle strain during sprinting, leading to reduced performance and increased risk of injury. Therefore, the purpose of the study was to assess inter-individual variability in hamstrings recovery after a sport-specific repeated-sprint training (RST), through sprint-specific markers of muscle recovery and associated muscle damage biomarkers in women and men. Methods: Healthy females (n = 14) and males (n = 15) underwent 10 repeated 40-m sprints with a 3-min rest pause between each repetition. Force-generating capacity (FGC) by the 90° hip :20° knee test and range of motion Jurdan test, together with serum biomarkers [sarcomeric mitochondrial creatine kinase (sMtCK), oxidative stress, irisin] were tested at baseline and 24-, 48- and 72-h post-exercise through a repeated measures design. Participants were classified according to FGC loss into high responders (HR) and low responders (LR). Results: 21 individuals (10 females, 11 males) were classified as HR (FGC loss >20% and recovery >48 h), while 8 individuals (4 females, 4 males) were classified as LR. HR individuals showed unrecovered maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) torque until 72 h post-training (p = 0.003, np 2 = 0.170), whereas only HR males showed decreased range of motion (p = 0.026, np 2 = 0.116). HR individuals also showed increased sMtCK (p = 0.016, np 2 = 0.128), oxidative stress (p = 0.038, np 2 = 0.106) and irisin (p = 0.019, np 2 = 0.123). Conclusion: There is inter-individual variability in the muscular response to a sport-specific RST, identifiable by MVIC torque assessment. The findings support that the 90° hip :20° knee test is a powerful indirect test to screen hamstrings recovery in both women and men, in a cost-effective way. However, the Jurdan test might not be able to monitor hamstrings recovery in sportswomen after RST. Decreases in muscle capacity are linked to damage to muscle sarcolemma and mitochondria until 72 h post-exercise. Overall, 72 h will not be adequate time to restore hamstrings structure and function after a sport-specific RST in both female and male responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L. Cosio
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lia Moreno-Simonet
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aniello Porcelli
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mario Lloret
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Padulles
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep M. Padulles
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Farran-Codina
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, INSA-UB, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan A. Cadefau
- Institut Nacional d’Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Álvarez-Bustos A, Laosa O, Marzetti E, Carnicero JA, Castro-Rodriguez M, Landi F, Sinclair AJ, Rodriguez-Mañas L. Response rates and associated factors after a multicomponent intervention in frail older adults with diabetes. Age Ageing 2024; 53:afad253. [PMID: 38251739 DOI: 10.1093/ageing/afad253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and frailty are associated with functional decline in older population. OBJECTIVE To explore the individual response to a multimodal intervention on functional performance. DESIGN A cluster-randomised multicentre clinical trial. SETTING Outpatients in hospital or primary care. SUBJECTS 843 (77.83 years, 50.65% men) prefrail and frail individuals ≥70 years with T2DM. METHODS Participants were allocated to usual care group (UCG) or a multicomponent intervention group (IG): 16-week progressive resistance training, seven nutritional and diabetological educational sessions and achievement of glycated haemoglobin (7-8%) and blood pressure (<150 mmHg) targets. Functional performance was assessed with the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB) at 1 year. We used multivariate binomial and multinomial logistic regression models to explore the effect of the IG, and adherence on the outcomes studied, in several adjusted models. RESULTS 53.7% in the IG versus 38.0% in the UCG improved by at least 1 point in their SPPB score [OR (95% CI): 2.07 (1.43, 2.98), P value <0.001]. Age, SPPB score and number of frailty criteria met decreased the probability of improving the SPPB score. Factors associated with worsening were pertaining to IG (decreased), age, SPPB score and the number of frailty criteria (increased). An adherence ≥84% was needed to achieve benefits, reaching the peak in the probability of improving SPPB when this was ≥85% [OR(95%CI): 2.38 (1.29, 4.79), P value 0.014]. CONCLUSIONS Factors predicting the likelihood of improvement in a multimodal programme in pre-frail and frail older adults with diabetes are age, basal SPPB score, the number of frailty criteria and adherence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Álvarez-Bustos
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
| | - Olga Laosa
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación de Investigación Biomédica de Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Department of Geriatrics and Orthopedics, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Jose Antonio Carnicero
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Fundación de Investigación Biomédica de Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Alan J Sinclair
- Foundation for Diabetes Research in Older People, Diabetes Frail, Medici Medical Practice, Luton LU1 3UA, UK; School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Leocadio Rodriguez-Mañas
- Biomedical Research Center Network for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Geriatrics, Hospital Universitario de Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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24
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Mason L, Connolly J, Devenney LE, Lacey K, O’Donovan J, Doherty R. Sleep, Nutrition, and Injury Risk in Adolescent Athletes: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5101. [PMID: 38140360 PMCID: PMC10745648 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review explores the impact of sleep and nutrition on injury risk in adolescent athletes. Sleep is viewed as essential to the recuperation process and is distinguished as an active participant in recovery through its involvement in growth, repair, regeneration, and immunity. Furthermore, the literature has shown that the sleep of athletes impacts elements of athletic performance including both physical and cognitive performance, recovery, injury risk, and mental well-being. For sleep to have a restorative effect on the body, it must meet an individual's sleep needs whilst also lasting for an adequate duration and being of adequate quality, which is age-dependent. The literature has suggested that athletes have increased sleep needs compared to those of the general population and thus the standard recommendations may not be sufficient for athletic populations. Therefore, a more individualised approach accounting for overall sleep health may be more appropriate for addressing sleep needs in individuals including athletes. The literature has demonstrated that adolescent athletes achieve, on average, ~6.3 h of sleep, demonstrating a discrepancy between sleep recommendations (8-10 h) and actual sleep achieved. Sleep-wake cycles undergo development during adolescence whereby adaptation occurs in sleep regulation during this phase. These adaptations increase sleep pressure tolerance and are driven by the maturation of physiological, psychological, and cognitive functioning along with delays in circadian rhythmicity, thus creating an environment for inadequate sleep during adolescence. As such, the adolescent period is a phase of rapid growth and maturation that presents multiple challenges to both sleep and nutrition; consequently, this places a significant burden on an adolescent athletes' ability to recover, thus increasing the likelihood of injury. Therefore, this article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the available literature on the importance of sleep and nutrition interactions in injury risk in adolescent athletes. Furthermore, it provides foundations for informing further investigations exploring the relation of sleep and nutrition interactions to recovery during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorcán Mason
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - James Connolly
- Department of Computing, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland
| | - Lydia E. Devenney
- Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK7 6AA, UK
| | - Karl Lacey
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
| | - Jim O’Donovan
- DCU Glasnevin Campus, Dublin City University, Collins Avenue Extension, Dublin 9, D09 Y8VX Dublin, Ireland
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rónán Doherty
- Sports Lab North West, Atlantic Technological University Donegal, Port Road, F92 FC93 Letterkenny, Ireland (R.D.)
- Sport Ireland Institute, National Sport Campus, Abbotstown, Dublin 15, D15 Y52H Dublin, Ireland
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25
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Silva JR, Buchheit M, Hader K, Sarmento H, Afonso J. Building Bridges Instead of Putting Up Walls: Connecting the "Teams" to Improve Soccer Players' Support. Sports Med 2023; 53:2309-2320. [PMID: 37480484 PMCID: PMC10687197 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the economic value of soccer occurred in parallel with an increase in competing demands. Therefore, clubs and federations evolved to greater specialization (e.g., state-of-the-art facilities and high-profile expertise staff) to support players' performance and health. Currently, player preparation is far from exclusively club or national team centered, and the lack of control in each player's environment can be more prevalent than expected. For example, an elite group of professional players faces disruptions in the season club-oriented planification due to involvement in national teams. Moreover, as elite players' financial resources grow, it is common for them to employ specialized personal staff (e.g., strength and conditioning, nutritionist, and sports psychologist) to assist in their preparation, resulting in complex three-fold relationships (i.e., club, player's staff, national team). Although efforts have been made to improve communication with and transition from the club to the national team supervision, this new reality (club-players' staff) may generate serious compound role-related problems and difficulties in monitoring load and training adaptation and having a unified message. Therefore, efforts must be implemented to ensure a more informed management of the players' performance environment, where the existence and impact of these various personal staff are considered to avoid a long-term non-zero sum for all intervening parties. If left unchecked, current professional thinking may collide or overlap, potentially triggering conflict escalation and impairing athletic performance or health, especially if effective communication routes are not adequately established. Moreover, diluted personal responsibility regarding performance may ensue, resulting in decreased productivity from all involved, which may cause more harm than benefits for the player's overall health and performance. This emerging reality calls for developing a joint working framework (i.e., between the player's personalized support team and the clubs' team) and better managing of a player-centered process.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Renato Silva
- Faculty of Sport, Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Martin Buchheit
- HIIT Science, Revelstoke, BC, Canada
- Laboratory of Sport, Expertise and Performance, French National Institute of Sport (INSEP), Paris, France
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
- Lille OSC, Lille, France
| | - Karim Hader
- Kitman Labs, Performance Research Intelligence Initiative, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Hugo Sarmento
- Research Unit for Sport and Physical Activity (CIDAF), Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Afonso
- Faculty of Sport, Center for Research, Education, Innovation, and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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26
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Margaritelis NV. Personalized redox biology: Designs and concepts. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 208:112-125. [PMID: 37541453 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Personalized interventions are regarded as a next-generation approach in almost all fields of biomedicine, such as clinical medicine, exercise, nutrition and pharmacology. At the same time, an increasing body of evidence indicates that redox processes regulate, at least in part, multiple aspects of human physiology and pathology. As a result, the idea of applying personalized redox treatments to improve their efficacy has gained popularity among researchers in recent years. The aim of the present primer-style review was to highlight some crucial yet underappreciated methodological, statistical, and interpretative concepts within the redox biology literature, while also providing a physiology-oriented perspective on personalized redox biology. The topics addressed are: (i) the critical issue of investigating the potential existence of inter-individual variability; (ii) the importance of distinguishing a genuine and consistent response of a subject from a chance finding; (iii) the challenge of accurately quantifying the effect of a redox treatment when dealing with 'extreme' groups due to mathematical coupling and regression to the mean; and (iv) research designs and analyses that have been implemented in other fields, and can be reframed and exploited in a redox biology context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Agios Ioannis, 62122, Serres, Greece.
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27
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Bell LR, McNicol AJ, McNeil E, Van Nguyen H, Hunter JR, O'Brien BJ. The impact of progressive overload on the proportion and frequency of positive cardio-respiratory fitness responders. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:561-563. [PMID: 37643931 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.08.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The proportion of individuals whose cardio-respiratory fitness change after endurance training does not exceed the test's measurement error can be 40 %. We determined if progressively increasing treadmill run intensity compared to maintaining the same run intensity, improved the responder proportion to a 6-week 20-minute treadmill training regimen. The intervention response standard deviation method estimated the proportion of responders attributable to progressively increasing run intensity. The mixed-effects model demonstrated V̇O2 peak improved significantly more in the progressive versus constant run intensity group. The proportion of V̇O2 peak responses above the smallest worthwhile change attributable to progressively increasing run intensity was 63.6 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo R Bell
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Australia.
| | - Ashleigh J McNicol
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Elizabeth McNeil
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Huy Van Nguyen
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Australia
| | - Jayden R Hunter
- Discipline of Exercise Physiology, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Australia
| | - Brendan J O'Brien
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Health Innovation and Transformation Centre, Federation University Australia, Australia
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28
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Bulgay C, Cepicka L, Dalip M, Yıldırım S, Ceylan Hİ, Yılmaz ÖÖ, Ulucan K, Badicu G, Cerit M. The relationships between ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance characteristics in professional soccer players. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2023; 15:121. [PMID: 37749582 PMCID: PMC10518950 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-023-00733-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current research on athletic performance focuses on genetic variants that contribute significantly to individuals' performance. ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms are variants frequently associated with athletic performance among different populations. However, there is limited research examining the pre-and post-test results of some variants of athletic performance in soccer players. Therefore, the presented research is to examine the relationships between the ACTN3 rs1815739 and PPARA-α rs4253778 gene polymorphisms and athletic performance improvement rates in adaptations to six weeks of training in elite soccer players using some athletic performance tests. METHODOLOGY Twenty-two soccer players between the ages of 18 and 35 voluntarily participated in the study. All participants were actively engaged in a rigorous six-day-a-week training program during the pre-season preparation period. Preceding and following the training program, a battery of diverse athletic performance tests was administered to the participants. Moreover, Genomic DNA was extracted from oral epithelial cells using the Invitrogen DNA isolation kit (Invitrogen, USA), following the manufacturer's protocol. Genotyping was conducted using real-time PCR. To assess the pre- and post-test performance differences of soccer players, the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test was employed. RESULTS Upon analyzing the results of the soccer players based on the ACTN3 genotype variable, it was observed that there were no statistically significant differences in the SJ (Squat Jump), 30m sprint, CMJ (Counter Movement Jump), and DJ (Drop Jump) performance tests (p > 0.05). However, a statistically significant difference was identified in the YOYO IRT 2 (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 2) and 1RM (One Repetition Maximum) test outcomes (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.028, 0.028, 0.008, 0.000, respectively; 1RM: CC, CT, and TT, p = 0.010, 0.34, 0.001, respectively). Regarding the PPARA-α genotype variable, the statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in the SJ, 30m sprint, CMJ, and DJ performance tests (p > 0.05). Nevertheless, a statistically significant difference was observed in the YOYO IRT 2 and 1RM test results (YOYO IRT 2: CC, CG p = 0.001, 0.020; 1RM: CC, p = 0.000) CONCLUSIONS: The current study demonstrated significant enhancements in only YOYO INT 2 and 1RM test outcomes across nearly all gene variants following the six-day-a-week training program. Other performance tests, such as the 30m sprint, SJ, CMJ, and DJ tests did not exhibit statistically significant differences. These findings contribute novel insights into the molecular processes involving PPARA-α rs4253778 and ACTN3 rs1815739 that underpin enhancements in endurance (YOYO INT 2) and maximal strength (1RM) aspects of athletic performance. However, to comprehensively elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the association between these polymorphisms and athletic performance, further investigations are warranted. It is thought that the use of field and genetic analyses together to support each other will be an important detail for athletes to reach high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celal Bulgay
- Sports Science Faculty, Bingol University, Bingöl, 12000 Türkiye
| | - Ladislav Cepicka
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Education, University of West Bohemia, Pilsen, 30100 Czech Republic
| | - Metin Dalip
- Faculty of Physical Culture and Health, University in Tetovo, Tetova, 1200 Republic of North Macedonia
| | - Selin Yıldırım
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
| | - Halil İ. Ceylan
- Kazim Karabekir Faculty of Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240 Türkiye
| | - Özlem Ö. Yılmaz
- Institute of Health Sciences Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Korkut Ulucan
- Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Marmara University, İstanbul, 34722 Türkiye
| | - Georgian Badicu
- Faculty of Physical Education and Mountain Sports, Transilvania University of Braşov, Brasov, 500068 Romania
| | - Mesut Cerit
- Sports Science Faculty, Lokman Hekim University, Ankara, 06510 Türkiye
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29
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Hesketh SJ, Sexton CL, Wolff CA, Viggars MR, Esser KA. Early morning run-training results in enhanced endurance performance adaptations in mice. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.18.557933. [PMID: 37781623 PMCID: PMC10541096 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.18.557933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-day differences in acute exercise performance in mice are well established with late active phase (afternoon) runners exhibiting significantly greater endurance performance compared to early active phase (morning) runners. In this study, we asked if performance adaptations would be different when training for 6 weeks at two different times of day, and if this corresponds to steady state changes in the phase of peripheral tissue clocks. To address these questions, we endurance trained female PER2::Luciferase mice, at the same relative workload, either in the morning, at ZT13, or in the afternoon, at ZT22. Then, after training, we recorded luminescence from tissues of PER2::Luciferase mice to report timing of tissue clocks in several peripheral tissues. After 6 weeks, we found that both groups exhibited significant improvements in maximal endurance capacity (total treadmill work)(p < 0.0001), but the morning runners exhibited an enhanced rate of adaptation as there was no detectable difference in maximal endurance capacity (p = 0.2182) between the morning and afternoon runners. In addition, morning and afternoon runners exhibited divergent clock phase shifts with a significant 5-hour phase advance in the EDL (p < 0.0001) and soleus (p < 0.0001) of morning runners, but a phase delay in the EDL (p < 0.0001) and Soleus (p < 0.0001) of afternoon runners. Therefore, our data demonstrate that morning training enhances endurance adaptations compared to afternoon training in mice, and we suggest this is due to phase advancement of muscle clocks to better align metabolism with exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J Hesketh
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
- School of Medicine,University of Central Lancashire, 11 Victoria St, Preston PR1 7QS, United Kingdom
| | - Casey L Sexton
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Christopher A Wolff
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Mark R Viggars
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Myology Institute, University of Florida, 1200 Newell Drive, Gainesville, FL 3260, USA
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Margaritelis NV, Nastos GG, Vasileiadou O, Chatzinikolaou PN, Theodorou AA, Paschalis V, Vrabas IS, Kyparos A, Fatouros IG, Nikolaidis MG. Inter-individual variability in redox and performance responses after antioxidant supplementation: A randomized double blind crossover study. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 238:e14017. [PMID: 37401190 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
AIM We aimed to investigate the inter-individual variability in redox and physiological responses of antioxidant-deficient subjects after antioxidant supplementation. METHODS Two hundred individuals were sorted by plasma vitamin C levels. A low vitamin C group (n = 22) and a control group (n = 22) were compared in terms of oxidative stress and performance. Subsequently, the low vitamin C group received for 30 days vitamin C (1 g) or placebo, in randomized, double-blind, crossover fashion, and the effects were examined through a mixed-effects model, while individual responses were calculated. RESULTS The low vitamin C group exhibited lower vitamin C (-25 μmol/L; 95%CI[-31.7, -18.3]; p < 0.001), higher F2 -isoprostanes (+17.1 pg/mL; 95%CI[6.5, 27.7]; p = 0.002), impaired VO2max (-8.2 mL/kg/min; 95%CI[-12.8, -3.6]; p < 0.001) and lower isometric peak torque (-41.5 Nm; 95%CI[-61.8, -21.2]; p < 0.001) compared to the control group. Regarding antioxidant supplementation, a significant treatment effect was found in vitamin C (+11.6 μmol/L; 95%CI[6.8, 17.1], p < 0.001), F2 -isoprostanes (-13.7 pg/mL; 95%CI[-18.9, -8.4], p < 0.001), VO2max (+5.4 mL/kg/min; 95%CI[2.7, 8.2], p = 0.001) and isometric peak torque (+18.7; 95%CI[11.8, 25.7 Nm], p < 0.001). The standard deviation for individual responses (SDir) was greater than the smallest worthwhile change (SWC) for all variables indicating meaningful inter-individual variability. When a minimal clinically important difference (MCID) was set, inter-individual variability remained for VO2max , but not for isometric peak torque. CONCLUSION The proportion of response was generally high after supplementation (82.9%-95.3%); however, a few participants did not benefit from the treatment. This underlines the potential need for personalized nutritional interventions in an exercise physiology context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos V Margaritelis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - George G Nastos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Olga Vasileiadou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Panagiotis N Chatzinikolaou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Anastasios A Theodorou
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Vrabas
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Antonios Kyparos
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
| | - Ioannis G Fatouros
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Thessaly, Trikala, Greece
| | - Michalis G Nikolaidis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science at Serres, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Serres, Greece
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Bossi AH, Cole D, Passfield L, Hopker J. Conventional methods to prescribe exercise intensity are ineffective for exhaustive interval training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1655-1670. [PMID: 36988672 PMCID: PMC10363074 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05176-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare methods of relative intensity prescription for their ability to normalise performance (i.e., time to exhaustion), physiological, and perceptual responses to high-intensity interval training (HIIT) between individuals. METHODS Sixteen male and two female cyclists (age: 38 ± 11 years, height: 177 ± 7 cm, body mass: 71.6 ± 7.9 kg, maximal oxygen uptake ([Formula: see text]O2max): 54.3 ± 8.9 ml·kg-1 min-1) initially undertook an incremental test to exhaustion, a 3 min all-out test, and a 20 min time-trial to determine prescription benchmarks. Then, four HIIT sessions (4 min on, 2 min off) were each performed to exhaustion at: the work rate associated with the gas exchange threshold ([Formula: see text]GET) plus 70% of the difference between [Formula: see text]GET and the work rate associated with [Formula: see text]O2max; 85% of the maximal work rate of the incremental test (85%[Formula: see text]max); 120% of the mean work rate of the 20 min time-trial (120%TT); and the work rate predicted to expend, in 4 min, 80% of the work capacity above critical power. Acute HIIT responses were modelled with participant as a random effect to provide estimates of inter-individual variability. RESULTS For all dependent variables, the magnitude of inter-individual variability was high, and confidence intervals overlapped substantially, indicating that the relative intensity normalisation methods were similarly poor. Inter-individual coefficients of variation for time to exhaustion varied from 44.2% (85%[Formula: see text]max) to 59.1% (120%TT), making it difficult to predict acute HIIT responses for an individual. CONCLUSION The present study suggests that the methods of intensity prescription investigated do not normalise acute responses to HIIT between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Henrique Bossi
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK.
- School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK.
- The Mountain Bike Centre of Scotland, Peel Tower, Glentress, Peebles, EH45 8NB, UK.
| | - Diana Cole
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
| | - Louis Passfield
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - James Hopker
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Canterbury, Kent, UK
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Milani JGPO, Milani M, Cipriano GFB, Hansen D, Cipriano Junior G. Exercise intensity domains determined by heart rate at the ventilatory thresholds in patients with cardiovascular disease: new insights and comparisons to cardiovascular rehabilitation prescription recommendations. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001601. [PMID: 37533593 PMCID: PMC10391816 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To compare the elicited exercise responses at ventilatory thresholds (VTs: VT1 and VT2) identified by cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) in patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) with the guideline-directed exercise intensity domains; to propose equations to predict heart rate (HR) at VTs; and to compare the accuracy of prescription methods. Methods A cross-sectional study was performed with 972 maximal treadmill CPET on patients with CVD. First, VTs were identified and compared with guideline-directed exercise intensity domains. Second, multivariate linear regression analyses were performed to generate prediction equations for HR at VTs. Finally, the accuracy of prescription methods was assessed by the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE). Results Significant dispersions of individual responses were found for VTs, with the same relative intensity of exercise corresponding to different guideline-directed exercise intensity domains. A mathematical error inherent to methods based on percentages of peak effort was identified, which may help to explain the dispersions. Tailored multivariable equations yielded r2 of 0.726 for VT1 and 0.901 for VT2. MAPE for the novel VT1 equation was 6.0%, lower than that for guideline-based prescription methods (9.5 to 23.8%). MAPE for the novel VT2 equation was 4.3%, lower than guideline-based methods (5.8%-19.3%). Conclusion The guideline-based exercise intensity domains for cardiovascular rehabilitation revealed inconsistencies and heterogeneity, which limits the currently used methods. New multivariable equations for patients with CVD were developed and demonstrated better accuracy, indicating that this methodology may be a valid alternative when CPET is unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mauricio Milani
- Graduate Programme in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- REVAL/BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Graziella França Bernardelli Cipriano
- Graduate Programme in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
- Rehabilitation Sciences Programme, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Dominique Hansen
- REVAL/BIOMED, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Cardiology, Heart Centre Hasselt, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Gerson Cipriano Junior
- Graduate Programme in Health Sciences and Technologies, University of Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil
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Abate M, Pellegrino R, Di Iorio A, Salini V. Oxidative Stress and Performance after Training in Professional Soccer (European Football) Players. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1470. [PMID: 37508008 PMCID: PMC10376101 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12071470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamins, hormones, free radicals, and antioxidant substances significantly influence athletic performance. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether these biological mediators changed during the season and if this was associated with the rate of improvement in performance after training, assessed by means of a standardized test. Professional male soccer players took part in the study. Two evaluations were performed: the first in the pre-season period and the second at the mid-point of the official season, after about 6 months of intensive training and weekly matches. Blood levels of vitamins D, B12, and folic acid, testosterone and cortisol, free radicals, and antioxidant substances were measured. Two hours after breakfast, a Yo-Yo test was performed. The relationships between the biological mediators and the rate of improvement after training (i.e., the increase in meters run in the Yo-Yo test between the pre-season and mid-season periods) were evaluated by means of a linear mixed models analysis. Results: Eighty-two paired tests were performed. The athletes showed better performance after training, with an increase in the meters run of about 20%. No significant relationships between the vitamin and hormone values and the gain in the performance test were observed. Plasmatic levels of free radicals increased significantly, as did the blood antioxidant potential. An indirect relationship between oxidative stress and the improvement in performance was observed (free radicals β ± SE: = -0.33 ± 0.10; p-value = 0.001), with lower levels of oxidative stress being associated with higher levels of performance in the Yo-Yo test. Monitoring the measures of oxidative stress could be a useful additional tool for coaches in training and/or recovery programs tailored to each player.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Abate
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Pellegrino
- Department of Scientific Research, Campus Ludes, Off-Campus Semmelweis University, Pazzallo, 6912 Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Angelo Di Iorio
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, Gabriele D'Annunzio University, 66100 Chieti, Italy
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Champion L, Middleton K, MacMahon C. Many Pieces to the Puzzle: A New Holistic Workload Approach to Designing Practice in Sports. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2023; 9:38. [PMID: 37256515 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-023-00575-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Representative learning design (RLD) in sport is a well-established concept in both theory and practice. The goal of RLD is to faithfully replicate competition environments in training settings to benefit improvement in athletic performance. There is currently little research that considers how representative an activity needs to be to facilitate learning transfer, and how that level of representativeness might fluctuate between activities or sessions, and across competitive cycles. Similarly, there is no existing research that specifically considers the elevated workload (in cognitive and physical load) of highly representative training, and the potential impacts of chronic overuse of these highly demanding activities. This paper addresses these limitations, making a case for the application of RLD that considers the level of representativeness (fidelity) and the demands placed on athletes (load) from both a cognitive and physical perspective. This paper also suggests several categorisations of training activities that are based on their relative representativeness, level of imposed demands, and the intended outcomes of the activity with reference to the perception-action cycle. The two core concepts of fidelity and load are combined for a new approach to representative training that allows practitioners to balance the benefits of representative training with the risks of imposing excessive load on athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Champion
- Sport and Exercise Science (Allied Health, Human Services and Sport), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Kane Middleton
- Sport and Exercise Science (Allied Health, Human Services and Sport), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Clare MacMahon
- Sport and Exercise Science (Allied Health, Human Services and Sport), La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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35
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Wang K, Mehta RS, Ma W, Nguyen LH, Wang DD, Ghazi AR, Yan Y, Al-Shaar L, Wang Y, Hang D, Fu BC, Ogino S, Rimm EB, Hu FB, Carmody RN, Garrett WS, Sun Q, Chan AT, Huttenhower C, Song M. The gut microbiome modifies the associations of short- and long-term physical activity with body weight changes. MICROBIOME 2023; 11:121. [PMID: 37254152 PMCID: PMC10228038 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01542-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome regulates host energy balance and adiposity-related metabolic consequences, but it remains unknown how the gut microbiome modulates body weight response to physical activity (PA). METHODS Nested in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study, a subcohort of 307 healthy men (mean[SD] age, 70[4] years) provided stool and blood samples in 2012-2013. Data from cohort long-term follow-ups and from the accelerometer, doubly labeled water, and plasma biomarker measurements during the time of stool collection were used to assess long-term and short-term associations of PA with adiposity. The gut microbiome was profiled by shotgun metagenomics and metatranscriptomics. A subcohort of 209 healthy women from the Nurses' Health Study II was used for validation. RESULTS The microbial species Alistipes putredinis was found to modify the association between PA and body weight. Specifically, in individuals with higher abundance of A. putredinis, each 15-MET-hour/week increment in long-term PA was associated with 2.26 kg (95% CI, 1.53-2.98 kg) less weight gain from age 21 to the time of stool collection, whereas those with lower abundance of A. putredinis only had 1.01 kg (95% CI, 0.41-1.61 kg) less weight gain (pinteraction = 0.019). Consistent modification associated with A. putredinis was observed for short-term PA in relation to BMI, fat mass%, plasma HbA1c, and 6-month weight change. This modification effect might be partly attributable to four metabolic pathways encoded by A. putredinis, including folate transformation, fatty acid β-oxidation, gluconeogenesis, and stearate biosynthesis. CONCLUSIONS A greater abundance of A. putredinis may strengthen the beneficial association of PA with body weight change, suggesting the potential of gut microbial intervention to improve the efficacy of PA in body weight management. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Raaj S Mehta
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wenjie Ma
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Long H Nguyen
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong D Wang
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew R Ghazi
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yan Yan
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laila Al-Shaar
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dong Hang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, International Joint Research Center On Environment and Human Health, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Benjamin C Fu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Shuji Ogino
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Program in MPE Molecular Pathological Epidemiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric B Rimm
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Frank B Hu
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rachel N Carmody
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Wendy S Garrett
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Qi Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew T Chan
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Curtis Huttenhower
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mingyang Song
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, 667 Huntington Avenue, Kresge 906A, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Clinical and Translational Epidemiology Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Chan Microbiome in Public Health Center, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Houge IS, Hoff M, Videm V. The association between rheumatoid arthritis and reduced estimated cardiorespiratory fitness is mediated by physical symptoms and negative emotions: a cross-sectional study. Clin Rheumatol 2023:10.1007/s10067-023-06584-x. [PMID: 36964449 PMCID: PMC10038374 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-023-06584-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Persons with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) have lower cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) than healthy individuals. We sought to identify variables explaining the association between RA status and reduced CRF. METHODS RA patients recruited from two Norwegian hospitals and blood donors recruited as controls filled in questionnaires about physical activity, physical symptoms, and psychological factors. Estimated CRF (eCRF) was calculated from non-exercise models. The relationship between RA status and reduced eCRF was explored with structural equation modelling. The latent variables physical symptoms (based on morning stiffness, joint pain, and pain in neck, back, or hips) and negative emotions (based on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale's Depression score and Cohen's perceived stress scale) were included as possible mediators between RA status and eCRF in separate and combined models adjusted for age and sex. RESULTS Two-hundred-and-twenty-seven RA patients and 300 controls participated. The patients were older and had lower eCRF than controls (age- and sex-adjusted mean difference: 1.7 mL/kg/min, p=0.002). Both latent variables were significant mediators of the association between RA and reduced eCRF when included in separate models. The latent variables mediated 74% of the total effect of RA on eCRF in the combined model. Standardized coefficients: direct effect of RA -0.024 (p=0.46), indirect effect through physical symptoms -0.034 (p=0.051), and indirect effect through negative emotions -0.034 (p=0.039). CONCLUSION Both physical symptoms and negative emotions mediated the association between RA and reduced eCRF with similar effect sizes. To successfully increase CRF in RA patients, both physical and psychological factors should be addressed. Key Points • The RA patients in the present study had 1.7 mL/kg/min lower mean estimated cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) compared to healthy controls. • Mediation analysis demonstrated that physical symptoms and negative emotions mediated 74% of the total negative effect of RA on estimated CRF in a combined, adjusted model. • This suggests that both physical and psychological factors should be addressed when supporting RA patients in improving their CRF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Sæther Houge
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Mari Hoff
- Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Rheumatology, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Vibeke Videm
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU - Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St. Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
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Le Corre A, Caron N, Turpin NA, Dalleau G. Mechanisms underlying altered neuromuscular function in people with DPN. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023:10.1007/s00421-023-05150-2. [PMID: 36763123 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05150-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes alters numerous physiological functions and can lead to disastrous consequences in the long term. Neuromuscular function is particularly affected and is impacted early, offering an opportunity to detect the onset of diabetes-related dysfunctions and follow the advancement of the disease. The role of physical training for counteracting the deleterious effects of diabetes is well accepted but at the same time, it appears difficult to reliably assess the effects of exercise on functional capacity in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). In this paper, we will review the specific characteristics of various neuromuscular dysfunctions associated with diabetes according to the DPN presence or not, and their changes over time. We present several propositions regarding the onset of neuromuscular alterations in people with diabetes compared to people with DPN. It appears that motor unit loss and neuromuscular transmission impairment are among the main mechanisms explaining the considerable degradation of neuromuscular function in the transition from a diabetic to neuropathic state. Rate of force development and contractile properties could start to decrease with the onset of preferential type II fiber atrophy, commonly reported in people with DPN. Finally, Mmax amplitude could decrease with neuromuscular fatigue only in people with DPN, reflecting the fatigue-related neuromuscular transmission impairment reported in people with DPN. In this review, we show that the different neuromuscular parameters are altered at different stages of diabetes, according to the presence of DPN or not. The precise evaluation of these parameters might participate in adapting the physical training prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonin Le Corre
- IRISSE (EA 4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, 117 Rue du Général Ailleret, 97430, Le Tampon, France.
| | - Nathan Caron
- IRISSE (EA 4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, 117 Rue du Général Ailleret, 97430, Le Tampon, France
| | - Nicolas A Turpin
- IRISSE (EA 4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, 117 Rue du Général Ailleret, 97430, Le Tampon, France
| | - Georges Dalleau
- IRISSE (EA 4075), UFR SHE, University of La Réunion, 117 Rue du Général Ailleret, 97430, Le Tampon, France
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Räisänen AM, Galarneau JM, van den Berg C, Eliason P, Benson LC, Owoeye OBA, Pasanen K, Hagel B, Emery CA. Who Does Not Respond to Injury Prevention Warm-up Programs? A Secondary Analysis of Trial Data From Neuromuscular Training Programs in Youth Basketball, Soccer, and Physical Education. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023; 53:94-102. [PMID: 36484352 DOI: 10.2519/jospt.2022.11526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: To identify factors associated with nonresponse to neuromuscular training (NMT) warm-up programs among youth exposed to NMT warm-ups. METHODS: This is a secondary analysis of youth (aged 11-18 years) in the intervention groups of 4 randomized controlled trials in high school basketball, youth community soccer, and junior high school physical education. Youth who were exposed to NMT and who sustained an injury during the study were considered nonresponders. Odds ratios (ORs) were based on generalized estimating equations logistic regression controlling for clustering by team/class and adjusted for age, weight, height, balance performance, injury history, sex, and sport (soccer/basketball/physical education). RESULTS: A total of 1793 youth were included. Youth with a history of injury in the previous year had higher odds (OR = 1.64; 95% CI: 1.14, 2.37) of injury during the study, and females were more likely (OR = 1.67; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.31) to sustain an injury than males who were participating in NMT. Age was not associated with the odds of sustaining an injury (OR = 1.10; 95% CI: 0.93, 1.30). Soccer players benefited most from greater adherence, with 81% lower odds of injury (OR = 0.19; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.57) when completing 3 NMT sessions a week compared with 1 session per week. CONCLUSION: Factors associated with nonresponse to an NMT warm-up program were female sex, history of injury during the previous 12 months, and lower weekly NMT session adherence in some sports (soccer). J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2023;53(2):94-102. Epub: 9 December 2022. doi:10.2519/jospt.2022.11526.
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Wang X, Zhao L. Adaptive responses of cardiorespiratory system and hormonal parameters to individualized high-intensity interval training using anaerobic power reserve in well-trained rowers. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1177108. [PMID: 37168222 PMCID: PMC10164958 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1177108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The current study investigated the efficacy of individualizing exercise intensity according to anaerobic power reserve (APR) on hormonal, physiological, and performance adaptations in athletes with different profiles. Sixteen highly-trained male rowers (age = 22 ± 3 years, height = 183 ± 6 cm, weight = 83 ± 7 kg, body fat = 11 ± 2%, experience = 12 ± 5 years) were randomized to a high-intensity interval training consisting of 2 × (6, 6, 8, 8, 10, 10 repetitions from 1st to 6th week, respectively) × 60 s intervals using a rowing ergometer at ∆%30 APR (APR∆%30) or the same sets and repetitions at 130% maximal aerobic power (MAP130%). In both groups, relief intervals were set at 1:1 with 3 min of rest between sets. On four occasions separated by 24 h recovery, participants attended the laboratory to assess 2000-m rowing ergometer performance, maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max) and related physiological adaptations, and hormonal parameters. Significant increases were observed in 2000-m performance, V̇O2max, ventilation at V̇O2max, first and second ventilatory threshold, MAP and maximal sprinting power (MSP), total testosterone, and testosterone to cortisol ratio in response to 6 weeks of APR∆%30 and MAP130% protocols. The coefficient of variation (inter-subject variability) in the adaptive response of cardiorespiratory parameters to HIIT performed using the APR∆%30 protocol was lower than those of the MAP130% group. However, this is not the case for hormonal changes. Prescribing HIIT based on an athlete's APR may help to create a more consistent level of the mechanical and physiological stimulus relative to the athlete's capacity, potentially leading to more similar adaptations across athletes with varying profiles. Mechanisms influencing total testosterone are multifactorial and are not affected by this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Wang
- School of Physical Education, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan, Guangdong, China
| | - Liqiu Zhao
- Department of Quality Education, Jiangsu Vocational College of Electronics and Information, Huaian, Jiangsu, China
- *Correspondence: Liqiu Zhao,
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Xie L, Gou B, Bai S, Yang D, Zhang Z, Di X, Su C, Wang X, Wang K, Zhang J. Unsupervised cluster analysis reveals distinct subgroups in healthy population with different exercise responses of cardiorespiratory fitness. J Exerc Sci Fit 2023; 21:147-156. [PMID: 36688000 PMCID: PMC9827383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2022.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Considerable attention has been paid to interindividual differences in the cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) response to exercise. However, the complex multifactorial nature of CRF response variability poses a significant challenge to our understanding of this issue. We aimed to explore whether unsupervised clustering can take advantage of large amounts of clinical data and identify latent subgroups with different CRF exercise responses within a healthy population. Methods 252 healthy participants (99 men, 153 women; 36.8 ± 13.4 yr) completed moderate endurance training on 3 days/week for 4 months, with exercise intensity prescribed based on anaerobic threshold (AT). Detailed clinical measures, including resting vital signs, ECG, cardiorespiratory parameters, echocardiography, heart rate variability, spirometry and laboratory data, were obtained before and after the exercise intervention. Baseline phenotypic variables that were significantly correlated with CRF exercise response were identified and subjected to selection steps, leaving 10 minimally redundant variables, including age, BMI, maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), maximal heart rate, VO2 at AT as a percentage of VO2max, minute ventilation at AT, interventricular septal thickness of end-systole, E velocity, root mean square of heart rate variability, and hematocrit. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering was performed on these variables to detect latent subgroups that may be associated with different CRF exercise responses. Results Unsupervised clustering revealed two mutually exclusive groups with distinct baseline phenotypes and CRF exercise responses. The two groups differed markedly in baseline characteristics, initial fitness, echocardiographic measurements, laboratory values, and heart rate variability parameters. A significant improvement in CRF following the 16-week endurance training, expressed by the absolute change in VO2max, was observed only in one of the two groups (3.42 ± 0.4 vs 0.58 ± 0.65 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1, P = 0.002). Assuming a minimal clinically important difference of 3.5 ml⋅kg-1∙min-1 in VO2max, the proportion of population response was 56.1% and 13.9% for group 1 and group 2, respectively (P<0.001). Although group 1 exhibited no significant improvement in CRF at group level, a significant decrease in diastolic blood pressure (70.4 ± 7.8 vs 68.7 ± 7.2 mm Hg, P = 0.027) was observed. Conclusions Unsupervised learning based on dense phenotypic characteristics identified meaningful subgroups within a healthy population with different CRF responses following standardized aerobic training. Our model could serve as a useful tool for clinicians to develop personalized exercise prescriptions and optimize training effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xie
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Bo Gou
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China
| | - Shuwen Bai
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaohui Di
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chunwang Su
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoni Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Physical Activity and Public Health, Xi'an Physical Education University, Xi'an, 710068, China,Corresponding author.
| | - Jianbao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China,Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, No.28, Xianning West Road, Xi'an, China.
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Li SN, Peeling P, Scott BR, Peiffer JJ, Shaykevich A, Girard O. Automatic heart rate clamp: A practical tool to control internal and external training loads during aerobic exercise. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1170105. [PMID: 37089418 PMCID: PMC10119421 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1170105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Siu Nam Li
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Siu Nam Li, ; Olivier Girard,
| | - Peter Peeling
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Sport Science, Western Australian Institute of Sport, Mount Claremont, WA, Australia
| | - Brendan R. Scott
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah J. Peiffer
- Murdoch Applied Sport Science Laboratory, Discipline of Exercise Science, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Centre for Healthy Ageing, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Alex Shaykevich
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Olivier Girard
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sports Science), The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- *Correspondence: Siu Nam Li, ; Olivier Girard,
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Effects of a small-sided games training program in youth male soccer players: variations of the locomotor profile while interacting with baseline level and with the accumulated load. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2022; 14:198. [DOI: 10.1186/s13102-022-00595-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to (1) analyze the impact of a small-sided game training program in the locomotor profile of youth male soccer players (while interacting with the baseline level – higher and lower level); and (2) test the relationships between variation in locomotor profile and the accumulated demands in 3v3, 5v5 and match over the period of observation.
Methods
The cohort lasted 3-weeks. Twenty under-17 male amateur soccer players (16.8 ± 0.41 years; experience: 6.35 ± 0.67 years) were assessed twice for their final velocity at 30−15 intermittent fitness test (VIFT), peak speed at 30-m sprint test (PSS) and anaerobic speed reserve (ASR). The PSS was estimated using a Global Positioning System, while the VIFT was estimated using the maximum level attained by the players during the test. Based on the baseline levels, the scores were standardized using the Z-score. The total score of athleticism (TSA) was calculated per player to organize the players into two groups: lower TSA and higher TSA. Over the three weeks of observation, the small-sided games of 3v3 and 5v5 and match demands were monitored using polar team pro. The heart rate responses (mean and peak), distance covered (overall and split by speed thresholds), and peak speed in these games were obtained and summed over the weeks. The repeated measures ANCOVA tested the variations (time) of the locomotor profile of players while considering the baseline as covariable and the group as a factor. The Pearson-product correlation test analyzed the relationships between variations in locomotor profile (Δ, post-baseline) and the accumulated demands in 3v3, 5v5, and match.
Results
Between-groups analysis (lower TSA vs. higher TSA) revealed no significant differences on VIFT (p = 0.915), PSS (p = 0.269), ASR (p = 0.258) and TSA score (p = 0.138). Within-group (baseline vs. post-observation) analysis revealed significant difference on VIFT (p < 0.001), PSS (p = 0.008), while no significant differences were found on ASR (p = 0.949) and TSA score (p = 0.619). Significant correlations were found between ΔPSS and match total distance (r = 0.444; p = 0.050), match Z2 (r = 0.481; p = 0.032) and match Z3 (r = 0.454; p = 0.044). Significant correlations were found between ΔTSA and match total distance (r = 0.457; p = 0.043), match Z1 (r = 0.451; p = 0.046), match Z2 (r = 0.500; p = 0.025) and match Z3 (r = 0.468; p = 0.037).
Conclusion
Significant improvements were observed after the period of observation. However, the fitness baseline level and the accumulated training load in the small-sided games seem to have no significant impact on the observed improvements.
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Smith LE, Van Guilder GP, Dalleck LC, Harris NK. The Effects of a Single Session of High Intensity Functional Training on Energy Expenditure, VO2, and Blood Lactate. JOURNAL OF SPORTS SCIENCE AND MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
High intensity functional training (HIFT) provides a potential option to meet public exercise recommendations for both cardiorespiratory and strength outcomes in a time efficient manner. To better understand the potential for HIFT as an exercise approach, energy expenditure (EE) and relative intensity need quantifying. In thirteen sedentary men and women with metabolic syndrome (MetS), we used both indirect calorimetry and blood lactate levels to calculate EE of a single session of HIFT. The HIFT session included four, 6-minute sets of consecutive functional exercises. Examples of the exercises involved were squats, deadlifts, suspension rows, suspension chest press, and planks. Intensity is described relative to individual ventilatory thresholds. The total group EE was 270.3 ± 77.3 kcal with approximately 5% attributed anaerobic energy production. VO2 ranged between 88.8 ± 12.3% and 99 ± 12% of the second ventilatory threshold (VT2), indicating a vigorous effort. After each work interval, peak blood lactate ranged between 7.9 ± 1.9 and 9.3 ± 2.9 mmol, and rate of perceived exertion between 6.9 ± 1.0 and 8.7 ± 0.8 arbitrary units from 1-10. These were achieved in approximately 46 minutes of exercise per participant. In conclusion, HIFT elicits the energy expenditure and effort requisite to result in the adaptive responses to produce the known suite of benefits of exercise for individuals with MetS.
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Esser T, Zimmer P, Schier R. Preoperative exercise and prehabilitation. Curr Opin Anaesthesiol 2022; 35:667-673. [PMID: 36156505 DOI: 10.1097/aco.0000000000001188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this narrative review is to give an overview about the effects of multimodal prehabilitation and current existing and prospectively planned studies. The potential efficacy of exercise in the context of prehabilitation ranges from preoperatively improving patients' functional capacity to inducing cellular mechanisms that affect organ perfusion via endothelial regeneration, anti-inflammatory processes and tumour defense. RECENT FINDINGS Current studies show that prehabilitation is capable of reducing certain postoperative complications and length of hospital stay in certain patient populations. These findings are based on small to mid-size trials with large heterogeneity, lacking generalizability and evidence that prehabilitation has positive effects on long term survival. SUMMARY The concept of prehabilitation contains the features, namely preoperative exercise, nutritional intervention and psychological support. Preoperative exercise holds potential molecular effects that can be utilized in the perioperative period in order to improve patients' postoperative outcome. Future multimodal prehabilitation trials must specifically clarify the clinical impact of this concept on patients' quality of life after major cancer surgery and cancer-specific survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Esser
- Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund
| | - Philipp Zimmer
- Institute of Sports and Sports Medicine, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund
| | - Robert Schier
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Department for Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Cologne, Germany
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Ema R, Saito I, Akagi R. Association between interindividual variability in training volume and strength gain. Front Physiol 2022; 13:983478. [PMID: 36225293 PMCID: PMC9549319 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.983478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the association between interindividual variability in strength changes and in training volume. A total of 26 untrained men completed 4-weeks of isometric knee extension (KE group, n = 12) and hip flexion (HF group, n = 14) training. Each training session comprised four sets of ten isometric contractions, 3-s contractions every 20 s. Training volume, which was defined as impulse during contractions, and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque during KE and HF were evaluated. Based on the magnitude of MVC torque changes, the participants were divided into the high and low responders (n = 13; KE = 6 and HF = 7 per responders). The MVC torque changes (KE, 20.8%; HF, 22.4%) and total training volume did not significantly differ between the two groups. A higher training volume was demonstrated in the low responders than the high responders. The total training volume was positively associated with the MVC torque changes in low responders (r = 0.869%, 95% confidence interval [0.610, 0.960], p < 0.001), but not in high responders [r = 0.229, 95% confidence interval (−0.368, 0.693), p = 0.451], KE or HF group. Results showed that training volume was an important factor in determining the magnitude of strength gains in low responders, and MVC torque could improve by approximately 20% with the use of the study protocol regardless of joint actions involved during training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoichi Ema
- Faculty of Sport Science, Shizuoka Sangyo University Owara, Iwata-shi, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryoichi Ema, ; Ryota Akagi,
| | - Itaru Saito
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ryota Akagi
- College of Systems Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering and Science, Shibaura Institute of Technology Fukasaku, Minuma-ku, Saitama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Ryoichi Ema, ; Ryota Akagi,
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Thomas HJ, Marsh CE, Maslen BA, Lester L, Naylor LH, Green DJ. Endurance versus resistance training in treatment of cardiovascular risk factors: A randomized cross-over trial. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0274082. [PMID: 36067151 PMCID: PMC9447867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Individual variability in traditional cardiovascular risk factor responses to different exercise modalities has not been directly addressed in humans using a randomized cross-over design.
Methods
Body weight and body mass index, resting blood pressure, blood glucose, insulin and lipids were assessed in 68 healthy untrained adults (26±6 years) who underwent three-months of exercise training targeted at improving cardiopulmonary fitness (endurance) and skeletal muscle function (resistance), separated by three-months washout.
Results
There were significant increases in weight and body mass index following resistance (+0.8 kg, P<0.01; and +0.26 kg/m2, P<0.01, respectively), but not endurance (+0.1 kg, P = 0.75; and +0.03 kg/m2, P = 0.70, respectively). Although no significant group changes resulted from training in other cardiovascular risk factors, the positive response rate for all variables ranged from 27–49% for resistance and 42–58% for endurance. Between 39–59% of individuals who did not respond to resistance nonetheless responded to endurance, and 28–54% who did not respond to endurance responded to resistance.
Conclusion
Whilst, on average, 12 weeks of resistance or endurance did not change most cardiovascular risk factors, many subjects showed robust positive responses. Exercise modality had an impact on the proportion of subjects who responded to training, and non-response to one mode of training did not imply non-response to the alternate mode. Although the effect of exercise on a single risk factor may be modest, the effect on overall cardiovascular risk profile can be dramatic.
Study registration
The study was registered at the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, which was published prior to recruitment and randomization (ACTRN12616001095459).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J. Thomas
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Channa E. Marsh
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Barbara A. Maslen
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Leanne Lester
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Louise H. Naylor
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Daniel J. Green
- School of Human Sciences (Exercise and Sport Sciences), The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- * E-mail:
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Kirton MJ, Burnley MT, Ramos JS, Weatherwax R, Dalleck LC. The Effects of Standardised versus Individualised Aerobic Exercise Prescription on Fitness-Fatness Index in Sedentary Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial. J Sports Sci Med 2022; 21:347-355. [PMID: 36157386 PMCID: PMC9459763 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2022.347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A poor Fitness Fatness Index (FFI) is associated with type 2 diabetes incidence, other chronic conditions (Alzheimer's, cancer, and cardiovascular disease) and all-cause mortality. Recent investigations have proposed that an individualised exercise prescription based on ventilatory thresholds is more effective than a standardised prescription in improving cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), a key mediator of FFI. Thus, the aim of the current study was to determine the effectiveness of individualised versus standardised exercise prescription on FFI in sedentary adults. Thirty-eight sedentary individuals were randomised to 12-weeks of: (1) individualised exercise training using ventilatory thresholds (n = 19) or (2) standardised exercise training using a percentage of heart rate reserve (n = 19). A convenience sample was also recruited as a control group (n=8). Participants completed CRF exercise training three days per week, for 12-weeks on a motorised treadmill. FFI was calculated as CRF in metabolic equivalents (METs), divided by fatness determined by waist to height ratio (WtHR). A graded exercise test was used to measure CRF, and anthropometric measures (height and waist circumference) were assessed to ascertain WtHR. There was a difference in FFI change between study groups, whilst controlling for baseline FFI, F (2, 42) = 19.382 p < .001, partial η2 = 0.480. The magnitude of FFI increase from baseline was significantly higher in the individualised (+15%) compared to the standardised (+10%) (p = 0.028) and control group (+4%) (p = <.001). The main finding of the present study is that individualised exercise prescription had the greatest effect on improving FFI in sedentary adults compared to a standardised prescription. Therefore, an individualised based exercise prescription should be considered a viable and practical method of improving FFI in sedentary adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Kirton
- Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mitchel T Burnley
- Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Joyce S Ramos
- Caring Futures Institute, SHAPE Research Centre, Clinical Exercise Physiology, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Ryan Weatherwax
- University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lance C Dalleck
- Western Colorado University, Gunnison, Colorado, United States of America
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Interindividual Differences in Trainability and Moderators of Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Waist Circumference, and Body Mass Responses: A Large-Scale Individual Participant Data Meta-analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2837-2851. [PMID: 35781787 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01725-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Although many studies have assumed variability reflects variance caused by exercise training, few studies have examined whether interindividual differences in trainability are present following exercise training. The present individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis sought to: (1) investigate the presence of interindividual differences in trainability for cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), waist circumference, and body mass; and (2) examine the influence of exercise training and potential moderators on the probability that an individual will experience clinically important differences. The IPD meta-analysis combined data from 1879 participants from eight previously published randomized controlled trials. We implemented a Bayesian framework to: (1) test the hypothesis of interindividual differences in trainability by comparing variability in change scores between exercise and control using Bayes factors; and (2) compare posterior predictions of control and exercise across a range of moderators (baseline body mass index (BMI) and exercise duration, intensity, amount, mode, and adherence) to estimate the proportions of participants expected to exceed minimum clinically important differences (MCIDs) for all three outcomes. Bayes factors demonstrated a lack of evidence supporting a high degree of variance attributable to interindividual differences in trainability across all three outcomes. These findings indicate that interindividual variability in observed changes are likely due to measurement error and external behavioural factors, not interindividual differences in trainability. Additionally, we found that a larger proportion of exercise participants were expected to exceed MCIDs compared with controls for all three outcomes. Moderator analyses identified that larger proportions were associated with a range of factors consistent with standard exercise theory and were driven by mean changes. Practitioners should prescribe exercise interventions known to elicit large mean changes to increase the probability that individuals will experience beneficial changes in CRF, waist circumference and body mass.
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Lehtonen E, Gagnon D, Eklund D, Kaseva K, Peltonen JE. Hierarchical framework to improve individualised exercise prescription in adults: a critical review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2022; 8:e001339. [PMID: 35722045 PMCID: PMC9185660 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2022-001339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical activity (PA) guidelines for the general population are designed to mitigate the rise of chronic and debilitating diseases brought by inactivity and sedentariness. Although essential, they are insufficient as rates of cardiovascular, pulmonary, renal, metabolic and other devastating and life-long diseases remain on the rise. This systemic failure supports the need for an improved exercise prescription approach that targets the individual. Significant interindividual variability of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) responses to exercise are partly explained by biological and methodological factors, and the modulation of exercise volume and intensity seem to be key in improving prescription guidelines. The use of physiological thresholds, such as lactate, ventilation, as well as critical power, have demonstrated excellent results to improve CRF in those struggling to respond to the current homogenous prescription of exercise. However, assessing physiological thresholds requires laboratory resources and expertise and is incompatible for a general population approach. A case must be made that balances the effectiveness of an exercise programme to improve CRF and accessibility of resources. A population-wide approach of exercise prescription guidelines should include free and accessible self-assessed threshold tools, such as rate of perceived exertion, where the homeostatic perturbation induced by exercise reflects physiological thresholds. The present critical review outlines factors for individuals exercise prescription and proposes a new theoretical hierarchal framework to help shape PA guidelines based on accessibility and effectiveness as part of a personalised exercise prescription that targets the individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Lehtonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dominique Gagnon
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland.,School of Kinesiology, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada.,Center for Research in Occupational Health and Safety, Laurentian University, Sudbury, Ontario, Canada
| | - Daniela Eklund
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Kaseva
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Evert Peltonen
- Department of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Helsinki Clinic for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Foundation for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Helsinki, Finland
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Notarius CF, Keir DA, Badrov MB, Millar PJ, Oh P, Floras JS. Autonomic modulation in heart failure patients by cardiopulmonary rehabilitation: who benefits? Eur J Prev Cardiol 2022; 29:1699-1702. [PMID: 35653370 DOI: 10.1093/eurjpc/zwac106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine F Notarius
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, , .,Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Daniel A Keir
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, ,
| | - Mark B Badrov
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, ,
| | - Philip J Millar
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, , .,Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON, Canada,
| | - Paul Oh
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON. Canada, .,Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, 347 Rumsey Rd. Toronto, ON, Canada,
| | - John S Floras
- Division of Cardiology, University Health Network and Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada, , .,Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON. Canada,
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