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Wang J, Dewi L, Peng Y, Hou CW, Song Y, Condello G. Does ergogenic effect of caffeine supplementation depend on CYP1A2 genotypes? A systematic review with meta-analysis. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2024; 13:499-508. [PMID: 38158179 PMCID: PMC11184386 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2023.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ergogenic effects of caffeine intake on exercise performance are well-established, even if differences exist among individuals in response to caffeine intake. The genetic variation of a specific gene, human cytochrome P450 enzyme 1A2 (CYP1A2) (rs762551), may be one reason for this difference. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to comprehensively evaluate the influence of CYP1A2 gene types on athletes' exercise performance after caffeine intake. METHODS A literature search through 4 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure) was conducted until March 2023. The effect size was expressed as the weighted mean difference (WMD) by calculating fixed effects meta-analysis if heterogeneity was not significant (I2 ≤ 50% and p ≥ 0.1). Subgroup analyses were performed based on AA and AC/CC genotype of CYP1A2. RESULTS The final number of studies meeting the inclusion criteria was 12 (n = 666 participants). The overall analysis showed that the cycling time trial significantly improved after caffeine intake (WMD = -0.48, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): -0.83 to -0.13, p = 0.007). In subgroup analyses, acute caffeine intake improved cycling time trial only in individuals with the A allele (WMD = -0.90, 95%CI: -1.48 to -0.33, p = 0.002), but not the C allele (WMD = -0.08, 95%CI: -0.32 to 0.17, p = 0.53). Caffeine supplementation did not influence the Wingate (WMD = 8.07, 95%CI: -22.04 to 38.18, p = 0.60) or countermovement jump test (CMJ) performance (WMD = 1.17, 95%CI: -0.02 to 2.36, p = 0.05), and these outcomes were not influenced by CYP1A2 genotype. CONCLUSION Participants with the CYP1A2 genotype with A allele improved their cycling time trials after caffeine supplementation. However, compared to placebo, acute caffeine supplementation failed to increase the Wingate or CMJ performance, regardless of CYP1A2 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Wang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei 11153, China; Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Luthfia Dewi
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei 11153, China; Department of Nutrition, Universitas Muhammadiyah Semarang, Semarang 50273, Indonesia
| | - Yundong Peng
- School of Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 10084, China
| | - Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, University of Taipei, Tianmu Campus, Taipei 11153, China
| | - Yanmin Song
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Giancarlo Condello
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma 43126, Italy
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Spineli H, dos Santos M, Almeida D, Gitaí D, Silva-Cavalcante M, Balikian P, Ataide-Silva T, Marinho A, Sousa F, de Araujo G. ACE gene polymorphisms (rs4340) II and DI are more responsive to the ergogenic effect of caffeine than DD on aerobic power, heart rate, and perceived exertion in a homogeneous Brazilian group of adolescent athletes. Braz J Med Biol Res 2024; 57:e13217. [PMID: 38896643 PMCID: PMC11186592 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2024e13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to verify the association between angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genotypes DD, DI, and II and caffeine (CAF) ingestion on endurance performance, heart rate, ratio of perceived exertion (RPE), and habitual caffeine intake (HCI) of adolescent athletes. Seventy-four male adolescent athletes (age: DD=16±1.7; DI=16±2.0; II=15±1.7 years) ingested CAF (6 mg/kg) or placebo (PLA) one hour before performing the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1) test. No difference was found among groups for HCI. However, CAF increased the maximal distance covered and VO2max in DI and II genotype carriers compared to PLA (DD: Δ=31 m and 0.3 mL·kg-1·min-1; DI: Δ=286 m and 1.1 mL·kg-1·min-1; II: Δ=160 m and 1.4 mL·kg-1·min-1). Heart rate of DI and II genotype carriers increased with CAF compared to PLA, while RPE was higher in the II and lower in the DD genotypes. The correlations between HCI and maximal distance covered or VO2max were significant in the II genotype carriers with CAF. CAF increased endurance capacity, heart rate, and RPE in adolescent athletes with allele I, while endurance performance and aerobic power had a positive correlation to HCI in the II genotype group. These findings suggested that DD genotype were less responsive to CAF and that genetic variations should be taken into account when using CAF supplementation to enhance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Spineli
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - M. dos Santos
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - D. Almeida
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - D. Gitaí
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - M. Silva-Cavalcante
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - P. Balikian
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - T. Ataide-Silva
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - A. Marinho
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - F. Sousa
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
| | - G. de Araujo
- Instituto de Educação Física e Esporte, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
- Faculdade de Nutrição, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brasil
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Ambrozy CA, Hawes NE, Hayden OL, Sortz I, Malek MH. Caffeine Expectancy Does Not Influence the Physical Working Capacity at the Fatigue Threshold. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:1056-1062. [PMID: 38781467 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Ambrozy, CA, Hawes, NE, Hayden, OL, Sortzi, I, and Malek, MH. Caffeine expectancy does not influence the physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): 1056-1062, 2024-The placebo effect occurs when a desired outcome is experienced due to the belief that a treatment is effective, even in the absence of an active ingredient. One explanation for this effect is based on a person's expectations of a drug or supplement. Although caffeine's effects on sports performance have been studied, little is known about how expectations of caffeine affect neuromuscular fatigue during continuous muscle action. The physical working capacity at the fatigue threshold (PWCFT) can be used to assess neuromuscular fatigue noninvasively using surface electromyography. Thus, the purpose of this study was to investigate whether caffeine expectancy influences PWCFT. We hypothesized that regardless of expectancy, caffeine consumption would delay neuromuscular fatigue. The study involved 8 healthy college-aged men (mean ± SEM: age, 25.6 ± 1.0 years) who visited the laboratory on 4 occasions, each separated by 7 days. The subjects completed 4 experimental conditions, in random order, where they were told that they were consuming caffeine or placebo and either received caffeine or placebo. After consuming the drink, the subjects remained in the laboratory for an hour and then performed an incremental exercise test. The results showed that the condition where subjects were told that they were consuming caffeine and received caffeine had significantly higher mean values for maximal power output (F(3, 21) = 11.75; p < 0.001), PWCFT (F(3, 21) = 12.28; p < 0.001), PWCFT (%maximal power output; F(3, 21) = 8.75; p < 0.001), and heart rate at end exercise (%predicted; F(3, 21) = 3.83; p = 0.025) compared with the 2 conditions where placebo was received. However, no statistically significant mean differences were found from the condition where subjects were told that they were consuming placebo but consuming caffeine. This suggests that a person's expectancy and potential somatic response may serve as a cue for how an ergogenic aid or placebo could affect subsequent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina A Ambrozy
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Nicole E Hawes
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Olivia L Hayden
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Isabella Sortz
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Moh H Malek
- Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan; and
- Integrative Physiology of Exercise Laboratory, Department of Health Care Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan
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Lynn A, Shaw C, Sorsby AC, Ashworth P, Hanif F, Williams CE, Ranchordas MK. Caffeine gum improves 5 km running performance in recreational runners completing parkrun events. Eur J Nutr 2024; 63:1283-1291. [PMID: 38400919 PMCID: PMC11139716 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-024-03349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to determine whether caffeine gum improves the performance of recreational runners completing parkruns (weekly, 5 km, mass participant running events). METHODS Thirty-six recreational runners (M = 31, F = 5; age 33.7 ± 10.7 y; BMI 23.1 ± 2.4 kg/m2) capable of running 5 km in < 25 min were recruited to a study at the Sheffield Hallam parkrun, UK. Runners were block randomized into one of three double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over intervention trials with caffeine gum as the treatment (n = 6 per intervention trial) or into one of three non-intervention trials that ran concurrently with the intervention trials (n = 6 per non-intervention trial). Changes in conditions across different parkruns were adjusted for using data from the non-intervention trials. Runners in the randomized cross-over intervention trials chewed gum supplying 300 mg of caffeine or a placebo gum for 5 min, starting 30 min before each parkrun. RESULTS Caffeine gum improved 5 km parkrun performance by a mean of 17.28 s (95% CI 4.19, 30.37; P = 0.01). Adjustment for environmental conditions using data from the non-intervention trials attenuated the statistical significance (P = 0.04). Caffeine gum also decreased RPE by 1.21 (95% CI 0.30, 2.13; P = 0·01) units relative to placebo. CONCLUSIONS A 300 mg dose of caffeine supplied in chewing gum improved the performance of recreational runners completing 5 km parkruns by an average of 17 s. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study was registered at ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02473575 before recruitment commenced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lynn
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK.
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK.
| | - Chloe Shaw
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
| | - Anna C Sorsby
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Pippa Ashworth
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Faysal Hanif
- Food Group, Department of Service Sector Management, College of Business, Technology and Engineering, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK
| | - Claire E Williams
- Molecular Gastroenterology Research Group, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Medical School, The University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK
| | - Mayur K Ranchordas
- Advanced Wellbeing Research Centre, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Road, Sheffield, Sheffield, S9 3TU, UK
- Academy of Sport and Physical Activity, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S10 2BP, UK
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Zhang Y, Yang W, Xue Y, Hou D, Chen S, Xu Z, Peng S, Zhao H, Wang C, Liu C. Timing Matters: Time of Day Impacts the Ergogenic Effects of Caffeine-A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2024; 16:1421. [PMID: 38794659 PMCID: PMC11124133 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine has attracted significant attention from researchers in the sports field due to its well-documented ergogenic effects across various athletic disciplines. As research on caffeine continues to progress, there has been a growing emphasis on evaluating caffeine dosage and administration methods. However, investigations into the optimal timing of caffeine intake remain limited. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to assess the ergogenic effects of caffeine administration at different times during the morning (06:00 to 10:00) and evening (16:00 to 21:00). The review findings suggest that circadian rhythms play a substantial role in influencing sports performance, potentially contributing to a decline in morning performance. Caffeine administration has demonstrated effectiveness in mitigating this phenomenon, resulting in ergogenic effects and performance enhancement, even comparable to nighttime levels. While the specific mechanisms by which caffeine regulates circadian rhythms and influences sports performance remain unclear, this review also explores the mechanisms underlying caffeine's ergogenic effects, including the adenosine receptor blockade, increased muscle calcium release, and modulation of catecholamines. Additionally, the narrative review underscores caffeine's indirect impact on circadian rhythms by enhancing responsiveness to light-induced phase shifts. Although the precise mechanisms through which caffeine improves morning performance declines via circadian rhythm regulation necessitate further investigations, it is noteworthy that the timing of caffeine administration significantly affects its ergogenic effects during exercise. This emphasizes the importance of considering caffeine intake timing in future research endeavors to optimize its ergogenic potential and elucidate its mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhang
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yizhang Xue
- Sport Coaching College, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dingchun Hou
- Institute of Population Research, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Songyue Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zhiqin Xu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sijia Peng
- National Engineering Research Center of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Haotian Zhao
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Can Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chang Liu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
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Ortiz-Sánchez D, Bravo-Sánchez A, Ramírez-delaCruz M, Abián P, Abián-Vicén J. Placebo Effect of Caffeine on Physiological Parameters and Physical Performance. Nutrients 2024; 16:1405. [PMID: 38794643 PMCID: PMC11123970 DOI: 10.3390/nu16101405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to analyse the placebo effect associated with a high dose of caffeine (9 mg/kg) on heart rate and its variability and on strength tests. METHODS 18 participants experienced in strength training (19.7 ± 2.3 years; 72.2 ± 15.0 kg; 169.6 ± 9.0 cm) performed two days of trials (caffeine-informed/placebo-ingested (placebo) and non-ingested (control)). Firstly, heart rate and its variability were measured while participants lay down for 15 min. After that, bench press and squat tests were performed at 3 different loads (50%, 75% and 90% of 1RM). Perception of performance, effort and side effects were also evaluated. RESULTS no differences were found in the vast majority of strength variables analysed. Resting heart rate decreased in the placebo trial (60.39 ± 10.18 bpm control vs. 57.56 ± 9.50 bpm placebo, p = 0.040), and mean RR increased (1020.1 ± 172.9 ms control vs. 1071.5 ± 185.7 ms placebo, p = 0.032). Heart rate variability and perception of performance and effort were similar between conditions (p > 0.05 in all cases). Side effects such as activeness and nervousness were reported while consuming the placebo. CONCLUSIONS the placebo effect did not modify performance in the majority of the strength test variables, HRV and perception of performance and effort. However, resting heart rate was reduced, mean RR increased, and some side effects appeared in the placebo trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Ortiz-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
| | - Alfredo Bravo-Sánchez
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Francisco de Vitoria, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - María Ramírez-delaCruz
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
| | - Pablo Abián
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, Comillas Pontifical University, Calle. Alberto Aguilera 23, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Abián-Vicén
- Performance and Sport Rehabilitation Laboratory (DEPORSALUD), Faculty of Sports Sciences, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avenida Carlos III s/n, 45071 Toledo, Spain; (D.O.-S.); (A.B.-S.); (M.R.-d.); (P.A.)
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McCubbin AJ, Irwin C. The effect of pre-exercise oral hyperhydration on endurance exercise performance, heart rate, and thermoregulation: a meta-analytical review. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2024; 49:569-583. [PMID: 38198662 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2023-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of pre-exercise hyperhydration on endurance performance (primary outcome), heart rate, thermoregulation, and perceptual responses (secondary outcomes). Six academic databases were searched to February 2023. Only studies reporting differences in hydration between intervention and placebo/control were included. Meta-analysis determined overall effect size (Hedges' g), and meta-regression the influence of independent moderators (ambient temperature, hyperhydration agent, exercise mode, extent of hyperhydration). Overall, 10 publications generating 19 effect estimates for primary outcomes, and 11 publications reporting 48 effect estimates for secondary outcomes, were included. A small-to-moderate improvement in time-to-exhaustion (TTE) (Hedges' g = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.13-0.50, p = 0.001) and time trial (TT) (g = 0.25, 95% CI: 0.002-0.51, p = 0.049) but not total work (TW) tasks (p = 0.120) was found following hyperhydration. No moderating effects were observed. No effect of hyperhydration was found for heart rate following steady state (SS) exercise (p = 0.069) or the performance task (p = 0.072), nor for body temperature post-SS (p = 0.132) or post-performance task (p = 0.349), but meta-regression of sodium versus glycerol showed lower body temperature post-performance task with sodium (g = 0.80, t (5) = 2.65, p = 0.046). No effects were found for perceived exertion or thermal comfort. Study heterogeneity was low, lacking representation of elite and female athletes, and weight-bearing (i.e., running) exercise modalities. These results suggest pre-exercise hyperhydration provides a small-to-moderate benefit to endurance performance in TTE and TT, but not TW performance tasks. While no moderating effects were observed, lack of heterogeneity makes it difficult to generalise these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J McCubbin
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Notting Hill, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christopher Irwin
- School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia
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8
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Bernardo MF, Enes A, Rezende EF, Okuyama AR, Alves RC, de Andrade M, Macedo ACG, de Barros MP, Candow DG, Forbes SC, Souza-Junior TP. Caffeine Does Not Alter Performance, Perceptual Responses, and Oxidative Stress After Short Sprint Interval Training. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2024; 34:179-187. [PMID: 38266627 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2023-0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Despite the abundance of research investigating the efficacy of caffeine supplementation on exercise performance, the physiological and biochemical responses to caffeine supplementation during intermittent activities are less evident. This study investigated the acute effects of caffeine supplementation on measures of exercise performance, ratings of perceived exertion, and biomarkers of oxidative stress induced by an acute bout of sprint interval training. In a randomized crossover design, 12 healthy males (age: 26 ± 4 years, height: 177.5 ± 6 cm, body mass: 80.7 ± 7.6 kg) ingested 6 mg/kg of caffeine or placebo 60 min prior to performing sprint interval training (12 × 6 s "all-out sprints" interspersed by 60 s of rest). Performance scores and ratings of perceived exertion were assessed after every sprint. Blood samples were collected before supplementation, prior to and following each sprint, and 5 and 60 min after the last sprint. Caffeine had no effect on any performance measures, ratings of perceived exertion, or biomarkers of oxidative stress (p > .05). In conclusion, caffeine supplementation does not improve performance or decrease oxidative stress after an acute bout of sprint interval training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro F Bernardo
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alysson Enes
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Elisangela F Rezende
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Alexandre R Okuyama
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ragami C Alves
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Murilo de Andrade
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina G Macedo
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Paes de Barros
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sports Science (ICAFE), Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Darren G Candow
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Scott C Forbes
- Department of Physical Education Studies, Brandon University, Brandon, MB, Canada
| | - Tácito P Souza-Junior
- Metabolism, Nutrition and Strength Training Research Group, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
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9
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Wu W, Chen Z, Zhou H, Wang L, Li X, Lv Y, Sun T, Yu L. Effects of Acute Ingestion of Caffeine Capsules on Muscle Strength and Muscle Endurance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:1146. [PMID: 38674836 PMCID: PMC11054210 DOI: 10.3390/nu16081146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the effects of acute ingestion of caffeine capsules on muscle strength and muscle endurance. We searched the PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane, Scopus, and EBSCO databases. Data were pooled using the weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence interval. Fourteen studies fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The acute ingestion of caffeine capsules significantly improved muscle strength (WMD, 7.09, p < 0.00001) and muscle endurance (WMD, 1.37; p < 0.00001), especially in males (muscle strength, WMD, 7.59, p < 0.00001; muscle endurance, WMD, 1.40, p < 0.00001). Subgroup analyses showed that ≥ 6 mg/kg body weight of caffeine (WMD, 6.35, p < 0.00001) and ingesting caffeine 45 min pre-exercise (WMD, 8.61, p < 0.00001) were more effective in improving muscle strength, with the acute ingestion of caffeine capsules having a greater effect on lower body muscle strength (WMD, 10.19, p < 0.00001). In addition, the acute ingestion of caffeine capsules had a greater effect in moderate-intensity muscle endurance tests (WMD, 1.76, p < 0.00001). An acute ingestion of caffeine capsules significantly improved muscle strength and muscle endurance in the upper body and lower body of males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Zhizhou Chen
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Huixuan Zhou
- School of Sport Sciences, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Leiyuyang Wang
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
| | - Yuanyuan Lv
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Tingting Sun
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
| | - Laikang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Physical Fitness and Exercise, Ministry of Education, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China;
- Department of Strength and Conditioning Assessment and Monitoring, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China; (Z.C.); (L.W.); (X.L.)
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10
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Moesgaard L, Jessen S, Christensen PM, Bangsbo J, Hostrup M. No additive effect of creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate on intense exercise performance in endurance-trained individuals. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14629. [PMID: 38646853 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 03/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Athletes commonly use creatine, caffeine, and sodium bicarbonate for performance enhancement. While their isolated effects are well-described, less is known about their potential additive effects. METHODS Following a baseline trial, we randomized 12 endurance-trained males (age: 25 ± 5 years, VO2max: 56.7 ± 4.6 mL kg-1 min-1; mean ± SD) and 11 females (age: 25 ± 3 years, VO2max: 50.2 ± 3.4 mL kg-1 min-1) to 5 days of creatine monohydrate (0.3 g kg-1 per day) or placebo loading, followed by a daily maintenance dose (0.04 g kg-1) throughout the study. After the loading period, subjects completed four trials in randomized order where they ingested caffeine (3 mg kg-1), sodium bicarbonate (0.3 g kg-1), placebo, or both caffeine and sodium bicarbonate before a maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), 15-s sprint, and 6-min time trial. RESULTS Compared to placebo, mean power output during 15-s sprint was higher following loading with creatine than placebo (+34 W, 95% CI: 10 to 58, p = 0.008), but with no additional effect of caffeine (+10 W, 95% CI: -7 to 24, p = 0.156) or sodium bicarbonate (+5 W, 95% CI: -4 to 13, p = 0.397). Mean power output during 6-min time trial was higher with caffeine (+12 W, 95% CI: 5 to 18, p = 0.001) and caffeine + sodium bicarbonate (+8 W, 95% CI: 0 to 15, p = 0.038), whereas sodium bicarbonate (-1 W, 95% CI: -7 to 6, p = 0.851) and creatine (-6 W, 95% CI: -15 to 4, p = 0.250) had no effects. CONCLUSION While creatine and caffeine can enhance sprint- and time trial performance, respectively, these effects do not seem additive. Therefore, supplementing with either creatine or caffeine appears sufficient to enhance sprint or short intense exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Moesgaard
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jens Bangsbo
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- The August Krogh Section for Human Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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11
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Trujillo-Colmena D, Fernández-Sánchez J, Rodríguez-Castaño A, Casado A, Del Coso J. Effects of Caffeinated Coffee on Cross-Country Cycling Performance in Recreational Cyclists. Nutrients 2024; 16:668. [PMID: 38474796 PMCID: PMC10933887 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The ergogenic effects of acute caffeine intake on endurance cycling performance lasting ~1 h have been well documented in controlled laboratory studies. However, the potential benefits of caffeine supplementation in cycling disciplines such as cross-country/mountain biking have been rarely studied. In cross-country cycling, performance is dependent on endurance capacity, which may be enhanced by caffeine, but also on the technical ability of the cyclist to overcome the obstacles of the course. So, it is possible that the potential benefits of caffeine are not translated to cross-country cycling. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of acute caffeine intake, in the form of coffee, on endurance performance during a cross-country cycling time trial. Eleven recreational cross-country cyclists (mean ± SD: age: 22 ± 3 years; nine males and two females) participated in a single-blinded, randomised, counterbalanced and crossover experiment. After familiarisation with the cross-country course, participants completed two identical experimental trials after the ingestion of: (a) 3.00 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of soluble coffee or (b) 0.04 mg/kg of caffeine in the form of decaffeinated soluble coffee as a placebo. Drinks were ingested 60 min before performing a 13.90 km cross-country time trial over a course with eight sectors of varying technical difficulty. The time to complete the trial and the mean and the maximum speed were measured through Global Positioning System (GPS) technology. Heart rate was obtained through a heart rate monitor. At the end of the time trial, participants indicated their perceived level of fatigue using the traditional Borg scale. In comparison to the placebo, caffeine intake in the form of coffee significantly reduced the time to complete the trial by 4.93 ± 4.39% (43.20 ± 7.35 vs. 41.17 ± 6.18 min; p = 0.011; effect size [ES] = 0.300). Caffeine intake reduced the time to complete four out of eight sectors with different categories of technical difficulty (p ≤ 0.010; ES = 0.386 to 0.701). Mean heart rate was higher with caffeine (169 ± 6 vs. 162 ± 13 bpm; p = 0.046; ES = 0.788) but the rating of perceived exertion at the end of the trial was similar with caffeinated coffee than with the placebo (16 ± 1 vs. 16 ± 2 a.u.; p = 0.676; ES = 0.061). In conclusion, the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine delivered via soluble coffee reduced the time to complete a cross-country cycling trial in recreational cyclists. These results suggest that caffeine ingested as coffee may be an ergogenic substance for cross-country cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Trujillo-Colmena
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
- Program of Epidemiology and Public Health (Interuniversity), Ph.D. International School, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Sánchez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Arturo Casado
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (D.T.-C.); (J.F.-S.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.)
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12
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Bougrine H, Ammar A, Salem A, Trabelsi K, Jahrami H, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Optimizing Short-Term Maximal Exercise Performance: The Superior Efficacy of a 6 mg/kg Caffeine Dose over 3 or 9 mg/kg in Young Female Team-Sports Athletes. Nutrients 2024; 16:640. [PMID: 38474768 PMCID: PMC10935148 DOI: 10.3390/nu16050640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (CAF) is among the most extensively researched dietary supplements worldwide. However, little is known about the relationship between dosage and performance enhancement, particularly in female athletes. This study aimed to explore the effects of three different CAF dosages (3 mg·kg-1, 6 mg·kg-1, and 9 mg·kg-1) on high-intensity exercise and the prevalence of undesirable side effects related to these doses among female team-sports athletes. All participants (n = 16; age: 16.9 ± 0.6 y; height: 1.64 ± 0.1 m; BMI: 21.6 ± 1.5 kg·m-2) were mild CAF consumers. This study had a randomized, crossover, double-blind design in which each athlete performed four experimental sessions after ingesting either a placebo (PLAC), 3 mg·kg-1 CAF (CAF-3), 6 mg·kg-1 CAF (CAF-6), or 9 mg·kg-1 of CAF (CAF-9), with an in-between washout period of at least 72 h. In each experimental session, 60 min after ingesting the capsules, participants underwent a countermovement jumps test (CMJ), modified agility t-test (MATT), repeated sprint ability (RSA) test, and a rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and completed the CAF side effects questionnaire. Our findings revealed that in comparison to the PLAC condition, the MATT, RSAmean, and RSAbest performances were significantly greater only under the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions. Although the RPE scores remained unchanged, CMJ performance improved under all CAF conditions. All the performance outcomes were better for the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions than for the CAF-3 condition. Notably, no significant difference between the CAF-6 and CAF-9 conditions was observed for any of these parameters despite the highest incidence of side effects being noted for the CAF-9 condition. In summary, our findings highlight the recommendation for a moderate CAF dosage of 6 mg·kg-1 rather than 3 or 9 mg·kg-1 to enhance various aspects of short-term maximal performance in mild-CAF-consumer female team-sports athletes while mitigating the occurrence of adverse CAF side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Gafsa, University of Gafsa, Gafsa 2100, Tunisia;
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
| | - Achraf Ammar
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
- Research Laboratory, Molecular Bases of Human Pathology, LR19ES13, Faculty of Medicine of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3029, Tunisia
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Neurosciences, Physiology and Psychology: Physical Activity, Health and Learning (LINP2), UFR STAPS (Faculty of Sport Sciences), Université Paris Lumières (UPL), Paris Nanterre University, 92000 Nanterre, France
| | - Atef Salem
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Department of Training and Movement Science, Institute of Sport Science, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Khaled Trabelsi
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
- Research Laboratory, Education, Motricity, Sport and Health (EM2S), LR15JS01, High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia
| | - Haitham Jahrami
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University, Manama 323, Bahrain;
- Ministry of Health, Manama 410, Bahrain
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Sfax 3000, Tunisia;
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunis 1003, Tunisia (N.S.)
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Mannouba 2010, Tunisia
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13
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Fortunato IM, Pereira QC, Oliveira FDS, Alvarez MC, dos Santos TW, Ribeiro ML. Metabolic Insights into Caffeine's Anti-Adipogenic Effects: An Exploration through Intestinal Microbiota Modulation in Obesity. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1803. [PMID: 38339081 PMCID: PMC10855966 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Obesity, a chronic condition marked by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue, not only affects individual well-being but also significantly inflates healthcare costs. The physiological excess of fat manifests as triglyceride (TG) deposition within adipose tissue, with white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion via adipocyte hyperplasia being a key adipogenesis mechanism. As efforts intensify to address this global health crisis, understanding the complex interplay of contributing factors becomes critical for effective public health interventions and improved patient outcomes. In this context, gut microbiota-derived metabolites play an important role in orchestrating obesity modulation. Microbial lipopolysaccharides (LPS), secondary bile acids (BA), short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), and trimethylamine (TMA) are the main intestinal metabolites in dyslipidemic states. Emerging evidence highlights the microbiota's substantial role in influencing host metabolism and subsequent health outcomes, presenting new avenues for therapeutic strategies, including polyphenol-based manipulations of these microbial populations. Among various agents, caffeine emerges as a potent modulator of metabolic pathways, exhibiting anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and obesity-mitigating properties. Notably, caffeine's anti-adipogenic potential, attributed to the downregulation of key adipogenesis regulators, has been established. Recent findings further indicate that caffeine's influence on obesity may be mediated through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolic byproducts. Therefore, the present review summarizes the anti-adipogenic effect of caffeine in modulating obesity through the intestinal microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Monique Fortunato
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis, 218, Braganca Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil; (I.M.F.); (Q.C.P.); (F.d.S.O.); (M.C.A.); (T.W.d.S.)
| | - Quélita Cristina Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis, 218, Braganca Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil; (I.M.F.); (Q.C.P.); (F.d.S.O.); (M.C.A.); (T.W.d.S.)
| | - Fabricio de Sousa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis, 218, Braganca Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil; (I.M.F.); (Q.C.P.); (F.d.S.O.); (M.C.A.); (T.W.d.S.)
| | - Marisa Claudia Alvarez
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis, 218, Braganca Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil; (I.M.F.); (Q.C.P.); (F.d.S.O.); (M.C.A.); (T.W.d.S.)
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas/Hemocentro, UNICAMP, Rua Carlos Chagas 480, Campinas 13083-878, SP, Brazil
| | - Tanila Wood dos Santos
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis, 218, Braganca Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil; (I.M.F.); (Q.C.P.); (F.d.S.O.); (M.C.A.); (T.W.d.S.)
| | - Marcelo Lima Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Immunopharmacology and Molecular Biology, Sao Francisco University, Av. Sao Francisco de Assis, 218, Braganca Paulista 12916-900, SP, Brazil; (I.M.F.); (Q.C.P.); (F.d.S.O.); (M.C.A.); (T.W.d.S.)
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14
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Marinho AH, da Silva JM, Brandão VFDN, Jatobá SG, Júnior PB, Ataide-Silva T, Sousa FADB, Bastos-Silva VJ, de Araujo GG. Caffeine Mouth Rinse Plus Ingestion Improves the 10-Km Time Trial Compared to Caffeine Mouth Rinse Alone. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2024:1-8. [PMID: 38271741 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2293121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Background: The benefits of caffeine to physical performance have been extensively demonstrated, however, it has recently been speculated that there is an effect of the administration route on its effectiveness. Purpose: The current study investigated the effect of caffeine mouth rinse in isolation or combined with ingestion on performance in a 30-minute constant-load exercise followed by a 10-km cycling time trial. Methods: Ten physically active men performed a 30-minute constant-load exercise at 50% of the graded test Wmax, followed by a 10-km cycling time trial. Before and at the middle points of the constant-load exercise and 10-km cycling time trial, the following conditions were administered: PLA (cellulose ingestion plus mouth rinsing with magnesium sulfate), ING (5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine ingestion plus mouth rinsing with magnesium sulfate), MR (cellulose ingestion plus mouth rinsing with 1.2% caffeine), and COMB (5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine ingestion plus mouth rinsing with 1.2% caffeine). Results: During the 30-minute constant-load exercise, COMB presented a lower rating of perceived exertion (RPE) than MR (p = .04). For the 10-km time trial, the COMB was faster than MR (MR = 1363 ± 345 vs. COMB = 1291 ± 308s, Δ% = 5.57, p = .05). Mean power output was higher in COMB than PLA, ING, and MR (234 ± 15 vs. 169 ± 29, 148 ± 11, and 145 ± 12 W, respectively). There were no differences between conditions for heart rate and RPE during the 10-km time trial. Conclusion: In summary, caffeine mouth rinsing potentiated the effects of caffeine ingestion during the 10-km time trial compared to caffeine mouth rinsing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson Henrique Marinho
- Federal University of Alagoas
- Federal University of Parana
- Federal University of Technology Parana
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15
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Fernández-Sánchez J, Trujillo-Colmena D, Rodríguez-Castaño A, Lavín-Pérez AM, Del Coso J, Casado A, Collado-Mateo D. Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Fat Oxidation Rate during Fed-State Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2024; 16:207. [PMID: 38257100 PMCID: PMC10819049 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pre-exercise intake of caffeine (from ~3 to 9 mg/kg) has been demonstrated as an effective supplementation strategy to increase fat oxidation during fasted exercise. However, a pre-exercise meal can alter the potential effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during exercise as caffeine modifies postprandial glycaemic and insulinemic responses. Hypothetically, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation may be reduced or even withdrawn during fed-state exercise. The present systematic review aimed to meta-analyse investigations on the effect of acute caffeine intake on the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise performed in the fed state (last meal < 5 h before exercise). A total of 18 crossover trials with randomised and placebo-controlled protocols and published between 1982 and 2021 were included, with a total of 228 participants (185 males and 43 females). Data were extracted to compare rates of fat oxidation during exercise with placebo and caffeine at the same exercise intensity, which reported 20 placebo-caffeine pairwise comparisons. A meta-analysis of the studies was performed, using the standardised mean difference (SMD) estimated from Hedges' g, with 95% confidence intervals (CI). In comparison with the placebo, caffeine increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (number of comparisons (n) = 20; p = 0.020, SMD = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.20 to 1.20). Only studies with a dose < 6 mg/kg of caffeine (n = 13) increased the rate of fat oxidation during fed-state exercise (p = 0.004, SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.27 to 1.45), while no such effect was observed in studies with doses ≥6 mg/kg (n = 7; p = 0.97, SMD = -0.03, 95% CI = -1.40 to 1.35). The effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise was observed in active untrained individuals (n = 13; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.39 to 1.30) but not in aerobically trained participants (n = 7; p = 0.27, SMD = 0.50, 95% CI = -0.39 to 1.39). Likewise, the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation was observed in caffeine-naïve participants (n = 9; p < 0.001, SMD = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.45 to 1.19) but not in caffeine consumers (n = 3; p = 0.54, SMD = 0.57, 95% CI = -1.23 to 2.37). In conclusion, acute caffeine intake in combination with a meal ingested within 5 h before the onset of exercise increased the rate of fat oxidation during submaximal aerobic exercise. The magnitude of the effect of caffeine on fat oxidation during fed-state exercise may be modulated by the dose of caffeine administered (higher with <6 mg/kg than with ≥6 mg/kg), participants' aerobic fitness level (higher in active than in aerobically trained individuals), and habituation to caffeine (higher in caffeine-naïve than in caffeine consumers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Sánchez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Daniel Trujillo-Colmena
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Adrián Rodríguez-Castaño
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Ana Myriam Lavín-Pérez
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
- GO fitLAB, Ingesport, 28003 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Arturo Casado
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
| | - Daniel Collado-Mateo
- Sport Sciences Research Centre, Rey Juan Carlos University, 28943 Madrid, Spain; (J.F.-S.); (D.T.-C.); (A.R.-C.); (A.C.); (D.C.-M.)
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16
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Jiménez-Alfageme R, Álvarez J, Garbisu-Hualde A, Romero-García D, Giménez-Monzó D, Sospedra I, Ausó E, Martínez-Sanz JM. Are the Dietary-Nutritional Recommendations Met? Analysis of Intake in Endurance Competitions. Nutrients 2024; 16:189. [PMID: 38257082 PMCID: PMC10820672 DOI: 10.3390/nu16020189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades the number of endurance events has increased, as well as the number of athletes participating in them. Adequate nutritional and water planning is essential to maintain optimal sports performance and to reduce the incidence of gastrointestinal problems. The main objective of this study is to determine the dietary intake and compliance with nutritional recommendations of athletes in two endurance competitions, as well as to assess the incidence of gastrointestinal complaints. METHODS An observational and cross-sectional study was carried out on the consumption of liquids, food, and supplements in 42 triathletes and mountain runners (MRs) participating in a Vi-Half-Gasteiz triathlon and the Ultra Sierra de Cazorla trail run. At the completion of the trials, participants completed a validated questionnaire (NIQEC). RESULTS The mean caloric intake during the test of the participants in this study was 192.17 kcal/h, while the mean carbohydrate intake was 43.67 g/h, the mean sodium intake was 267.43 mg/h, and the mean caffeine intake was 15.53 mg/h, with no significant differences between the two sports. The amount of liquids consumed by the participants was 421.21 mL/h, with no significant differences between the triathletes and MRs. As for gastrointestinal problems, it was observed that the participants presented gastrointestinal discomfort in 61.9% of the cases. CONCLUSIONS The intakes of energy, carbohydrates, water, sodium, and caffeine were lower than the current recommendations. There were no differences in the energy, carbohydrate, water, sodium, and caffeine intakes between the triathletes and mountain runners. Gastrointestinal problems showed a high prevalence in these athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén Jiménez-Alfageme
- Physiotherapy Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Gasteiz—EUNEIZ, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez
- Estudis de Ciències de la Salut, Universitat Oberta de Catalunya, 08018 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Arkaitz Garbisu-Hualde
- Physical Activity and Sport Sciences Departmnet, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Gasteiz—EUNEIZ, 01013 Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain;
| | | | - Daniel Giménez-Monzó
- Department of Community Nursing, Preventive Medicine and Public Health and History of Science Health, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Isabel Sospedra
- Nursing Department, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain;
| | - Eva Ausó
- Department of Optics, Pharmacology and Anatomy, Faculty of Sciences, University of Alicante, 03690 Alicante, Spain
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Lukasiewicz CJ, Vandiver KJ, Albert ED, Kirby BS, Jacobs RA. Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex: insights from modeling runners pursuing a sub-2-h marathon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:158-176. [PMID: 38059288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) availability sustains high metabolic demands during prolonged exercise. The adequacy of current CHO intake recommendations, 30-90 g·h-1 dependent on CHO mixture and tolerability, to support elite marathon performance is unclear. We sought to scrutinize the current upper limit recommendation for exogenous CHO intake to support modeled sub-2-h marathon (S2M) attempts across elite male and female runners. Male and female runners (n = 120 each) were modeled from published literature with reference characteristics necessary to complete a S2M (e.g., body mass and running economy). Completion of a S2M was considered across a range of respiratory exchange rates, with maximal starting skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content predicted for elite male and female runners. Modeled exogenous CHO bioavailability needed for male and female runners were 93 ± 26 and 108 ± 22 g·h-1, respectively (P < 0.0001, d = 0.61). Without exogenous CHO, males were modeled to deplete glycogen in 84 ± 7 min, females in 71 ± 5 min (P < 0.0001, d = 2.21) despite higher estimated CHO oxidation rates in males (5.1 ± 0.5 g·h-1) than females (4.4 ± 0.5 g·h-1; P < 0.0001, d = 1.47). Exogenous CHO intakes ≤ 90 g·h-1 are insufficient for 65% of modeled runners attempting a S2M. Current recommendations to support marathon performance appear inadequate for elite marathon runners but may be more suitable for male runners in pursuit of a S2M (56 of 120) than female runners (28 of 120).NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study scrutinizes the upper limit of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) recommendations for elite male and female marathoners by modeling sex-specific needs across an extreme metabolic challenge lasting ∼2 h, a sub-2-h marathon. Contemporary nutritional guidelines to optimize marathon performance appear inadequate for most elite marathon runners but appear more appropriate for males over their female counterparts. Future research examining possible benefits of exogenous CHO intakes > 90 g·h-1 should prioritize female athlete study inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Lukasiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Kayla J Vandiver
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Albert
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Brett S Kirby
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Nike, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Robert A Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
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18
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Brauwers B, Machado FVC, Beijers RJHCG, Spruit MA, Franssen FME. Combined Exercise Training and Nutritional Interventions or Pharmacological Treatments to Improve Exercise Capacity and Body Composition in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:5136. [PMID: 38140395 PMCID: PMC10747351 DOI: 10.3390/nu15245136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory disease that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, and healthcare costs. The burden of respiratory symptoms and airflow limitation can translate to reduced physical activity, in turn contributing to poor exercise capacity, muscle dysfunction, and body composition abnormalities. These extrapulmonary features of the disease are targeted during pulmonary rehabilitation, which provides patients with tailored therapies to improve the physical and emotional status. Patients with COPD can be divided into metabolic phenotypes, including cachectic, sarcopenic, normal weight, obese, and sarcopenic with hidden obesity. To date, there have been many studies performed investigating the individual effects of exercise training programs as well as nutritional and pharmacological treatments to improve exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD. However, little research is available investigating the combined effect of exercise training with nutritional or pharmacological treatments on these outcomes. Therefore, this review focuses on exploring the potential additional beneficial effects of combinations of exercise training and nutritional or pharmacological treatments to target exercise capacity and body composition in patients with COPD with different metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bente Brauwers
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Faculty of Health, Medicine, Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Felipe V. C. Machado
- BIOMED (Biomedical Research Institute), REVAL (Rehabilitation Research Centre), Hasselt University, 3590 Hasselt, Belgium;
| | - Rosanne J. H. C. G. Beijers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Martijn A. Spruit
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
| | - Frits M. E. Franssen
- Department of Research and Development, Ciro, Centre of Expertise for Chronic Organ Failure, 6085 NM Horn, The Netherlands; (M.A.S.); (F.M.E.F.)
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM Research Institute of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands;
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19
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Filip-Stachnik A, Krzysztofik M, Del Coso J, Pałka T, Sadowska-Krępa E. The Effect of Acute Caffeine Intake on Resistance Training Volume, Prooxidant-Antioxidant Balance and Muscle Damage Markers Following a Session of Full-Body Resistance Exercise in Resistance-Trained Men Habituated to Caffeine. J Sports Sci Med 2023; 22:436-446. [PMID: 37711718 PMCID: PMC10499132 DOI: 10.52082/jssm.2023.436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
No previous study has analyzed the impact of caffeine intake on prooxidant-antioxidant balance and muscle damage following resistance exercise. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of 3 mg/kg of caffeine on the number of repetitions and the prooxidant-antioxidant balance and muscle damage after a session of full-body resistance exercise. Ten resistance-trained men habituated to caffeine participated in a randomized, crossover and double-blind experiment. Each participant performed two identical resistance training sessions after the intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine or a placebo. Blood was collected before and 60 min after substance intake, just after exercise, 60 minutes after exercise, and 24 hours after testing to evaluate the activity of antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase), non-enzymatic antioxidants (reduced glutathione, uric acid) levels of oxidative stress markers (plasma malondialdehyde) and muscle damage markers (creatine kinase, lactate dehydrogenase). There were no significant differences between placebo and caffeine conditions in the total number of repetitions (180 ± 15 vs 185 ± 14 repetitions, respectively; p = 0.276; Effect size [ES] = 0.34), the total time under tension (757 ± 71 vs 766 ± 56 s, respectively; p = 0.709; ES = 0.14) or the rating of perceived exertion (13.8 ± 2.7 vs 14.7 ± 2.7 a.u., respectively; p = 0.212; ES = 0.32). Reduced glutathione concentration obtained 1 hour after exercise was higher with caffeine than with placebo (p = 0.047), without significant difference between conditions for any other prooxidant-oxidant or muscle damage marker at any time point (p > 0.050 for all). The oral intake of 3 mg/kg of caffeine by resistance-trained men habituated to caffeine did not enhance the number of repetitions during a medium load full-body resistance training session to failure and had a minimal impact on the prooxidant-antioxidant balance and muscle damage. The study was registered prospectively at ClinicalTrials.gov with the following ID: NCT05230303.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain, Madrid
| | - Tomasz Pałka
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, University of Physical Education in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewa Sadowska-Krępa
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Poland
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20
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Yasuda J, Myoenzono K, Takai E, Toguchi M, Tsunezumi S, Kondo C, Kaizaki A, Ode S, Ohno H, Namma-Motonaga K, Kamei A. Importance of "meal first" strategy and effective situations of supplement use in elite athletes: Japan high performance sport center position stand. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1188224. [PMID: 37383062 PMCID: PMC10293618 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1188224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The "meal first" strategy is traditionally recommended for athletes' conditioning. However, the importance of the "meal first" principle has not been detailly well documented in athletes' lives. Supplement use has recently become a common part of athletes' diets, but unmonitored supplement use can cause negative consequences, such as anti-doping violations and health issues. Therefore, this review summarizes how the "meal first" strategy and planned supplement use are important for enhancing athletes' health and performance. We believe that the "meal first" strategy is beneficial in terms of the following aspects: (1) consumption of multi-nutrients and other functional components simultaneously; (2) positive effects on psychological well-being; (3) contribution to athletes' health by way of mastication; and (4) less risk for anti-doping violations. Before supplement use, we recommend that athletes first verify their basic factors (e.g., diet, training, and sleep), given that the benefits of supplements are examined and demonstrated with the control of those factors. Otherwise, athletes cannot obtain maximal benefits from the supplements. In contrast, there are situations in which supplements in athletes' lives can be advantageous, such as (1) nutrient deficiency due to ongoing dietary characteristics; (2) interruption of meals due to disease; (3) inaccessibility of quality food during athletic travel; (4) difficulty preparing food due to societal restrictions associated with disasters or infection outbreaks; (5) having a meal before, during, or after exercise is difficult; and (6) achieving targeted intake of performance-enhancing ingredients is not practical. In summary, we emphasize that the "meal first" strategy is recommended for athletes' conditioning, but there are several contexts when supplement use can be more useful in athletes' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yasuda
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuda Keiko Namma-Motonaga Akiko Kamei
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Akiko Kamei
- Correspondence: Jun Yasuda Keiko Namma-Motonaga Akiko Kamei
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21
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Douligeris A, Methenitis S, Lazou A, Panayiotou G, Feidantsis K, Voulgaridou G, Manios Y, Jamurtas AZ, Giaginis C, Papadopoulou SK. The Effect of Acute Pre-Workout Supplement Ingestion on Basketball-Specific Performance of Well-Trained Athletes. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15102304. [PMID: 37242187 DOI: 10.3390/nu15102304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A pre-workout supplement's (PWS; 200 mg caffeine, 3.3 g creatine monohydrate, 3.2 g β-alanine, 6 g citrulline malate and 5 g branched chained amino acid (BCAA) per dose) acute effects on the alactic (jumping, sprinting, agility), lactic (Running-Based Anaerobic Sprint Test, RAST) and aerobic performance (Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test Level 1, Yo-Yo IRL1 VO2max) of well-trained basketball players was investigated in this double-blind placebo-controlled study. Thirty players (age 18-31 years, height 166-195 cm, weight 70.2-116.7 kg, body fat 10.6-26.4%) were allocated to pre-workout (PWS, n = 15) or placebo (PL, n = 15) groups. Half of the participants in each group performed the evaluations without PWS or PL, while the rest consumed PWS or PL 30 min before the assessments (1st trial) and vice versa (2nd trial). Significant improvements in counter-movement jump (CMJ) (PWS: 4.3 ± 2.1%; PL: 1.2 ± 1.0%), agility (PWS: -2.9 ± 1.8%; PL: 1.8 ± 1.7%), RAST average (PWS: 18.3 ± 9.1%; PL: -2.2 ± 2.0%), minimum power (PWS: 13.7 ± 8.9%; PL: -7.5 ± 5.9%), and fatigue index (PWS: -25.0 ± 0.9%; PL: -4.6 ± 0.6%) were observed in the PWS group vs. the PL group (p < 0.05). No differences were found regarding sprinting, aerobic performance, and blood lactate concentrations. Thus, although players' alactic and lactic anaerobic performance could be improved, peak power, sprinting and aerobic performance are not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Douligeris
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Spyridon Methenitis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Sports Performance Laboratory, School of Physical Education & Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 15772 Athens, Greece
- Theseus, Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Center, 17671 Athens, Greece
| | - Antonia Lazou
- Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL109AB, UK
| | - George Panayiotou
- Laboratory of Exercise, Health and Human Performance, Applied Sport Science Postgraduate Program, Department of Life Sciences, School of Sciences, European University Cyprus, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Konstantinos Feidantsis
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gavriela Voulgaridou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Sciences and Education, Harokopio University, 17671 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Agri-food and Life Sciences, Hellenic Mediterranean University Research Centre, 71410 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Athanasios Z Jamurtas
- Department of Physical Education & Sport Science, University of Thessaly, 42100 Trikala, Greece
| | - Constantinos Giaginis
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina, Greece
| | - Sousana K Papadopoulou
- Department of Nutrition Sciences and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece
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22
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Held S, Rappelt L, Donath L. Acute and Chronic Performance Enhancement in Rowing: A Network Meta-analytical Approach on the Effects of Nutrition and Training. Sports Med 2023; 53:1137-1159. [PMID: 37097415 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01827-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This systematic review and network meta-analysis assessed via direct and indirect comparison the occurrence and magnitude of effects following different nutritional supplementation strategies and exercise interventions on acute and chronic rowing performance and its surrogates. METHODS PubMed, Web of Science, PsycNET and SPORTDiscus searches were conducted until March 2022 to identify studies that met the following inclusion criteria: (a) controlled trials, (b) rowing performance and its surrogate parameters as outcomes, and (c) peer-reviewed and published in English. Frequentist network meta-analytical approaches were calculated based on standardized mean differences (SMD) using random effects models. RESULTS 71 studies with 1229 healthy rowers (aged 21.5 ± 3.0 years) were included and two main networks (acute and chronic) with each two subnetworks for nutrition and exercise have been created. Both networks revealed low heterogeneity and non-significant inconsistency (I2 ≤ 35.0% and Q statistics: p ≥ 0.12). Based on P-score rankings, while caffeine (P-score 84%; SMD 0.43) revealed relevantly favorable effects in terms of acute rowing performance enhancement, whilst prior weight reduction (P-score 10%; SMD - 0.48) and extensive preload (P-score 18%; SMD - 0.34) impaired acute rowing performance. Chronic blood flow restriction training (P-score 96%; SMD 1.26) and the combination of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate and creatine (P-score 91%; SMD 1.04) induced remarkably large positive effects, while chronic spirulina (P-score 7%; SMD - 1.05) and black currant (P-score 9%; SMD - 0.88) supplementation revealed impairment effects. CONCLUSION Homogeneous and consistent findings from numerous studies indicate that the choice of nutritional supplementation strategy and exercise training regimen are vital for acute and chronic performance enhancement in rowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Held
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany.
- Department of Sport and Management, IST University of Applied Sciences, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Ludwig Rappelt
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Movement and Training Science, University of Wuppertal, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Lars Donath
- Department of Intervention Research in Exercise Training, Institute of Exercise Training and Sport Informatics, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany
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23
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Nabuco LL, Mendes GF, Barreto G, Saunders B, Reis CEG. Spit It Out: Is Caffeine Mouth Rinse an Effective Ergogenic Aid? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Strength Cond J 2023. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
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24
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Saunders B, da Costa LR, de Souza RAS, Barreto G, Marticorena FM. Caffeine and sport. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2023; 106:95-127. [PMID: 37722778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2023.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Caffeine is a trimethylxanthine found in coffee and several other foods and beverages. Its stimulatory effects make it an interesting strategy to boost performance for athletic populations. Scientific evidence supports its efficacy to improve high-intensity endurance exercise, explosive and high-intensity efforts, resistance exercise, team sports and combat sports, though individual variation in the ergogenic response to caffeine exists. Supplementation can be taken in many forms including dissolved in water, via capsules, coffee, energy drinks and caffeinated gum; ingestion via capsules, dissolved in water or in caffeinated gum appear to be most effective. Variability in the exercise response following caffeine supplementation may be explained by genetic factors or habitual caffeine consumption. Caffeine is an excellent supplement for athletes looking to improve their exercise performance, though some consideration of side-effects and impact on sleep are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Saunders
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Registro da Costa
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Augusto Silva de Souza
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Barreto
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Miguel Marticorena
- Applied Physiology and Nutrition Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, Rheumatology Division, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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25
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Dos Santos MPP, Spineli H, Dos Santos BP, Lima-Silva AE, Gitaí DLG, Bishop DJ, de Araujo GG. The effect of caffeine on exercise performance is not influenced by ADORA2A genotypes, alone or pooled with CYP1A2 genotypes, in adolescent athletes. Eur J Nutr 2023; 62:1041-1050. [PMID: 36385314 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-03045-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the influence of the different genotypes of ADORA2A (1976 C > T, rs 5751876), alone or pooled with CYP1A2 (163 C > A rs 762551) genotypes, on the ergogenic effects of caffeine (CAF) on various aspects of physical performance in male adolescent athletes. METHODS Ninety male adolescent athletes (age = 15.5 ± 2 years) were classified according to their genotypes for 1976 C > T ADORA2A (TT homozygous or CADORA2A allele carriers) and 163 C > A CYP1A2 (AA homozygous or CCYP1A2 allele carriers). Participants were further divided in four groups (1-TTADORA2A + AACYP1A2; 2-TTADORA2A + AC/CCCYP1A2; 3-AACYP1A2 + CT/CCADORA2A;4-AC/CCCYP1A2 + CT/CCADORA2A). Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced, and double-blind design, participants ingested CAF (6 mg kg-1) or a placebo (PLA, 300 mg of cellulose) one hour before performing a sequence of physical tests: handgrip strength, agility test, countermovement jump (CMJ), Spike Jump (SJ), sit-ups, push-ups, and the Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1). RESULTS CAF enhanced handgrip strength (CAF: 35.0 ± 9.2 kg force; PLA: 33.5 ± 8.9 kg force; p = 0.050), CMJ height (CAF: 49.6 ± 12.3 cm; PLA: 48.3 ± 13.6 cm; p = 0.013), SJ height (CAF: 54.7 ± 13.3 cm; PLA: 53.1 ± 14.8 cm; p = 0.013), number of sit-ups (CAF: 37 ± 8; PLA: 35 ± 8; p = 0.001), and distance covered on the Yoyo IR1 test (CAF: 991.6 ± 371.0 m; PLA: 896.0 ± 311.0 m; p = 0.001), This CAF-induced improvement on exercise performance was, however, independent of genotypes groups (all p > 0.05). CAF had no effect on agility (CAF: 15.8 ± 1.2 s; PLA: 15.9 ± 1.3 s; p = 0.070) and push-up (CAF: 26.6 ± 12.0; PLA: 25.0 ± 11.0; p = 0.280) tests. CONCLUSION The acute caffeine intake of 6.0 mg.kg-1 improves several aspects of physical performance, which seems to be independent of ADORA2A genotypes, alone or in combination with CYP1A2 genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryssa P Pinto Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science (LACAE), Research Group Applied to Sport Science-GPCAE, Institute of Physical Education and Sport-IEFE, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Higor Spineli
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science (LACAE), Research Group Applied to Sport Science-GPCAE, Institute of Physical Education and Sport-IEFE, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Estácio-FAL, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Bruna P Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-LBCM, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Curitiba, PR, Brazil
| | - Daniel L G Gitaí
- Postgraduate Program in Health Sciences-PPGCS, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Laboratory-LBCM, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living. School of Sport and Exercise Science, Victoria University, Melbourne, VU, Australia
| | - Gustavo Gomes de Araujo
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition-PPGNUT, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, AL, Brazil. .,Laboratory of Applied Sports Science, Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Alagoas, Avenue Lourival Melo Mota, s/n, Maceió, AL, CEP: 57072-900, Brazil.
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26
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Kolonas A, Vareltzis P, Kiroglou S, Goutzourelas N, Stagos D, Trachana V, Tsadila C, Mossialos D, Mourtakos S, Gortzi O. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of a Functional Sports Beverage Formulation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043558. [PMID: 36834967 PMCID: PMC9959907 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Athletes often consume functional beverages in order to improve performance and reduce oxidative stress caused by high-intensity exercise. The present study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of a functional sports beverage formulation. The beverage's antioxidant effects were assessed on human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by determining thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS; TBARS levels decreased significantly by 52.67% at 2.0 mg/mL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC; TAC levels increased significantly by 80.82% at 2.0 mg/mL) and reduced glutathione (GSH; GSH levels increased significantly by 24.13% at 2.0 mg/mL) levels. Furthermore, the beverage underwent simulated digestion following the INFOGEST protocol to assess its oxidative stability. The analysis of the total phenolic content (TPC) using the Folin-Ciocalteu assay revealed that the beverage contained a TPC of 7.58 ± 0.066 mg GAE/mL, while the phenolics identified by HPLC were catechin (2.149 mg/mL), epicatechin (0.024 mg/mL), protocatechuic acid (0.012 mg/mL), luteolin 7-glucoside (0.001 mg/mL), and kaempferol-3-O-β-rutinoside (0.001 mg/mL). The beverage's TPC was strongly correlated with TAC (R2 = 896). Moreover, the beverage showcased inhibitory and bacteriostatic effects against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Lastly, the sensory acceptance test demonstrated that the functional sports beverage was well accepted by the assessors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Kolonas
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
| | - Patroklos Vareltzis
- Laboratory of Food and Agricultural Industries Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Smaro Kiroglou
- Laboratory of Food and Agricultural Industries Technologies, Chemical Engineering Department, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Goutzourelas
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 415 00 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Stagos
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 415 00 Larissa, Greece
| | - Varvara Trachana
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Thessaly, Biopolis, 415 00 Larissa, Greece
| | - Christina Tsadila
- Microbial Biotechnology-Molecular Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 415 00 Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitris Mossialos
- Microbial Biotechnology-Molecular Bacteriology-Virology Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, 415 00 Larissa, Greece
| | - Stamatis Mourtakos
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, School of Health Science and Education, Harokopio University of Athens, 176 71 Athens, Greece
| | - Olga Gortzi
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, School of Agricultural Sciences, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
- Correspondence:
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Liu C, Zhao H, Yan Y, Yang W, Chen S, Song G, Li X, Gu Y, Yun H, Li Y. Synergistic Effect of Rhodiola rosea and Caffeine Supplementation on the Improvement of Muscle Strength and Muscular Endurance: A Pilot Study for Rats, Resistance Exercise-Untrained and -Trained Volunteers. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030582. [PMID: 36771289 PMCID: PMC9919529 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Multi-level studies have shown that Rhodiola rosea (RHO) and Caffeine (CAF) have the potential to be nutritional supplements to enhance physical performance in resistance exercise-untrained and -trained subjects. This study examined the synergistic effects of RHO (262.7 mg/kg for rats and 2.4 g for volunteers) and CAF (19.7 mg/kg for rats and 3 mg/kg for volunteers) supplementation on improving physical performance in rats, resistance exercise-untrained volunteers and resistance exercise-trained volunteers. Rats and volunteers were randomly grouped into placebo, CAF, RHO and CAF+RHO and administered accordingly with the nutrients during the training procedure, and pre- and post-measures were collected. We found that RHO+CAF was effective in improving forelimb grip strength (13.75%), erythropoietin (23.85%), dopamine (12.65%) and oxygen consumption rate (9.29%) in the rat model. Furthermore, the current results also indicated that the combination of RHO+CAF significantly increased the bench press one-repetition maximum (1RM) (16.59%), deep squat 1RM (15.75%), maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) (14.72%) and maximum repetitions of 60% 1RM bench press (22.15%) in resistance exercise-untrained volunteers. Additionally, despite the excellent base level of the resistance exercise-trained volunteers, their deep squat 1RM and MVIC increased substantially through the synergistic effect of RHO and CAF. In conclusion, combined supplementation of RHO+CAF is more beneficial in improving the resistance exercise performance for both resistance exercise-untrained and -trained volunteers. The present results provide practical evidence that the synergies of RHO and CAF could serve as potential supplementary for individuals, especially resistance exercise-trained subjects, to ameliorate their physical performances effectively and safely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Haotian Zhao
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physical Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Yi Yan
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Weijun Yang
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Songyue Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ge Song
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuehan Li
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yujia Gu
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hezhang Yun
- School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing 100084, China
- The Public Sports Department of the School, Zhejiang Guangsha Vocational and Technical University of Construction, Dongyang 321000, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (H.Y.)
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Stazi M, Zampar S, Klafki HW, Meyer T, Wirths O. A Combination of Caffeine Supplementation and Enriched Environment in an Alzheimer's Disease Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032155. [PMID: 36768476 PMCID: PMC9916825 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A variety of factors has been associated with healthy brain aging, and epidemiological studies suggest that physical activity and nutritional supplements such as caffeine may reduce the risk of developing dementia and, in particular, Alzheimer's disease (AD) in later life. Caffeine is known to act as a cognitive enhancer but has been also shown to positively affect exercise performance in endurance activities. We have previously observed that chronic oral caffeine supplementation and a treatment paradigm encompassing physical and cognitive stimulation by enriched environment (EE) housing can improve learning and memory performance and ameliorate hippocampal neuron loss in the Tg4-42 mouse model of AD. Here, we investigated whether these effects were synergistic. To that end, previous findings on individual treatments were complemented with unpublished, additional data and analyzed in depth by ANOVA followed by Bonferroni multiple comparison post tests. We further evaluated whether plasma neurofilament light chain levels reflect neuropathological and behavioral changes observed in the experimental groups. While a treatment combining physical activity and caffeine supplementation significantly improved learning and memory function compared to standard-housed vehicle-treated Tg4-42 in tasks such as the Morris water maze, no major additive effect outperforming the effects of the single interventions was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Stazi
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Zampar
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Wolfgang Klafki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Meyer
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliver Wirths
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medical Center (UMG), Georg-August-University, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Combined long-term enriched environment and caffeine supplementation improve memory function in C57Bl6 mice. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2023; 273:269-281. [PMID: 35676374 PMCID: PMC9958139 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-022-01431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Regular physical activity has been associated with healthy brain aging, reflected by beneficial effects on cognition and learning and memory. Nutritional supplements such as caffeine have been shown to act as cognitive enhancers and may possess neuroprotective properties. Interestingly, caffeine also improves athletic capabilities and is widely used by athletes because of its performance-enhancing effect, while information on potential additive beneficial effects of physical activity and caffeine on cognitive performance is scarce. In the present study, the effects of caffeine supplementation in combination with prolonged physical and cognitive stimulation in the form of the enriched environment (EE) housing for a duration of 4 months were analyzed. We demonstrate that caffeine supplementation together with prolonged environmental enrichment led to enhanced memory function, resulting in improved recognition and spatial working memory in behavioral paradigms such as the novel object recognition task or the Morris water maze in C57Bl6 wild-type mice. Mice housed under EE conditions showed increased gene expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus. The present findings underscore the potential impact of continuous physical activity in the prevention of age-related cognitive decline and may offer new options for combinatorial approaches.
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Guntoro Aji Y, Melita S, Dijaya R, Subali D, Kartawidjajaputra F, Suwanto A. Evaluation of Caffeine Ingested Timing on Endurance Performance based on CYP1A2 rs762551 Profiling in Healthy Sedentary Young Adults. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 11:663-671. [PMID: 37131905 PMCID: PMC10149118 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.11.4.663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Caffeine is generally suggested to increase VO2max in endurance performance. Nevertheless, the response to caffeine ingestion does not seem to be uniform across individuals. Therefore, caffeine ingested timing on endurance performance based on the type of CYP1A2 single nucleotide polymorphism rs762551, that were classified as fast and slow metabolizers, need to be evaluated. Methods Thirty participants participated in this study. DNA was obtained from saliva samples and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Each respondent completed beep tests under three treatments blindly: placebo, 4 mg/kg body mass of caffeine one hour, and two hours before test. Results Caffeine increased estimated VO2max in fast metabolizers (caffeine=29.39±4.79, placebo=27.33±4.02, p<0.05) and slow metabolizers (caffeine=31.25±6.19, placebo=29.17±5.32, p<0.05) in one hour before test. Caffeine also increased estimated VO2max in fast metabolizers (caffeine=28.91±4.65, placebo=27.33±4.02, p<0.05) and slow metabolizers (caffeine=32.53±6.68, placebo=29.17±5.32, p<0.05) in two hour before test. However, for slow metabolizers, the increasing was greater when caffeine was administered two hours before test (slow=3.37±2.07, fast=1.57±1.62, p<0.05). Conclusion Genetic variance may affect the optimal caffeine ingestion timing, sedentary individuals who want to enhance their endurance performance may ingest caffeine 1 hour before exercise for fast metabolizers and 2 hours before exercise for slow metabolizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yones Guntoro Aji
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Stella Melita
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
| | - Rendy Dijaya
- Nutrifood Research Center, PT. Nutrifood Indonesia, Jakarta 13920, Indonesia.
| | - Dionysius Subali
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University, of Indonesia, Jakarta 12930, Indonesia.
- Corresponding author: Dionysius Subali; Tel: +62 89525286606; E-mail:
| | | | - Antonius Suwanto
- Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, IPB University.
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Effects of Caffeine Intake on Endurance Running Performance and Time to Exhaustion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010148. [PMID: 36615805 PMCID: PMC9824573 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is one of the most widely consumed performance-enhancing substances in sport due to its well-established ergogenic effects. The use of caffeine is more common in aerobic-based sports due to the ample evidence endorsing the benefits of caffeine supplementation on endurance exercise. However, most of this evidence was established with cycling trials in the laboratory, while the effects of the acute intake of caffeine on endurance running performance have not been properly reviewed and meta-analyzed. The purpose of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of the existing literature on the effects of caffeine intake on endurance running performance. A systematic review of published studies was performed in four different scientific databases (Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and SportDiscus) up until 5 October 2022 (with no year restriction applied to the search strategy). The selected studies were crossover experimental trials in which the ingestion of caffeine was compared to a placebo situation in a single- or double-blind randomized manner. The effect of caffeine on endurance running was measured by time to exhaustion or time trials. We assessed the methodological quality of each study using Cochrane’s risk-of-bias (RoB 2) tool. A subsequent meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model to calculate the standardized mean difference (SMD) estimated by Hedges’ g and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: A total of 21 randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis, with caffeine doses ranging between 3 and 9 mg/kg. A total of 21 studies were included in the systematic review, with a total sample of 254 participants (220 men, 19 women and 15 participants with no information about gender; 167 were categorized as recreational and 87 were categorized as trained runners.). The overall methodological quality of studies was rated as unclear-to-low risk of bias. The meta-analysis revealed that the time to exhaustion in running tests was improved with caffeine (g = 0.392; 95% CI = 0.214 to 0.571; p < 0.001, magnitude = medium). Subgroup analysis revealed that caffeine was ergogenic for time to exhaustion trials in both recreational runners (g = 0.469; 95% CI = 0.185 to 0.754; p = 0.001, magnitude = medium) and trained runners (g = 0.344; 95% CI = 0.122 to 0.566; p = 0.002, magnitude = medium). The meta-analysis also showed that the time to complete endurance running time trials was reduced with caffeine in comparison to placebo (g = −0.101; 95% CI = −0.190 to −0.012, p = 0.026, magnitude = small). In summary, caffeine intake showed a meaningful ergogenic effect in increasing the time to exhaustion in running trials and improving performance in running time trials. Hence, caffeine may have utility as an ergogenic aid for endurance running events. More evidence is needed to establish the ergogenic effect of caffeine on endurance running in women or the best dose to maximize the ergogenic benefits of caffeine supplementation.
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Brauer AA. Prevalence and Causes of Sleep Problems in Athletes. CURRENT SLEEP MEDICINE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s40675-022-00241-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tallis J, Guimaraes-Ferreira L, Clarke ND. Not Another Caffeine Effect on Sports Performance Study-Nothing New or More to Do? Nutrients 2022; 14:4696. [PMID: 36364958 PMCID: PMC9658326 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The performance-enhancing potential of acute caffeine consumption is firmly established with benefits for many aspects of physical performance and cognitive function summarised in a number of meta-analyses. Despite this, there remains near exponential growth in research articles examining the ergogenic effects of caffeine. Many such studies are confirmatory of well-established ideas, and with a wealth of convincing evidence available, the value of further investigation may be questioned. However, several important knowledge gaps remain. As such, the purpose of this review is to summarise key knowledge gaps regarding the current understanding of the performance-enhancing effect of caffeine and justify their value for future investigation. The review will provide a particular focus on ten research priorities that will aid in the translation of caffeine's ergogenic potential to real-world sporting scenarios. The discussion presented here is therefore essential in guiding the design of future work that will aid in progressing the current understanding of the effects of caffeine as a performance enhancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Tallis
- Research Centre for Sport, Exercise and Life Sciences, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK
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Wang JP, Wei CC, Peng YD, Wang HY, Hung CH, Hong YH, Liou YF, Hou CW. Dose caffeinated energy drink is a consideration issue for endurance performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:999811. [PMID: 36388121 PMCID: PMC9650112 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.999811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeinated energy drinks are commonly taken to improve exercise performance, but there are few studies on the influence of different doses on an athlete’s performance. We conducted a double-blind, randomized, counter-balanced, and crossover research study to examine the effects of low caffeinated energy drink (Low ED) or high caffeinated energy drink (High ED) supplement on the performance, haematological response, and oxidative stress in triathletes. Twelve male participants underwent three testing sessions separated by weekly intervals, consisting of sprint triathlon training (0.75 km swim, 20 km cycle, and 5 km run). Before and during the trials, participants were randomly provided with either placebo (PLA) group, Low ED group, or High ED group. Exercise performance in the High ED group decreased significantly compared with the PLA and Low ED groups (p < 0.05). However, participants in the Low ED group also experienced an improved performance (p = 0.054). Analysis of variance revealed no differences among the three groups in cortisol and testosterone levels, or the Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion score (p > 0.5). Furthermore, superoxide dismutase (SOD) was reduced with exercise and were lowest in the High ED group. However, compared with PLA, a significant decrease of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was observed in Low ED and High ED groups (p < 0.05). This indicates that caffeinated energy drink consumption may improve performance and reduce oxidative stress in sprint triathlon athletes. However, individual differences should be considered when supplementing with caffeinated energy drinks to decrease side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Ping Wang
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Chan Wei
- Department of Aquatic Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Dong Peng
- School of Sport Medicine and Rehabilitation, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hsuan-Yun Wang
- Department of Physical Education, Shih Hsin University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsiang Hung
- Department of Ball Sports, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Hui Hong
- Department of Psychology and Counseling, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuh-Feng Liou
- General Education Center, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Wen Hou
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Institute of Sports Sciences, University of Taipei, Taipei, Taiwan
- *Correspondence: Chien-Wen Hou,
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Tamilio RA, Clarke ND, Duncan MJ, Morris RO, Tallis J. How Repeatable Is the Ergogenic Effect of Caffeine? Limited Reproducibility of Acute Caffeine (3 mg.kg -1) Ingestion on Muscular Strength, Power, and Muscular Endurance. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204416. [PMID: 36297102 PMCID: PMC9611362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the effect of 3 mg.kg−1 acute caffeine ingestion on muscular strength, power and strength endurance and the repeatability of potential ergogenic effects across multiple trials. Twenty-two university standard male rugby union players (20 ± 2 years) completed the study. Using a double-blind, randomized, and counterbalanced within-subject experimental design. Participants completed six experimental trials (three caffeine and three placebo) where force time characteristic of the Isometric Mid-Thigh Pull (IMTP), Countermovement Jump (CMJ) and Drop Jumps (DJ) were assessed followed by assessments of Chest Press (CP), Shoulder Press (SP), Squats (SQ), and Deadlifts (DL) Repetitions Until Failure (RTF at 70% 1 RM). ANOVA indicated that caffeine improved both the CMJ and DJ (p < 0.044) and increased RTF in all RTF assessments (p < 0.002). When individual caffeine trials were compared to corresponding placebo trials, effect sizes ranged from trivial-large favoring caffeine irrespective of a main effect of treatment being identified in the ANOVA. These results demonstrate for the first time that the performance enhancing effects of caffeine may not be repeatable between days, where our data uniquely indicates that this is in part attributable to between sessions variation in caffeine’s ergogenic potential.
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Evening Caffeine Did Not Improve 100-m Swimming Time Trials Performed 60 Min Post-Ingestion or the Next Morning After Sleep. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:453-461. [PMID: 35894958 DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2022-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The potential ergogenic benefits of caffeine (CAF) are well known within the athletic community, often leading to its use in adolescent swimming cohorts to enhance their performance. However, it has previously been reported that CAF has sleep-disturbing effects, which could be detrimental to performance over consecutive days in multiday competitions. Moreover, the effects that evening CAF ingestion has on sleep, side effects, and next-day performances are yet to be researched in trained adolescents. In a double-blind, randomized, crossover design, eight national-level swimmers (age: 18 ± 1 years, height: 1.76 ± 0.06 cm, body mass [BM]: 69.4 ± 6.4 kg) ingested a capsule containing 3 mg/kg BM CAF or a placebo 60 min before an evening 100-m swimming time trial. The next morning, sleep was analyzed (Core Consensus Sleep Diary) and 100-m time trials were repeated. Side effects were analyzed via visual analog scales throughout the study. No differences were found for swimming performance (p = .911) in the evening (CAF: 59.5 ± 7.8 s, placebo: 59.9 ± 7.9 s, g = 0.06) or morning (CAF: 59.7 ± 7.7 s, placebo: 60.2 ± 7.9 s, g = 0.07). In addition, no group differences were found for any subjective side effects (e.g., anxiety: p = .468, tachycardia: p = .859, alertness: p = .959) or sleep parameters (e.g., sleep latency: p = .395, total sleep time: p = .574). These results question the use of a standardized 3 mg/kg BM CAF ingestion strategy for 100-m swimming time trials in trained adolescents, although objective measures may be needed to confirm that CAF does not affect sleep within this cohort.
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Lopes-Silva JP, Correia-Oliveira CR. Acute effects of sodium bicarbonate ingestion on cycling time-trial performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Eur J Sport Sci 2022; 23:943-954. [PMID: 35633035 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2022.2071171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the isolated effects of NaHCO3 on cycling time-trial performance. Furthermore, we investigated whether the ingestion time of NaHCO3, standardized or individualized based on time to peak, could be effective in improving cycling time-trial performance. A systematic review was carried out on randomized placebo-controlled studies. A random-effects meta-analysis assessed the standardized mean difference (SMD) between NaHCO3 and placebo conditions. Eighteen studies were qualitatively (systematic review) and quantitatively (meta-analysis) analysed concerning mean power output (Wmean) (n = 182) and time performance (n = 201). The reviewed studies showed a low risk of bias and homogenous results for Wmean (I2 = 0%) and performance time (I2 = 0%). Overall, when compared to placebo, the NaHCO3 ingestion improved the Wmean (SMD: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.21-0.63; P = 0.001) and performance time (SMD: 0.22; 95% CI: 0.02-0.43; P = 0.03). Similarly, the NaHCO3 ingestion using a time-to-peak strategy improved the Wmean (SMD: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.03-0.75; P = 0.04; I2 = 15%) and performance time (SMD: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.07-0.61, P = 0.01, I2 = 0%). The present findings reveal that NaHCO3 ingestion has the potential to increase the overall performance time and Wmean in cycling time trials. HighlightsNaHCO3 is an effective strategy to increase cycling time-trial performance.The standardized protocol did not improve the cycling time-trial performance parameters.The individualized time-to-peak NaHCO3 ingestion has a positive effect on time and Wmean during cycling time-trial performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Lopes-Silva
- Applied Research Group to Performance and Health, CESMAC University Center, Maceió, Brazil
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Naulleau C, Jeker D, Pancrate T, Claveau P, Deshayes TA, Burke LM, Goulet EDB. Effect of Pre-Exercise Caffeine Intake on Endurance Performance and Core Temperature Regulation During Exercise in the Heat: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Sports Med 2022; 52:2431-2445. [PMID: 35616851 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01692-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat is associated with physiological strain and endurance performance (EP) impairments. Studies have investigated the impact of caffeine intake upon EP and core temperature (CT) in the heat, but results are conflicting. There is a need to systematically determine the impact of pre-exercise caffeine intake in the heat. OBJECTIVE To use a meta-analytical approach to determine the effect of pre-exercise caffeine intake on EP and CT in the heat. DESIGN Systematic review with meta-analysis. DATA SOURCES Four databases and cross-referencing. DATA ANALYSIS Weighted mean effect summaries using robust variance random-effects models for EP and CT, as well as robust variance meta-regressions to explore confounders. STUDY SELECTION Placebo-controlled, randomized studies in adults (≥ 18 years old) with caffeine intake at least 30 min before endurance exercise ≥ 30 min, performed in ambient conditions ≥ 27 °C. RESULTS Respectively six and 12 studies examined caffeine's impact on EP and CT, representing 52 and 205 endurance-trained individuals. On average, 6 mg/kg body mass of caffeine were taken 1 h before exercises of ~ 70 min conducted at 34 °C and 47% relative humidity. Caffeine supplementation non-significantly improved EP by 2.1 ± 0.8% (95% CI - 0.7 to 4.8) and significantly increased the rate of change in CT by 0.10 ± 0.03 °C/h (95% CI 0.02 to 0.19), compared with the ingestion of a placebo. CONCLUSION Caffeine ingestion of 6 mg/kg body mass ~ 1 h before exercise in the heat may provide a worthwhile improvement in EP, is unlikely to be deleterious to EP, and trivially increases the rate of change in CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Naulleau
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada
| | - David Jeker
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Institut National du Sport du Québec, Montréal, P.Q., Canada
| | - Timothée Pancrate
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Pascale Claveau
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Thomas A Deshayes
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Eric D B Goulet
- Performance, Hydration and Thermoregulation Laboratory, Faculty of Physical Activity Sciences, University of Sherbrooke, 2500 boul. de l'Université, Sherbrooke, P.Q., J1K 2R1, Canada.
- Research Center on Aging, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, P.Q., Canada.
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Tomazini F, Santos-Mariano AC, Dos S Andrade VF, Coelho DB, Bertuzzi R, Pereira G, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Lima-Silva AE. Caffeine ingestion increases endurance performance of trained male cyclists when riding against a virtual opponent without altering muscle fatigue. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1915-1928. [PMID: 35612684 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04969-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Caffeine improves cycling time trial (TT) performance; however, it is unknown whether caffeine is ergogenic when competing against other riders. The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine improves performance during a 4-km cycling TT when riding against a virtual opponent, and whether it is associated with increased muscle activation and at the expense of greater end-exercise central and peripheral fatigue. METHODS Using a randomized, crossover, and double-blind design, eleven well-trained cyclists completed a 4-km cycling TT alone without supplementation (CON), or against a virtual opponent after ingestion of placebo (OP-PLA) or caffeine (5 mg.kg-1, OP-CAF). Central and peripheral fatigue were quantified via the pre- to post-exercise decrease in voluntary activation and potentiated twitch force, respectively. Muscle activation was continually measured during the trial via electromyography activity. RESULTS Compared to CON, OP-PLA improved 4-km cycling TT performance (P = 0.018), and OP-CAF further improved performance when compared to OP-PLA (P = 0.050). Muscle activation was higher in OP-PLA and OP-CAF than in CON throughout the trial (P = 0.003). The pre- to post-exercise reductions in voluntary activation and potentiated twitch force were, however, similar between experimental conditions (P > 0.05). Compared to CON, OP-PLA increased the rating of perceived exertion during the first 2 km, but caffeine blunted this increase with no difference between the OP-CAF and CON conditions. CONCLUSIONS Caffeine is ergogenic when riding against a virtual opponent, but this is not due to greater muscle activation or at the expense of greater end-exercise central or peripheral fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Tomazini
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Pedro Gusso Street, 2601, Neoville, Curitiba, PA, 81310-900, Brazil. .,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Ana Carla Santos-Mariano
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Pedro Gusso Street, 2601, Neoville, Curitiba, PA, 81310-900, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel B Coelho
- Centre of Engineering, Modelling and Applied Social Science, Federal University of ABC, Sao Bernardo do Campo, Brazil
| | - Romulo Bertuzzi
- Endurance Sports Research Group, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gleber Pereira
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Adriano E Lima-Silva
- Human Performance Research Group, Federal University of Technology Parana, Pedro Gusso Street, 2601, Neoville, Curitiba, PA, 81310-900, Brazil.,Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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40
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Bougrine H, Cherif M, Chtourou H, Souissi N. Can caffeine supplementation reverse the impact of time of day on cognitive and short-term high intensity performances in young female handball players? Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1144-1155. [PMID: 35603451 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2077747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
ABBREVIATIONS CAF: Caffeine PLC: Placebo SRT: Simple Reaction Time AT: Attention Test SJ: Squat Jump IAT: Illinois Agility Test OT: Oral Temperature QUEST: Questionnaire RPE: Rating of Perceived Exertion PD: Peak Distance TD: Total Distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houda Bougrine
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
| | - Moncef Cherif
- High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia.,Sport Performance Research Unit, Health & Society, Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar Saîd, Manouba University, Tunisia
| | - Hamdi Chtourou
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Sfax, University of Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Nizar Souissi
- Physical Activity Research Unit, Sport and Health (UR18JS01), National Observatory of Sports, Tunisia.,High Institute of Sport and Physical Education Ksar-Saïd, Manouba University, Tunisia
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41
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Diaz-Lara J, Grgic J, Detanico D, Botella J, Jiménez SL, Del Coso J. Effects of acute caffeine intake on combat sports performance: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:9859-9874. [PMID: 35475945 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2068499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The interest in the benefits of caffeine in combat sports has grown exponentially in the last few years, evidenced by the significant rise of post-competition urine caffeine concentration. We conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis on the effects of caffeine on different performance variables in combat sports athletes. In total, we included 25 studies. All studies included had blinded, and cross-over experimental designs, and we conducted a risk of bias analysis. For nonspecific outcomes, there was an ergogenic effect of caffeine on vertical jump height (SMD: 0.38; 95% CI: 0.04, 0.71) and reaction time (SMD: -0.98, 95% CI: -1.46,-0.50). For outcomes specific to combat sports, there was an increase in the number of throws with caffeine in the Special Judo Fitness Test (SMD: 0.62; 95% CI: 0.14, 1.09). Caffeine ingestion increased the number of offensive actions during combats (SMD: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.06, 0.74). Caffeine ingestion increased the duration of offensive actions during combat (SMD: 0.58; 95% CI: 0.21, 0.96). Finally, caffeine ingestion increased blood lactate concentration after bout 1 (SMD: 1.35) bout 2 (SMD: 1.43) and bout 3 (SMD: 1.98). Overall, athletes competing in combat sports may consider supplementing with caffeine for an acute increase in exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Diaz-Lara
- Department of Nutrition, Food Science and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Navarra University, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Daniele Detanico
- Biomechanics Laboratory, Center of Sports, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Javier Botella
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sergio L Jiménez
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sports Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain
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42
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Effect of Caffeine Ingestion on Indirect Markers of Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage: A Systematic Review of Human Trials. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14091769. [PMID: 35565741 PMCID: PMC9099525 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of caffeine on mitigating exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) is still poorly understood, but it was hypothesized that caffeine could contribute to decreasing delayed onset muscle soreness, attenuating temporary loss of strength, and reducing circulating levels of blood markers of muscle damage. However, evidence is not conclusive and beneficial effects of caffeine ingestion on EIMD are not always observed. Factors, such as the type of exercise that induces muscle damage, supplementation protocol, and type of marker analyzed contribute to the differences between the studies. To expand knowledge on the role of caffeine supplementation in EIMD, this systematic review aimed to investigate the effect of caffeine supplementation on different markers of muscle damage. Fourteen studies were included, evaluating the effect of caffeine on indirect muscle damage markers, including blood markers (nine studies), pain perception (six studies), and MVC maximal voluntary contraction force (four studies). It was observed in four studies that repeated administration of caffeine between 24 and 72 h after muscle damage can attenuate the perception of pain in magnitudes ranging from 3.9% to 26%. The use of a single dose of caffeine pre-exercise (five studies) or post-exercise (one study) did not alter the circulating blood levels of creatine kinase (CK). Caffeine supplementation appears to attenuate pain perception, but this does not appear to be related to an attenuation of EIMD, per se. Furthermore, the effect of caffeine supplementation after muscle damage on strength recovery remains inconclusive due to the low number of studies found (four studies) and controversial results for both dynamic and isometric strength tests.
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43
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Caffeine alters the breathing pattern during high-intensity whole-body exercise in healthy men. Eur J Appl Physiol 2022; 122:1497-1507. [PMID: 35396967 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-022-04934-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study investigated the effect of caffeine on the breathing pattern during a high-intensity whole-body exercise. METHODS Using a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced, and double-blind design, twelve healthy men ingested either 5 mg.kg-1 of caffeine or cellulose (placebo) one hour before performing a high-intensity whole-body exercise (i.e., work rate corresponding to 80% of the difference between the gas exchange threshold and maximal oxygen uptake) until the limit of tolerance. Ventilatory and metabolic responses were recorded throughout the trial and at task failure. RESULTS Caffeine ingestion increased time to task failure in relation to the placebo (368.1 ± 49.6 s vs. 328.5 ± 56.6 s, p = 0.005). Caffeine also increased tidal volume and inspiratory time throughout the exercise (p < 0.05). Compared to task failure with placebo, task failure with caffeine intake was marked by higher (p < 0.05) minute ventilation (134.8 ± 16.4 vs. 147.6 ± 18.2 L.min-1), the ventilatory equivalent of oxygen consumption (37.8 ± 4.2 vs. 41.7 ± 5.5 units), and respiratory exchange ratio (1.12 ± 0.10 vs. 1.19 ± 0.11 units). CONCLUSION In conclusion, ingestion of caffeine alters the breathing pattern by increasing tidal volume and lengthening the inspiratory phase of the respiratory cycle. These findings suggest that caffeine affects the ventilatory system, which may account, in part, for its ergogenic effects during high-intensity whole-body exercises.
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Kreutzer A, Graybeal AJ, Moss K, Braun-Trocchio R, Shah M. Caffeine Supplementation Strategies Among Endurance Athletes. Front Sports Act Living 2022; 4:821750. [PMID: 35463835 PMCID: PMC9030507 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2022.821750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is widely accepted as an endurance-performance enhancing supplement. Most scientific research studies use doses of 3–6 mg/kg of caffeine 60 min prior to exercise based on pharmacokinetics. It is not well understood whether endurance athletes employ similar supplementation strategies in practice. The purpose of this study was to investigate caffeine supplementation protocols among endurance athletes. A survey conducted on Qualtrics returned responses regarding caffeine supplementation from 254 endurance athletes (f = 134, m =120; age = 39.4 ± 13.9 y; pro = 11, current collegiate athlete = 37, recreational = 206; running = 98, triathlon = 83, cycling = 54, other = 19; training days per week = 5.4 ± 1.3). Most participants reported habitual caffeine consumption (85.0%; 41.2% multiple times daily). However, only 24.0% used caffeine supplements. A greater proportion of men (31.7%) used caffeine supplements compared with women (17.2%; p = 0.007). Caffeine use was also more prevalent among professional (45.5%) and recreational athletes (25.1%) than in collegiate athletes (9.4%). Type of sport (p = 0.641), household income (p = 0.263), education (p = 0.570) or working with a coach (p = 0.612) did not have an impact on caffeine supplementation prevalence. Of those reporting specific timing of caffeine supplementation, 49.1% and 34.9% reported consuming caffeine within 30 min of training and races respectively; 38.6 and 36.5% used caffeine 30–60 min before training and races. Recreational athletes reported consuming smaller amounts of caffeine before training (1.6 ± 1.0 mg/kg) and races (2.0 ± 1.2 mg/kg) compared with collegiate (TRG: 2.1 ± 1.2 mg/kg; RACE: 3.6 ± 0.2 mg/kg) and professional (TRG: 2.4 ± 1.1 mg/kg; RACE: 3.5 ± 0.6 mg/kg) athletes. Overall, participants reported minor to moderate perceived effectiveness of caffeine supplementation (2.31 ± 0.9 on a four-point Likert-type scale) with greatest effectiveness during longer sessions (2.8 ± 1.1). It appears that recreational athletes use lower caffeine amounts than what has been established as ergogenic in laboratory protocols; further, they consume caffeine closer to exercise compared with typical research protocols. Thus, better education of recreational athletes and additional research into alternative supplementation strategies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Kreutzer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Andreas Kreutzer
| | - Austin J. Graybeal
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- School of Kinesiology and Nutrition, College of Education and Human Sciences, University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, MS, United States
| | - Kamiah Moss
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Robyn Braun-Trocchio
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Meena Shah
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, United States
- Meena Shah
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45
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Ruiz-Moreno C, Gutiérrez-Hellín J, Lara B, Del Coso J. Effect of caffeine on muscle oxygen saturation during short-term all-out exercise: a double-blind randomized crossover study. Eur J Nutr 2022; 61:3109-3117. [PMID: 35366092 PMCID: PMC9363319 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-022-02875-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ergogenic effect of oral caffeine administration on short-term all-out exercise performance is well established. However, the potential mechanisms associated with caffeine's ergogenicity in this type of exercise are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate whether caffeine intake modifies muscle oxygen saturation during the 15-s Wingate Anaerobic Test. METHODS Fifteen moderately trained individuals (body mass = 67.4 ± 12.3 kg; height 171.3 ± 6.9 cm; age 31 ± 6 years) took part in two identical experimental trials after the ingestion of (a) 3 mg/kg of caffeine or (b) 3 mg/kg of cellulose (placebo). After 60 min for substances absorption, participants performed a 15-s Wingate test on a cycle ergometer against a load representing 7.5% of participant's body mass. Muscle oxygen saturation was continuously measured during exercise with near-infrared spectroscopy and blood lactate concentration was measured 1 min after exercise. RESULTS In comparison to the placebo, the oral administration of caffeine increased peak power by 2.9 ± 4.5% (from 9.65 ± 1.38 to. 9.92 ± 1.40 W/kg, P = 0.038; effect size (ES), 95% confidence intervals = 0.28, 0.05-0.51), mean power by 3.5 ± 6.2% (from 8.30 ± 1.08 to 8.57 ± 1.12 W/kg, P = 0.044; ES = 0.36, 0.01-0.71) and blood lactate concentration by 20.9 ± 24.7% (from 12.4 ± 2.6 to 14.8 ± 4.0 mmol/L, P = 0.005; ES = 0.59, 0.16-1.02). However, caffeine did not modify the curve of muscle oxygen desaturation during exercise (lowest value was 23.1 ± 14.1 and 23.4 ± 14.1%, P = 0.940). CONCLUSION Caffeine's ergogenic effect during short-term all-out exercise seems to be associated with an increased glycolytic metabolism with no influence of enhanced muscle oxygen saturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Ruiz-Moreno
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Lara
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Centre for Sport Studies, Rey Juan Carlos University, Fuenlabrada, Spain.
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Couto PG, Silva-Cavalcante MD, Mezêncio B, Azevedo RA, Cruz R, Bertuzzi R, Lima-Silva AE, Kiss MAPD. Effects of caffeine on central and peripheral fatigue following closed- and open-loop cycling exercises. Braz J Med Biol Res 2022; 55:e11901. [PMID: 35239783 PMCID: PMC8905674 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x2021e11901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined whether endurance performance and neuromuscular fatigue would be
affected by caffeine ingestion during closed- and open-loop exercises. Nine
cyclists performed a closed-loop (4,000-m cycling time trial) and an open-loop
exercise (work rate fixed at mean power of the closed-loop trial) 60 min after
ingesting caffeine (CAF, 5 mg/kg) or placebo (PLA, cellulose). Central and
peripheral fatigue was quantified via pre- to post-exercise decrease in
quadriceps voluntary activation and potentiated twitch force, respectively. Test
sensitivity for detecting caffeine-induced improvements in exercise performance
was calculated as the mean change in time divided by the error of measurement.
Caffeine ingestion reduced the time of the closed-loop trial (PLA: 375.1±14.5 s
vs CAF: 368.2±14.9 s, P=0.024) and increased exercise
tolerance during the open-loop trial (PLA: 418.2±99.5 s vs CAF:
552.5±106.5 s, P=0.001), with similar calculated sensitivity indices (1.5,
90%CI: 0.7-2.9 vs 2.8, 90%CI: 1.9-5.1). The reduction in
voluntary activation was more pronounced (P=0.019) in open- (-6.8±8.3%) than in
closed-loop exercises (-1.9±4.4%), but there was no difference between open- and
closed-loop exercises for the potentiated twitch force reduction (-25.6±12.8
vs -26.6±12.0%, P>0.05). Caffeine had no effect on
central and peripheral fatigue development in either mode of exercise. In
conclusion, caffeine improved endurance performance in both modes of exercise
without influence on post-exercise central and peripheral fatigue, with the
open-loop exercise imposing a greater challenge to central fatigue
tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Couto
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - B Mezêncio
- Laboratório de Biomecânica, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R A Azevedo
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - R Cruz
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - R Bertuzzi
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - A E Lima-Silva
- Grupo de Pesquisa em Performance Humana, Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | - M A P D Kiss
- Grupo de Estudos em Desempenho Aeróbio da USP, Escola de Educação Física e Esportes, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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Grgic J. What is the Effect of Paracetamol (Acetaminophen) Ingestion on Exercise Performance? Current Findings and Future Research Directions. Sports Med 2022; 52:431-439. [PMID: 35038139 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01633-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, studies have explored the effects of paracetamol (acetaminophen) ingestion on exercise performance. However, due to the contrasting findings, there is still no consensus on this topic. This article provides an overview of the effects of paracetamol on endurance, sprinting, and resistance exercise performance. Studies have reported that paracetamol ingestion may be ergogenic for endurance performance. These effects occur when paracetamol is ingested 45-60 min before exercise and appear to be more pronounced in time-to-exhaustion versus time-trial tests. Besides endurance, paracetamol ingestion 30 min before exercise increases mean power during repeated cycling sprints in interval training involving repeated 30-s all-out bouts. Preliminary data on paracetamol ingestion also suggest: (a) improved endurance performance in the heat; (b) an improvement in single sprint performance, at least when paracetamol is ingested following exercise-induced fatigue; and (c) attenuation of the decline in muscular strength that occurs with repeated maximum contractions. An ergogenic effect of paracetamol is most commonly observed when a dose of 1500 mg is ingested 30-60 min before exercise. Despite these performance-enhancing effects, the aim of this article is not to promote paracetamol use, as side effects associated with its consumption and ethical aspects need to be considered before utilizing paracetamol as an ergogenic aid. Future research on this topic is still needed, particularly related to paracetamol dosing, timing of ingestion, and the effects of paracetamol in females and elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozo Grgic
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Australia.
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Khalifa AA. WHAT PHYSICIANS SHOULD KNOW ABOUT COFFEE. TURKISH MEDICAL STUDENT JOURNAL 2022; 9:8-13. [DOI: 10.4274/tmsj.galenos.2022.09.01.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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49
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MARQUES JNADV, CAPELA JP. Potential health risks surrounding ingredients of pre-workout and post-workout dietary supplements: a thorough label analysis. REV NUTR 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-9865202235e200148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Objective Dietary supplements use is increasing. Dietary supplements may contain high doses of substances or dangerous ingredient combinations. This article aims to investigate, by analyzing dietary supplements labels, if there are any doping substances or dangerous amounts of any other component in the reviewed dietary supplements. Methods Several brands which possessed their supplements sorted in pre-workout and post-workout were analyzed. 40 dietary supplements with all ingredients described were included. The minimum and maximum dosages of dietary supplements were statistically described as Mean±SD. Results Citrus aurantium extract, Yohimbe extract, Garcinia cambogia extract and Maca root extract were reported in some of the analyzed dietary supplements. Regarding caffeine, the pre-workout group displayed higher mean caffeine (241±86mg) than the post-workout group (183±68mg), and the minimal mean dose was 226±84mg; meanwhile, the maximal mean dose was 242±88mg. Concerning creatine, the pre-workout group displayed lower mean creatine (3106±1079mg) than the post-workout group (4137±4177mg), and the minimal mean dose was 3167±1728mg; meanwhile, the maximal mean dose was 3917±3643mg. The salt content in the post-workout group displayed a much higher mean (2155±4486mg) than the pre-workout group (464±605mg), and the minimal mean dose was 1635±3930mg; meanwhile, the maximal mean dose was 1708±3926g. Conclusions No doping substances were reported in the dietary supplements, but consumption recommendations on the label could lead to excessive consumption of some not yet fully tested ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - João Paulo CAPELA
- Universidade Fernando Pessoa, Portugal; Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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50
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“Food First but Not Always Food Only”: Recommendations for Using Dietary Supplements in Sport. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab 2022; 32:371-386. [DOI: 10.1123/ijsnem.2021-0335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The term “food first” has been widely accepted as the preferred strategy within sport nutrition, although there is no agreed definition of this and often limited consideration of the implications. We propose that food first should mean “where practically possible, nutrient provision should come from whole foods and drinks rather than from isolated food components or dietary supplements.” There are many reasons to commend a food first strategy, including the risk of supplement contamination resulting in anti-doping violations. However, a few supplements can enhance health and/or performance, and therefore a food only approach could be inappropriate. We propose six reasons why a food only approach may not always be optimal for athletes: (a) some nutrients are difficult to obtain in sufficient quantities in the diet, or may require excessive energy intake and/or consumption of other nutrients; (b) some nutrients are abundant only in foods athletes do not eat/like; (c) the nutrient content of some foods with established ergogenic benefits is highly variable; (d) concentrated doses of some nutrients are required to correct deficiencies and/or promote immune tolerance; (e) some foods may be difficult to consume immediately before, during or immediately after exercise; and (f) tested supplements could help where there are concerns about food hygiene or contamination. In these situations, it is acceptable for the athlete to consider sports supplements providing that a comprehensive risk minimization strategy is implemented. As a consequence, it is important to stress that the correct terminology should be “food first but not always food only.”
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