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Mims MM, Parikh AC, Sandhu Z, DeMoss N, Mhawej R, Queimado L. Surgery-Related Considerations in Treating People Who Use Cannabis: A Review. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2024:2822893. [PMID: 39172477 DOI: 10.1001/jamaoto.2024.2545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
Importance Cannabis use has experienced substantial growth. Many patients treated by otolaryngologists are using cannabis in various forms, often without the knowledge of the treating surgeon. These cannabinoid substances have various systemic effects, and it is critical for otolaryngologists to recognize how cannabis use may contribute to a patient's care. Observations Cannabis use has effects that contribute to every phase of a surgeon's care. Preoperative counseling for tapering use may prevent increased rates of adverse effects. Care with anesthesia must be observed due to increased rates of myocardial ischemia, higher tolerance to standard doses, and prolonged sedation. Although results of studies are mixed, there may be an association with cannabis use and postoperative pain, nausea, and vomiting. Postoperative wound healing may be improved through the use of topical cannabinoids. Significant drug-drug interactions exist with cannabis, most notably with several common anticoagulant medications. Care should be exercised when managing medications for people who use cannabis. While many people who use cannabis consume it infrequently, a substantial population has developed cannabis use disorder, which is associated with increased morbidity and mortality postoperatively. Screening for cannabis use disorder is important and can be done through short screening tools. Conclusions and Relevance Patients who use cannabis may require special attention regarding preoperative counseling and workup, intraoperative anesthesia, postoperative pain management, nausea, wound healing, and drug-drug interactions. As patient use continues to increase, otolaryngologists will find an increasing need to remain up to date on how cannabis use contributes to patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark M Mims
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Aniruddha C Parikh
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Zainab Sandhu
- University of Oklahoma Medical School, Oklahoma City
| | - Noah DeMoss
- University of Oklahoma Medical School, Oklahoma City
| | - Rachad Mhawej
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
| | - Lurdes Queimado
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City
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Hinckley JD, Ferland JMN, Hurd YL. The Developmental Trajectory to Cannabis Use Disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2024; 181:353-358. [PMID: 38706340 PMCID: PMC11296671 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.20231006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
The increase of cannabis use, particularly with the evolution of high potency products, and of cannabis use disorder (CUD) are a growing healthcare concern. While the harms of adult use and potential medicinal properties of cannabis continue to be debated, it is becoming evident that adolescent cannabis use is a critical window for CUD risk with potential lifelong mental health implications. Herein, we discuss mental health consequences of adolescent cannabis use, factors that contribute to the risk of developing CUD, and what remains unclear in the changing legal landscape of cannabis use. We also discuss the importance of preclinical models to provide translational insight about the causal relationship of cannabis to CUD-related phenotypes and conclude with highlighting opportunities for clinicians and allied professionals to engage in addressing adolescent cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D. Hinckley
- Division of Addiction Science, Treatment & Prevention, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Jacqueline-Marie N. Ferland
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Yasmin L. Hurd
- Department of Psychiatry, Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Addiction Institute at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
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Eckard ML, Kinsey SG. Differential disruption of response alternation by precipitated Δ 9-THC withdrawal and subsequent Δ 9-THC abstinence in mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2024; 236:173718. [PMID: 38272272 PMCID: PMC10955601 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2024.173718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
In addition to overt somatic symptoms, cannabinoid withdrawal can also manifest as disruptions in motivation and attention. Experimental animal models using operant-conditioning approaches reveal these differences, in either antagonist-precipitated or spontaneous withdrawal models. However, these processes have yet to be characterized in the same subjects simultaneously. To differentiate between motivational and attentional processes disrupted in cannabinoid withdrawal, the current study used a response alternation task in which a fixed-ratio (FR) schedule repeatedly alternated between two spatially distinct response options throughout daily training sessions. This task yielded traditional measures of motivation (e.g., response latency) as well as attention (e.g., responses to the incorrect side). After two weeks of training, male and female C57BL/6 J mice either received vehicle or Δ9-THC (10 mg/kg, s.c.) twice daily for 5 days. On the 6th day, all mice received their final injection of vehicle or Δ9-THC followed 30 min later by injection of the CB1 receptor selective inverse agonist rimonabant (2 mg/kg, i.p.) to precipitate withdrawal. Testing continued for 3 days post-rimonabant to assess how THC abstinence impacted task performance. Whereas rimonabant decreased response rates to equal degrees in THC-treated and vehicle-treated mice, THC-treated mice showed longer session times, longer response latencies, and more errors per reinforcer. Only THC-treated mice showed a longer latency to switch after committing an error reflecting that precipitated withdrawal impacted measures of both motivation and attention. During the 3-day abstinence window, performance of vehicle-treated mice returned to baseline, but THC-treated mice continued to show disruptions in motivational measures. Importantly, attentional measures (errors and latency to switch after an error) were unaffected by THC abstinence. These data suggest that precipitated and "spontaneous" cannabinoid withdrawal may be qualitatively and quantitatively distinct withdrawal conditions with precipitated withdrawal disrupting both attentional and motivational processes, while abstinence may only affect motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven G Kinsey
- School of Nursing, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
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Karoly HC, Prince MA, Conner BT. Alcohol First, Cannabis Last: Identification of an Especially Risky Use Pattern among Individuals Who Co-Use Alcohol and Cannabis. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:343-352. [PMID: 37853738 PMCID: PMC10842110 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2270674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
Background: Alcohol and cannabis co-use is common and confers increased risk for potential harms, such as negative consequences and substance dependence. The existing evidence suggests that factors such as dose of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) consumed and order of use of each substance (i.e., using alcohol or cannabis first or last when co-using) may impact co-use outcomes. Existing co-use research has focused primarily on college-samples or young adults, and few studies have explored these nuanced relations among community samples. Methods: We examined survey data from 87 community members (mean age 32.9 years, 49.4% female) recruited from legal market cannabis dispensaries. Using a combination of regression techniques (i.e., OLS, negative binomial, censor-inflated) we modeled relations among co-use ordering patterns, THC dose and cannabis outcomes as well as interactions with sex assigned at birth and age. Results: Individuals who endorsed co-use reported significantly higher CUDIT scores than those who had never co-used (p < 0.01). Using alcohol first and cannabis last (a pattern we refer to as "AFCL") was more common among females than males (p < 0.01). In the context of typical substance use weeks, more frequently engaging in the AFCL pattern was associated with significantly higher CUDIT scores (p < 0.001) and negatively predicted positive consequences (p < 0.001). Other patterns predicted higher CUDIT scores during heavy use weeks. Conclusions: Results indicate that co-use ordering patterns are related to substance use outcomes. Further research leveraging within-subjects, longitudinal designs is needed to test causal relations between these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C. Karoly
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Fort Collins CO, 80525
| | - Mark A. Prince
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Fort Collins CO, 80525
| | - Bradley T. Conner
- Colorado State University, Department of Psychology, Fort Collins CO, 80525
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Dewidar O, Pardo JP, Welch V, Hazlewood GS, Darzi AJ, Barnabe C, Pottie K, Petkovic J, Kuria S, Sha Z, Allam S, Busse JW, Schünemann HJ, Tugwell P. Operationalizing the GRADE-equity criterion to inform guideline recommendations: application to a medical cannabis guideline. J Clin Epidemiol 2024; 165:111185. [PMID: 37952701 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinepi.2023.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Incorporating health equity considerations into guideline development often requires information beyond that gathered through traditional evidence synthesis methodology. This article outlines an operationalization plan for the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE)-equity criterion to gather and assess evidence from primary studies within systematic reviews, enhancing guideline recommendations to promote equity. We demonstrate its use in a clinical guideline on medical cannabis for chronic pain. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING We reviewed GRADE guidance and resources recommended by team members regarding the use of evidence for equity considerations, drafted an operationalization plan, and iteratively refined it through team discussion and feedback and piloted it on a medicinal cannabis guideline. RESULTS We propose a seven-step approach: 1) identify disadvantaged populations, 2) examine available data for specific populations, 3) evaluate population baseline risk for primary outcomes, 4) assess representation of these populations in primary studies, 5) appraise analyses, 6) note barriers to implementation of effective interventions for these populations, and 7) suggest supportive strategies to facilitate implementation of effective interventions. CONCLUSION Our approach assists guideline developers in recognizing equity considerations, particularly in resource-constrained settings. Its application across various guideline topics can verify its feasibility and necessary adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Dewidar
- Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Temerty School of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jordi Pardo Pardo
- Ottawa Centre for Health Equity, Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vivian Welch
- Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; School of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Glen S Hazlewood
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrea J Darzi
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheryl Barnabe
- Department of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Kevin Pottie
- CT Lamont Centre for Primary Care, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Family Medicine, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jennifer Petkovic
- Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shawn Kuria
- Ottawa Centre for Health Equity, Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhiming Sha
- Ottawa Centre for Health Equity, Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sarah Allam
- Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason W Busse
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Anesthesia, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote National Pain Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holger J Schünemann
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Michael G. DeGroote Cochrane Canada, MacGRADE Centres, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; WHO Collaborating Center for Infectious Diseases, Research Methods and Recommendations, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy; Cochrane Canada, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Tugwell
- Ottawa Centre for Health Equity, Bruyère Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; WHO Collaborating Centre for Knowledge Translation and Health Technology Assessment in Health Equity, Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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Manns A, Torregrossa H, Mahdjoub S, Gomajee R, Melchior M, El-Khoury Lesueur F. Do Determinants of Smoking Cessation and Relapse Differ between Men and Women? Data from a French National Study. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 59:167-176. [PMID: 37813814 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2267106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: There is limited understanding of different predictors of smoking cessation success (SCS) among women and men, despite well-documented differences in smoking behavior.Methods: Using data from DePICT (Description des Perceptions, Images, et Comportements liés au Tabagisme), a national survey of French adults which recruited 2377 regular and former smokers we investigated whether major determinants of SCS differed by sex. Factors associated with unsuccessful vs. No successful quit attempt; vs. SCS were studied using multivariate multinomial logistic regression analyses stratified by sex.Results: Women and men share some determinants of SCS including no cannabis use, living in a nonsmoker household and importance giving to being a nonsmoker. However, no e-cigarette use, low-to-moderate alcohol consumption, early smoking initiation, and higher education were associated with SCS only among women. No use of nicotine replacement, having family members who smoke, family opinion on smoking and current employment, were associated with SCS only among men. Neutral or negative friends' opinion on smoking or living with a smoker were associated with unsuccessful smoking attempts among men.Conclusions: Our results show differences between determinants of SCS according to sex, which highlights the importance of developing tailored interventions that account for sex/gender differences in smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélia Manns
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Hugo Torregrossa
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Mahdjoub
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Ramchandar Gomajee
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Maria Melchior
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, IPLESP, Paris, France
| | - Fabienne El-Khoury Lesueur
- Department of Social Epidemiology, Sorbonne Université, Institut Pierre Louis d'Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, INSERM, IPLESP, Paris, France
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7
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Garcy D, Boehm SL. Impact of early-life lead exposure on adult delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol sensitivity in male and female C57BL6/J mice. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2023; 100:107290. [PMID: 37690674 PMCID: PMC10843038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2023.107290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Environmental exposure to lead (Pb) and cannabis use are two of the largest public health issues facing modern society in the United States and around the world. Exposure to Pb in early life has been unequivocally shown to have negative impacts on development, and recent research is mounting showing that it may also predispose individuals for risk of developing substance use disorders (SUD). At the same time, societal and legal attitudes towards cannabis (the main psychoactive component of which is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) have been shifting, and many American states have legalized the recreational use of cannabis. It is also the 3rd most widely used drug of abuse in the US, and rates of cannabis use disorder are on the rise. Here we establish a link between early life Pb exposure and later THC-related behavior in C57BL6/J mice, as has been demonstrated for other drugs of abuse. The study seeks to answer whether Pb exposure affects physiological/behavioral THC sensitivity (as measured by the cannabinoid-induced tetrad). It was hypothesized that Pb exposure would decrease THC sensitivity and that sex-dependent effects of Pb-exposure and THC would be observed. Interestingly, results showed that THC sensitivity was increased by Pb exposure, but only in female mice. Future research will fully explore the implications of these findings, namely how these effects impact THC self-administration and the mechanism(s) by which developmental Pb exposure produces these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Garcy
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), USA.
| | - Stephen L Boehm
- Department of Psychology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), USA
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Muñoz-Galán R, Lana-Lander I, Coronado M, Segura L, Colom J. Association between Cannabis Use Disorder and Mental Health Disorders in the Adolescent Population: A Cohort Study. Eur Addict Res 2023; 29:344-352. [PMID: 37586355 PMCID: PMC10614238 DOI: 10.1159/000530331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION According to the literature, early initiation to cannabis use and a dependent pattern of use are important risk factors for the development of mental health disorders. However, there are few cohort studies which look at the development of mental health disorders associated with cannabis use among young people with cannabis use disorder (CUD). The aim of the study was to determine the cumulative incidence of mental health disorders and the risk of developing mental health disorders among minors who commenced treatment for CUD in Catalonia during 2015-2019. METHODS This was a retrospective fixed cohort study, matched for confounding variables, based on data from the Catalan Health Surveillance System. The exposed cohort comprised young people who entered treatment for CUD during 2015-2019 (n = 948) and who were minors on the date of commencing treatment. Matching was done with a paired cohort (n = 4,737), according to confounding variables. Individuals with a diagnosis of a mental health disorder prior to the study period were excluded. The cumulative incidence was calculated for mental health disorders for the exposed and the paired cohorts and stratified by type of mental disorder. Incidence rate ratios were estimated using the conditional Poisson model with robust variance, stratified by sex. RESULTS The cumulative incidence for development of a mental health disorder was 19.6% in the exposed cohort and 3.1% in the paired cohort; with higher incidence among females (females 32.7%; males 15.8%). The exposed cohort had an 8.7 times increased risk of developing a mental health disorder than the paired cohort. The most frequent diagnoses were reaction to severe stress, adjustment disorder, and personality disorders. CONCLUSION This study confirmed that the exposed cohort was at increased risk of developing mental health disorders compared to the paired cohort. To date, few studies have analyzed the association between cannabis use and the development of mental health disorders, considering cannabis dependence. Further studies should be undertaken considering CUD. In addition, more studies are needed to understand the factors that determine the development of CUD. Further research in these areas would contribute to the design of prevention strategies aimed at those young individuals with a higher risk of developing cannabis dependence and suffering its consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina Muñoz-Galán
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Programme on Addictions, HIV, STI and Viral Hepatitis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Irene Lana-Lander
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Programme on Addictions, HIV, STI and Viral Hepatitis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Coronado
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Programme on Addictions, HIV, STI and Viral Hepatitis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lidia Segura
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Programme on Addictions, HIV, STI and Viral Hepatitis, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Colom
- Public Health Agency of Catalonia, Department of Health, Government of Catalonia, Programme on Addictions, HIV, STI and Viral Hepatitis, Barcelona, Spain
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Karoly HC, Drennan ML, Prince MA, Zulic L, Dooley G. Consuming oral cannabidiol prior to a standard alcohol dose has minimal effect on breath alcohol level and subjective effects of alcohol. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2023; 240:1119-1129. [PMID: 36939855 PMCID: PMC10622182 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-023-06349-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cannabidiol (CBD) is found in the cannabis plant and has garnered attention as a potential treatment for alcohol use disorder (AUD). CBD reduces alcohol consumption and other markers of alcohol dependence in rodents, but human research on CBD and alcohol is limited. It is unknown whether CBD reduces drinking in humans, and mechanisms through which CBD could impact behavioral AUD phenotypes are unknown. OBJECTIVES This study explores effects of oral CBD on breath alcohol level (BrAC), and subjective effects of alcohol in human participants who report heavy drinking. METHODS In this placebo-controlled, crossover study, participants consumed 30 mg CBD, 200 mg CBD, or placebo CBD before receiving a standardized alcohol dose. Participants were blind to which CBD dose they received at each session and completed sessions in random order. Thirty-six individuals completed at least one session and were included in analyses. RESULTS Differences in outcomes across the three conditions and by sex were explored using multilevel structural equation models. BrAC fell fastest in the placebo condition, followed by 30 mg and 200 mg CBD. Stimulation decreased more slowly in the 200 mg CBD condition than in placebo (b = - 2.38, BCI [- 4.46, - .03]). Sedation decreased more slowly in the 30 mg CBD condition than in placebo (b = - 2.41, BCI [- 4.61, - .09]). However, the magnitude of condition differences in BrAC and subjective effects was trivial. CONCLUSIONS CBD has minimal influence on BrAC and subjective effects of alcohol. Further research is needed to test whether CBD impacts alcohol consumption in humans, and if so, what mechanism(s) may explain this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1876, USA.
| | - Meggan L Drennan
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1876, USA
| | - Mark A Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1876, USA
| | - Leila Zulic
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, 1876 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1876, USA
| | - Gregory Dooley
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523-1601, USA
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Kroon E, Mansueto A, Kuhns L, Filbey F, Wiers R, Cousijn J. Gender differences in cannabis use disorder symptoms: A network analysis. Drug Alcohol Depend 2023; 243:109733. [PMID: 36565568 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While cannabis use in women is increasing worldwide, research into gender differences in cannabis use disorder (CUD) symptomology is lacking. In response to limited effectiveness of addiction treatment, research focus has been shifting from clinical diagnoses towards interactions between symptoms, as patterns of symptoms and their interactions could be crucial in understanding etiological mechanisms in addiction. The aim of this study was to evaluate the CUD symptom network and assess whether there are gender differences therein. METHODS A total of 1257 Dutch individuals reporting weekly cannabis use, including 745 men and 512 women, completed online questionnaires assessing DSM-5 CUD symptoms and additional items on plans to quit or reduce use, cigarette use, and the presence of psychological diagnoses. Gender differences were assessed for all variables and an Ising model estimation method was used to estimate CUD symptom networks in men and women using network comparison tests to assess differences. RESULTS There were gender differences in the prevalence of 6 of the 11 symptoms, but symptom networks did not differ between men and women. Cigarette use appeared to only be connected to the network through withdrawal, indicating a potential role of cigarette smoking in enhancing cannabis withdrawal symptoms. Furthermore, there were gender differences in the network associations of mood and anxiety disorders with CUD symptoms. CONCLUSION The association between smoking and withdrawal as well as gender differences in the role of comorbidities in the CUD network highlight the value of using network models to understand CUD and how symptom interactions might affect treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Alessandra Mansueto
- ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Psychological Methods, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Francesca Filbey
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reinout Wiers
- ADAPT-laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Centre for Urban Mental Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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Is the Presence of a Psychiatric Disorder Associated With More Aggressive Management of Compartment Syndrome? J Orthop Trauma 2022; 36:e283-e288. [PMID: 34962234 DOI: 10.1097/bot.0000000000002333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether pre-existing psychiatric disorder is associated with potentially unnecessary fasciotomy. DESIGN Retrospective cohort study. SETTING Academic Level-1 trauma center. PATIENTS All the patients with orthopaedic trauma undergoing leg fasciotomy at an academic Level I trauma center from 2006 to 2020. INTERVENTION Pre-existing diagnosis of psychiatric disorder. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS Early primary wound closure and delayed primary wound closure. RESULTS In total, 116 patients were included. Twenty-seven patients (23%) had a pre-existing diagnosis of psychiatric disorder with 13 having anxiety, 14 depression, 5 bipolar disorder, and 2 ADHD. Several patients had multiple diagnoses. Fifty-one patients (44%) had early primary closure (EPC), and 65 patients (56%) had delayed primary closure. Of patients with a psychiatric disorder, 52% received EPC compared with 42% of patients without a disorder, P = 0.38. This lack of a strong association did not seem to vary across specific psychiatric conditions. After adjusting for sex, age, injury type, and substance abuse, there was still no significant association between a psychiatric disorder and EPC with an odds ratio of 1.08 (95% CI, 0.43-2.75). CONCLUSIONS Among patients with orthopaedic trauma undergoing emergent fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome, a psychiatric disorder was not associated with a significantly increased rate of possibly unnecessary fasciotomy. Given the potential for a psychiatric condition to complicate the diagnosis of acute compartment syndrome, this data is somewhat reassuring; however, there remains a need for continued vigilance in treating patients with psychiatric conditions and research in this area. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
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Kroon E, Kuhns LN, Kaag AM, Filbey F, Cousijn J. The role of sex in the association between cannabis use and working memory-related brain activity. J Neurosci Res 2022; 100:1347-1358. [PMID: 35293008 PMCID: PMC9311233 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Although cannabis use patterns differ between men and women, studies on sex differences on the effects of cannabis on the brain and cognitive control are largely lacking. Working memory (WM) is a component of cognitive control believed to be involved in the development and maintenance of addiction. In this study, we evaluated the association between cannabis use and WM (load) related brain activity in a large sample, enabling us to assess sex effects in this association. The brain activity of 104 frequent cannabis users (63% men) and 85 controls (53% men) was recorded during an N‐back WM task. Behavioral results showed a significant interaction between WM load and group for both accuracy and reaction time, with cannabis users showing a relatively larger decrease in performance with increasing WM load. Cannabis users compared to controls showed a relatively smaller reduction in WM (load) related activity in the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex at higher WM load. This WM (load) related activity was not associated with performance nor cannabis use and related problems. An exploratory analysis showed higher WM‐related activity in the superior frontal gyrus in men compared to women. While cannabis users showed higher WM (load) related activity in central nodes of the default mode network, this was not directly attributable to group specific worsening of performance under higher cognitive load. Further research is necessary to assess whether observed group differences increase with higher cognitive load, how group differences relate to measures of cannabis use, and how sex affects these group differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emese Kroon
- Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lauren N Kuhns
- Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne Marije Kaag
- The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical, Neuro and Developmental Psychology, Faculty of Behavioral and Movement Sciences, Institute for Brain and Behavior Amsterdam, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca Filbey
- School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,The Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center (ABC), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Kohut SJ, Cao L, Mintzopolous D, Jiang S, Nikas SP, Makriyannis A, Zou CS, Jensen JE, Frederick BB, Bergman J, Kangas BD. Effects of cannabinoid exposure on short-term memory and medial orbitofrontal cortex function and chemistry in adolescent female rhesus macaques. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:998351. [PMID: 36248648 PMCID: PMC9561444 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.998351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim There is increasing concern that cannabinoid exposure during adolescence may disturb brain maturation and produce long-term cognitive deficits. However, studies in human subjects have provided limited evidence for such causality. The present study utilized behavioral and neuroimaging endpoints in female non-human primates to examine the effects of acute and chronic exposure during adolescence to the cannabinoid receptor full agonist, AM2389, on cognitive processing and brain function and chemistry. Materials and methods Adolescent female rhesus macaques were trained on a titrating-delay matching-to-sample (TDMTS) touchscreen task that assays working memory. TDMTS performance was assessed before and during chronic exposure to AM2389, following antagonist (rimonabant) administration, and after discontinuation of the chronic regimen. Resting-state fMRI connectivity and magnetic resonance spectroscopy data were acquired prior to drug treatment, during chronic exposure, and following its discontinuation. Voxels were placed in the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), a region involved in memory processing that undergoes maturation during adolescence. Results TDMTS performance was dose-dependently disrupted by acute AM2389; however, chronic treatment resulted in tolerance to these effects. TDMTS performance also was disrupted by discontinuation of the chronic regimen but surprisingly, not by rimonabant administration during chronic AM2389 treatment. mOFC N-acetylaspartate/creatine ratio decreased after acute and chronic administration but returned to baseline values following discontinuation of chronic treatment. Finally, intra-network functional connectivity (mOFC) increased during the chronic regimen and returned to baseline values following its discontinuation. Conclusion Neural effects of a cannabinergic drug may persist during chronic exposure, notwithstanding the development of tolerance to behavioral effects. However, such effects dissipate upon discontinuation, reflecting the restorative capacity of affected brain processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Kohut
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Stephen J. Kohut,
| | - Lei Cao
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Dionyssios Mintzopolous
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Shan Jiang
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Spyros P. Nikas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Chun S. Zou
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - J. Eric Jensen
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Blaise B. Frederick
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- McLean Imaging Center, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Jack Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
| | - Brian D. Kangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, United States
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14
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Fischer B, Robinson T, Bullen C, Curran V, Jutras-Aswad D, Medina-Mora ME, Pacula RL, Rehm J, Room R, van den Brink W, Hall W. Lower-Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines (LRCUG) for reducing health harms from non-medical cannabis use: A comprehensive evidence and recommendations update. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF DRUG POLICY 2022; 99:103381. [PMID: 34465496 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugpo.2021.103381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is common, especially among young people, and is associated with risks for various health harms. Some jurisdictions have recently moved to legalization/regulation pursuing public health goals. Evidence-based 'Lower Risk Cannabis Use Guidelines' (LRCUG) and recommendations were previously developed to reduce modifiable risk factors of cannabis-related adverse health outcomes; related evidence has evolved substantially since. We aimed to review new scientific evidence and to develop comprehensively up-to-date LRCUG, including their recommendations, on this evidence basis. METHODS Targeted searches for literature (since 2016) on main risk factors for cannabis-related adverse health outcomes modifiable by the user-individual were conducted. Topical areas were informed by previous LRCUG content and expanded upon current evidence. Searches preferentially focused on systematic reviews, supplemented by key individual studies. The review results were evidence-graded, topically organized and narratively summarized; recommendations were developed through an iterative scientific expert consensus development process. RESULTS A substantial body of modifiable risk factors for cannabis use-related health harms were identified with varying evidence quality. Twelve substantive recommendation clusters and three precautionary statements were developed. In general, current evidence suggests that individuals can substantially reduce their risk for adverse health outcomes if they delay the onset of cannabis use until after adolescence, avoid the use of high-potency (THC) cannabis products and high-frequency/-intensity of use, and refrain from smoking-routes for administration. While young people are particularly vulnerable to cannabis-related harms, other sub-groups (e.g., pregnant women, drivers, older adults, those with co-morbidities) are advised to exercise particular caution with use-related risks. Legal/regulated cannabis products should be used where possible. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use can result in adverse health outcomes, mostly among sub-groups with higher-risk use. Reducing the risk factors identified can help to reduce health harms from use. The LRCUG offer one targeted intervention component within a comprehensive public health approach for cannabis use. They require effective audience-tailoring and dissemination, regular updating as new evidence become available, and should be evaluated for their impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Fischer
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tessa Robinson
- Centre for Applied Research in Mental Health and Addiction, Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, Canada; Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence & Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Chris Bullen
- Schools of Population Health and Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; National Institute for Health Innovation (NIHI), The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Valerie Curran
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, Research Department of Clinical, Educational and Health Psychology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, London, United Kingdom
| | - Didier Jutras-Aswad
- Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada; Research Centre of the Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, Canada
| | - Maria Elena Medina-Mora
- Center for Global Mental Health Research, National Institute of Psychiatry Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Faculty of Medicine, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalie Liccardo Pacula
- Schaeffer Center for Health Policy and Economics, Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jürgen Rehm
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction & Mental Health, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robin Room
- Centre for Alcohol Policy Research, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; Centre for Social Research on Alcohol and Drugs, Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Wim van den Brink
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Amsterdam University Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Wayne Hall
- National Centre for Youth Substance Use Research, Faculty of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Kings College London, United Kingdom
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15
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Spindle TR, Kuwabara H, Eversole A, Nandi A, Vandrey R, Antoine DG, Umbricht A, Guarda AS, Wong DF, Weerts EM. Brain imaging of cannabinoid type I (CB 1 ) receptors in women with cannabis use disorder and male and female healthy controls. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13061. [PMID: 34028926 PMCID: PMC8516687 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis effects are predominantly mediated by pharmacological actions on cannabinoid type 1 (CB1 ) receptors. Prior positron emission tomography (PET) studies in individuals who use cannabis included almost exclusively males. PET studies in females are needed because there are sex differences in cannabis effects, progression to cannabis use disorder (CUD), and withdrawal symptom severity. Females with CUD (N = 10) completed two double-blind cannabis smoking sessions (Session 1: placebo; Session 2: active), and acute cannabis effects were assessed. After Session 2, participants underwent 3 days of monitored cannabis abstinence; mood, craving, and withdrawal symptoms were assessed and a PET scan (radiotracer: [11 C]OMAR) followed. [11 C]OMAR Distribution volume (VT ) from these participants was compared with VT of age/BMI-similar female non-users of cannabis ("healthy controls"; N = 10). VT was also compared between female and male healthy controls (N = 7). Females with CUD displayed significantly lower VT than female healthy controls in specific brain regions (hippocampus, amygdala, cingulate, and insula). Amygdala VT was negatively correlated with mood changes (anger/hostility) during abstinence, but VT was not correlated with other withdrawal symptoms or cannabis effects. Among healthy controls, females had significantly higher VT than males in all brain regions examined. Chronic cannabis use appears to foster downregulation of CB1 receptors in women, as observed previously in men, and there are inherent sex differences in CB1 availability. Future studies should elucidate the time course of CB1 downregulation among females who use cannabis and examine the relation between CB1 availability and cannabis effects among other populations (e.g., infrequent users; medicinal users).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tory R. Spindle
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hiroto Kuwabara
- Division of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Alisha Eversole
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Ayon Nandi
- Division of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Ryan Vandrey
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Denis G. Antoine
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Annie Umbricht
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Angela S. Guarda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Dean F. Wong
- Division of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 601 N. Caroline Street, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Elise M. Weerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 5510 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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16
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Fluyau D, Cook SC, Chima A, Kailasam VK, Revadigar N. Pharmacological management of psychoactive substance withdrawal syndrome. DRUGS & THERAPY PERSPECTIVES 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40267-021-00874-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Isaacs JY, Mackinnon SP, Joyce KM, Stewart SH. Reactivity to Daily Self-Monitoring of Cannabis Use in Biological Females. CANNABIS (RESEARCH SOCIETY ON MARIJUANA) 2021; 4:17-30. [PMID: 37287532 PMCID: PMC10212272 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Assessment reactivity involves changes to behaviours from self-monitoring those behaviours (Nelson & Hayes, 1981). In the substance use field, reactivity has been identified both as a potential confound in daily diary research (Cohn et al., 2015) and as a possible intervention tool in clinical practice (Cohn et al., 2018). Reactivity to daily self-monitoring of alcohol and tobacco use has been inconsistent in prior research. Reactivity to daily self-monitoring of cannabis use quantity has received far less study. This study involved secondary analyses of data from N = 88 females who self-monitored their cannabis use for 32 days. We examined objective reactivity of cannabis use to daily self-monitoring by assessing changes in daily cannabis use over 32 days. We also explored participants' perceptions of the impact daily self-monitoring had on their cannabis use at study completion (i.e., subjective reactivity). In hurdle models testing objective reactivity, neither probability of cannabis use, nor quantity of cannabis use, changed significantly over the study period. Many respondents (45%) reported no subjective reactivity, though a slight majority (55%) reported some subjective reactivity. Subjective reactivity did not moderate objective reactivity over time; however, higher subjective reactivity was significantly associated with increased variability (interquartile range [IQR]) in cannabis use across the self-monitoring period. Overall, reactivity appears unlikely to confound research utilizing daily diary cannabis measures, and daily self-monitoring of cannabis use may be unlikely to serve as a useful stand-alone intervention for reducing cannabis use in non-treatment-seeking individuals. Potential clinical implications of the novel finding of a link between subjective reactivity and objective cannabis use variability are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Y. Isaacs
- Department of Psychology & Neuroscience, Dalhousie University
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18
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Wolf RC, Werler F, Wittemann M, Schmitgen MM, Kubera KM, Wolf ND, Reith W, Hirjak D. Structural correlates of sensorimotor dysfunction in heavy cannabis users. Addict Biol 2021; 26:e13032. [PMID: 33951262 DOI: 10.1111/adb.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor dysfunction has been previously reported in persons with cannabis dependence. Such individuals can exhibit increased levels of neurological soft signs (NSS), particularly involving motor coordination and sensorimotor integration. Whether such abnormalities may also apply to non-dependent individuals with heavy cannabis use (HCU) is unknown, as much as the neural correlates underlying such deficits. In this study, we investigated associations between NSS and gray matter volume (GMV) in males with HCU and male controls. Twenty-four persons with HCU and 17 controls were examined using standardized assessment of NSS and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 3 T. GMV was calculated using voxel-based morphometry algorithms provided by the Computational Anatomy Toolbox (CAT12). Individuals with HCU showed higher NSS total scores compared to controls. In particular, significant NSS-subdomain effects were found for "motor coordination" (MoCo), "complex motor tasks" (CoMT), and "hard signs" (HS) expression in HCU (p < 0.05, Bonferroni-corrected). Compared to controls, persons with HCU showed significant NSS/GMV interactions in putamen and inferior frontal cortex (MoCo), right cerebellum (CoMT) and middle and superior frontal cortices, and bilateral precentral cortex and thalamus (HS). In between-group analyses, individuals with HCU showed lower GMV in the right anterior orbital and precentral gyrus, as well as higher GMV in the right superior frontal gyrus and left supplementary motor cortex compared to controls. The data support the notion of abnormal sensorimotor performance associated with HCU. The data also provide a neuromechanistic understanding of such deficits, particularly with respect to aberrant cortical-thalamic-cerebellar-cortical circuit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Christian Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Florian Werler
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Miriam Wittemann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Mike M. Schmitgen
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Katharina M. Kubera
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Nadine D. Wolf
- Department of General Psychiatry at the Center for Psychosocial Medicine Heidelberg University Heidelberg Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reith
- Department of Neuroradiology Saarland University Saarbrücken Germany
| | - Dusan Hirjak
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University Mannheim Germany
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19
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BIDWELL LCINNAMON, MARTIN-WILLETT RENÉE, KAROLY HOLLISC. Advancing the science on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health. Drug Alcohol Rev 2021; 40:900-913. [PMID: 33783029 PMCID: PMC9878551 DOI: 10.1111/dar.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
ISSUES The Cannabis sativa L. plant contains hundreds of phytocannabinoids, but putatively of highest importance to public health risk is the psychoactive cannabinoid delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), which is associated with risk for cannabis use disorder, affective disturbance, cognitive harm and psychomotor impairment. Recently, there has been an increase in the use and availability of concentrated cannabis products (or 'concentrates') that are made by extracting cannabinoids from the plant to form a product with THC concentrations as high as 90-95%. These products are increasingly popular nationwide. The literature on these widely available high potency concentrates is limited and there are many unknowns about their potential harms. APPROACH This review covers the state of the research on cannabis concentrates and behavioural health-related outcomes and makes recommendations for advancing the science with studies focused on accurately testing the risks in relation to critical public and behavioural health questions. KEY FINDINGS Data point to unique behavioural health implications of concentrate use. However, causal, controlled and representative research on the effects of cannabis concentrates is currently limited. IMPLICATIONS Future research is needed to explore chronic, acute and developmental effects of concentrates, as well as effects on pulmonary function. We also highlight the need to explore these relationships in diverse populations. CONCLUSION While the literature hints at the potential for these highly potent products to increase cannabis-related behavioural health harms, it is important to carefully design studies that more comprehensively evaluate the impact of concentrates on THC exposure and short- and long-term effects across user groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. CINNAMON BIDWELL
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA,Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - RENÉE MARTIN-WILLETT
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA
| | - HOLLIS C. KAROLY
- Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, USA,Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA
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20
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Karoly HC, Ross JM, Prince MA, Zabelski AE, Hutchison KE. Effects of cannabis use on alcohol consumption in a sample of treatment-engaged heavy drinkers in Colorado. Addiction 2021; 116:2529-2537. [PMID: 33464670 PMCID: PMC8286984 DOI: 10.1111/add.15407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cannabis is commonly used among people who drink alcohol, but evidence suggests a nuanced relationship between alcohol consumption and cannabis use. In particular, among individuals undergoing alcohol treatment the impact of cannabis on alcohol intake may depend upon cannabis use frequency. We aimed to test the effects of within-day cannabis use on total drinks consumed and likelihood of binge drinking on a given day among all participants and compare these relationships between males and females and between individuals who reported infrequent and frequent cannabis use. DESIGN This observational study is a substudy of a larger randomized controlled trial (RCT). Individuals were included from the RCT if they reported any cannabis use and were divided into groups based on cannabis use patterns. Alcohol use was compared within and between groups. SETTING Individuals were recruited from 2016 to 2020 from community and university settings in Denver and Boulder, CO, USA. PARTICIPANTS Of the 182 individuals enrolled in the RCT, 96 cannabis-using subjects were included in these analyses. MEASUREMENTS Subjects completed a time-line follow-back (TLFB) at baseline, 4, 8 (end of treatment) and 20 weeks. Daily data on alcohol and cannabis use from the TLFB at all time-points were analyzed. FINDINGS Across the sample (n = 96), individuals drank approximately 29% fewer drinks [95% confidence interval (CI) = 18-39%, P < 0.001] and were 2.06 times (95% CI =1.37-3.08, P < 0.001) less likely to have a binge-drinking episode on days that cannabis was used compared with days that cannabis was not used. These patterns were observed in males, females and the infrequent and frequent cannabis use groups. Findings were inconclusive regarding differences in the association between cannabis use and alcohol outcomes when comparing males and females and when comparing infrequent and frequent cannabis use groups. CONCLUSIONS Heavy drinkers engaged in treatment to reduce their alcohol consumption who also use cannabis appear to increase their cannabis use on days when they reduce their alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hollis C Karoly
- Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - J Megan Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Mark A Prince
- Department of Psychology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra E Zabelski
- Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Kent E Hutchison
- Institute for Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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21
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Medical Marijuana: Liability Issues for Mental Health Providers. J Addict Nurs 2021; 32:73-76. [PMID: 33646722 DOI: 10.1097/jan.0000000000000390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT As of 2019, 33 states, in addition to three territories and the District of Columbia, have approved medical marijuana programs. In the United States, the 12-month prevalence of medical marijuana use increased by 34.2% between 2013 and 2015. The rapid dissemination of medical marijuana use, in conjunction with conflicting data regarding its safety and efficacy, renders mental health providers in an ethical and legal quandary. The purpose of this article was to highlight emerging evidence regarding the efficacy and risks of medical marijuana and to describe medical-legal issues of such use regarding liability for mental health providers. Mental health care providers must be prudent to ensure that they are providing patients with the most accurate, up-to-date information regarding medical marijuana. This is not only to ensure protection from medical liability but also to promote best outcomes for patients experiencing mental health problems.
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22
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Gibson LP, Gust CJ, Ellingson JM, YorkWilliams SL, Sempio C, Klawitter J, Bryan AD, Hutchison KE, Bidwell LC. Investigating sex differences in acute intoxication and verbal memory errors after ad libitum cannabis concentrate use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 223:108718. [PMID: 33866072 PMCID: PMC9357512 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An innovative naturalistic at-home administration procedure was used to investigate sex differences in subjective drug effects and verbal memory errors after ad libitum use of high potency state legal market Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) concentrate. METHODS Regular concentrate users were randomly assigned to ad libitum administration of one of two cannabis concentrate products (70 % or 90 % THC) that they purchased from a dispensary. 65 participants (N = 34 men, N = 31 women) were assessed in a mobile pharmacology lab before, immediately after, and 1 -h after ad libitum concentrate use. Plasma cannabinoids (THC, 11-OH-THC, CBD), subjective drug effects, and verbal memory errors were assessed at all three time points. RESULTS Although men and women exhibited similar plasma 11-OH-THC levels across time (p = .10), sex differences were found in plasma THC and CBD after legal market concentrate use, with men displaying significantly higher levels of plasma THC and CBD immediately after cannabis concentrate use (plasma THC [ng/mL]: Mmen = 489.88, Mwomen = 135.08, p < .001; plasma CBD [ng/mL]: Mmen = 1.14, Mwomen = 0.53, p = .04). Despite this, sex differences in subjective effects and verbal memory errors did not emerge, although women reported a steeper decrease in drug liking after use (p = .04). CONCLUSION These data provide the first look at sex differences after acute naturalistic cannabis concentrate use, and suggest much higher THC exposure in men versus women, but similar acute drug and impairment effects across the sexes. Further studies are needed to determine the mechanisms (e.g. tolerance, cannabinoid metabolism, smoking topography) behind these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurel P. Gibson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Corresponding author at: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA. (L.P. Gibson)
| | - Charleen J. Gust
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - Jarrod M. Ellingson
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Mail Stop F570, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Sophie L. YorkWilliams
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA
| | - Cristina Sempio
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12705 East Montview Blvd, Suite 200, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Jost Klawitter
- Division of Substance Dependence, Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 13001 E. 17th Place, Mail Stop F570, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12705 East Montview Blvd, Suite 200, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Angela D. Bryan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0344, USA
| | - Kent E. Hutchison
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0344, USA
| | - L. Cinnamon Bidwell
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado, 345 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0345, USA,Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado, 344 UCB, Boulder, CO, 80309-0344, USA
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Kesner AJ, Lovinger DM. Cannabis use, abuse, and withdrawal: Cannabinergic mechanisms, clinical, and preclinical findings. J Neurochem 2021; 157:1674-1696. [PMID: 33891706 PMCID: PMC9291571 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. Its main psychoactive component is delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), one of over 100 phytocannabinoid compounds produced by the cannabis plant. THC is the primary compound that drives cannabis abuse potential and is also used and prescribed medically for therapeutic qualities. Despite its therapeutic potential, a significant subpopulation of frequent cannabis or THC users will develop a drug use syndrome termed cannabis use disorder. Individuals suffering from cannabis use disorder exhibit many of the hallmarks of classical addictions including cravings, tolerance, and withdrawal symptoms. Currently, there are no efficacious treatments for cannabis use disorder or withdrawal symptoms. This makes both clinical and preclinical research on the neurobiological mechanisms of these syndromes ever more pertinent. Indeed, basic research using animal models has provided valuable evidence of the neural molecular and cellular actions of cannabis that mediate its behavioral effects. One of the main components being central action on the cannabinoid type-one receptor and downstream intracellular signaling related to the endogenous cannabinoid system. Back-translational studies have provided insight linking preclinical basic and behavioral biology research to better understand symptoms observed at the clinical level. This narrative review aims to summarize major research elucidating the molecular, cellular, and behavioral manifestations of cannabis/THC use that play a role in cannabis use disorder and withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Kesner
- Laboratory for Integrative NeuroscienceNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCenter on Compulsive BehaviorsNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - David M. Lovinger
- Laboratory for Integrative NeuroscienceNational Institute on Alcohol Abuse and AlcoholismCenter on Compulsive BehaviorsNational Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
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Reddon H, Milloy MJ, Wood E, Nosova E, Kerr T, DeBeck K. High-intensity cannabis use and hospitalization: a prospective cohort study of street-involved youth in Vancouver, Canada. Harm Reduct J 2021; 18:53. [PMID: 34001159 PMCID: PMC8130127 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-021-00501-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is concern that cannabis use negatively affects vulnerable groups such as youth; however, the relationship between cannabis use and health care utilization has not been well characterized in this population. We longitudinally evaluated the association between daily cannabis use and hospitalization among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth. METHODS Data were collected from the At-Risk Youth Study (ARYS) in Vancouver, Canada, from September 2005 to May 2015. Participants were interviewed semi-annually and multivariable generalized estimating equation (GEE) logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between daily cannabis use and hospitalization. RESULTS A total of 1216 participants (31.2% female) were included in this analysis, and 373 (30.7%) individuals reported hospitalization at some point during the study period. In a multivariable GEE analysis, daily cannabis use was not significantly associated with hospitalization (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] = 1.17, 95% Confidence interval [CI] = 0.84, 1.65). We did observe a significant interaction between daily cannabis use and sex (AOR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.34, 0.77), whereby cannabis use was associated with a decreased odds of hospitalization among males (AOR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.47, 0.78), yet was not significantly associated with hospitalization among females (AOR = 1.19, 95% CI = 0.84, 1.67). CONCLUSIONS The finding that daily cannabis use was not associated with hospitalization among street-involved youth is encouraging given the high rates of cannabis use in this population and the expansion of cannabis legalization and regulation. Future studies, however, are warranted to monitor possible changes in the consequences of cannabis use as cannabis legalization and regulation increase internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hudson Reddon
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, 588-1081 Burrard Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 3E6, Canada
| | - M-J Milloy
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, ,Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Evan Wood
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, ,Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Ekaterina Nosova
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
| | - Thomas Kerr
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, St. Paul's Hospital, 608-1081 Burrard Street, ,Vancouver, BC, V6Z 1Y6, Canada
| | - Kora DeBeck
- BC Centre on Substance Use, University of British Columbia, 400-1045 Howe St, Vancouver, BC, V6Z 2A9, Canada.
- School of Public Policy, SFU Harbour Centre, Simon Fraser University, 515 West Hastings Street, Vancouver, BC, V6B 5K3, Canada.
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Wade NE, Gilbart E, Swartz AM, Lisdahl KM. Assessing Aerobic Fitness Level in Relation to Affective and Behavioral Functioning in Emerging Adult Cannabis Users. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 19:546-559. [PMID: 34149331 PMCID: PMC8209753 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-019-00091-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is common amongst emerging adults and increasingly linked to negative mood and neurocognitive performance. Aerobic fitness, however, may be positively linked. Therefore we assess the potential moderating influence of aerobic fitness on affective and behavioral functioning associated with cannabis. METHODS After 3-weeks of abstinence, 83 16-26 year-olds (38 cannabis, 45 controls) completed self-report inventories (BDI-II, STAI-state, FrSBe, BIS/BAS), an objective emotion functioning measure (PennCNP), and VO2 max testing. Multiple regressions assessed symptoms from past year cannabis use, VO2 max, and cannabis*VO2, controlling for alcohol, cotinine, gender, and BMI. RESULTS Past year cannabis use was associated with increased depressive symptoms (p=.04), BIS/BAS component (p=.002), and emotion recognition (p=.045). CONCLUSIONS Results suggest a robust association between past year cannabis use and depressive symptoms and behavioral and affective functioning. Aerobic fitness, however, did not moderate these relationships. Efforts should be made to inform the public of concerns regarding the potential negative impact of cannabis on mood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha E. Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Erika Gilbart
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Ann M. Swartz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
| | - Krista M. Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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26
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Ruiz CM, Torrens A, Castillo E, Perrone CR, Cevallos J, Inshishian VC, Harder EV, Justeson DN, Huestis MA, Swarup V, Piomelli D, Mahler SV. Pharmacokinetic, behavioral, and brain activity effects of Δ 9-tetrahydrocannabinol in adolescent male and female rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2021; 46:959-969. [PMID: 32927465 PMCID: PMC8115040 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-00839-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the intoxicating constituent of cannabis and is responsible for the drug's reinforcing effects. Retrospective human studies suggest that cannabis use during adolescence is linked to long-term negative psychological outcomes, but in such studies it is difficult to distinguish the effects of THC from those of coexisting factors. Therefore, translationally relevant animal models are required to properly investigate THC effects in adolescents. However, though the relevance of these studies depends upon human-relevant dosing, surprisingly little is known about THC pharmacology and its effects on behavior and brain activity in adolescent rodents-especially in females. Here, we conducted a systematic investigation of THC pharmacokinetics, metabolism and distribution in blood and brain, and of THC effects upon behavior and neural activity in adolescent Long Evans rats of both sexes. We administered THC during an early-middle adolescent window (postnatal days 27-45) in which the brain may be particularly sensitive to developmental perturbation by THC. We determined the pharmacokinetic profile of THC and its main first-pass metabolites (11-hydroxy-THC and 11-nor-9-carboxy-THC) in blood and brain following acute injection (0.5 or 5 mg/kg, intraperitoneal). We also evaluated THC effects on behavioral assays of anxiety, locomotion, and place conditioning, as well as c-Fos expression in 14 brain regions. Confirming previous work, we find marked sex differences in THC metabolism, including a female-specific elevation in the bioactive metabolite 11-hydroxy-THC. Furthermore, we find dose-dependent and sex-dependent effects on behavior, neural activity, and functional connectivity across multiple nodes of brain stress and reward networks. Our findings are relevant for interpreting results of rat adolescent THC exposure studies, and may lend new insights into how THC impacts the brain in a sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M. Ruiz
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Alexa Torrens
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Erik Castillo
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Christina R. Perrone
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Jenny Cevallos
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Victoria C. Inshishian
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA ,grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Eden V. Harder
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Drew N. Justeson
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- grid.265008.90000 0001 2166 5843Institute of Emerging Health Professions, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Vivek Swarup
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
| | - Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA. .,Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
| | - Stephen V. Mahler
- grid.266093.80000 0001 0668 7243Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697 USA
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Abstract
Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is an underappreciated risk of using cannabis that affects ~10% of the 193 million cannabis users worldwide. The individual and public health burdens are less than those of other forms of drug use, but CUD accounts for a substantial proportion of persons seeking treatment for drug use disorders owing to the high global prevalence of cannabis use. Cognitive behavioural therapy, motivational enhancement therapy and contingency management can substantially reduce cannabis use and cannabis-related problems, but enduring abstinence is not a common outcome. No pharmacotherapies have been approved for cannabis use or CUD, although a number of drug classes (such as cannabinoid agonists) have shown promise and require more rigorous evaluation. Treatment of cannabis use and CUD is often complicated by comorbid mental health and other substance use disorders. The legalization of non-medical cannabis use in some high-income countries may increase the prevalence of CUD by making more potent cannabis products more readily available at a lower price. States that legalize medical and non-medical cannabis use should inform users about the risks of CUD and provide information on how to obtain assistance if they develop cannabis-related mental and/or physical health problems.
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Takakuwa KM, Schears RM. The emergency department care of the cannabis and synthetic cannabinoid patient: a narrative review. Int J Emerg Med 2021; 14:10. [PMID: 33568074 PMCID: PMC7874647 DOI: 10.1186/s12245-021-00330-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is the most prevalent illegal drug used and the second most common cause of ED drug-related complaints in the USA. Recently, newer more potent strains, concentrated THC products, and consumption methods have become available. OBJECTIVE Our first objective was to define cannabis use in the USA and provide a summary background on its current preparations, pharmacokinetics, vital sign and physical exam findings, adverse effects, and laboratory testing. Our second objective, using the aforementioned summary as relevant background information, was to present and summarize the care and treatment of the most commonly reported cannabis-related topics relevant to ED physicians. METHODS We first performed an extensive literature search of peer-reviewed publications using New PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify the most commonly reported cannabis-related topics in emergency care. Once the six topic areas were identified, we undertook an extensive narrative literature review for each section of this paper using New PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials from the inception of the databases to September 30, 2020. RESULTS The six subject areas that were most frequently reported in the medical literature relevant to cannabis-related ED care were acute intoxication/overdose, pediatric exposure, cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, cannabis withdrawal, e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI), and synthetic cannabinoids. CONCLUSION As cannabis becomes more widely available with the adoption of state medical cannabis laws, ED-related cannabis visits will likely rise. While cannabis has historically been considered a relatively safe drug, increased legal and illegal access to newer formulations of higher potency products and consumption methods have altered the management and approach to ED patient care and forced physicians to become more vigilant about recognizing and treating some new cannabis-related life-threatening conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Takakuwa
- Society of Cannabis Clinicians, PO Box 27574, San Francisco, CA, 94127, USA.
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29
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Impact of state-level cannabis legalization on poly use of alcohol and cannabis in the United States, 2004-2017. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 218:108364. [PMID: 33143941 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis policy has shifted toward legalization in many parts of the United States (US). While attention has been focused on whether legalization will lead to changes in cannabis use, it is conceivable that legalization will also affect use of substances that individuals frequently use with cannabis. This study assessed whether cannabis legalization impacted the prevalence of poly use of cannabis and alcohol from 2004 to 2017 and estimated the prevalence of cannabis and alcohol poly use in 2017. METHODS Public and restricted-use data from the US 2004-2017 National Survey on Drug Use and Health were analyzed. Data on past-month cannabis and alcohol use were assessed each year. Cannabis legalization was determined by the presence or absence of medical marijuana laws (MML) and recreational marijuana laws (RML) in each state. Difference-in-difference approach was used to estimate the association of MML and RML on cannabis and alcohol use overall and by sociodemographic subgroups (e.g., age, income, education). RESULTS Between 2004 and 2017, poly use of cannabis and alcohol increased while alcohol-only use decreased. MML were associated with increases in poly use only among adults over age 50 and among those with higher annual incomes and higher education, while RML were associated with increases in poly use broadly among adults across sociodemographic groups. CONCLUSIONS Legalization of cannabis was associated with increases in cannabis-alcohol poly use in the US. RML were associated with increases across demographics, while the impact of MML was more limited to certain sociodemographic groups.
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Claus BB, Specka M, McAnally H, Scherbaum N, Schifano F, Bonnet U. Is the Urine Cannabinoid Level Measured via a Commercial Point-of-Care Semiquantitative Immunoassay a Cannabis Withdrawal Syndrome Severity Predictor? Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:598150. [PMID: 33343424 PMCID: PMC7744589 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.598150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: For cannabis-dependent subjects, the relationship between cannabis withdrawal syndrome (CWS) severity and the urine cannabinoid concentrations are unclear; we investigated this using a commercial point-of-care (POC) enzyme immunoassay detecting 11-nor-9-carboxy-Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH). Methods: Observational study of 78 adult chronic cannabis-dependent subjects assessed over a 24-day inpatient detoxification treatment, with 13 serial measurement days. Repeated Measures Correlation and Multilevel Linear Models were employed. Results: Absolute urinary THC-COOH levels significantly correlated with Marijuana Withdrawal Checklist (MWC) scores across the entire study duration (r = 0.248; p < 0.001). Correlation between serial creatinine-adjusted THC-COOH ratios and serial MWC scores emerged as significant only in the sample with higher MWC scores (>11 points) at admission (n = 21; r = 0.247; p = 0.002). The aforementioned significant relationships have persisted when replacing the absolute THC-COOH-levels with the (relative) day-to-day change in urinary THC-COOH levels. MWC scores were significantly correlated with the Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S; r = 0.812; p < 0.001). Females showed a significantly slower decline in urine THC-COOH levels and prolonged CWS course characterized by substantial illness severity (per CGI-S), occurring in nearly 30% of cases. Conclusion: Urine cannabinoid levels (THC-COOH) determined by POC assay significantly predicted CWS severity (moderate correlation), guiding detoxification treatment duration. In patients with MWC > 11 points upon admission, creatinine-adjusted THC-COOH ratios also significantly predicted CWS severity-again with moderate effect size. Females showed prolonged urinary THC-COOH elimination and cannabis withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Bernd Claus
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany
| | - Michael Specka
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Heath McAnally
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Norbert Scherbaum
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Fabrizio Schifano
- Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
| | - Udo Bonnet
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Evangelisches Krankenhaus Castrop-Rauxel, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Duisburg-Essen, Castrop-Rauxel, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, LVR-Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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Parks C, Jones BC, Moore BM, Mulligan MK. Sex and Strain Variation in Initial Sensitivity and Rapid Tolerance to Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2020; 5:231-245. [PMID: 32923660 PMCID: PMC7480727 DOI: 10.1089/can.2019.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives: For cannabis and other drugs of abuse, initial response and/or tolerance to drug effects can predict later dependence and problematic use. Our objective is to identify sex and genetic (strain) differences in initial response and rapid tolerance to Δ9–tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, between highly genetically divergent inbred mouse strains—C57BL/6J (B6) and DBA/2J (D2). Experimental Approach: Sex and strain responses relative to baseline were quantified following daily exposure (i.p.) to 10 mg/kg THC or vehicle (VEH) over the course of 5 days. Dependent measures included hypothermia (decreased body temperature) and ataxia (decreased spontaneous activity in the open field), and antinociception (increase in tail withdrawal latency to a thermal stimulus). Initial sensitivity to THC was defined as the difference in response between baseline and day 1. Rapid tolerance to THC was defined as the difference in response between days 1 and 2. Results: B6 exhibited greater THC-induced motor activity suppression and initial sensitivity to ataxia relative to the D2 strain. Females demonstrated greater levels of THC-induced hypothermia and initial sensitivity relative to males. Higher levels of THC-induced antinociception and initial sensitivity were observed for D2 relative to B6. Rapid tolerance to THC was observed for hypothermia and antinociception. Much less tolerance was observed for THC-induced ataxia. D2 exhibited rapid tolerance to THC-induced hypothermia and antinociception at time points associated with peak THC initial response. Likewise, at the peak initial THC response time point, females demonstrated greater levels of rapid tolerance to hypothermic effects relative to males. Conclusions: Both sex and genetic factors drive variation in initial response and rapid tolerance to the ataxic, antinociceptive, and hypothermic effects of THC. As these traits directly result from THC activation of the cannabinoid receptor 1, gene variants between B6 and D2 in cannabinoid signaling pathways are likely to mediate strain differences in response to THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory Parks
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Byron C Jones
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Bob M Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Megan K Mulligan
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Suhre W, O'Reilly-Shah V, Van Cleve W. Cannabis use is associated with a small increase in the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting: a retrospective machine-learning causal analysis. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:115. [PMID: 32423445 PMCID: PMC7236204 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01036-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis legalization may contribute to an increased frequency of chronic use among patients presenting for surgery. At present, it is unknown whether chronic cannabis use modifies the risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). METHODS This study was a retrospective cohort study conducted at 2 academic medical centers. Twenty-seven thousand three hundred eighty-eight adult ASA 1-3 patients having general anesthesia for non-obstetric, non-cardiac procedures and receiving postoperative care in the Post Anesthesia Care Unit (PACU) were analyzed in the main dataset, and 16,245 patients in the external validation dataset. The main predictor was patient reported use of cannabis in any form collected during pre-anesthesia evaluation and recorded in the chart. The primary outcome was documented PONV of any severity prior to PACU discharge, including administration of rescue medications in PACU. Relevant clinical covariates (risk factors for PONV, surgical characteristics, administered prophylactic antiemetic drugs) were also recorded. RESULTS 10.0% of patients in the analytic dataset endorsed chronic cannabis use. Using Bayesian Additive Regression Trees (BART), we estimated that the relative risk for PONV associated with daily cannabis use was 1.19 (95 CI% 1.00-1.45). The absolute marginal increase in risk of PONV associated with daily cannabis use was 3.3% (95% CI 0.4-6.4%). We observed a lesser association between current, non-daily use of cannabis (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.94-1.21). An internal validation analysis conducted using propensity score adjustment and Bayesian logistic modeling indicated a similar size and magnitude of the association between cannabis use and PONV (OR 1.15, 90% CI 0.98-1.33). As an external validation, we used data from another hospital in our care system to create an independent model that demonstrated essentially identical associations between cannabis use and PONV. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis use is associated with an increased relative risk and a small increase in the marginal probability of PONV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Suhre
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356540, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| | - Vikas O'Reilly-Shah
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356540, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Perioperative & Pain Initiatives in Quality, Safety, and Outcome, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356540, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Seattle Children's Hospital, 4800 Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA, 98105, USA
| | - Wil Van Cleve
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356540, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Perioperative & Pain Initiatives in Quality, Safety, and Outcome, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington, Box 356540, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Sex differences in the interactive effects of early life stress and the endocannabinoid system. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2020; 80:106893. [PMID: 32437941 DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2020.106893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in both the endocannabinoid system and stress responses have been established for decades. While there is ample evidence that the sexes respond differently to stress and that the endocannabinoid system is involved in this response, what is less clear is whether the endocannabinoid system mediates this response to stress differently in both sexes. Also, do the sexes respond similarly to exogenous cannabinoids (CBs) following stress? Can the administration of exogenous CBs normalize the effects of stress and if so, does this happen similarly in male and female subjects? This review will attempt to delineate the stress induced neurochemical alterations in the endocannabinoid system and the resulting behavioral changes across periods of development: prenatal, early neonatal or adolescent in males and females. Within this frame work, we will then examine the neurochemical and behavioral effects of exogenous CBs and illustrate that the response to CBs is determined by the stress history of the animal. The theoretical framework for this endeavor relates to the established effects of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) in increasing substance abuse, depression and anxiety and the possibility that individuals with high ACE scores may consume cannabinoids to "self-medicate". Overall, we see that while there are instances where exogenous cannabinoids "normalize" the adverse effects produced by early stress, this normalization does not occur in all animal models with any sort of consistency. The most compelling report where CB administration appears to normalize behaviors altered by early stress, shows minimal differences between the sexes (Alteba et al., 2016). This is in stark contrast to the majority of studies on early stress and the endocannabinoid system where both sexes are included and show quite divergent, in fact opposite, effects in males and females. Frequently there is a disconnect between neurochemical changes and behavioral changes and often, exogenous CBs have greater effects in stressed animals compared to non-stressed controls. This report as well as others reviewed here do support the concept that the effects of exogenous CBs are different in individuals experiencing early stress and that these differences are not equal in males and females. However, due to the wide variety of stressors used and the range of ages when the stress is applied, additional careful studies are warranted to fully understand the interactive effects of stress and the endocannabinoid system in males and females. In general, the findings do not support the statement that CB self-administration is an effective treatment for the adverse behavioral effects of early maltreatment in either males or females. Certainly this review should draw the attention of clinicians working with children, adolescents and adults exposed to early trauma and provide some perspective on the dysregulation of the endocannabinoid system in the response to trauma, the complex actions of exogenous CBs based on stress history and the unique effects of these factors in men and women.
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Sex-related differences in subjective, but not neural, cue-elicited craving response in heavy cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 209:107931. [PMID: 32113057 PMCID: PMC8173440 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies indicate that female cannabis users progress through the milestones of cannabis use disorder (CUD) more quickly than male users, likely due to greater subjective craving response in women relative to men. While studies have reported sex-related differences in subjective craving, differences in neural response and the relative contributions of neural and behavioral response remain unclear. METHODS We examined sex-related differences in neural and behavioral response to cannabis cues and cannabis use measures in 112 heavy cannabis users (54 females). We used principal component analysis to determine the relative contributions of neural and behavioral response and cannabis use measures. RESULTS We found that principal component (PC) 1, which accounts for the most variance in the dataset, was correlated with neural response to cannabis cues with no differences between male and female users (p = 0.21). PC2, which accounts for the second-most variance, was correlated with subjective craving such that female users exhibited greater subjective craving relative to male users (p = 0.003). We also found that CUD symptoms correlated with both PC1 and PC2, corroborating the relationship between craving and CUD severity. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that neural activity primarily underlies response to cannabis cues and that a complex relationship characterizes a convergent neural response and a divergent subjective craving response that differs between the sexes. Accounting for these differences will increase efficacy of treatments through personalized approaches.
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Sullivan RM, Wallace AL, Wade NE, Swartz AM, Lisdahl KM. Assessing the Role of Cannabis Use on Cortical Surface Structure in Adolescents and Young Adults: Exploring Gender and Aerobic Fitness as Potential Moderators. Brain Sci 2020; 10:E117. [PMID: 32098300 PMCID: PMC7071505 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis use in adolescents and young adults is linked with aberrant brain structure, although findings to date are inconsistent. We examined whether aerobic fitness moderated the effects of cannabis on cortical surface structure and whether gender may play a moderating role. Seventy-four adolescents and young adults completed three-weeks of monitored abstinence, aerobic fitness testing, and structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI). Whole-sample linear regressions examined the effects of gender, VO2 max, cannabis use, and their interactions on the surface area (SA) and local gyrification index (LGI). Cannabis use was associated with greater cuneus SA. Gender-by-cannabis predicted precuneus and frontal SA, and precentral, supramarginal, and frontal LGI; female cannabis users demonstrated greater LGI, whereas male cannabis users demonstrated decreased LGI compared to non-users. Aerobic fitness was positively associated with various SA and LGI regions. Cannabis-by-aerobic fitness predicted cuneus SA and occipital LGI. These findings demonstrate that aerobic fitness moderates the impact of cannabis on cortical surface structure, and gender differences are evident. These moderating factors may help explain inconsistencies in the literature and warrant further investigation. Present findings and aerobic fitness literature jointly suggest aerobic intervention may be a low-cost avenue for improving cortical surface structure, although the impact may be gender-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (R.M.S.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Alexander L. Wallace
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (R.M.S.); (A.L.W.)
| | - Natasha E. Wade
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Ann M. Swartz
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA;
| | - Krista M. Lisdahl
- Department of Psychology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53211, USA; (R.M.S.); (A.L.W.)
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Depressive symptoms and cannabis use in a placebo-controlled trial of N-Acetylcysteine for adult cannabis use disorder. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:479-490. [PMID: 31712969 PMCID: PMC7024037 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-019-05384-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Depression is common among individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD), particularly individuals who present to CUD treatment. Treatments that consider this comorbidity are essential. OBJECTIVES The goal of this secondary analysis was to examine whether N-acetylcysteine (NAC) reduced depressive symptoms among adults (age 18-50) with CUD (N = 302) and whether the effect of NAC on cannabis cessation varied as a result of baseline levels of depression. Bidirectional associations between cannabis use amount and depression were also examined. METHODS Data for this secondary analysis were from a National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network (NIDA CTN) multi-site clinical trial for CUD. Adults with CUD (N = 302) were randomized to receive 2400 mg of NAC daily or matched placebo for 12 weeks. All participants received abstinence-based contingency management. Cannabis quantity was measured by self-report, and weekly urinary cannabinoid levels (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) confirmed abstinence. Depressive symptoms were measured by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. RESULTS Depressive symptoms did not differ between the NAC and placebo groups during treatment. There was no significant interaction between treatment and baseline depression predicting cannabis abstinence during treatment. Higher baseline depression was associated with decreased abstinence throughout treatment and a significant gender interaction suggested that this may be particularly true for females. Cross-lagged panel models suggested that depressive symptoms preceded increased cannabis use amounts (in grams) during the subsequent month. The reverse pathway was not significant (i.e., greater cannabis use preceding depressive symptoms). CONCLUSIONS Results from this study suggest that depression may be a risk factor for poor CUD treatment outcome and therefore should be addressed in the context of treatment. However, results do not support the use of NAC to concurrently treat co-occurring depressive symptoms and CUD in adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01675661.
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Sex and Gender Interactions on the Use and Impact of Recreational Cannabis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020509. [PMID: 31947505 PMCID: PMC7014129 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis is the second most frequently used substance in the world and regulated or legalized for recreational use in Canada and fourteen US states and territories. As with all substances, a wide range of sex and gender related factors have an influence on how substances are consumed, their physical, mental and social impacts, and how men and women respond to treatment, health promotion, and policies. Given the widespread use of cannabis, and in the context of its increasing regulation, it is important to better understand the sex and gender related factors associated with recreational cannabis use in order to make more precise clinical, programming, and policy decisions. However, sex and gender related factors include a wide variety of processes, features and influences that are rarely fully considered in research. This article explores myriad features of both sex and gender as concepts, illustrates their impact on cannabis use, and focuses on the interactions of sex and gender that affect three main areas of public interest: the development of cannabis use dependence, the impact on various routes of administration (ROA), and the impact on impaired driving. We draw on two separate scoping reviews to examine available evidence in regard to these issues. These three examples are described and illustrate the need for more comprehensive and precise integration of sex and gender in substance use research, as well as serious consideration of the results of doing so, when addressing a major public health issue such as recreational cannabis use.
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Dellazizzo L, Potvin S, Athanassiou M, Dumais A. Violence and Cannabis Use: A Focused Review of a Forgotten Aspect in the Era of Liberalizing Cannabis. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:567887. [PMID: 33192691 PMCID: PMC7525024 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.567887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a shift surrounding societal and legal perspectives on cannabis reflecting changing public attitudes towards the perceived safety and social acceptability of cannabis use. With cannabis liberalization internationally, the focus of most cannabis-related harms has been on effects with users themselves. Harm-to-others including injuries from violence have nevertheless been unfortunately largely overlooked. While studies remain heterogeneous, there is meta-analytical evidence pointing towards an association. The aims of this focused review are two-fold: (I) review the evidence from meta-analyses on the association between cannabis and violence; and (II) provide an overview of possible mechanisms relating cannabis use to violence. First, evidence from meta-analytical studies in youths, intimate partners, and individuals with severe mental disorders have shown that there is a global moderate association between cannabis use and violence, which is stronger in the latter more at-risk population. Preliminary data has even highlighted a potential dose-response relationship with larger effects in more frequent users. Although of importance, this subject has remained essentially forgotten as a public health concern. While literature remains inconclusive, data has suggested potential increases in cannabis use following liberalization policies. This may increase violent outcomes if the effect is directly related to the use of cannabis by means of its psychophysiological modifications. However, for the moment, the mechanisms associating cannabis use and violence remain to be clearly resolved. Considering the recency of policy changes on cannabis, further methodologically sound research using longitudinal designs should examine the effects that cannabis use may have on different forms of violence and the trends that emerge, while evaluating the effects of possible confounding factors (e.g. other substance use). In addition, as evidence-based research from meta-analyses have shown that cannabis use is associated with violence, measures must be taken to mitigate the risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Dellazizzo
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Potvin
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Athanassiou
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Alexandre Dumais
- Research Center of the Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Addictology, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Institut national de psychiatrie légale Philippe-Pinel, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Da Silva T, Hafizi S, Watts JJ, Weickert CS, Meyer JH, Houle S, Rusjan P, Mizrahi R. In Vivo Imaging of Translocator Protein in Long-term Cannabis Users. JAMA Psychiatry 2019; 76:1305-1313. [PMID: 31532458 PMCID: PMC6751758 DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cannabis is the most commonly used illicit drug in the world. Cannabinoids have been shown to modulate immune responses; however, the association of cannabis with neuroimmune function has never been investigated in vivo in the human brain. OBJECTIVE To investigate neuroimmune activation or 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) levels in long-term cannabis users, and to evaluate the association of brain TSPO levels with behavioral measures and inflammatory blood biomarkers. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study based in Toronto, Ontario, recruited individuals from January 1, 2015, to October 30, 2018. Participants included long-term cannabis users (n = 24) and non-cannabis-using controls (n = 27). Cannabis users were included if they had a positive urine drug screen for only cannabis and if they used cannabis at least 4 times per week for the past 12 months and/or met the criteria for cannabis use disorder. All participants underwent a positron emission tomography scan with [18F]FEPPA, or fluorine F 18-labeled N-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)-N-(4-phenoxypyridin-3-yl)acetamide. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Total distribution volume was quantified across regions of interest. Stress and anxiety as well as peripheral measures of inflammatory cytokines and C-reactive protein levels were also measured. RESULTS In total, 24 long-term cannabis users (mean [SD] age, 23.1 [3.8] years; 15 men [63%]) and 27 non-cannabis-using controls (mean [SD] age, 23.6 [4.2] years; 18 women [67%]) were included and completed all study procedures. Compared with the controls, cannabis users had higher [18F]FEPPA total distribution volume (main group effect: F1,48 = 6.5 [P = .01]; ROI effect: F1,200 = 28.4 [P < .001]; Cohen d = 0.6; 23.3% higher), with a more prominent implication for the cannabis use disorder subgroup (n = 15; main group effect: F1,39 = 8.5 [P = .006]; ROI effect: F1,164 = 19.3 [P < .001]; Cohen d = 0.8; 31.5% higher). Greater TSPO levels in the brain were associated with stress and anxiety and with higher circulating C-reactive protein levels in cannabis users. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE The results of this study suggest that TSPO levels in cannabis users, particularly in those with cannabis use disorder, are higher than those in non-cannabis-using controls. The findings emphasize the need for more complementary preclinical systems for a better understanding of the role of cannabinoids and TSPO in neuroimmune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Da Silva
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sina Hafizi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeremy J. Watts
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cynthia Shannon Weickert
- Schizophrenia Research Laboratory, Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia,School of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia,Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York
| | - Jeffrey H. Meyer
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sylvain Houle
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pablo Rusjan
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Romina Mizrahi
- Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada,Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kangas BD, Zakarian AS, Vemuri K, Alapafuja SO, Jiang S, Nikas SP, Makriyannis A, Bergman J. Cannabinoid Antagonist Drug Discrimination in Nonhuman Primates. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 372:119-127. [PMID: 31641018 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.119.261818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a growing acceptance that withdrawal symptoms can emerge following discontinuation of cannabis products, especially in high-intake chronic users, there are no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved treatment options. Drug development has been hampered by difficulties studying cannabis withdrawal in laboratory animals. One preclinical approach that has been effective in studying withdrawal from drugs in several pharmacological classes is antagonist drug discrimination. The present studies were designed to examine this paradigm in squirrel monkeys treated daily with the long-acting CB1 agonist AM2389 (0.01 mg/kg) and trained to discriminate the CB1 inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant (0.3 mg/kg) from saline. The discriminative-stimulus effects of rimonabant were both dose and time dependent and, importantly, could be reproduced by discontinuation of agonist treatment. Antagonist substitution tests with the CB1 neutral antagonists AM4113 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg), AM6527 (0.03-1.0 mg/kg), and AM6545 (0.03-1.0 mg/kg) confirmed that the rimonabant discriminative stimulus also could be reproduced by CB1 antagonists lacking inverse agonist action. Agonist substitution tests with the phytocannabinoid ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol (0.1-1.0 mg/kg), synthetic CB1 agonists nabilone (0.01-0.1 mg/kg), AM4054 (0.01-0.03 mg/kg), K2/Spice compound JWH-018 (0.03-0.3 mg/kg), FAAH-selective inhibitors AM3506 (0.3-5.6 mg/kg), URB597 (3.0-5.6 mg/kg), and nonselective FAAH/MGL inhibitor AM4302 (3.0-10.0 mg/kg) revealed that only agonists with CB1 affinity were able to reduce the rimonabant-like discriminative stimulus effects of withholding daily agonist treatment. Although the present studies did not document physiologic disturbances associated with withdrawal, the results are consistent with the view that the cannabinoid antagonist drug discrimination paradigm provides a useful screening procedure for examining the ability of candidate medications to attenuate the interoceptive stimuli provoked by cannabis discontinuation. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Despite a growing acceptance that withdrawal symptoms can emerge following the discontinuation of cannabis products, especially in high-intake chronic users, there are no FDA-approved pharmacotherapies to assist those seeking treatment. The present studies systematically examined cannabinoid antagonist drug discrimination, a preclinical animal model that is designed to appraise the ability of candidate medications to attenuate the interoceptive effects that accompany abrupt cannabis abstinence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D Kangas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Ani S Zakarian
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Kiran Vemuri
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Shakiru O Alapafuja
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Spyros P Nikas
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Alexandros Makriyannis
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
| | - Jack Bergman
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts (B.D.K., J.B.); Behavioral Biology Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, Massachusetts (B.D.K., A.S.Z., J.B.); and Center for Drug Discovery, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts (K.V., S.O.A., S.J., S.P.N., A.M.)
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Lerner A, Klein M. Dependence, withdrawal and rebound of CNS drugs: an update and regulatory considerations for new drugs development. Brain Commun 2019; 1:fcz025. [PMID: 32954266 PMCID: PMC7425303 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcz025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this article is to describe dependence and withdrawal phenomena related to CNS drugs discontinuation and to clarify issues related to the evaluation of clinical drug withdrawal and rebound as they relate to safety in new drug development. The article presents current understanding and definitions of drug dependence and withdrawal which are also relevant and important features of addiction, though not the same. Addiction, called substance use disorder in DSM-5, affects an individual’s brain and behaviour, represents uncontrollable drug abuse and inability to stop taking a drug regardless of the harm it causes. Characteristic withdrawal syndromes following abrupt discontinuation of CNS-active drugs from numerous drug classes are described. These include drugs both scheduled and non-scheduled in the Controlled Substances Act, which categorizes drugs in five schedules based on their relative abuse potentials and dependence liabilities and for regulatory purposes. Schedules 1 and 2 contain drugs identified as those with the highest abuse potential and strictest regulations. Less recognized aspects of drug withdrawal, such as rebound and protracted withdrawal syndromes for several drug classes are also addressed. Part I presents relevant definitions and describes clinical withdrawal and dependence phenomena. Part II reviews known withdrawal syndromes for the different drug classes, Part III describes rebound and Part IV describes protracted withdrawal syndromes. To our knowledge, this is the first compilation of withdrawal syndromes for CNS drugs. Part V provides details of evaluation of dependence and withdrawal in the clinical trials for CNS drugs, which includes general design recommendations, and several tools, such as withdrawal questionnaires and multiple scales that are helpful in the systematic evaluation of withdrawal. The limitations of different aspects of this method of dependence and withdrawal evaluation are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Lerner
- Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA
- Correspondence to: Alicja Lerner, MD, PhD, FDA Controlled Substance Staff, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration 10903 New Hampshire Avenue, Building 51 Silver Spring, MD 20993-0002, USA E-mail:
| | - Michael Klein
- Controlled Substance Scientific Solutions LLC, 4601 North Park Avenue #506, Chevy Chase, MD 20815-4572, USA
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Michael Klein, PhD Controlled Substance Scientific Solutions LLC 4601 North Park Avenue #506 Chevy Chase, MD 20815-4572 USA E-mail:
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Liu CW, Bhatia A, Buzon-Tan A, Walker S, Ilangomaran D, Kara J, Venkatraghavan L, Prabhu AJ. Weeding Out the Problem: The Impact of Preoperative Cannabinoid Use on Pain in the Perioperative Period. Anesth Analg 2019; 129:874-881. [PMID: 31425232 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0000000000003963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The recreational and medical use of cannabinoids has been increasing. While most studies and reviews have focused on the role of cannabinoids in the management of acute pain, no study has examined the postoperative outcomes of surgical candidates who are on cannabinoids preoperatively. This retrospective cohort study examined the impact of preoperative cannabinoid use on postoperative pain scores and pain-related outcomes in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery. METHODS Outcomes of patients who had major orthopedic surgery at our hospital between April 1, 2015 and June 30, 2017 were reviewed. Data were obtained from Networked Online Processing of Acute Pain Information, a locally developed database for our Acute Pain Service. Propensity score matching was used to balance baselines variables including age, sex, type of surgery, history of depression or anxiety, and perioperative use of regional anesthesia between patients who reported use of cannabinoids and those not on this substance. Intensity of pain with movement in the early postoperative period (defined as up to 36 hours after surgery) was the primary outcome of this study. The secondary outcomes (all in early postoperative period) were pain at rest, opioid consumption, incidence of pruritus, nausea and vomiting, sedation, delirium, constipation, impairment of sleep and physical activity, patient satisfaction with analgesia, and the length of Acute Pain Service follow-up. RESULTS A total of 3793 patients were included in the study. Of these, 155 patients were identified as being on cannabinoids for recreational or medical indications in the preoperative period. After propensity score matching, we compared data from 155 patients who were on cannabinoids and 155 patients who were not on cannabinoids. Patients who were on preoperative cannabinoids had higher pain numerical rating score (median [25th, 75th percentiles]) at rest (5.0 [3.0, 6.1] vs 3.0 [2.0, 5.5], P = .010) and with movement (8.0 [6.0, 9.0] vs 7.0 [3.5, 8.5], P = .003), and a higher incidence of moderate-to-severe pain at rest (62.3% vs 45.5%, respectively, P = .004; odds ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.25-3.14) and with movement (85.7% vs 75.2% respectively, P = .021; odds ratio, 1.98; 95% CI, 1.10-3.57) in the early postoperative period compared to patients who were not on cannabinoids. There was also a higher incidence of sleep interruption in the early postoperative period for patients who used cannabinoids. CONCLUSIONS This retrospective study with propensity-matched cohorts showed that cannabinoid use was associated with higher pain scores and a poorer quality of sleep in the early postoperative period in patients undergoing major orthopedic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Liu
- From the Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Pain Medicine, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anuj Bhatia
- From the Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arlene Buzon-Tan
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Susan Walker
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dharini Ilangomaran
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamal Kara
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lakshmikumar Venkatraghavan
- From the Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Atul J Prabhu
- From the Department of Anesthesia, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Alexander JC, Joshi GP. A review of the anesthetic implications of marijuana use. Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent) 2019; 32:364-371. [PMID: 31384188 DOI: 10.1080/08998280.2019.1603034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Marijuana, derived from plants of the genus Cannabis, is the most commonly used illicit drug in the United States. Marijuana is illegal at the federal level and remains a Drug Enforcement Agency Schedule 1 substance. Nevertheless, most states have passed less stringent legislation related to its use, ranging from decriminalization of possession to allowing medical or even recreational use, and some county and municipal law enforcement agencies have refrained from prosecuting personal possession and/or use even when statute would require such action. Therefore, as use of marijuana becomes more common in the larger population, more patients who are chronic and/or heavy users of marijuana present for surgical procedures, raising the question of best practices to care for these patients in the perioperative period. This review summarizes the known physiologic effects of marijuana in humans, discusses potential implications of marijuana use that the anesthesiologist should consider at each phase of the perioperative period, and outlines recommendations for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Alexander
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
| | - Girish P Joshi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Management, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallasTexas
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Levi ME, Montague BT, Thurstone C, Kumar D, Huprikar SS, Kotton CN. Marijuana use in transplantation: A call for clarity. Clin Transplant 2019; 33:e13456. [PMID: 30506888 DOI: 10.1111/ctr.13456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transplant centers have varying policies for marijuana (MJ) use in donors, transplant candidates, and recipients. Rationales for these differences range from concerns for fungal complications, impaired adherence, and drug interactions. This paper reviews the current status of MJ policies and practices in transplant centers and results of a survey sent to the American Society of Transplantation (AST) membership by the Executive Committee of the AST Infectious Diseases Community of Practice.The purpose of the survey was to compare policies and concerns of MJ use to actual observed complications. Of the 3321 surveys sent, 225 members (8%) responded. Transplant centers varied in their approval processes, differing even in organ types within the same institutions. Furthermore, there was discordance among transplant centers in their perceived risks of marijuana use as opposed to complications actually observed. An increasing number of states continue to legalize medical and recreational MJ resulting in widespread availability. Further research is needed to assess the validity of concerns for complications of MJ use in potential donors and recipients. Ultimately, standardized guidelines should be established based on studies and evidence-based criteria to assist transplant programs in their policies around the use of cannabis in their donors and recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn E Levi
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Brian T Montague
- Department of Internal Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Christian Thurstone
- Department of Psychiatry, Denver Health and Hospital Authority and University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Deepali Kumar
- Transplant Infectious Diseases and Multi-Organ Transplant Program, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shirish S Huprikar
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Camille N Kotton
- Transplant and Immunocompromised Host Infectious Diseases Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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Perron BE, Holt KR, Yeagley E, Ilgen M. Mental health functioning and severity of cannabis withdrawal among medical cannabis users with chronic pain. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 194:401-409. [PMID: 30500688 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe patterns of cannabis withdrawal among a large sample of those who use medical cannabis and test the association between withdrawal symptomology and functioning. PROCEDURES Adults ages 21 and older (N = 801) who were seeking medical cannabis certification (either for the first time or as a renewal) for chronic pain at medical cannabis clinics in southern Michigan completed baseline measures of cannabis use, withdrawal symptomology, functioning and other related constructs. Patients were included in the current study if they endorsed using cannabis at least weekly over the past three months. Of the persons in the baseline sample (N = 801), 83% endorsed using cannabis at this level of frequency and duration (N = 665). FINDINGS Approximately two-thirds of the sample (67.8%) reported at least one moderate or severe withdrawal symptom. The most commonly observed symptom was sleep difficulties (50.3%), followed by anxiety (27.8%), irritability (26.7%), and appetite disturbance (25.2%). Patients with low mental functioning had significantly higher rates of withdrawal symptom endorsement than patients with high mental functioning. However, no association was observed between physical functioning and withdrawal symptom endorsement. These patterns of association were consistent in multivariate analyses that controlled for other potentially confounding variables. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis withdrawal symptomology is highly prevalent among patients who use medical cannabis at least three times a week. Helping patients recognize the association between poorer functioning and withdrawal may be an effective way to highlight potentially negative consequences of regular and moderate heavy use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian E Perron
- School of Social Work, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.
| | - Katlyn R Holt
- College of Pharmacy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Emily Yeagley
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Mark Ilgen
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Center for Clinical Management Research, Veterans Affairs Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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Joshi N, Onaivi ES. Endocannabinoid System Components: Overview and Tissue Distribution. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1162:1-12. [PMID: 31332731 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-21737-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2022]
Abstract
Marijuana/cannabinoid research has been transformed into mainstream science during the last half-century. Evidence based research and remarkable biotechnological advances demonstrate that phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoid (eCBs) acting on cannabinoid receptors (CBRs) regulate various aspects of human physiological, behavioral, immunological and metabolic functions. The distribution and function of the components of the endocannabinoid system (ECS) in the central nervous system (CNS) and immune processes have garnished significant research focus with major milestones. With these advances in biotechnology, rapid extension of the ECS research in the periphery has gained momentum. In this chapter, we review the components and tissue distribution of this previously unknown but ubiquitous and complex ECS that is involved in almost all aspects of mammalian physiology and pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Joshi
- Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, USA
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Nia AB, Mann C, Kaur H, Ranganathan M. Cannabis Use: Neurobiological, Behavioral, and Sex/Gender Considerations. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018; 5:271-280. [PMID: 31548918 PMCID: PMC6756752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To summarize the current literature on the effects of cannabinoids in humans and to discuss the existing literature on the sex- and gender-related differences in the effects of cannabinoids. RECENT FINDINGS Cannabis and its constituent cannabinoids are associated with risk of addiction, cognitive deficits and mood/psychotic disorders. Preclinical and emerging clinical data suggest greater sensitivity to the effects of cannabinoids in women. SUMMARY Cannabis is one of the most commonly used drugs with increasing rates of use. Women in particular may be at a greater risk of adverse outcomes given the previously described "telescoping effect" of substance use in women. Human data examining the sex- and gender-related differences in the effects of cannabinoids and factors underlying these differences are very limited. This represents a critical gap in the literature and needs to be systematically examined in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Claire Mann
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York
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A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Cannabinoid Agonist Replacement Therapy for Cannabis Withdrawal Symptoms. CNS Drugs 2018; 32:1113-1129. [PMID: 30361897 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-018-0577-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND About 30% of regular cannabis users report withdrawal symptoms on cessation of prolonged use, such as irritability, insomnia, decreased appetite, depressed mood, anxiety, and restlessness. However, among highly dependent and/or in-treatment users, the incidence of withdrawal can be even higher, reaching up to 50-95% of individuals. This syndrome was only recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition (DSM-5) as a diagnosis with specific criteria in 2013. The treatment options are poor, with high rates of relapse and non-responders. In this scenario, agonist replacement therapy with cannabinoids has demonstrated potential as a promising therapeutic intervention, with a series of studies having been carried out in recent years. OBJECTIVE This review sought to summarize trials with cannabinoid agonist replacement therapy for cannabis withdrawal symptoms with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of this pharmacological intervention. DATA SOURCES We entered the following search terms on the PubMed, Web of Science and PsycINFO databases: (marijuana OR marihuana OR cannabis OR THC OR tetrahydrocannabinol OR hashish OR pot) AND (treatment OR medication) AND (withdrawal OR abstinence) AND (dronabinol OR nabilone OR nabiximols OR sativex OR cesamet OR synthetic cannabinoid). The date of the most recent search was September 2017. STUDY ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA, PARTICIPANTS, AND INTERVENTIONS Original trials, published in English, performed on humans and dealing with cannabis users who were treated for cannabis withdrawal symptoms using synthetic cannabinoids were all included in the present systematic review. Quality and risk of bias across studies were assessed using a Cochrane tool. STUDY APPRAISAL AND SYNTHESIS METHODS The first, second, and last authors read the abstracts of all studies found in the search (n = 243). The inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and 233 articles were excluded. The first and second authors independently developed a data extraction sheet based on the included articles. RESULTS The present review included ten original articles. Despite the limited number of studies and methodological differences, our findings demonstrate that the use of dronabinol, nabilone, or nabiximols, either alone or in combination with other drugs, shows promise in reducing cannabis withdrawal symptoms, probably with a dose-dependent effect. This has also been considered a safe group of medications with good tolerability and few adverse effects. LIMITATIONS No method of handling data and combining results of studies was carried out, representing a limitation of the review. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATION OF THE KEY FINDINGS Cannabinoids appear to be a promising group of drugs for the treatment of cannabis withdrawal symptoms. These medications may help decrease the rate of relapse in the treatment of cannabis dependence due to withdrawal symptoms occurring within the first few weeks of treatment. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION The protocol for this review has been registered in the PROSPERO International prospective register of systematic reviews (PROSPERO 2014:CRD42014014118).
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Bassir Nia A, Mann C, Kaur H, Ranganathan M. Cannabis Use: Neurobiological, Behavioral, and Sex/Gender Considerations. Curr Behav Neurosci Rep 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s40473-018-0167-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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50
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Zabegalov KN, Kolesnikova TO, Khatsko SL, Volgin AD, Yakovlev OA, Amstislavskaya TG, Alekseeva PA, Meshalkina DA, Friend AJ, Bao W, Demin KA, Gainetdinov RR, Kalueff AV. Understanding antidepressant discontinuation syndrome (ADS) through preclinical experimental models. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 829:129-140. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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