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Sundar Rajan V, Wypijewska Del Nogal A, Levin S, Wilhelmsson LM, Westerlund F. Exploring the conformational dynamics of the SARS-CoV-2 SL4 hairpin by combining optical tweezers and base analogues. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:752-764. [PMID: 38087988 PMCID: PMC10763987 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04110g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
The parasitic nature of the SARS-CoV-2 virus demands selective packaging of its RNA genome (gRNA) from the abundance of other nucleic acids present in infected cells. Despite increasing evidence that stem-loop 4 (SL4) of the gRNA 5' UTR is involved in the initiation of this process by binding the nucleocapsid (N) protein, little is known about its conformational dynamics. Here, we unravel the stability, dynamics and (un)folding pathways of SL4 using optical tweezers and a base analogue, tCO, that provides a local and subtle increase in base stacking without perturbing hydrogen bonding. We find that SL4 (un)folds mainly in a single step or through an intermediate, encompassing nucleotides from the central U bulge to the hairpin loop. Due to an upper-stem CU mismatch, SL4 is prone to misfold, the extent of which can be tuned by incorporating tCO at different positions. Our study contributes to a better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 packaging and the design of drugs targeting SL4. We also highlight the generalizability of using base analogues in optical tweezers experiments for probing intramolecular states and conformational transitions of various nucleic acids at the level of single molecules and with base-pair resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinoth Sundar Rajan
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Anna Wypijewska Del Nogal
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Sune Levin
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - L Marcus Wilhelmsson
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Division of Chemical Biology, Department of Life Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, SE-412 96, Sweden.
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2
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Sukhavasi N, Misra J, Kaulgud V, Podder S. Geo-sentiment trends analysis of tweets in context of economy and employment during COVID-19. JOURNAL OF COMPUTATIONAL SOCIAL SCIENCE 2023:1-31. [PMID: 37363804 PMCID: PMC10035975 DOI: 10.1007/s42001-023-00201-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
To effectively design policies and implement measures for addressing problems faced by people during these difficult times of pandemic, it is critical to have a clear vision of the problems people are freely talking about. One of the ways is to analyze social media feeds e.g., tweets, which has become one of the primary ways people express their views on various socioeconomic issues and on-ground effectiveness of measures adopted to address these issues. In this work, we attempt to uncover various socioeconomic issues, which are giving rise to negative and positive sentiments and their trends across geographies over a course of one year of the pandemic. We also try identifying similarities and differences in opinions as they vary across gender as the time passes through the crisis. Many previous works have analyzed sentiments in context of vaccines, fatalities, and lockdowns; however, socioeconomic issues did not receive full attention. We found that sentiments of people with respect to economy are negative across geographies during starting of pandemic. Thereafter, gradually sentiments lift towards positive direction reflecting a sense of improvement in situation. Females appeared to have slightly different concerns and hopes in comparison to males and especially across globe people expressed positive sentiments during new year time. Finally, this work, together with many other similar works on social media analysis gives ground for wide scale adoption of geo-temporal sentiments trend analysis of social media as a tool for uncovering key concerns and effectiveness of measures.
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Meskher H, Mustansar HC, Thakur AK, Sathyamurthy R, Lynch I, Singh P, Han TK, Saidur R. Recent trends in carbon nanotube (CNT)-based biosensors for the fast and sensitive detection of human viruses: a critical review. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:992-1010. [PMID: 36798507 PMCID: PMC9926911 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00236a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic, with its numerous variants including Omicron which is 50-70% more transmissible than the previously dominant Delta variant, demands a fast, robust, cheap, and easily deployed identification strategy to reduce the chain of transmission, for which biosensors have been shown as a feasible solution at the laboratory scale. The use of nanomaterials has significantly enhanced the performance of biosensors, and the addition of CNTs has increased detection capabilities to an unrivaled level. Among the various CNT-based detection systems, CNT-based field-effect transistors possess ultra-sensitivity and low-noise detection capacity, allowing for immediate analyte determination even in the presence of limited analyte concentrations, which would be typical of early infection stages. Recently, CNT field-effect transistor-type biosensors have been successfully used in the fast diagnosis of COVID-19, which has increased research and commercial interest in exploiting current developments of CNT field-effect transistors. Recent progress in the design and deployment of CNT-based biosensors for viral monitoring are covered in this paper, as are the remaining obstacles and prospects. This work also highlights the enormous potential for synergistic effects of CNTs used in combination with other nanomaterials for viral detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hicham Meskher
- Department of Process Engineering, Kasdi-Merbah University Ouargla 30000 Algeria
| | | | - Amrit Kumar Thakur
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology Arasur Coimbatore 641407 Tamil Nadu India
| | - Ravishankar Sathyamurthy
- Mechanical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Renewable Energy and Power Systems (IRC-REPS), King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals Dhahran 31261 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iseult Lynch
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Punit Singh
- Institute of Engineering and Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, GLA University Mathura Uttar Pradesh 281406 India
| | - Tan Kim Han
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya 47500 Malaysia
| | - Rahman Saidur
- Research Centre for Nano-Materials and Energy Technology (RCNMET), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway Petaling Jaya 47500 Malaysia
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Najafabadi ZY, Fanuel S, Falak R, Kaboli S, Kardar GA. The Trend of CRISPR-Based Technologies in COVID-19 Disease: Beyond Genome Editing. Mol Biotechnol 2023; 65:146-161. [PMID: 35091986 PMCID: PMC8799426 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-021-00431-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Biotechnological approaches have always sought to utilize novel and efficient methods in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases. This science has consistently tried to revolutionize medical science by employing state-of-the-art technologies in genomic and proteomic engineering. CRISPR-Cas system is one of the emerging techniques in the field of biotechnology. To date, the CRISPR-Cas system has been extensively applied in gene editing, targeting genomic sequences for diagnosis, treatment of diseases through genomic manipulation, and in creating animal models for preclinical researches. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2019, there is need for the development and modification of novel tools such as the CRISPR-Cas system for use in diagnostic emergencies. This system can compete with other existing biotechnological methods in accuracy, precision, and wide performance that could guarantee its future in these conditions. In this article, we review the various platforms of the CRISPR-Cas system meant for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis, anti-viral therapeutic procedures, producing animal models for preclinical studies, and genome-wide screening studies toward drug and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Yousefi Najafabadi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology, Asthma Allergy Research Institute (IAARI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Songwe Fanuel
- Department of Applied Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Midlands State University (MSU), Gweru, Zimbabwe
| | - Reza Falak
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Kaboli
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Gholam Ali Kardar
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Immunology, Asthma Allergy Research Institute (IAARI), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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5
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Zhang N, Wang S, Wong CC. Proteomics research of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 disease. MEDICAL REVIEW (BERLIN, GERMANY) 2022; 2:427-445. [PMID: 37724330 PMCID: PMC10388787 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Currently, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is still spreading in a global scale, exerting a massive health and socioeconomic crisis. Deep insights into the molecular functions of the viral proteins and the pathogenesis of this infectious disease are urgently needed. In this review, we comprehensively describe the proteome of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and summarize their protein interaction map with host cells. In the protein interaction network between the virus and the host, a total of 787 host prey proteins that appeared in at least two studies or were verified by co-immunoprecipitation experiments. Together with 29 viral proteins, a network of 1762 proximal interactions were observed. We also review the proteomics results of COVID-19 patients and proved that SARS-CoV-2 hijacked the host's translation system, post-translation modification system, and energy supply system via viral proteins, resulting in various immune disorders, multiple cardiomyopathies, and cholesterol metabolism diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhang
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
- Department of Radiation Oncology, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
- Center for Cancer Metabolism, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Siyuan Wang
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Catherine C.L. Wong
- Department of Medical Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, P. R. China
- Tsinghua University-Peking University Joint Center for Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, P. R. China
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Determination of IgG1 and IgG3 SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Nucleocapsid Binding-Who Is Binding Who and Why? Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116050. [PMID: 35682724 PMCID: PMC9181569 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of immunoglobulin (Ig) G3 in the humoral immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection has been implicated in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in COVID-19. The exact molecular mechanism is unknown, but it is thought to involve this IgG subtype’s differential ability to fix, complement and stimulate cytokine release. We examined the binding of convalescent patient antibodies to immobilized nucleocapsids and spike proteins by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization–time of flight (MALDI-ToF) mass spectrometry. IgG3 was a major immunoglobulin found in all samples. Differential analysis of the spectral signatures found for the nucleocapsid versus the spike protein demonstrated that the predominant humoral immune response to the nucleocapsid was IgG3, whilst for the spike protein it was IgG1. However, the spike protein displayed a strong affinity for IgG3 itself, as it would bind from control plasma samples, as well as from those previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, similar to the way protein G binds IgG1. Furthermore, detailed spectral analysis indicated that a mass shift consistent with hyper-glycosylation or glycation was a characteristic of the IgG3 captured by the spike protein.
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Caldera-Crespo LA, Paidas MJ, Roy S, Schulman CI, Kenyon NS, Daunert S, Jayakumar AR. Experimental Models of COVID-19. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 11:792584. [PMID: 35096645 PMCID: PMC8791197 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.792584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is the most consequential pandemic of the 21st century. Since the earliest stage of the 2019-2020 epidemic, animal models have been useful in understanding the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and rapid development of vaccines/drugs to prevent, treat or eradicate SARS-CoV-2 infection. Early SARS-CoV-1 research using immortalized in-vitro cell lines have aided in understanding different cells and receptors needed for SARS-CoV-2 infection and, due to their ability to be easily manipulated, continue to broaden our understanding of COVID-19 disease in in-vivo models. The scientific community determined animal models as the most useful models which could demonstrate viral infection, replication, transmission, and spectrum of illness as seen in human populations. Until now, there have not been well-described animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection although transgenic mouse models (i.e. mice with humanized ACE2 receptors with humanized receptors) have been proposed. Additionally, there are only limited facilities (Biosafety level 3 laboratories) available to contribute research to aid in eventually exterminating SARS-CoV-2 infection around the world. This review summarizes the most successful animal models of SARS-CoV-2 infection including studies in Non-Human Primates (NHPs) which were found to be susceptible to infection and transmitted the virus similarly to humans (e.g., Rhesus macaques, Cynomolgus, and African Green Monkeys), and animal models that do not require Biosafety level 3 laboratories (e.g., Mouse Hepatitis Virus models of COVID-19, Ferret model, Syrian Hamster model). Balancing safety, mimicking human COVID-19 and robustness of the animal model, the Murine Hepatitis Virus-1 Murine model currently represents the most optimal model for SARS-CoV-2/COVID19 research. Exploring future animal models will aid researchers/scientists in discovering the mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection and in identifying therapies to prevent or treat COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis A Caldera-Crespo
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- St. George's University Graduate Medical Education Program, University Centre Grenada, West Indies, Grenada
| | - Michael J Paidas
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Carl I Schulman
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Norma Sue Kenyon
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Sylvia Daunert
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- Dr. JT Macdonald Foundation Biomedical Nanotechnology Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
- University of Miami Clinical and Translational Science Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, United States
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Alathari MJA, Al Mashhadany Y, Mokhtar MHH, Burham N, Bin Zan MSD, A Bakar AA, Arsad N. Human Body Performance with COVID-19 Affectation According to Virus Specification Based on Biosensor Techniques. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:8362. [PMID: 34960456 PMCID: PMC8704003 DOI: 10.3390/s21248362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Life was once normal before the first announcement of COVID-19's first case in Wuhan, China, and what was slowly spreading became an overnight worldwide pandemic. Ever since the virus spread at the end of 2019, it has been morphing and rapidly adapting to human nature changes which cause difficult conundrums in the efforts of fighting it. Thus, researchers were steered to investigate the virus in order to contain the outbreak considering its novelty and there being no known cure. In contribution to that, this paper extensively reviewed, compared, and analyzed two main points; SARS-CoV-2 virus transmission in humans and detection methods of COVID-19 in the human body. SARS-CoV-2 human exchange transmission methods reviewed four modes of transmission which are Respiratory Transmission, Fecal-Oral Transmission, Ocular transmission, and Vertical Transmission. The latter point particularly sheds light on the latest discoveries and advancements in the aim of COVID-19 diagnosis and detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus associated with this disease in the human body. The methods in this review paper were classified into two categories which are RNA-based detection including RT-PCR, LAMP, CRISPR, and NGS and secondly, biosensors detection including, electrochemical biosensors, electronic biosensors, piezoelectric biosensors, and optical biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Jawad Ahmed Alathari
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Yousif Al Mashhadany
- Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Anbar, Anbar 00964, Iraq;
| | - Mohd Hadri Hafiz Mokhtar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhafizah Burham
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
- School of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Saiful Dzulkefly Bin Zan
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Ahmad Ashrif A Bakar
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
| | - Norhana Arsad
- Department of Electrical, Electronic and Systems Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi 43600, Malaysia; (M.J.A.A.); (M.H.H.M.); (N.B.); (M.S.D.B.Z.); (A.A.A.B.)
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Tuli HS, Sak K, Aggarwal P, Iqubal A, Upadhaya SK, Kaur J, Kaur G, Aggarwal D. Molecular Evolution of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2: Hazardous and More Hazardous Strains Behind the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic and Their Targeting by Drugs and Vaccines. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:763687. [PMID: 34970505 PMCID: PMC8712944 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.763687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Within almost the last 2 years, the world has been shaken by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which has affected the lives of all people. With nearly 4.92 million deaths by October 19, 2021, and serious health damages in millions of people, COVID-19 has been the most serious global challenge after the Second World War. Besides lost lives and long-term health problems, devastating impact on economics, education, and culture will probably leave a lasting impression on the future. Therefore, the actual extent of losses will become obvious only after years. Moreover, despite the availability of different vaccines and vaccination programs, it is still impossible to forecast what the next steps of the virus are or how near we are to the end of the pandemic. In this article, the route of molecular evolution of the coronavirus severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is thoroughly compiled, highlighting the changes that the virus has undergone during the last 2 years and discussing the approaches that the medical community has undertaken in the fight against virus-induced damages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Katrin Sak
- Non-Governmental Organization (NGO) Praeventio, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Poonam Aggarwal
- The Basic Research Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Ashif Iqubal
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (Formerly Faculty of Pharmacy), Jamia Hamdard (Deemed to be University), Delhi, India
| | - Sushil K. Upadhaya
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ginpreet Kaur
- Shobhaben Pratapbhai Patel School of Pharmacy and Technology Management, Shri Vile Parle Kelavani Mandal, Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (SVKM’S NMIMS), Mumbai, India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, India
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Yu X, Li L, Chan MTV, Wu WKK. Bioinformatic analyses suggest augmented interleukin-17 signaling as the mechanism of COVID-19-associated herpes zoster. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:65769-65775. [PMID: 34322810 PMCID: PMC8318549 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15567-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Herpes zoster results from latent varicella zoster virus reactivation in the dorsal root ganglia, causing blistering rash along the dermatomal distribution and post-herpetic neuralgia. Increasing studies indicated that there may be a correlation between herpes zoster and COVID-19. Nevertheless, the detailed pathophysiological mechanism is still unclear. We used bioinformatic analyses to study the potential genetic crosstalk between herpes zoster and COVID-19. COVID-19 and herpes zoster were associated with a similar subset of genes involved in "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction," "Jak-STAT signaling pathway," and "IL-17 signaling pathway," including TNF, IL10, ESR1, INFG, HLA-A, CRP, STAT3, IL6, IL7, and IL17A. Protein-protein interaction network assay showed that the combined gene set indicated a raised connectivity as compared to herpes zoster or COVID-19 alone, particularly the potentiated interactions with APOE, ARSA, CCR2, CCR5, CXCL13, EGFR, GAL, GP2, HLA-B, HLA-DRB1, IL5, TECTA, and THBS1, and these genes are related to "cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction". Augmented Th17 cell differentiation and the resulting enhanced IL-17 signaling were identified in both COVID-19 and herpes zoster. Our data suggested aberrant interleukin-17 signaling as one possible mechanism through which COVID-19 could raise the risk of herpes zoster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Linfeng Li
- Department of Dermatology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - William Ka Kei Wu
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care and Peter Hung Pain Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
- State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease and LKS Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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Akter R, Rahman MH, Bhattacharya T, Kaushik D, Mittal V, Parashar J, Kumar K, Kabir MT, Tagde P. Novel coronavirus pathogen in humans and animals: an overview on its social impact, economic impact, and potential treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:68071-68089. [PMID: 34664166 PMCID: PMC8523003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16809-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In the light of thousands of infections and deaths, the World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) a worldwide pandemic. It has spread to about 22 million people worldwide, with a total of 0.45 million expiries, limiting the movement of most people worldwide in the last 6 months. However, COVID-19 became the foremost health, economic, and humanitarian challenge of the twenty-first century. Measures intended to curb the pandemic of COVID-19 included travel bans, lockdowns, and social distances through shelter orders, which will further stop human activities suddenly and eventually impact the world and the national economy. The viral disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). After SARS-CoV-2 virus and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS)-related CoV, COVID-19 is the third most significant lethal disease to humans. According to WHO, COVID-19 mortality exceeded that of SARS and MERS since COVID-19 was declared an international public health emergency. Genetic sequencing has recently established that COVID-19 is close to SARS-CoV and bat coronavirus which has not yet been recognized as the key cause of this pandemic outbreak, its transmission, and human pathogen mechanism. This review focuses on a brief introduction of novel coronavirus pathogens, including coronavirus in humans and animals, its taxonomic classification, symptoms, pathogenicity, social impact, economic impact, and potential treatment therapy for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokeya Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, Jagannath University, Sadarghat, Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka-1213, Bangladesh.
| | - Tanima Bhattacharya
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Hubei University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China, 430062
| | - Deepak Kaushik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vineet Mittal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Jatin Parashar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India
| | - Kuldeep Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab, India
| | - Md Tanvir Kabir
- Department of Pharmacy, Brac University, 66 Mohakhali, Dhaka, 1212, Bangladesh
| | - Priti Tagde
- Bhabha Pharmacy Research Institute, Bhabha University, Bhopal, M.P, India
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12
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McArdle A, Washington KE, Chazarin Orgel B, Binek A, Manalo DM, Rivas A, Ayres M, Pandey R, Phebus C, Raedschelders K, Fert-Bober J, Van Eyk JE. Discovery Proteomics for COVID-19: Where We Are Now. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4627-4639. [PMID: 34550702 PMCID: PMC8482317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has had a devastating impact on society. Here, we summarize proteomic research that has helped elucidate hallmark proteins associated with the disease with respect to both short- and long-term diagnosis and prognosis. Additionally, we review the highly variable humoral response associated with COVID-19 and the increased risk of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela McArdle
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Kirstin E. Washington
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Blandine Chazarin Orgel
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Aleksandra Binek
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Danica-Mae Manalo
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Alejandro Rivas
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Matthew Ayres
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Rakhi Pandey
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Connor Phebus
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Department
of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Department
of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
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13
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Kaneko S, Takasawa K, Asada K, Shinkai N, Bolatkan A, Yamada M, Takahashi S, Machino H, Kobayashi K, Komatsu M, Hamamoto R. Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying COVID-19 Pathogenesis. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1142. [PMID: 34572329 PMCID: PMC8466119 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2019, a novel severe acute respiratory syndrome called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), was reported and was declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) in March 2020. With the advancing development of COVID-19 vaccines and their administration globally, it is expected that COVID-19 will converge in the future; however, the situation remains unpredictable because of a series of reports regarding SARS-CoV-2 variants. Currently, there are still few specific effective treatments for COVID-19, as many unanswered questions remain regarding the pathogenic mechanism of COVID-19. Continued elucidation of COVID-19 pathogenic mechanisms is a matter of global importance. In this regard, recent reports have suggested that epigenetics plays an important role; for instance, the expression of angiotensin I converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, an important factor in human infection with SARS-CoV-2, is epigenetically regulated; further, DNA methylation status is reported to be unique to patients with COVID-19. In this review, we focus on epigenetic mechanisms to provide a new molecular framework for elucidating the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans and of COVID-19, along with the possibility of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuzo Kaneko
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ken Takasawa
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ken Asada
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Norio Shinkai
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- Department of NCC Cancer Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Amina Bolatkan
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yamada
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- National Cancer Center Hospital, Department of Endoscopy, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan
| | - Satoshi Takahashi
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Hidenori Machino
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kobayashi
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Masaaki Komatsu
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
| | - Ryuji Hamamoto
- Division of Medical AI Research and Development, National Cancer Center Research Institute, 5-1-1 Tsukiji, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0045, Japan; (S.K.); (K.T.); (K.A.); (N.S.); (A.B.); (M.Y.); (S.T.); (H.M.); (K.K.); (M.K.)
- Cancer Translational Research Team, RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project, 1-4-1 Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0027, Japan
- Department of NCC Cancer Science, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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14
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Chmielewski M, Załachowska O, Rybakowska W, Komandera D, Knura A, Albert A, Kostanowicz J, Garbacz K. COVID-19 in dental care: What do we know? J Oral Microbiol 2021; 13:1957351. [PMID: 34377355 PMCID: PMC8330703 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2021.1957351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is primarily transmitted by airborne droplets and its spread is favored by close human contact, thus the COVID-19 pandemic is the new challenge in dental practice. The oral cavity was considered as a SARS-CoV-2 reservoir, the viruses were detected in the saliva and periodontal pockets of infected persons. Therefore, aside from the most common symptoms, COVID-19 can manifest as lesions in the oral cavity. Due to the high risk of cross-contamination in the dental office, new precautionary measures were implemented in professional dental care to ensure safety for both, dental staff and patients. Given the dynamically changing situation, dental practitioners should follow local guidelines and implement them according to current needs and available resources. The key to success is to reduce the risk of cross-infection with SARS-CoV-2 at no cost to the good oral health of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Chmielewski
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Oliwia Załachowska
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Weronika Rybakowska
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Dominika Komandera
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Agata Knura
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Adrian Albert
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Julia Kostanowicz
- Oral Microbiology Student Scientific Club, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Garbacz
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Medical Faculty, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland
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15
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Justo AFO, Bueno MS, Barbosa GR, Perosa AH, Carvalho JM, Bellei N. Comparison of viral load between saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs for SARS-CoV2: the role of days of symptoms onset on diagnosis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2021; 116:e210018. [PMID: 33886872 PMCID: PMC8061341 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760210018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is highly infectious causing millions of deaths worldwide. Nasopharyngeal swabs are the primary sample of choice for the diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), thus, to decrease the exposure to potentially infected samples through the collection is a key point to reduce the risk of infection in healthcare workers. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and viral load of saliva specimens by days of symptoms onset comparing to nasopharyngeal swabs in subjects with mild symptoms. METHODS Saliva and nasopharyngeal swabs samples were collected from São Paulo Hospital workers presenting mild symptoms, such as fever, cough, sore throat, rhinorrhea, myalgia, headaches, anosmia, ageusia, and fatigue. To understand the positivity and viral load, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed. FINDINGS Saliva specimens presented a sensitivity of 98.6% compared to nasopharyngeal swabs. Overall, saliva showed lower viral load compared to nasopharyngeal swabs, regarding days of symptoms onset on diagnosis, the first four days had significant changes in viral load and no significant difference was reported in the days five to nine. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Although RT-PCR of saliva has presented a lower viral load compared to nasopharyngeal swabs, saliva specimens are a potential and reliable candidate for COVID-19 diagnosis through RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mariana Sardinha Bueno
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Gabriela Rodrigues Barbosa
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Joseane Ma Carvalho
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Nancy Bellei
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Departamento de Medicina, Laboratório de Virologia Clínica, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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16
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Margraf J, Brailovskaia J, Schneider S. Adherence to behavioral Covid-19 mitigation measures strongly predicts mortality. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0249392. [PMID: 33784361 PMCID: PMC8009358 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0249392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of vaccines or causal therapies, behavioral measures such as wearing face masks and maintaining social distance are central to fighting Covid-19. Yet, their benefits are often questioned by the population and the level of adherence to the measures is variable. We examined in representative samples across eight countries (N = 7,568) whether adherence reported around June 1, 2020 predicted the increase in Covid-19 mortality by August 31, 2020. Mortality increased 81.3% in low adherence countries (United States, Sweden, Poland, Russia), 8.4% in high adherence countries (Germany, France, Spain, United Kingdom). Across countries adherence and subsequent mortality increases correlated with r = -0.91. No African or South American countries were included in the present study, which limits the generalizability of the findings. While reported Covid-19 mortality is likely to be influenced by other factors, the almost tenfold difference in additional mortality is significant, and may inform decisions when choosing whether to prioritize individual liberty rights or health-protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Margraf
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Julia Brailovskaia
- Department of Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Silvia Schneider
- Department of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Mental Health Research and Treatment Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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17
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Sood S, Bhatia GK, Seth P, Kumar P, Kaur J, Gupta V, Punia S, Tuli HS. Efficacy and Safety of New and Emerging Drugs for COVID-19: Favipiravir and Dexamethasone. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:49-54. [PMID: 33619447 PMCID: PMC7889701 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00253-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The widespread respiratory disease of virus known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2019 (SAR-CoV-2) had infected more than 200 countries and caused pandemic and havoc in the world. Recent Findings The genome of the virus was sequenced rapidly to study its mechanism, epidemiology, drugs, and vaccines. Many drugs and vaccines are being studied by researchers to treat and prevent the SARS-CoV-2. Favipiravir and dexamethasone are repurposed drugs which showed therapeutic potential and pharmaceutical efficacy against SARS-CoV-2. Summary The review describes the path of favipiravir and dexamethasone from chemistry to mechanisms of action to combat SARS-CoV-2. In addition, the potential side effects are also summarized to study their potential to control corona virus 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani Sood
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Gurpreet Kaur Bhatia
- Department of Physics, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Prachi Seth
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Vidisha Gupta
- Department of Zoology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, India
| | - Sandeep Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala, India
| | - Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
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18
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Braune K, Rojas PD, Hofferbert J, Valera Sosa A, Lebedev A, Balzer F, Thun S, Lieber S, Kirchberger V, Poncette AS. Interdisciplinary Online Hackathons as an Approach to Combat the COVID-19 Pandemic: Case Study. J Med Internet Res 2021; 23:e25283. [PMID: 33497350 PMCID: PMC7872325 DOI: 10.2196/25283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The COVID-19 outbreak has affected the lives of millions of people by causing a dramatic impact on many health care systems and the global economy. This devastating pandemic has brought together communities across the globe to work on this issue in an unprecedented manner. Objective This case study describes the steps and methods employed in the conduction of a remote online health hackathon centered on challenges posed by the COVID-19 pandemic. It aims to deliver a clear implementation road map for other organizations to follow. Methods This 4-day hackathon was conducted in April 2020, based on six COVID-19–related challenges defined by frontline clinicians and researchers from various disciplines. An online survey was structured to assess: (1) individual experience satisfaction, (2) level of interprofessional skills exchange, (3) maturity of the projects realized, and (4) overall quality of the event. At the end of the event, participants were invited to take part in an online survey with 17 (+5 optional) items, including multiple-choice and open-ended questions that assessed their experience regarding the remote nature of the event and their individual project, interprofessional skills exchange, and their confidence in working on a digital health project before and after the hackathon. Mentors, who guided the participants through the event, also provided feedback to the organizers through an online survey. Results A total of 48 participants and 52 mentors based in 8 different countries participated and developed 14 projects. A total of 75 mentorship video sessions were held. Participants reported increased confidence in starting a digital health venture or a research project after successfully participating in the hackathon, and stated that they were likely to continue working on their projects. Of the participants who provided feedback, 60% (n=18) would not have started their project without this particular hackathon and indicated that the hackathon encouraged and enabled them to progress faster, for example, by building interdisciplinary teams, gaining new insights and feedback provided by their mentors, and creating a functional prototype. Conclusions This study provides insights into how online hackathons can contribute to solving the challenges and effects of a pandemic in several regions of the world. The online format fosters team diversity, increases cross-regional collaboration, and can be executed much faster and at lower costs compared to in-person events. Results on preparation, organization, and evaluation of this online hackathon are useful for other institutions and initiatives that are willing to introduce similar event formats in the fight against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Braune
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Hacking Health Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Alvaro Valera Sosa
- Hacking Health Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,CityLAB Berlin, Building Health Lab, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Design and Typologies, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Felix Balzer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Sascha Lieber
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Executive Board, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Valerie Kirchberger
- Executive Board, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Akira-Sebastian Poncette
- Hacking Health Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany.,Einstein Center Digital Future, Berlin, Germany
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19
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Upadhyay SK, Dan S, Girdhar M, Rastogi K. Recent Advancement in SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Vaccine Formulation: a New Paradigm of Nanotechnology in Strategic Combating of COVID-19 Pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 7:1-14. [PMID: 33552875 PMCID: PMC7854874 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-021-00250-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a global pandemic which has not been seen in recent history, leaving behind deep socioeconomic damages and huge human losses with the disturbance in the healthcare sector. Despite the tremendous international effort and the launch of various clinical trials for the containment of this pandemic, no effective therapy has been proven yet. Recent Findings This review has highlighted the different traditional therapeutic techniques, along with the potential contribution of nanomedicine against the severe acute respiratory syndrome corovirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Repositioning of the drugs, such as remdesivir and chloroquine, is a rapid process for the reach of safe therapeutics, and the related clinical trials have determined effects against COVID-19. Various protein-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidates have successfully entered clinical phases, determining positive results. The self-assembled and metallic nanovaccines mostly based on the antigenic properties of spike (S) protein are also approachable, feasible, and promising techniques for lowering the viral burden. Summary There are number of NP-based diagnostic systems have been reported for coronaviruses (CoVs) and specifically for SARS-CoV-2. However, extensive studies are still necessary and required for the nanoparticle (NP)-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, HR 133207 India
| | - Siddhartha Dan
- Department of Biotechnology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab India
| | - Mansi Girdhar
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, HR 133207 India
| | - Kartikey Rastogi
- Department of Pharmacology, KIET Group of Institutions, Ghaziabad, Delhi-NCR 201206 India
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20
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Tuli HS, Sood S, Kaur J, Kumar P, Seth P, Punia S, Yadav P, Sharma AK, Aggarwal D, Sak K. Mechanistic insight into anti-COVID-19 drugs: recent trends and advancements. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:110. [PMID: 33552835 PMCID: PMC7851641 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been established now to be a deadly disease afflicting the whole world with worst consequences on healthcare, economy and day-to-day life activities. Being a communicable disease, which is highly pathogenic in humans, causing cough, throat infection, breathing problems, high fever, muscle pain, and may lead to death in some cases especially those having other comorbid conditions such as heart or kidney problems, and diabetes. Finding an appropriate drug and vaccine candidate against coronavirus disease (COVID-19) remains an ultimate and immediate goal for the global scientific community. Based on previous studies in the literature on SARS-CoV infection, there are a number of drugs that may inhibit the replication of SARS-CoV-2 and its infection. Such drugs comprise of inhibitors of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2), transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2), nonstructural protein 3C-like protease, nonstructural RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) and many more. The antiviral drugs such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, lopinavir and ritonavir as inhibitors for HIV protease, nucleotide analogue remdesivir, and broad-spectrum antiviral drugs are available to treat the SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. Therefore, this review article is planned to gain insight into the mechanism for blocking the entry of SARS-CoV-2, its validation, other inhibition mechanisms, and development of therapeutic drugs and vaccines against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hardeep Singh Tuli
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Shivani Sood
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana India
| | - Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052 Australia
| | - Pawan Kumar
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organisation (ARO), The Volcani Center, 7505101 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Prachi Seth
- Department of Biotechnology, Mukand Lal National College, Yamuna Nagar, Haryana India
| | - Sandeep Punia
- Department of Biotechnology, Multani Mal Modi College, Patiala, India
| | - Priya Yadav
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Anil Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
| | - Diwakar Aggarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed To Be University), Mullana, Ambala, 133207 India
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Gao X, Chan PKS, Lui GCY, Hui DSC, Chu IMT, Sun X, Tsang MSM, Chan BCL, Lam CWK, Wong CK. Interleukin-38 ameliorates poly(I:C) induced lung inflammation: therapeutic implications in respiratory viral infections. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:53. [PMID: 33414457 PMCID: PMC7790341 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-38 has recently been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties in lung inflammatory diseases. However, the effects of IL-38 in viral pneumonia remains unknown. In the present study, we demonstrate that circulating IL-38 concentrations together with IL-36α increased significantly in influenza and COVID-19 patients, and the level of IL-38 and IL-36α correlated negatively and positively with disease severity and inflammation, respectively. In the co-cultured human respiratory epithelial cells with macrophages to mimic lung microenvironment in vitro, IL-38 was able to alleviate inflammatory responses by inhibiting poly(I:C)-induced overproduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines through intracellular STAT1, STAT3, p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, MEK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. Intriguingly, transcriptomic profiling revealed that IL-38 targeted genes were associated with the host innate immune response to virus. We also found that IL-38 counteracts the biological processes induced by IL-36α in the co-culture. Furthermore, the administration of recombinant IL-38 could mitigate poly I:C-induced lung injury, with reduced early accumulation of neutrophils and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, activation of lymphocytes, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and permeability of the alveolar-epithelial barrier. Taken together, our study indicates that IL-38 plays a crucial role in protection from exaggerated pulmonary inflammation during poly(I:C)-induced pneumonia, thereby providing the basis of a novel therapeutic target for respiratory viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Gao
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul Kay Sheung Chan
- Department of Microbiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Grace Chung Yan Lui
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - David Shu Cheong Hui
- Stanley Ho Centre for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ida Miu-Ting Chu
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Miranda Sin-Man Tsang
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ben Chung Lap Chan
- Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christopher Wai-Kei Lam
- Faculty of Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicines, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Chun-Kwok Wong
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Institute of Chinese Medicine and State Key Laboratory of Research on Bioactivities and Clinical Applications of Medicinal Plants, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China. .,Li Dak Sum Yip Yio Chin R & D Centre for Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Dan S, Pant M, Upadhyay SK. The Case Fatality Rate in COVID-19 Patients With Cardiovascular Disease: Global Health Challenge and Paradigm in the Current Pandemic. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 6:315-324. [PMID: 32953401 PMCID: PMC7490208 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-020-00239-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is identified from Wuhan, China, and has spread almost worldwide. Recently, the newly identified SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed to kill millions of people worldwide and is dangerous to society health, survival, and livelihood. The people with cardiovascular problems are noticed as most common patients of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There is a greater risk of mortality and morbidity in these patients than other patients of COVID-19. In the heart, expressed angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and response effect of hyperactivity with angiotensin II associated to the renin-angiotensin mechanism are key factors of hypertension, atherosclerosis, and congestive heart failure. Recent Findings Mortality rates have been observed about 10.5% cases in patients with cardiovascular disease; however, a mortality rate of 52% was recorded in patients with heart failure, while 12% recovered ultimately. The occupancy of intense injury controlled by troponin elevation was a noteworthy factor in relation to mortality. Among 187 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, about 35% were diagnosed with cardiovascular disease (CVD) history and 28% with raised troponin. Troponin elevation was identified more frequently (55%) in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Mortality rate in patients without cardiovascular diseases and normal troponin was 7.6%, normal troponin and cardiovascular disease with 13.3%, augmented troponin and without cardiovascular disease 37.5%, however 69.4% among cardiovascular disease and advanced troponin. Summary The study reflected a significant association of case fatality rate (CFR) to COVID-19 patients with cardiovascular diseases which supposed to be the most common dangerous risk factor and health challenge during the current pandemic situation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Dan
- Department of Biotechnology, I.K. Gujral Punjab Technical University Jalandhar, Kapurthala, Punjab India
| | - Mohit Pant
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab India
| | - Sushil Kumar Upadhyay
- Department of Biotechnology, Maharishi Markandeshwar (Deemed to be University), Mullana-Ambala, Haryana 133207 India
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