Mechanisms underlying the weight loss effects of RYGB and SG: similar, yet different

Role of FFAR3 in ketone body regulated glucagon-like peptide 1 secretion

Background

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is an effective treatment for obesity, resulting in long-term weight loss and rapid remission of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Improved glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) levels is one factor that contributes to the positive effects. Prior to RYGB, GLP-1 response is blunted which can be attributed to intestinal ketogenesis. Intestinal produced ketone bodies inhibit GLP-1 secretion in enteroendocrine cells via an unidentified G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). A possible class of GPCRs through which ketone bodies may reach are the free fatty acid receptors (FFARs) located at the basolateral membrane of enteroendocrine cells.

Aim

To evaluate FFAR3 expression in enteroendocrine cells of the small intestine under different circumstances, such as diet and bariatric surgery, as well as explore the link between ketone bodies and GLP-1 secretion.

Materials and methods

FFAR3 and enteroendocrine cell expression was analyzed using Western blot and immunohistochemistry in biopsies from healthy volunteers, obese patients undergoing RYGB and mice. GLUTag cells were used to study GLP-1 secretion and FFAR3 signaling pathways.

Results

The expression of FFAR3 is markedly influenced by diet, especially high fat diet, which increased FFAR3 protein expression. Lack of substrate such as free fatty acids in the alimentary limb after RYGB, downregulate FFAR3 expression. The number of enteroendocrine cells was affected by diet in the normal weight individuals but not in the subjects with obesity. In GLUTag cells, we show that the ketone bodies exert its blocking effect on GLP-1 secretion via the FFAR3, and the Gαi/o signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Our findings that ketone bodies via FFAR3 inhibits GLP-1 secretion bring important insight into the pathophysiology of T2D. This highlights the role of FFAR3 as a possible target for future anti-diabetic drugs and treatments.

The Potential Mechanism of Remission in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus After Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy

In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with bariatric surgery remaining the most effective treatment strategy for these conditions. Vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG) has emerged as the most popular surgical procedure for bariatric/metabolic surgeries, effectively promoting weight loss and improving or curing T2DM. The alterations in the gastrointestinal tract following VSG may improve insulin secretion and resistance by increasing incretin secretion (especially GLP-1), modifying the gut microbiota composition, and through mechanisms dependent on weight loss. This review focuses on the potential mechanisms through which the enhanced action of incretin and metabolic changes in the digestive system after VSG may contribute to the remission of T2DM.

Bariatric surgery and the diseased kidney: a 5-year assessment of safety and postoperative renal outcomes

BACKGROUND

Obesity and its related medical conditions are well-established contributors to the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS), including procedures such as sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), is a potential intervention for these individuals. However, the heightened risk of postoperative complications casts doubts on the suitability of MBS in this population. Our aim is to evaluate the long-term safety, anthropometric and renal outcomes of MBS in patients with CKD.

METHODS

A retrospective review of patients who underwent primary laparoscopic MBS with a BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 and a preoperative diagnosis of stage 2 to 5 CKD. Criteria for CKD diagnosis and staging were based on estimated glomerular filtration rate measurements in accordance with established guidelines. Anthropometric and renal outcomes were measured at 3-, 6-, 12-, 24- and 60-months postoperatively.

RESULTS

A total of 302 patients (177 SG, 125 RYGB) were included. RYGB was preferred for patients with stage 3 CKD, while SG was more common in stages 4 and 5. At 5-year follow-up, percentage of total weight loss was higher in the RYGB cohort compared to SG (25.1% vs. 18.6%, p = 0.036). Despite SG patients having more advanced CKD, the incidence of late complications was significantly higher following RYGB, with 11 incidents (8.8%), compared to the SG cohort with only 4 cases (2.3%) (p = 0.014). In those with preoperative CKD stage 3, 76 patients (43.2%) improved to stage 2, with another 9 patients (5.1%) improving further to stage 1. Of all patients, 63 (20.8%) eventually received a successful renal transplant.

CONCLUSIONS

MBS is an effective strategy for sustained weight loss in patients with CKD with acceptable complications rates. RYGB leads to a higher percentage of overall weight loss, albeit with an elevated likelihood of late surgical complications. Future studies are needed to determine the safety of MBS in this demographic.

Remission of type 2 diabetes: position statement of the Italian society of diabetes (SID)

The primary cause of the pandemic scale of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is the excessive and/or abnormal accumulation of adiposity resulting from a chronic positive energy balance. Any form of weight loss dramatically affects the natural history of T2D, favoring prevention, treatment, and even remission in the case of significant weight loss. However, weight regain, which is often accompanied by the recurrence or worsening of obesity complications such as T2D, is an inevitable biological phenomenon that is an integral part of the pathophysiology of obesity. This can occur not only after weight loss, but also during obesity treatment if it is not effective enough to counteract the physiological responses aimed at restoring adiposity to its pre-weight-loss equilibrium state. Over the past few years, many controlled and randomized studies have suggested a superior efficacy of bariatric surgery compared to conventional therapy in terms of weight loss, glycemic control, and rates of T2D remission. Recently, the therapeutic armamentarium in the field of diabetology has been enriched with new antihyperglycemic drugs with considerable efficacy in reducing body weight, which could play a pathogenetic role in the remission of T2D, not through the classical incretin effect, but by improving adipose tissue functions. All these concepts are discussed in this position statement, which aims to deepen the pathogenetic links between obesity and T2D, shift the paradigm from a "simple" interaction between insulin resistance and insulin deficiency, and evaluate the efficacy of different therapeutic interventions to improve T2D management and induce diabetes remission whenever still possible.

The circulating and central endocannabinoid system in obesity and weight loss

Major advances have been made in obesity treatment, focusing on restoring disturbances along the gut-brain axis. The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a neuromodulatory signaling system, present along the entire gut-brain axis, that plays a critical role in central and peripheral regulation of food intake and body weight. Evidence on the impact of weight loss on the ECS is, however, more limited. Therefore, we set out to review the existing literature for changes in central and circulating endocannabinoid levels after bariatric surgery and other weight loss strategies in humans. The PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for relevant articles. Fifty-six human studies were identified. Most studies measuring circulating 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) found no difference between normal weight and obesity, or no correlation with BMI. In contrast, studies measuring circulating arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) found an increase or positive correlation with BMI. Two studies found a negative correlation between BMI and cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) receptor availability in the brain. Only one study investigated the effect of pharmacological weight management on circulating endocannabinoid concentrations and found no effect on AEA concentrations. So far, six studies investigated potential changes in circulating endocannabinoids after bariatric surgery and reported conflicting results. Available evidence does not univocally support that circulating endocannabinoids are upregulated in individuals with obesity, which may be explained by variability across studies in several potential confounding factors (e.g. age and sex) as well as heterogeneity within the obesity population (e.g. BMI only vs. intra-abdominal adiposity). While several studies investigated the effect of lifestyle interventions on the circulating ECS, more studies are warranted that focus on pharmacologically and surgically induced weight loss. In addition, we identified several research needs which should be fulfilled to better understand the role of the ECS in obesity and its treatments.

Impact of Gastrojejunostomy Anastomosis Diameter on Weight Loss Following Laparoscopic Gastric Bypass: A Systematic Review

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is crucial for significant weight reduction and treating obesity-related issues. However, the impact of gastrojejunostomy (GJ) anastomosis diameter on weight loss remains unclear. We investigate this influence on post-RYGB weight loss outcomes. A systematic search was conducted. Six studies met the inclusion criteria, showing varied GJ diameters and follow-up durations (1-5 years). Smaller GJ diameters generally correlated with greater short-to-medium-term weight loss, with a threshold beyond which complications like stenosis increased. Studies had moderate-to-low bias risk, emphasizing the need for precise GJ area quantification post-operation. This review highlights a negative association between smaller GJ diameters and post-RYGB weight loss, advocating for standardized measurement techniques. Future research should explore intra-operative and AI-driven methods for optimizing GJ diameter determination.

Impact of Probiotics on Gastrointestinal Function and Metabolic Status After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass: A Double-Blind, Randomized Trial

PURPOSE

Postoperative changes in gut microbiota may occur in patients undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. In this study, we evaluate the impact of administering probiotic tablets on the gastrointestinal function and metabolic status of these patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This double-blinded randomized clinical trial was conducted from 2021 to 2022 on 135 Roux-en-Y surgery candidates. The intervention group underwent the surgical procedure and started receiving probiotic supplements (Familact Co.) 1 week after surgery; the control group received a placebo. The laboratory and anthropometric data were measured and analyzed before and 3 and 6 months after the intervention. GIQLI questionnaire was also used at the beginning and 6 months after the intervention to evaluate GI symptoms.

RESULTS

We observed significantly reduced BMI in both groups after surgeries (P < 0.001). The levels of FBS and HbA1C were significantly lower in the probiotic group compared to the placebo in 3 months (P = 0.02 and P = 0.001, respectively) and 6 months (P < 0.001 for both) after the intervention. The levels of vitamin B12 increased significantly in the probiotic group (P < 0.001), and the values were substantially higher than the placebo group in 3 and 6 months (P < 0.001), respectively. Analysis of the GIQLI questionnaire before and 6 months after interventions also revealed significant improvement in the GIQLI score in both groups (P < 0.001 for probiotics and P = 0.03 for placebo).

CONCLUSION

Probiotic supplement administration following RYGB improves patients' vitamin and metabolic profile, as well as GI function, although it cannot significantly affect weight loss.

Hypothalamic control of body fat mass by food intake: The key to understanding why obesity should be treated as a disease

BACKGROUND

Hypothalamic centres have been recognized to play a central role in body weight regulation for nearly 70 years.

AIMS

In this review, we will explore the current undersanding of the role the hypothalamus plays in controlling food intake behaviours.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Review of relevant literature from PubMed searches and review article citations.

RESULTS

Beginning with autopsy studies showing destructive hypothalamic lesions in patients manifesting hyperphagia and rapid weight gain, followed by animal lesioning studies pinpointing adjacent hypothalamic sites as the 'satiety' centre and the 'feeding' centre of the brain, the neurocircuitry that governs our body weight is now understood to consist of a complex, interconnected network, including the hypothalamus and extending to cortical sites, reward centres and brainstem. Neurons in these sites receive afferent signals from the gastrointestinal tract and adipose tissue indicating food availability, calorie content, as well as body fat mass.

DISCUSSION

Integration of these complex signals leads to modulation of the two prime effector systems that defend a body fat mass set point: food intake and energy expenditure.

CONCLUSION

Understanding the hypothalamic control of food intake forms the foundation for understanding and managing obesity as a chronic disease.

Alcohol associated liver disease and bariatric surgery: Current perspectives and future directions

Bariatric surgery is a routinely performed procedure and is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality in patients with obesity. However, bariatric surgery has also been linked to increased alcohol use with up to 30% of these patients developing alcohol use disorder (AUD). The mechanism of AUD after bariatric surgery is multifactorial and includes anatomic, metabolic, and neurohumoral changes associated with post-surgical anatomy. These patients are at increased risk of alcohol associated liver disease and, in some cases, require liver transplantation. In this article, we provide a scoping review of epidemiology, pathophysiology, and clinical outcomes of alcohol-related health conditions after bariatric surgery.

Recent Advances in Endometrial Cancer Prevention, Early Diagnosis and Treatment

Endometrial cancer is the sixth commonest cancer in women worldwide, with over 417,000 diagnoses in 2020. The disease incidence has increased by 132% over the last 30 years and is set to continue to rise in response to an ageing population and increasing global rates of obesity and diabetes. A greater understanding of the mechanisms driving endometrial carcinogenesis has led to the identification of potential strategies for primary disease prevention, although prospective evaluation of their efficacy within clinical trials is still awaited. The early diagnosis of endometrial cancer is associated with improved survival, but has historically relied on invasive endometrial sampling. New, minimally invasive tests using protein and DNA biomarkers and cytology have the potential to transform diagnostic pathways and to allow for the surveillance of high-risk populations. The molecular classification of endometrial cancers has been shown to not only have a prognostic impact, but also to have therapeutic value and is increasingly used to guide adjuvant treatment decisions. Advanced and recurrent disease management has also been revolutionised by increasing the use of debulking surgery and targeted treatments, particularly immunotherapy. This review summarises the recent advances in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of endometrial cancer and seeks to identify areas for future research.

The Effects of Preoperative Glycaemic Control (HbA1c) on Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery Outcomes: Data from a Tertiary-Referral Bariatric Centre in the UK

BACKGROUND

Current recommendations advocate the achievement of an optimal glucose control (HbA1c < 69 mmol/mol) prior to elective surgery to reduce risks of peri- and post-operative complications, but the relevance for this glycaemic threshold prior to Bariatric Metabolic Surgery (BMS) following a specialist weight management programme remains unclear.

METHODS

We undertook a retrospective cohort study of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) who underwent BMS over a 6-year period (2016-2022) at a regional tertiary referral following completion of a specialist multidisciplinary weight management. Post-operative outcomes of interest included 30-day mortality, readmission rates, need for Intensive Care Unit (ICU) care and hospital length of stay (LOS) and were assessed according to HbA1c cut-off values of < 69 (N = 202) and > 69 mmol/mol (N = 67) as well as a continuous variable.

RESULTS

A total of 269 patients with T2D were included in this study. Patients underwent primary Roux en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB, n = 136), Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG, n = 124), insertion of gastric band (n = 4) or one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB, n = 4). No significant differences in the rates of complications were observed between the two groups of pre-operative HbA1c cut-off values. No HbA1c threshold was observed for glycaemic control that would affect the peri- and post-operative complications following BMS.

CONCLUSIONS

We observed no associations between pre-operative HbA1C values and the risk of peri- and post-operative complications. In the context of a specialist multidisciplinary weight management programme, optimising pre-operative HbA1C to a recommended target value prior to BMS may not translate into reduced risks of peri- and post-operative complications.

Animal models for type 1 and type 2 diabetes: advantages and limitations

Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by chronic elevation in blood glucose levels, resulting from inadequate insulin production, defective cellular response to extracellular insulin, and/or impaired glucose metabolism. The two main types that account for most diabetics are type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), each with their own pathophysiological features. T1D is an autoimmune condition where the body's immune system attacks and destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. This leads to lack of insulin, a vital hormone for regulating blood sugar levels and cellular glucose uptake. As a result, those with T1D depend on lifelong insulin therapy to control their blood glucose level. In contrast, T2DM is characterized by insulin resistance, where the body's cells do not respond effectively to insulin, coupled with a relative insulin deficiency. This form of diabetes is often associated with obesity, sedentary lifestyle, and/or genetic factors, and it is managed with lifestyle changes and oral medications. Animal models play a crucial role in diabetes research. However, given the distinct differences between T1DM and T2DM, it is imperative for researchers to employ specific animal models tailored to each condition for a better understanding of the impaired mechanisms underlying each condition, and for assessing the efficacy of new therapeutics. In this review, we discuss the distinct animal models used in type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus research and discuss their strengths and limitations.

Tackling the dual burden of malnutrition in pregnancy - pregnancy after weight loss surgery

The dual burden of malnutrition is characterised by the coexistence of undernutrition alongside overweight/obesity and diet-related noncommunicable diseases. It is a paradox which disproportionately affects women and is applicable to those who become pregnant after weight loss surgery. Obesity before and during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of adverse perinatal outcomes in both mother and child. Overall lifestyle interventions targeting weight loss in the preconception period have not proven effective, with people, and women in particular, increasingly seeking weight loss surgery. In women with severe obesity, surgery may normalise hormonal abnormalities and improve fertility. In those who become pregnant after surgery, evidence suggests a better overall obstetric outcome compared to those with severe obesity managed conservatively; however, there is heightened risk of maternal nutritional deficiencies and infants born small for gestational age. Specifically, pregnancy soon after surgery, in the catabolic phase when rapid weight loss is occurring, has the potential for poor outcomes. Lifelong micronutrient supplementation is required, and there is considerable risk of malnutrition if nutritional aftercare guidelines are not adhered to. It is therefore recommended that pregnancy is delayed until a stable weight is achieved and is supported by individualised advice from a multidisciplinary team. Further research is required to better understand how weight loss surgery affects the chances of having a healthy pregnancy and to ultimately improve nutritional management and patient care. In this review, we aim to summarise the evidence and guidance around nutrition during pregnancy after weight loss surgery.

Obesity surgery and neural correlates of human eating behaviour: A systematic review of functional MRI studies

Changes in eating behaviour including reductions in appetite and food intake, and healthier food cue reactivity, reward, hedonics and potentially also preference, contribute to weight loss and its health benefits after obesity surgery. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has been increasingly used to interrogate the neural correlates of eating behaviour in obesity, including brain reward-cognitive systems, changes after obesity surgery, and links with alterations in the gut-hormone-brain axis. Neural responses to food cues can be measured by changes in blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in brain regions involved in reward processing, including caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, insula, amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex, and top-down inhibitory control, including dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). This systematic review aimed to examine: (i) results of human fMRI studies involving obesity surgery, (ii) important methodological differences in study design across studies, and (iii) correlations and associations of fMRI findings with clinical outcomes, other eating behaviour measures and mechanistic measures. Of 741 articles identified, 23 were eligible for inclusion: 16 (69.6%) longitudinal, two (8.7%) predictive, and five (21.7%) cross-sectional studies. Seventeen studies (77.3%) included patients having Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery, six (26.1%) vertical sleeve gastrectomy (VSG), and five (21.7%) laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). The majority of studies (86.0%) were identified as having a very low risk of bias, though only six (27.3%) were controlled interventional studies, with none including randomisation to surgical and control interventions. The remaining studies (14.0%) had a low risk of bias driven by their control groups not having an active treatment. After RYGB surgery, food cue reactivity often decreased or was unchanged in brain reward systems, and there were inconsistent findings as to whether reductions in food cue reactivity was greater for high-energy than low-energy foods. There was minimal evidence from studies of VSG and LAGB surgeries for changes in food cue reactivity in brain reward systems, though effects of VSG surgery on food cue reactivity in the dlPFC were more consistently found. There was consistent evidence for post-operative increases in satiety gut hormones glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) and peptide YY (PYY) mediating reduced food cue reactivity after RYGB surgery, including two interventional studies. Methodological heterogeneity across studies, including nutritional state, nature of food cues, post-operative timing, lack of control groups for order effects and weight loss or dietary/psychological advice, and often small sample sizes, limited the conclusions that could be drawn, especially for correlational analyses with clinical outcomes, other eating behaviour measures and potential mediators. This systematic review provides a detailed data resource for those performing or analysing fMRI studies of obesity surgery and makes suggestions to help improve reporting and design of such studies, as well as future directions.

Analysis of the Efficacy of Diet and Short-Term Probiotic Intervention on Depressive Symptoms in Patients after Bariatric Surgery: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo Controlled Pilot Study

(1) Background: studies have shown that some patients experience mental deterioration after bariatric surgery. (2) Methods: We examined whether the use of probiotics and improved eating habits can improve the mental health of people who suffered from mood disorders after bariatric surgery. We also analyzed patients' mental states, eating habits and microbiota. (3) Results: Depressive symptoms were observed in 45% of 200 bariatric patients. After 5 weeks, we noted an improvement in patients' mental functioning (reduction in BDI and HRSD), but it was not related to the probiotic used. The consumption of vegetables and whole grain cereals increased (DQI-I adequacy), the consumption of simple sugars and SFA decreased (moderation DQI-I), and the consumption of monounsaturated fatty acids increased it. In the feces of patients after RYGB, there was a significantly higher abundance of two members of the Muribaculaceae family, namely Veillonella and Roseburia, while those after SG had more Christensenellaceae R-7 group, Subdoligranulum, Oscillibacter, and UCG-005. (4) Conclusions: the noted differences in the composition of the gut microbiota (RYGB vs. SG) may be one of the determinants of the proper functioning of the gut-brain microbiota axis, although there is currently a need for further research into this topic using a larger group of patients and different probiotic doses.

Variation of modulation and expression of biomarkers associated with inflammation in bariatric surgery patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Bariatric surgery is an effective intervention that causes a series of metabolic changes related to inflammatory processes; however, the variation of biomarkers related to these processes is not entirely understood. Our objective was to investigate the variation of modulation and expression of biomarkers associated with inflammation in patients who underwent bariatric surgery.

METHODS

We searched the MEDLINE (via PubMed), EMBASE (via Elsevier), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (via virtual health library), Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (via EBSCO), Web of Science core collection, and Scopus (via Elsevier) databases, and the gray literature was examined from inception to January 2022. Three pairs of reviewers performed data screening, extraction, and quality assessment independently. Meta-analysis with random effects models was used for general, subgroup, and sensitivity analyses. The I2 statistic was used to assess heterogeneity between studies.

RESULTS

In total, 96 articles were included in this systematic review; of these, 87 studies met the criteria for the meta-analysis, involving 3,533 participants. Five biomarkers were included in the meta-analysis (tumor necrosis factor alpha; interleukin 6; leptin; interleukin 1 beta, and lipopolysaccharides). Only leptin showed a significant decrease in the first month after surgery (mean difference -20.71; [95% confidence interval: -28.10 to -13.32, P < .0001; I2 = 66.7%), with moderate heterogeneity. The 12 months after surgery showed a significant decrease in tumor necrosis factor alpha (mean difference -0.89; [95% confidence interval: -1.37 to -0.42], P = .0002; I2 = 94.7%), interleukin 6 (mean difference -1.62; [95% confidence interval: -1.95 to -1.29], P < .0001; I2 = 94.9%), leptin (mean difference -28.63; [95% confidence interval: -34.02 to -23.25], P < .0001; I2 = 92.7%), and interleukin 1 beta (mean difference -2.46; [95% confidence interval: -4.23 to -0.68], P = .006; I2 = 98.3%), all with high heterogeneity. The type of surgery did not show significant differences for the biomarkers at the first month and 12 months, and the results have not changed with high-quality studies. In the 12-month measurement, variations in tumor necrosis factor alpha and leptin were associated with body mass index.

CONCLUSION

The findings of this meta-analysis suggest that Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy bariatric surgeries are associated with a significant reduction in leptin at 1 month after bariatric surgical intervention and tumor necrosis factor alpha, leptin, and interleukin 1 beta after 12 months.

Determining the role of novel metabolic pathways in driving intracranial pressure reduction after weight loss

Idiopathic intracranial hypertension, a disease classically occurring in women with obesity, is characterized by raised intracranial pressure. Weight loss leads to the reduction in intracranial pressure. Additionally, pharmacological glucagon-like peptide-1 agonism reduces cerebrospinal fluid secretion and intracranial pressure. The potential mechanisms by which weight loss reduces intracranial pressure are unknown and were the focus of this study. Meal stimulation tests (fasted plasma sample, then samples at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following a standardized meal) were conducted pre- and post-bariatric surgery [early (2 weeks) and late (12 months)] in patients with active idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Dynamic changes in gut neuropeptides (glucagon-like peptide-1, gastric inhibitory polypeptide and ghrelin) and metabolites (untargeted ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) were evaluated. We determined the relationship between gut neuropeptides, metabolites and intracranial pressure. Eighteen idiopathic intracranial hypertension patients were included [Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) n = 7, gastric banding n = 6 or sleeve gastrectomy n = 5]. At 2 weeks post-bariatric surgery, despite similar weight loss, RYGB had a 2-fold (50%) greater reduction in intracranial pressure compared to sleeve. Increased meal-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion was observed after RYGB (+600%) compared to sleeve (+319%). There was no change in gastric inhibitory polypeptide and ghrelin. Dynamic changes in meal-stimulated metabolites after bariatric surgery consistently identified changes in lipid metabolites, predominantly ceramides, glycerophospholipids and lysoglycerophospholipids, which correlated with intracranial pressure. A greater number of differential lipid metabolites were observed in the RYGB cohort at 2 weeks, and these also correlated with intracranial pressure. In idiopathic intracranial hypertension, we identified novel changes in lipid metabolites and meal-stimulated glucagon-like peptide-1 levels following bariatric surgery which were associated with changes in intracranial pressure. RYGB was most effective at reducing intracranial pressure despite analogous weight loss to gastric sleeve at 2 weeks post-surgery and was associated with more pronounced changes in these metabolite pathways. We suggest that these novel perturbations in lipid metabolism and glucagon-like peptide-1 secretion are mechanistically important in driving a reduction in intracranial pressure following weight loss in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension. Therapeutic targeting of these pathways, for example with glucagon-like peptide-1 agonist infusion, could represent a therapeutic strategy.

Towards precision medicine in bariatric surgery prescription

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial and chronic disease. Bariatric surgery is a safe and effective treatment intervention for obesity and obesity-related diseases. However, weight loss after surgery can be highly heterogeneous and is not entirely predictable, particularly in the long-term after intervention. In this review, we present and discuss the available data on patient-related and procedure-related factors that were previously appointed as putative predictors of bariatric surgery outcomes. In addition, we present a critical appraisal of the available evidence on which factors could be taken into account when recommending and deciding which bariatric procedure to perform. Several patient-related features were identified as having a potential impact on weight loss after bariatric surgery, including age, gender, anthropometrics, obesity co-morbidities, eating behavior, genetic background, circulating biomarkers (microRNAs, metabolites and hormones), psychological and socioeconomic factors. However, none of these factors are sufficiently robust to be used as predictive factors. Overall, there is no doubt that before we long for precision medicine, there is the unmet need for a better understanding of the socio-biological drivers of weight gain, weight loss failure and weight-regain after bariatric interventions. Machine learning models targeting preoperative factors and effectiveness measurements of specific bariatric surgery interventions, would enable a more precise identification of the causal links between determinants of weight gain and weight loss. Artificial intelligence algorithms to be used in clinical practice to predict the response to bariatric surgery interventions could then be created, which would ultimately allow to move forward into precision medicine in bariatric surgery prescription.

Associations Between Changes in Activity and Dietary Behaviors after Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery

INTRODUCTION

Patients who undergo metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) are advised to make healthy activity and dietary changes. While previous research has examined post-surgical changes in activity and dietary behaviors separately, no study has assessed whether changes in these behaviors are beneficially associated with each other. We evaluated whether post-surgical improvements in activity behaviors related to favorable changes in dietary behaviors overall and by surgery type (Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [RYGB], sleeve gastrectomy [SG]).

METHODS

At pre-surgery and 6- and 12-months post-surgery, participants (N = 97; 67 RYGB/30 SG) wore an accelerometer for 7 days and completed 24-h dietary assessments on 3 days. General linear models assessed associations between pre- to post-surgical changes in activity (moderate-to-vigorous physical intensity activity [MVPA], sedentary time [ST]) and dietary (total energy intake [EI; kcal/day], dietary quality [healthy eating index/HEI scores]) behaviors, with surgery type as a moderator.

RESULTS

Participants on average: demonstrated small, non-significant post-surgical changes in MVPA and ST minutes/day (ps > .05); and reported significant post-surgical decreases in EI (p < .001), but no changes in HEI scores (ps > .25). Greater 12-month post-surgical increases in MVPA were significantly associated with greater decreases in EI, but only for RYGB participants (p < .001).

DISCUSSION

Participants reported large decreases in EI, but made minimal changes in other behaviors after MBS. Results suggest greater increases in MVPA could assist with achieving greater decreases in EI, although this benefit appears to be limited to RYGB patients. Additional research is needed to confirm these findings and determine whether activity-dietary behavior associations differ beyond the immediate post-surgical year.

Trends and predictors of nutritional deficiencies after bariatric surgeries: analysis of real-world data

BACKGROUND

Bariatric surgery (BS) can lead to postoperative nutritional deficiencies (NDs) due to restrictive and malabsorptive mechanisms, but there is limited literature quantifying NDs' prevalence over time and their predictors among patients undergoing BS.

OBJECTIVE

To characterize time trends and predictors of postoperative NDs.

SETTING

This retrospective cohort study used the U.S. IBM MarketScan commercial claims database (2005-2019) to include adults who underwent BS with continuous enrollment.

METHODS

BS included Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), sleeve gastrectomy (SG), adjustable gastric band (AGB), and biliopancreatic diversion with duodenal switch. NDs included protein malnutrition, deficiencies in vitamins D and B12, and anemia that may be related to NDs. Logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of NDs across BS types after adjusting for other patient factors.

RESULTS

Within 83,635 patients (mean age [SD], 44.5 [9.5] yr; 78% female patients), 38.7%, 32.9%, and 28% underwent RYGB, SG, and AGB, respectively. Age-adjusted prevalence of any NDs within 1, 2, and 3 years after BS ranged from 23%, 34%, and 42%, respectively (in 2006) to 44%, 54%, and 61%, respectively (in 2016). Relative to the AGB group, the adjusted OR of any 3-year postoperative NDs was 3.00 (95% CI, 2.89-3.11) for the RYGB group and 2.42 (95% CI, 2.33-2.51) for the SG group.

CONCLUSIONS

RYGB and SG were associated with 2.4- to 3.0-fold odds of developing 3-year postoperative NDs compared with AGB, independent of baseline ND status. Pre- and postoperative nutritional assessments are recommended for all patients undergoing BS to optimize postoperative outcomes.

Inflammatory and metabolic markers and comorbidities remission following sleeve gastrectomy: A single center one-year cohort study

BACKGROUND AND AIM

Obesity is a global concern with several health-related complications. Bariatric surgeries are major treatment options in patients with obesity and other comorbidities. This study aims to investigate the effects of sleeve gastrectomy on metabolic indexes, hyperechogenic liver changes, inflammatory state, diabetes, and other obesity-related comorbidities remission after the sleeve gastrectomy.

METHODS

This prospective study was conducted on patients with obesity candidates for laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy. Patients were followed for one year after the surgery. Comorbidities, metabolic and inflammatory parameters were assessed before and one- year after the surgery.

RESULTS

137 patients (16 males, 44 in the DM group) underwent sleeve gastrectomy. One year after the study, obesity-related comorbidities improved significantly; diabetes had complete remission in 22.7% and partial remission in 63.6% of patients. Hyper-cholesterolemia, hyper-triglyceridemia, and hyper-uricemia also improved in 45.6%, 91.2%, and 69% of the patients. Metabolic syndrome indexes improved in 17.5% of the patients. Also, the prevalence of hyperechogenic changes in the liver has declined from 21% before the surgery to 1.5% after that. Based on logistic regression analysis, increased levels of HbA1C reduced the chance of diabetes remission by 0.9%. In comparison, every unit of increased BMI before the surgery improved the case of diabetes remission by 16%.

CONCLUSION

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy is a safe and effective treatment option in patients with obesity and diabetes. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy alleviates BMI and insulin resistance and effectively improves other obesity-related comorbidities such as Hypercholesterolemia, hyper-triglyceridemia, hyper-uricemia, and hyperechogenic changes of the liver. HbA1C and BMI before the surgery are notable predictors of diabetes remission within the first year after the surgery.

Ecological momentary assessment of changes in eating behaviors, appetite, and other aspects of eating regulation in Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy patients

Bariatric surgery can have profound impacts on eating behaviors and experiences, yet most prior research studying these changes has relied on retrospective self-report measures with limited precision and susceptibility to bias. This study used smartphone-based ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to evaluate the trajectory of change in eating behaviors, appetite, and other aspects of eating regulation in 71 Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and sleeve gastrectomy patients assessed preoperatively and at 3, 6, and 12-months postoperative. For some outcomes, results showed a consistent and similar pattern for SG and RYGB where consumption of sweet and high-fat foods and hunger, desire to eat, ability to eat right now, and satisfaction with amount eaten all improved from pre-to 6-months post-surgery with some degree of deterioration at 12-months post-surgery. By contrast, other variables, largely related to hedonic hunger and craving and desire for specific foods, showed less consistent patterns that differed by surgery type. While the findings suggest an overall pattern of improvement in eating patterns following bariatric surgery, they also highlight how a return to preoperative habits may begin as early as 6 months after surgery. Additional research is needed to understand mechanisms that promote changes in eating behavior after surgery, and how best to intervene to preserve beneficial effects.

Nutritional and Lifestyle Behaviors Reported Following One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Based on a Multicenter Study

This study aimed to describe nutritional and lifestyle parameters following one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). A multicenter study among OAGB patients across Israel (n = 277) and Portugal (n = 111) was performed. Patients were approached according to the time elapsed since surgery. An online survey with information regarding demographics, anthropometrics, and nutritional and lifestyle aspects was administered in both countries simultaneously. Respondents from Israel (pre-surgery age of 41.6 ± 11.0 years, 75.8% females) and Portugal (pre-surgery age of 45.6 ± 12.3 years, 79.3% females) reported changes in their appetite (≤94.0% and ≤94.6%), changes in their taste (≤51.0 and ≤51.4%), and intolerance to specific foods (i.e., red meat, pasta, bread, and rice). Bariatric surgery-related eating recommendations were generally followed well, but a trend toward lower adherence was evident in groups with longer time elapsed since surgery in both countries. Most respondents from Israel and Portugal reported participation in follow-up meetings with a surgeon (≤94.0% and 100%) and a dietitian (≤92.6% and ≤100%), while far fewer reported participation in any follow-up meeting with a psychologist/social worker (≤37.9% and ≤56.1%). Patients following OAGB might experience changes in appetite, taste, and intolerance to specific foods. Adherence to bariatric surgery-related eating recommendations is not always satisfying, especially in the longer term post-surgery.

Molecular, Metabolic, and Nutritional Changes after Metabolic Surgery in Obese Diabetic Patients (MoMen): A Protocol for a Multicenter Prospective Cohort Study

Metabolic surgery is an essential option in the treatment of obese patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Despite its known advantages, this surgery still needs to be introduced in Malaysia. In this prospective study, the pathophysiological mechanisms at the molecular level will be studied and the metabolomics pathways of diabetes remission will be explored. The present study aims to evaluate the changes in the anthropometric measurements, body composition, phase angle, diet intake, biochemistry parameters, adipokines, microRNA, and metabolomics, both pre- and post-surgery, among obese diabetic patients in Malaysia. This is a multicenter prospective cohort study that will involve obese patients (n = 102) with a body mass index (BMI) of ≥25 kg/m2 (Asian BMI categories: WHO/IASO/IOTF, 2000) who will undergo metabolic surgery. They will be categorized into three groups: non-diabetes, prediabetes, and diabetes. Their body composition will be measured using a bioimpedance analyzer (BIA). The phase angle (PhA) data will be analyzed. Venous blood will be collected from each patient for glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), lipids, liver, renal profile, hormones, adipokines, and molecular and metabolomics analyses. The serum microRNA will be measured. A gene expression study of the adipose tissue of different groups will be conducted to compare the groups. The relationship between the 1HNMR-metabolic fingerprint and the patients’ lifestyles and dietary practices will be determined. The factors responsible for the excellent remission of T2D will be explored in this study.

The impact of bariatric surgery on colorectal cancer risk

Obesity is considered a risk factor for different types of cancer, including colorectal cancer (CRC). Bariatric surgery has been associated with improvements in obesity-related co-morbidities and reductions in overall cancer risk. However, given the contradictory outcomes of several cohort studies, the impact of bariatric surgery on CRC risk appears controversial. Furthermore, measurement of CRC biomarkers following Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has revealed hyperproliferation and increased pro-inflammatory gene expression in the rectal mucosa. The proposed mechanisms leading to increased CRC risk are alterations of the gut microbiota and exposure of the colorectum to high concentrations of bile acids, both of which are caused by RYGB-induced anatomical rearrangements. Studies in animals and humans have highlighted the similarities between RYGB-induced microbial profiles and the gut microbiota documented in CRC. Microbial alterations common to post-RYGB cases and CRC include the enrichment of pro-inflammatory microbes and reduction in butyrate-producing bacteria. Lower concentrations of butyrate following RYGB may also contribute to an increased risk of CRC, given the anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties of this molecule. Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy appears to have a more moderate impact than RYGB; however, relatively few animal and human studies have investigated its effects on CRC risk. Moreover, evidence regarding the impact of anastomosis gastric bypass on one is even more limited. Therefore, further studies are required to establish whether the potential increase in CRC risk is restricted to RYGB or may also be associated with other bariatric procedures.

Gut adaptation after gastric bypass in humans reveals metabolically significant shift in fuel metabolism

OBJECTIVE

Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) is among the most effective therapies for obesity and type 2 diabetes, and intestinal adaptation is a proposed mechanism for these effects. It was hypothesized that intestinal adaptation precedes and relates to metabolic improvement in humans after RYGB.

METHODS

This was a prospective, longitudinal, first-in-human study of gene expression (GE) in the "Roux limb" (RL) collected surgically/endoscopically from 19 patients with and without diabetes. GE was determined by microarray across six postoperative months, including at an early postoperative (1 month ± 15 days) time point.

RESULTS

RL GE demonstrated tissue remodeling and metabolic reprogramming, including increased glucose and amino acid use. RL GE signatures were established early, before maximal clinical response, and persisted. Distinct GE fingerprints predicted concurrent and future improvements in HbA1c and in weight. Human RL exhibited GE changes characterized by anabolic growth and shift in metabolic substrate use. Paradoxically, anabolic growth in RL appeared to contribute to the catabolic state elicited by RYGB.

CONCLUSIONS

These data support a role for a direct effect of intestinal energy metabolism to contribute to the beneficial clinical effects of RYGB, suggesting that related pathways might be potential targets of therapeutic interest for patients with obesity with or without type 2 diabetes.

Differential effects of bariatric surgery and lifestyle interventions on plasma levels of Lp(a) and fatty acids

BACKGROUND

Limited evidence suggests that surgical and non-surgical obesity treatment differentially influence plasma Lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] levels. Further, a novel association between plasma arachidonic acid and Lp(a) has recently been shown, suggesting that fatty acids are a possible target to influence Lp(a). Here, the effects of bariatric surgery and lifestyle interventions on plasma levels of Lp(a) were compared, and it was examined whether the effects were mediated by changes in plasma fatty acid (FA) levels.

METHODS

The study includes two independent trials of patients with overweight or obesity. Trial 1: Two-armed intervention study including 82 patients who underwent a 7-week low energy diet (LED), followed by Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and 52-week follow-up (surgery-group), and 77 patients who underwent a 59-week energy restricted diet- and exercise-program (lifestyle-group). Trial 2: A clinical study including 134 patients who underwent a 20-week very-LED/LED (lifestyle-cohort).

RESULTS

In the surgery-group, Lp(a) levels [median (interquartile range)] tended to increase in the pre-surgical LED-phase [17(7-68)-21(7-81)nmol/L, P = 0.05], but decreased by 48% after surgery [21(7-81)-11(7-56)nmol/L, P < 0.001]. In the lifestyle-group and lifestyle-cohort, Lp(a) increased by 36%[14(7-77)-19(7-94)nmol/L, P < 0.001] and 14%[50(14-160)-57(19-208)nmol/L, P < 0.001], respectively. Changes in Lp(a) were independent of weight loss. Plasma levels of total saturated FAs remained unchanged after surgery, but decreased after lifestyle interventions. Arachidonic acid and total n-3 FAs decreased after surgery, but increased after lifestyle interventions. Plasma FAs did not mediate the effects on Lp(a).

CONCLUSION

Bariatric surgery reduced, whereas lifestyle interventions increased plasma Lp(a), independent of weight loss. The interventions differentially influenced changes in plasma FAs, but these changes did not mediate changes in Lp(a).

TRIAL REGISTRATION

Trial 1: Clinicaltrials.gov NCT00626964. Trial 2: Netherlands Trial Register NL2140 (NTR2264).

Association between Fecal Microbiota, SCFA, Gut Integrity Markers and Depressive Symptoms in Patients Treated in the Past with Bariatric Surgery-The Cross-Sectional Study

(1) Background: Depressive symptoms often appear after surgical treatment. (2) Methods: We involved 41 adults who underwent bariatric surgery a minimum of 6 months before the study and had the Beck scale ≥12. We analysed patients' mental state, gut barrier markers, faecal short chain fatty acids, and microbiota. (3) Results: Gut microbiota composition differed significantly among patients undergoing two different types of surgery (F = 1.64, p = 0.00002). Additionally, we discovered an association between short chain fatty acids and the Beck scale (F = 1.22, p = 0.058). The rearrangement of bacterial metabolites may be due to the patients' use of increased dietary protein, with insufficient intake of products containing vegetable fiber (Diet Quality Index (DQI-I )adequacy 22.55 (±3.46) points). (4) Conclusions: Bariatric surgery affects the gut microbiota, which may play an important role in the development of depressive and gastrointestinal symptoms in patients after bariatric surgery. Low fiber consumption and increased levels of faecal isobutyric acid may lead to intestinal inflammation. There is a need for further research on this topic including a larger sample size.

Glycemic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes after bariatric surgery compared with routine care: a population-based, real-world cohort study in the United Kingdom

BACKGROUND

Clinical trials have shown that bariatric surgery (BS) is associated with better glycemic control and diabetes remission in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) compared with routine care.

OBJECTIVE

We conducted a real-world population-based study examining the impact of BS on glycemic control and medications in patients with T2D.

SETTING AND METHODS

This was a retrospective, matched, controlled cohort study conducted between January 1, 1990, and January 31, 2018, using IQVIA Medical Research Data, a primary care electronic records database. Adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥30 kg/m² and T2D who had BS (surgical) were matched for age, sex, BMI, and diabetes duration to two controls (with T2D and no BS).

RESULTS

A total of 1126 patients in the surgical group and 2219 patients in the control group were analyzed. Mean (standard deviation) age was 50.0 (9.3) years, 67.6% were women, baseline glycocylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) was 7.8% (1.7 mmol/mol), and diabetes duration was 4.7 years (range, 2.0-8.4 years). Over a median (interquartile range) follow-up of 3.6 years (1.7-5.9 years), a higher proportion of patients in the surgical group achieved an HbA1C of ≤6.0% than the control group (65.8% versus 22.8%). The surgical group showed a decrease in mean HbA1C of 1.5% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.4%-1.7%), 1.4% (1.2%-1.5%), and 1.3% (1.1%-1.5%) at 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up, respectively, whereas HbA1C increased in the control group. The proportion of patients receiving glucose-lowering medications decreased in the surgical group (92.2% to 66.5%) but increased in the control group (85.3% to 90.2%).

CONCLUSION

BS is associated with significant improvement in glycemic control, achievement of normal HbA1C levels, and reduced need for glucose-lowering therapy in patients with T2D.

Decrease phase angle one year after Roux-en-Y bypass and sleeve gastrectomy is related to risks to protein nutritional status

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Phase angle (PhA) has been used as an indicator of nutritional status. However, the significance of PhA reduction after bariatric surgery is less known. This study evaluated PhA and its relation with biochemical parameters and prognostic inflammatory and nutritional indices at a one-year follow-up of patients subjected to Roux-en-Y bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG).

METHODS

Our final sample consisted of 25 patients subjected to RYGB and 11 to SG. Body mass index, fat-free mass, fat mass, PhA, serum transthyretin (TTR), albumin, C-reactive protein, alpha-1-acid glycoprotein, and prognostic inflammatory and nutritional indices were evaluated at four time points: before and approximately two, six, and 12 months after RYGB or SG. One-way repeated measures ANOVA or the Friedman test with Tukey's post hoc test was used depending on data distribution. The correlation between PhA and biochemical parameters and indices were evaluated using Spearman's or Pearson's correlation coefficients.

RESULTS

Except for serum albumin, all parameters significantly decreased over time (p < 0.001). Only the RYGB group showed transthyretinTR values below reference ones. Prognostic indices significantly decreased in both groups (p < 0.001). We found a significant positive correlation of PhA with TTR in both RYGB (r = 0.475; p < 0.001) and SG (r = 0.457; p < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Data suggest that at a one-year follow-up after bariatric surgery, lower PhA values might indicate a concomitant loss of visceral protein and a worsening of protein nutritional status.

Do bariatric patient's in rural areas achieve comparative weight loss as national average? single center experience in appalachia west virginia

INTRODUCTION

Obesity is one of the leading public health concerns with over half a million Americans being classified as obese and almost two billion classified as overweight. This has an impact on overall health of the individual, with increased comorbidities and premature death, as well as increased economic cost. This study evaluates the weight loss of patients with limited societal support and resources cared for at a single bariatric center of excellence, The Center for Surgical Weight Control, in Cabell County, West Virginia.

METHODS

Retrospective review of patients that have undergone either a Vertical Sleeve Gastrectomy (VSG) or a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RNYGB) between the years of 2017 and 2018 At the Center for Surgical Weight Control. Weight loss was evaluated at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years.

RESULTS

There were 290 patients between 2017 and 2018. On average, the VSG group lost 46% of excess body weight (EBW) at 6 months, 57% of EBW at 1 year, and 61% of EBW at 2 years. In the RNYGB group patients lost on average 54% of EBW at 6 months, 65% of EBW at 1 year, and 88% of EBW at 2 years.

DISCUSSION

A loss of 5-15% of EBW can improve obesity-related comorbidities. These comorbidities include diabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and obstructive sleep apnea. Improvement in these comorbidities not only benefits each patient individually, but will also help improve the effects on society as a whole.

CONCLUSION

Obesity is a debilitating and deadly disease, thus makes it very important to address in order to reduce burden on both patients and society as a whole. There is an expected amount of weight loss a patient should have depending on the type of surgery they undergo. Our patients were successful at meeting and exceeding the expected percentage of EBW loss after both VSG and RNYGB.

Impact of sleeve gastrectomy compared to Roux-en-y gastric bypass upon hedonic hunger and the relationship to post-operative weight loss

'Hedonic hunger' indicates the desire to consume food in the absence of an energy requirement. Hedonic hunger can be investigated using the validated Power of Food Scale (PFS). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) are currently the most effective treatment options for severe obesity. Following RYGB, hedonic hunger diminishes, which may contribute to sustained weight loss. There are no data examining the effect of SG on hedonic hunger. We prospectively evaluated hedonic hunger using PFS in patients with severe obesity prior to and 6 months after SG (n = 95) or RYGB (n = 44) and investigated the procedure-specific relationship between percentage weight loss (%WL) and hedonic hunger. Anthropometric data were collected at baseline after 6 months, 12 months and 24 months post-operatively. PFS contains 15 items grouped into 3 domains considering when food is: available (FA), present (FP), tasted (FT) and a total score (TS). At 6 months, a significant reduction was seen in all categories post-SG (p < 0.0001) and in TS (p = 0.003), FA (p = 0.0006) and FP (p = 0.0007) post-RYGB. A significantly larger reduction in FP scores was seen post-SG (p = 0.01). Post-SG, a significant correlation with 6-month %WL was noted for changes in FP (p = 0.03) and TS (p = 0.03). Post-SG changes in FP and TS predicted 24-month %WL. Post-RYGB significant correlations were seen between 6-month %WL and dFA (p = 0.04) and dFP (p = 0.03). Changes in FA, FP and TS were predictive of 12-month %WL. HH is reduced following both SG and RYGB with a greater reduction following SG and is related to post-operative %WL. PFS may have a role as a predictive tool for post-operative outcomes following SG and RYGB.

The impact of bariatric surgery procedures on the modulation of cardiometabolic risk factors in patients with severe obesity: a 12-month follow-up

Objective

To evaluate the effects of one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and sleeve gastrectomy (SG) on cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) in patients with severe obesity.

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients with severe obesity who had undergone OAGB, RYGB, or SG between 2015 and 2017 and follow-up assessments over 12-months.

Results

Among 485 included patients, anthropometric measurements, body composition, fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, and comorbidities were significantly improved for all three procedures throughout the follow-up period. Weight, % total weight loss (%TWL), body mass index, fat mass and fat mass to fat-free mass ratio improvements were higher with RYGB and OAGB than SG. There were no significant differences between procedures in all other variables. A significant trend toward remission rate of dyslipidemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus was observed with all three procedures, with no significant difference between the three groups. %TWL statistically correlated with fat mass, FBG, and triglycerides.

Conclusions

OAGB, RYGB, and SG had a beneficial impact on CMRFs and comorbidities during 12 months of follow-up. Of note, RYGB and OAGB may result in better outcomes, particularly anthropometric and body composition indices. Further large-sample, long-term follow-up studies are required to expand on the present findings.

Changes in plasma free fatty acids in obese patients before and after bariatric surgery highlight alterations in lipid metabolism

Obesity is a complex disease that increases an individual’s risk of developing other diseases and health-related problems. A common feature is dyslipidemia characterized by increased levels of plasma lipids, which include non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). The role of NEFAs in obesity-related morbidity is interesting as NEFAs constitute a reservoir of metabolic energy, are principal components of cell membranes and are precursors for signalling molecules. Bariatric surgery promotes sustained weight loss in severely obese patients, reducing the incidence and severity of co-morbidities. In this study we measure changes in circulating NEFA species in plasma samples taken from 25 obese individuals before and 9 months after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery. The mean weight of the cohort reduced by 29.2% from 149.0 ± 25.1 kg pre-surgery to 105.5 ± 19.8 kg post-surgery and the BMI by 28.2% from 51.8 ± 6.3 kg/m² pre-surgery to 37.2 ± 5.4 kg/m². Mean glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) reduced from 6.5 ± 1.3 to 5.5 ± 0.5%, consistent with the intervention leading to improved glycaemic control, particularly in those who were dysglycemic prior to surgery. Total and LDL cholesterol concentrations were markedly reduced following surgery. Concentrations of seven NEFAs were found to decrease 9 months after surgery compared to pre-surgery levels: myristate, palmitoleate, palmitate, linoleate, oleate, stearate and arachidonate. Bariatric surgery led to increased lipogenesis and elongase activity and decreased stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 activity. This study therefore highlights metabolic changes that take place following gastric bypass surgery in severely obese patients.

Strategies for Therapeutic Amelioration of Aberrant Plasma Zn2+ Handling in Thrombotic Disease: Targeting Fatty Acid/Serum Albumin-Mediated Effects

The initiation, maintenance and regulation of blood coagulation is inexorably linked to the actions of Zn²⁺ in blood plasma. Zn²⁺ interacts with a variety of haemostatic proteins in the bloodstream including fibrinogen, histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG) and high molecular weight kininogen (HMWK) to regulate haemostasis. The availability of Zn²⁺ to bind such proteins is controlled by human serum albumin (HSA), which binds 70–85% of plasma Zn²⁺ under basal conditions. HSA also binds and transports non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs). Upon NEFA binding, there is a change in the structure of HSA which leads to a reduction in its affinity for Zn²⁺. This enables other plasma proteins to better compete for binding of Zn²⁺. In diseases where elevated plasma NEFA concentrations are a feature, such as obesity and diabetes, there is a concurrent increase in hypercoagulability. Evidence indicates that NEFA-induced perturbation of Zn²⁺-binding by HSA may contribute to the thrombotic complications frequently observed in these pathophysiological conditions. This review highlights potential interventions, both pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical that may be employed to combat this dysregulation. Lifestyle and dietary changes have been shown to reduce plasma NEFA concentrations. Furthermore, drugs that influence NEFA levels such as statins and fibrates may be useful in this context. In severely obese patients, more invasive therapies such as bariatric surgery may be useful. Finally, other potential treatments such as chelation therapies, use of cholesteryl transfer protein (CETP) inhibitors, lipase inhibitors, fatty acid inhibitors and other treatments are highlighted, which with additional research and appropriate clinical trials, could prove useful in the treatment and management of thrombotic disease through amelioration of plasma Zn²⁺ dysregulation in high-risk individuals.

Nonnormative Eating Behaviors and Eating Disorders and Their Associations With Weight Loss and Quality of Life During 6 Years Following Obesity Surgery

IMPORTANCE

Individuals with severe obesity presenting for obesity surgery (OS) frequently show nonnormative eating behaviors (NEBs) and eating disorders (EDs), but the long-term course and prospective associations with weight loss and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) remain unclear.

OBJECTIVE

To examine the prevalence and prospective relevance of presurgical and postsurgical NEBs and EDs according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition, diagnosed through clinical interview, for weight loss and HRQOL up to 6 years following OS.

DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS

In the prospective, multicenter Psychosocial Registry for Obesity Surgery cohort study, patients seeking OS were recruited at 6 OS centers in Germany and assessed at baseline before surgery and at 6 months and 1 to 6 years after surgery. From a consecutive sample of 1040 volunteers with planned OS from March 1, 2012, to December 31, 2020, a total of 748 (71.92%) were included in this study. Across follow-up, 93 of the 748 patients (12.43%) dropped out. Data were analyzed from April to November 2021.

INTERVENTIONS

Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy.

MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES

Both NEBs and EDs were identified using the Eating Disorder Examination interview. Main outcomes were the percentage of total body weight loss (%TBWL) and HRQOL (Impact of Weight on Quality of Life-Lite; range, 0-100, with 0 indicating worst and 100 indicating best).

RESULTS

In 748 patients undergoing OS (mean [SD] age, 46.26 [11.44] years; mean [SD] body mass index [calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared], 48.38 [8.09]; 513 [68.58%] female), the mean (SD) %TBWL was 26.70% (9.61%), and the mean (SD) HRQOL improvement was 35.41 (20.63) percentage points across follow-up. Both NEBs and EDs were common before surgery, with postsurgical improvements of varying degrees. Whereas NEBs and EDs did not reveal significant prospective associations with %TBWL, loss-of-control eating at follow-up was concurrently associated with lower %TBWL (estimate, -0.09; 95% CI, -0.14 to -0.04). Loss-of-control eating (estimate, -0.10; 95% CI, -0.17 to -0.03 percentage points) and binge-eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration (estimate, -6.51; 95% CI, -12.69 to -0.34 percentage points) at follow-up showed significant prospective associations with lower HRQOL.

CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE

This cohort study found prospective relevance of loss-of-control eating and binge-eating disorder of low frequency and/or limited duration for reduced long-term HRQOL following OS. These findings underline the importance of monitoring both NEBs, especially loss-of-control eating, and EDs in the long term postsurgically to identify patients in need of targeted prevention or psychotherapy.

Effect of Banded Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Versus Sleeve Gastrectomy on Diabetes Remission at 5 Years Among Patients With Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes: A Blinded Randomized Clinical Trial

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether silastic ring laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (SR-LRYGB) or laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) produces superior diabetes remission at 5 years.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

In a single-center, double-blind trial, 114 adults with type 2 diabetes and BMI 35-65 kg/m2 were randomly assigned to SR-LRYGB or LSG (1:1; stratified by age-group, BMI group, ethnicity, diabetes duration, and insulin therapy) using a web-based service. Diabetes and other metabolic medications were adjusted according to a prespecified protocol. The primary outcome was diabetes remission assessed at 5 years, defined by HbA1c <6% (42 mmol/mol) without glucose-lowering medications. Secondary outcomes included changes in weight, cardiometabolic risk factors, quality of life, and adverse events.

RESULTS

Diabetes remission after SR-LRYGB versus LSG occurred in 25 (47%) of 53 vs. 18 (33%) of 55 patients (adjusted odds ratios 4.5 [95% CI 1.6, 15.5; P = 0.009] and 4.2 [1.3, 13.4; P = 0.015] in the intention-to-treat analysis). Percent body weight loss was greater after SR-LRYGB than after LSG (absolute difference 10.7%; 95% CI 7.3, 14.0; P < 0.001). Improvements in cardiometabolic risk factors were similar, but HDL cholesterol increased more after SR-LRYGB. Early and late complications were similar in both groups. General health and physical functioning improved after both types of surgery, with greater improvement in physical functioning after SR-LRYGB. People of Māori or Pacific ethnicity (26%) had lower incidence of diabetes remission than those of New Zealand European or other ethnicities (2 of 25 vs. 41 of 83; P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

SR-LRYGB provided superior diabetes remission and weight loss compared with LSG at 5 years, with similar low risks of complications.

Effects of Heterozygous Variants in the Leptin-Melanocortin Pathway on Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Outcomes: a 15-Year Case-Control Study

INTRODUCTION

Heterozygous variants in the leptin-melanocortin pathway are associated with obesity. However, their effect on the long-term outcomes after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is still unknown.

METHODS

In this matched case-control study, 701 participants from the Mayo Clinic Biobank with a history of RYGB were genotyped. Sixty-three patients had a heterozygous variant in the leptin-melanocortin pathway. After excluding patients with potential confounders, carriers were randomly matched (on sex, age, body mass index [BMI], and years since surgery) with two non-carrier controls. The electronic medical record of carriers and matched non-carriers was reviewed for up to 15 years after RYGB.

RESULTS

A total of 50 carriers and 100 matched non-carriers with a history of RYGB were included in the study. Seven different genes (LEPR, PCSK1, POMC, SH2B1, SRC1, MC4R, and SIM1) in the leptin-melanocortin pathway were identified. At the time of surgery, the mean age was 50.8 ± 10.6 years, BMI 45.6 ± 7.3 kg/m², and 79% women. There were no differences in postoperative years of follow-up, Roux limb length, or gastric pouch size between groups. Fifteen years after RYGB, the percentage of total body weight loss (%TBWL) in carriers was - 16.6 ± 10.7 compared with - 28.7 ± 12.9 in non-carriers (diff = 12.1%; 95% CI, 4.8 to 19.3) and the percentage of weight regain after maximum weight loss was 52.7 ± 29.7 in carriers compared with 29.8 ± 20.7 in non-carriers (diff = 22.9%; 95% CI, 5.3 to 40.5). The nadir %TBWL was lower - 32.1 ± 8.1 in carriers compared with - 36.8 ± 10.4 in non-carriers (diff = 4.8%; 95% CI 1.8 to 7.8).

CONCLUSIONS

Carriers of a heterozygous variant in the leptin-melanocortin pathway have a progressive and significant weight regain in the mid- and long-term after RYGB. Genotyping patients experiencing significant weight regain after RYGB could help implement multidisciplinary and individualized weight loss interventions to improve weight maintenance after surgery.

Association between the Blautia/Bacteroides Ratio and Altered Body Mass Index after Bariatric Surgery

BACKGRUOUND

Current evidence support that the gut microbiota plays a potential role in obesity. Bariatric surgery can reduce excess weight and decrease the risk of life-threatening weight-related health problems and may also influence gut microbiota. In this study, we aimed to investigate the changes in gut microbiota before and after bariatric surgery and evaluate the association of the gut microbial shift and altered body mass index (BMI) after bariatric surgery.

METHODS

Between January 2019 and July 2020, stools from 58 patients scheduled for bariatric surgery were collected. Six months after bariatric surgery, stools from 22 of these patients were re-collected, and the changes in gut microbiota before and after bariatric surgery were evaluated. In addition, the differences in gut microbiota between patients with severe obesity (BMI >35 kg/m2, n=42) and healthy volunteers with normal BMI (18.8 to 22.8 kg/m2, n=41) were investigated.

RESULTS

The gut microbiota of patients who underwent bariatric surgery showed increased α-diversity and differed β-diversity compared with those before surgery. Interestingly, Blautia was decreased and Bacteriodes was increased at the genus level after bariatric surgery. Further, the Blautia/Bacteroides ratio showed a positive correlation with BMI. To validate these results, we compared the gut microbiota from severely obese patients with high BMI with those from healthy volunteers and demonstrated that the Blautia/Bacteroides ratio correlated positively with BMI.

CONCLUSION

In the gut microbial analysis of patients who underwent bariatric surgery, we presented that the Blautia/Bacteroides ratio had changed after bariatric surgery and showed a positive correlation with BMI.

Gut microbiome: Linking together obesity, bariatric surgery and associated clinical outcomes under a single focus

Obesity is increasingly prevalent in the post-industrial era, with increased mortality rates. The gut microbiota has a central role in immunological, nutritional and metabolism mediated functions, and due to its multiplexity, it is considered an independent organ. Modern high-throughput sequencing techniques have allowed phylogenetic exploration and quantitative analyses of gut microbiome and improved our current understanding of the gut microbiota in health and disease. Its role in obesity and its changes following bariatric surgery have been highlighted in several studies. According to current literature, obesity is linked to a particular microbiota profile that grants the host an augmented potential for calorie release, while limited diversity of gut microbiome has also been observed. Moreover, bariatric surgery procedures represent effective interventions for sustained weight loss and restore a healthier microbiota, contributing to the observed fat mass reduction and lean mass increase. However, newer evidence has shown that gut microbiota is only partially recovered following bariatric surgery. Moreover, several targets including FGF15/19 (a gut-derived peptide), could be responsible for the favorable metabolic changes of bariatric surgery. More randomized controlled trials and larger prospective studies that include well-defined cohorts are required to better identify associations between gut microbiota, obesity, and bariatric surgery.

Changes in Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP) After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Obese Patients: a Meta-analysis

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate changes in GIP after RYGB in obese patients. We searched PubMed, EMBASE, and CENTRAL for relevant studies from database inception through July 2021. Articles were eligible for inclusion if they reported pre-operative and post-operative fasting GIP levels. We found fasting GIP levels had a decreasing tendency. The decrease in fasting glucose and postprandial GIP levels was also observed. Subgroup analysis indicated diabetic subjects tended to have a more obvious fasting GIP reduction compared to non-diabetic individuals. Meta-regression showed that the amount of weight loss (% total body weight), gastric pouch volume, alimentary limb length, and biliopancreatic limb length were not related to fasting GIP decrease. Fasting GIP levels decreased significantly after RYGB in obese people, especially in diabetic patients.

Utilization Trends and Disparities in Adolescent Bariatric Surgery in the United States 2009-2017

Background: Current reports of adolescent bariatric surgery underutilization for treating severe obesity do not comprehensively assess the extent of existing disparities. We sought to describe national trends in adolescent bariatric surgery over a 9-year period and investigate previously described ethnoracial-, insurance-, income-, and geographic-based disparities. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis of adolescents aged 10-19 years who underwent bariatric surgery from 2009 to 2017 was conducted using Healthcare Cost and Utilization Kids' Inpatient Database and National Inpatient Sample Databases. Annual rates and types of bariatric surgery were assessed using trend analysis and stratified by patient, hospital, and regional characteristics. Results: The rate of bariatric surgeries per 1,000,000 adolescents with severe obesity increased over time (227 cases in 2009 to 331cases in 2017). Roux-en-Y gastric bypass and gastric band significantly decreased (p < 0.001), while sleeve gastrectomy became the most commonly performed bariatric surgery (p < 0.001). Surgeries were increasingly performed in urban teaching hospitals (77.9%) and most commonly in the Northeast (34.4%) and South (40.9%). The proportion of black patients (12.1%-15.8%) undergoing bariatric surgery increased, although was not significant and remained below that of white patients (p = 0.06). The proportion of publicly insured patients undergoing bariatric surgery significantly increased (17.0% to 30.7%, p < 0.001), although no changes were observed based on median household income. Conclusions: Over the study period, utilization of adolescent bariatric surgery has increased. Yet, vulnerable populations, who have the highest rates of severe obesity, continue to undergo bariatric surgery at disproportionately lower rates. Further efforts to address disparities and barriers to care are urgently needed to care for these children.

Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with appetite sensations and eating regulation behaviors before and during the initial year following bariatric surgery

Background

Bariatric surgery produces weight loss in part by impacting appetite and eating behavior. Research suggests physical activity (PA) assists with regulation of appetite and eating during non-surgical weight loss, although whether PA carries similar benefits in the context of bariatric surgery is unknown.

Objective

Evaluate associations of moderate-to-vigorous intensity PA (MVPA) and sedentary time (ST) with appetite sensations (hunger [homeostatic/hedonic], satiety) and eating regulation behaviors (restraint, disinhibition) before and during the initial year following bariatric surgery.

Method

Adult bariatric patients received an accelerometer to measure MVPA/ST and a smartphone to complete appetite/eating ratings at four semi-random times daily for 10 days at pre- and 3-, 6-, and 12-months post-surgery. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models.

Results

Higher MVPA levels related to more satiety across time (p = 0.045) and more restraint at 3-months post-surgery (p < 0.001). At pre-surgery, higher MVPA levels also related to more disinhibition (p's < 0.01), although participants reported more disinhibition on days they performed less MVPA than usual (p = 0.017). MVPA did not relate to hunger. Lower ST levels related to more hedonic hunger (p = 0.003), especially at 12-months post-surgery (p < 0.001), and participants reported more homeostatic hunger on days they accumulated more ST than usual (p = 0.044). Additionally, higher ST levels related to more disinhibition at 3-months post-surgery (p's < 0.01) and lower restraint at pre-surgery (p's < 0.05). ST did not relate to satiety.

Conclusions

This study is the first to show that MVPA and ST each associate with appetite and eating regulation in daily life before and during post-surgical weight loss. Results, while preliminary and requiring experimental confirmation, highlight potential for targeting bariatric patients' activity behaviors to enhance modulation of appetite, control of food intake, and resistance to overeating.

The Impact of Bariatric Surgery on Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Outcomes: A Systematic Review

Obesity and its complications are increasing in today's era, with cardiovascular health being one of the most significant obesity-related comorbidities. Hypertension in obesity is considered one of the major causes of death and disability due to their negative repercussions on cardiovascular health. Bariatric surgery is an approved therapeutic modality for obese people in classes II and III who have a body mass index (BMI) of more than 35 kg/m² and 40 kg/m², respectively. These weight loss surgeries are procedures that alter metabolism by causing weight reduction and altering gastrointestinal physiology, thereby considerably decreasing cardiometabolic risk factors that have been poorly understood to date. The purpose of this review is to explore the impact of bariatric surgery on reducing cardiac risk factors, in turn protecting the heart from succumbing to premature death. A literature search was done in the following databases: PubMed, Google Scholar, and PubMed Central (PMC). The studies taken into account for this review were observational studies published between 2016 and 2021 in the English language, where the quality was assessed using relevant quality appraisal methodologies. Finally, 10 reports were selected as definitive studies. Upon extensive evaluation of the final studies, it can be concluded that bariatric surgery results in significant weight loss, which lowers metabolic syndrome prevalence, cardiovascular risk factors, and major adverse cardiovascular events, particularly acute coronary events, and a favorable improvement in cardiac structure and function, altogether steering to reduced mortality due to cardiovascular diseases in obese patients. It is also worth noting that, while metabolic surgery can help patients with various metabolic comorbidities, the impact on individuals with hypertension is still debatable. Although the studies show significant effects on the cardiovascular system, these were only observational studies in geographically dispersed locations where each patient's lifestyle patterns and motivational levels could vary. Since real-world data are not fully explored due to the limited randomized controlled trials, it is suggested that further human trials on a larger scale be conducted to provide an even more factual conclusion.

Impact of Vagotomy on Postoperative Weight Loss, Alimentary Intake, and Enterohormone Secretion After Bariatric Surgery in Experimental Translational Models

Obesity may be treated by bariatric procedures and is related to enterohormone release modulation. Nevertheless, a majority of commonly used surgical procedures have a significant impact on vagus nerve function by breaking the connections with its gastric branches. In the case of an intragastric balloon (BAL), this interaction is unclear. However, BAL-induced weight reduction is not long-lasting. Interestingly, this method has not been used in combination with vagotomy (VAG). Thus, we evaluated, for the first time, the short- and long-term effects of combined BAL and VAG using the animal-based translational model and compared these effects with sleeve gastrectomy (SG) and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Wistar rats were fed a high-calorie diet for 8 weeks to induce obesity before SG, RYGB, BAL + / - VAG. Animals' weight and eating behaviors were monitored weekly. After 90 days, serum samples were collected to evaluate postprandial and fasting GLP-1, GIP, PYY, ghrelin, glucagon, insulin, leptin, and pancreatic polypeptide concentrations by fluorescent assay. VAG, SG, RYGB, and BAL + VAG significantly reduced body weight 30 and 90 days after surgery. BAL alone induced temporal weight reduction observed after 30 days, reversed after 90 days. Calories intake was reduced at the first half of the observation period in all groups. Fluid intake was reduced in all groups except SG and BAL. Enterohormone profile for BAL + VAG was comparable to SG and RYGB but not BAL. VAG and BAL + VAG but not BAL alone maintain weight reduction, alimentary intake changes, and enterohormone release after long-term observation. VAG may improve the effectiveness of bariatric procedures for obesity treatment in clinical practice.

High plasma and lingual uroguanylin as potential contributors to changes in food preference after sleeve gastrectomy

BACKGROUND

The biological mediators supporting long-term weight loss and changes in dietary choice behaviour after sleeve gastrectomy remain unclear. Guanylin and uroguanylin are gut hormones involved in the regulation of satiety, food preference and adiposity. Thus, we sought to analyze whether the guanylin system is involved in changes in food preference after sleeve gastrectomy in obesity.

METHODS

Proguanylin (GUCA2A) and prouroguanylin (GUCA2B) were determined in patients with severe obesity (n = 41) as well as in rats with diet-induced obesity (n = 48), monogenic obesity (Zucker fa/fa) (n = 18) or in a food choice paradigm (normal diet vs high-fat diet) (n = 16) submitted to sleeve gastrectomy. Lingual distribution and expression of guanylins (GUCA2A and GUCA2B) and their receptor GUCY2C as well as the fatty acid receptor CD36 were evaluated in the preclinical models.

RESULTS

Circulating concentrations of GUCA2A and GUCA2B were increased after sleeve gastrectomy in patients with severe obesity as well as in rats with diet-induced and monogenic (fa/fa) obesity. Interestingly, the lower dietary fat preference observed in obese rats under the food choice paradigm as well as in patients with obesity after sleeve gastrectomy were negatively associated with post-surgical GUCA2B levels. Moreover, sleeve gastrectomy upregulated the low expression of GUCA2A and GUCA2B in taste bud cells of tongues from rats with diet-induced and monogenic (fa/fa) obesity in parallel to a downregulation of the lingual lipid sensor CD36.

CONCLUSIONS

The increased circulating and lingual GUCA2B after sleeve gastrectomy suggest an association between the uroguanylin-GUCY2C endocrine axis and food preference through the regulation of gustatory responses.