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Surani A, Carroll TB, Javorsky BR, Raff H, Findling JW. Alcohol-induced Cushing syndrome: report of eight cases and review of the literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1199091. [PMID: 37409223 PMCID: PMC10319132 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1199091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Alcohol-induced hypercortisolism (AIH) is underrecognized and may masquerade as neoplastic hypercortisolism [Cushing syndrome (CS)] obscuring its diagnosis. Objective and methods In order to characterize AIH, we performed a chart review of eight patients (4 males and 4 females; 2014-2022) referred for evaluation and treatment of neoplastic hypercortisolism - six for inferior petrosal sinus sampling, one due to persistent CS after unilateral adrenalectomy, and one for pituitary surgery for Cushing disease (CD). Five underwent dDAVP stimulation testing. Results All eight patients had clinical features of hypercortisolism and plasma ACTH levels within or above the reference interval confirming hypothalamic-pituitary mediation. All had abnormal low-dose dexamethasone suppression test and increased late-night salivary cortisol. Only one had increased urine cortisol excretion. In contrast to CD, the 5 patients tested had blunted or absent ACTH and cortisol responses to desmopressin. Two had adrenal nodules and one had abnormal pituitary imaging. Most patients underreported their alcohol consumption and one denied alcohol use. Elevated blood phosphatidyl ethanol (PEth) was required in one patient to confirm excessive alcohol use. All patients had elevations of liver function tests (LFTs) with AST>ALT. Conclusion AIH is an under-appreciated, reversible cause of non-neoplastic hypercortisolism that is indistinguishable from neoplastic CS. Incidental pituitary and adrenal imaging abnormalities as well as under-reporting of alcohol consumption further confound the diagnosis. Measurement of PEth helps to confirm an alcohol use disorder. Elevations of LFTs (AST>ALT) and subnormal ACTH and cortisol responses to dDAVP help to distinguish AIH from neoplastic hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Surani
- Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Ty B. Carroll
- Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Bradley R. Javorsky
- Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Department of Medicine. Clement J. Zablocki Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - Hershel Raff
- Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Departments of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Departments of Physiology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
| | - James W. Findling
- Departments of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
- Departments of Surgery, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, United States
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Martín-González C, Fernández-Alonso P, Pérez-Hernández O, Abreu-González P, Espelosín-Ortega E, Fernández-Rodríguez CM, Martín-Ponce E, González-Reimers E. Sarcopenic Obesity in People with Alcoholic Use Disorder: Relation with Inflammation, Vascular Risk Factors and Serum Vitamin D Levels. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9976. [PMID: 37373124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the terms sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and osteosarcopenic obesity (OSO) were coined to define a situation in elderly people strongly associated with frailty and increased mortality. Possibly, a complex interplay of several hormones and cytokines are involved in its development. Ongoing research detected that OSO may occur at any age and in several conditions. The prevalence of OSO in alcoholism was poorly analyzed. The aim of this study was to analyze the prevalence of OSO in alcoholism and its relationship with proinflammatory cytokines and/or common complications of alcoholism, such as cirrhosis, cancer, or vascular disease. We included 115 patients with alcoholic use disorder. Body composition analysis was performed by double X-ray absorptiometry. Handgrip strength was recorded using a dynamometer. We assessed liver function according to Child's classification, and determined serum levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8), routine laboratory variables, and vitamin D. People with alcoholic use disorder showed a high prevalence of OSO, especially regarding OSO obesity (60%), OSO osteopenia (55.65%), and OSO lean mass (60.17%). OSO handgrip was closely, independently, related to the presence of vascular calcification (χ2 = 17.00; p < 0.001). OSO handgrip was related to several proinflammatory cytokines and vitamin D. Vitamin D deficiency kept a close correlation with OSO handgrip (rho = -0.54, p < 0.001). Therefore, among people with alcohol use disorder, OSO prevalence was high. OSO handgrip is related to serum proinflammatory cytokine levels supporting the possible pathogenetic role of these cytokines on OSO development. Vitamin D deficiency is related to OSO handgrip suggesting its pathogenetic involvement in sarcopenia in patients with alcohol use disorder. The close association between OSO handgrip and vascular calcification is clinically relevant and suggests that OSO handgrip may constitute a prognostic tool in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Candelaria Martín-González
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Paula Fernández-Alonso
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Onán Pérez-Hernández
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Pedro Abreu-González
- Departamento de Ciencias Médicas Básicas, Unidad de Fisiología, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Elisa Espelosín-Ortega
- Servicio de Laboratorio, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Camino María Fernández-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Esther Martín-Ponce
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
| | - Emilio González-Reimers
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Universidad de La Laguna, Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Tenerife, Canary Islands, 38320 La Laguna, Spain
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Nath P, Anand AC. Extrahepatic Manifestations in Alcoholic Liver Disease. J Clin Exp Hepatol 2022; 12:1371-1383. [PMID: 36157144 PMCID: PMC9499846 DOI: 10.1016/j.jceh.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Though liver is the most commonly affected organ in patients with chronic and excessive intake of alcohol, no organ is immune to toxic effects of alcohol and patients with alcohol-related liver disease (ALD) can suffer from a wide list of extrahepatic manifestations involving gastrointestinal tract, central and peripheral nervous systems, cardio vascular system, musculo-skeletal system, disruption of nutritional status, endocrinological abnormalities, hematological abnormalities and immune dysfunction. These extrahepatic organ involvements are usually overlooked by hepatologists and physicians who are mostly focused on managing life threatening complications of ALD. As a result, there is delayed diagnosis, delay in the initiation of appropriate treatment and late referral to other specialists. Some of these manifestations are of utmost clinical importance (e.g. delirium tremans and Wernicke's encephalopathy) because an early diagnosis and treatment can lead to full recovery while delayed or no treatment can result in death. On the other hand, several extrahepatic manifestations are of prognostic significance (such as alcoholic cardiomyopathy and malignancies) in which there is an increased risk of morbidity and mortality. Hence, a clear understanding and awareness of the extrahepatic manifestations of ALD is quintessential for proper management of these patients.
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Key Words
- ACE, Angiotensin-Converting-Enzyme
- ALD, Alcohol related Liver Disease
- AUD, Alcohol Use Disorder
- GAVE, Gastric Antral Vascular Ectasia
- GERD, Gastro-Esophageal Reflux Disease
- HCC, Hepatocellular Carcinoma
- HIV, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- IL, Interleukin
- NERD, Non-Erosive Reflux Disease
- PPI, Proton Pump Inhibitors
- TNF, Tumour Necrosis Factor
- UGI, Upper Gastrointestinal
- WHO, World Health Organization
- alcohol use disorder
- alcohol withdrawal syndrome
- alcoholic cardiomyopathy
- alcoholic liver disease
- alcoholic myopathy
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetam Nath
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
| | - Anil C. Anand
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Kalinga Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 751024, India
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Kahler-Quesada AM, Grant KA, Walter NAR, Newman N, Allen MR, Burr DB, Branscum AJ, Maddalozzo GF, Turner RT, Iwaniec UT. Voluntary Chronic Heavy Alcohol Consumption in Male Rhesus Macaques Suppresses Cancellous Bone Formation and Increases Bone Marrow Adiposity. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:2494-2503. [PMID: 31557335 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic heavy alcohol consumption is an established risk factor for bone fracture, but comorbidities associated with alcohol intake may contribute to increased fracture rates in alcohol abusers. To address the specific effects of alcohol on bone, we used a nonhuman primate model and evaluated voluntary alcohol consumption on: (i) global markers of bone turnover in blood and (ii) cancellous bone mass, density, microarchitecture, turnover, and microdamage in lumbar vertebra. METHODS Following a 4-month induction period, 6-year-old male rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta, n = 13) voluntarily self-administered water or ethanol (EtOH; 4% w/v) for 22 h/d, 7 d/wk, for a total of 12 months. Control animals (n = 9) consumed an isocaloric maltose-dextrin solution. Tetracycline hydrochloride was administered orally 17 and 3 days prior to sacrifice to label mineralizing bone surfaces. Global skeletal response to EtOH was evaluated by measuring plasma osteocalcin and carboxyterminal collagen cross-links (CTX). Local response was evaluated in lumbar vertebra using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, microcomputed tomography, static and dynamic histomorphometry, and histological assessment of microdamage. RESULTS Monkeys in the EtOH group consumed an average of 2.8 ± 0.2 (mean ± SE) g/kg/d of EtOH (30 ± 2% of total calories), resulting in an average blood EtOH concentration of 88.3 ± 8.8 mg/dl 7 hours after the session onset. Plasma CTX and osteocalcin tended to be lower in EtOH-consuming monkeys compared to controls. Significant differences in bone mineral density in lumbar vertebrae 1 to 4 were not detected with treatment. However, cancellous bone volume fraction (in cores biopsied from the central region of the third vertebral body) was lower in EtOH-consuming monkeys compared to controls. Furthermore, EtOH-consuming monkeys had lower osteoblast perimeter and mineralizing perimeter, no significant difference in osteoclast perimeter, and higher bone marrow adiposity than controls. No significant differences between groups were detected in microcrack density (2nd lumbar vertebra). CONCLUSIONS Voluntary chronic heavy EtOH consumption reduces cancellous bone formation in lumbar vertebra by decreasing osteoblast-lined bone perimeter, a response associated with an increase in bone marrow adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna M Kahler-Quesada
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Kathleen A Grant
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Nicole A R Walter
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Natali Newman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, Oregon
| | - Matthew R Allen
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - David B Burr
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University-Purdue University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics Program, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Gianni F Maddalozzo
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology Laboratory, School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.,Center for Healthy Aging Research, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
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5
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Hepatic Osteodystrophy-Molecular Mechanisms Proposed to Favor Its Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102555. [PMID: 31137669 PMCID: PMC6566554 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost all patients with chronic liver diseases (CLD) show altered bone metabolism. Depending on the etiology, this manifests in a severe osteoporosis in up to 75% of the affected patients. Due to high prevalence, the generic term hepatic osteodystrophy (HOD) evolved, describing altered bone metabolism, decreased bone mineral density, and deterioration of bone structure in patients with CLD. Once developed, HOD is difficult to treat and increases the risk of fragility fractures. Existing fractures affect the quality of life and, more importantly, long-term prognosis of these patients, which presents with increased mortality. Thus, special care is required to support the healing process. However, for early diagnosis (reduce fracture risk) and development of adequate treatment strategies (support healing of existing fractures), it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms that link disturbed liver function with this bone phenotype. In the present review, we summarize proposed molecular mechanisms favoring the development of HOD and compromising the healing of associated fractures, including alterations in vitamin D metabolism and action, disbalances in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling with histone deacetylases (HDACs) as secondary regulators, as well as alterations in the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL)–osteoprotegerin (OPG) system mediated by sclerostin. Based on these mechanisms, we give an overview on the limitations of early diagnosis of HOD with established serum markers.
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6
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Song TH, Shim JC, Jung DU, Moon JJ, Jeon DW, Kim SJ, Oh MK. Increased Bone Mineral Density after Abstinence in Male Patients with Alcohol Dependence. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 16:282-289. [PMID: 30121978 PMCID: PMC6124870 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.3.282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to compare the bone mineral density of male patients with alcohol dependence with that in healthy controls and to assess changes in bone density after abstinence. Methods Forty-four inpatients with confirmed the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition diagnosis of alcohol abuse and 42 controls were recruited. Bone density was determined with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in the lumbar spine as well as in the femoral neck, trochanter, and Ward’s triangle regions of the proximal right femur. Results There were no significant differences in age and body mass index between patients with alcohol dependence and healthy controls. In the alcohol dependence group, osteopenia and osteoporosis were found in 54.5% and 34.1% of the patients, respectively, whereas in the control group, the corresponding values were 45.2% and 11.9% (p=0.001). Although the actual bone density in the femur and the corresponding T-scores were significantly lower in the alcohol dependence group, no significant differences were found in the lumbar spine. In both groups, body mass index showed a significant correlation with bone mineral density in all areas. After 3 to 4 years of abstinence, bone density significantly increased in the lumbar and femur. Conclusion We conclude that bone mineral density in patients with alcohol dependence was significantly lower than that in healthy controls, and the rates of osteopenia and osteoporosis are higher. Importantly, abstinence from alcohol increases bone density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-Hong Song
- Departments of Psychiatry, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | | | - Do-Un Jung
- Departments of Psychiatry, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Joon Moon
- Departments of Psychiatry, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Dong-Wook Jeon
- Departments of Psychiatry, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Kim
- Departments of Psychiatry, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
| | - Min-Kyung Oh
- Departments of Pharmacology, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital, Busan, Korea
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7
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Wintermeyer E, Ihle C, Ehnert S, Stöckle U, Ochs G, de Zwart P, Flesch I, Bahrs C, Nussler AK. Crucial Role of Vitamin D in the Musculoskeletal System. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8060319. [PMID: 27258303 PMCID: PMC4924160 DOI: 10.3390/nu8060319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is well known to exert multiple functions in bone biology, autoimmune diseases, cell growth, inflammation or neuromuscular and other immune functions. It is a fat-soluble vitamin present in many foods. It can be endogenously produced by ultraviolet rays from sunlight when the skin is exposed to initiate vitamin D synthesis. However, since vitamin D is biologically inert when obtained from sun exposure or diet, it must first be activated in human beings before functioning. The kidney and the liver play here a crucial role by hydroxylation of vitamin D to 25-hydroxyvitamin D in the liver and to 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in the kidney. In the past decades, it has been proven that vitamin D deficiency is involved in many diseases. Due to vitamin D’s central role in the musculoskeletal system and consequently the strong negative impact on bone health in cases of vitamin D deficiency, our aim was to underline its importance in bone physiology by summarizing recent findings on the correlation of vitamin D status and rickets, osteomalacia, osteopenia, primary and secondary osteoporosis as well as sarcopenia and musculoskeletal pain. While these diseases all positively correlate with a vitamin D deficiency, there is a great controversy regarding the appropriate vitamin D supplementation as both positive and negative effects on bone mineral density, musculoskeletal pain and incidence of falls are reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke Wintermeyer
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Christoph Ihle
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Ulrich Stöckle
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Gunnar Ochs
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Peter de Zwart
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Ingo Flesch
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Christian Bahrs
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, BG Trauma Center, Siegfried Weller Institut, Schnarrenbergstr. 95, Tübingen D-72076, Germany.
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8
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Meyer A. Assessment of diet and recognition of nutritional deficiencies in paleopathological studies: A review. Clin Anat 2016; 29:862-9. [PMID: 26823189 DOI: 10.1002/ca.22696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
An essential part of paleopathology is the study of diet and nutrition as well as inferring aspects of diet and nutrition from the skeletal pathology. Interpretation of nutritional and metabolic disease-related pathologies often provides additional insight into the daily social and cultural practices of people. However, precise diagnoses of specific vitamin-related deficiencies in archaeological skeletal remains are still quite problematic and specific diagnoses are rarely possible. This partly stems from the fact that many nutritional or metabolic diseases do not necessarily result in an osteological response and when they do, the comorbidity and analogous osteological responses to vitamin deficiencies may hamper the definite diagnosis of nutrition-related disease. Clin. Anat. 29:862-869, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meyer
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Arcadia, Gauteng, South Africa.
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9
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Michael AR, Bengtson JD. Chronic alcoholism and bone remodeling processes: Caveats and considerations for the forensic anthropologist. J Forensic Leg Med 2015; 38:87-92. [PMID: 26724563 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Clinical literature provides substantial information on the effects of chronic alcohol abuse on bone remodeling and related skeletal disease processes. This biomedical information is seldom considered in detail by forensic anthropologists, who often rely on normative macroscopic models of bone remodeling and traditional macroscopic age estimation methods in the creation of biological profiles. The case study presented here considers the ways that alcoholism disrupts normal bone remodeling processes, thus skewing estimations of age-at-death. Alcoholism affects bone macroscopically, resulting in a porous appearance and an older estimation of age, while simultaneously inhibiting osteoblastic activity and resulting in a younger microscopic appearance. Forensic anthropologists must also be cognizant of pathological remodeling stemming from alcoholism in cases where trauma analysis is critical to the reconstruction of events leading up to death, as fracture healing rates can be affected. Beyond the case study, we also consider how forensic anthropologists and practitioners can recognize and account for osteological signatures of alcoholism in medico-legal contexts. In order to best estimate age at death, a combined macroscopic and microscopic approach should be employed whenever possible alcohol and drug abuse is known or suspected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy R Michael
- Michigan State University, Department of Anthropology, 355 Baker Hall, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
| | - Jennifer D Bengtson
- Southeast Missouri State University, Department of Global Cultures and Languages, One University Plaza, MS 4120, Cape Girardeau, MO 63701, USA.
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10
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Molina PE, Gardner JD, Souza-Smith FM, Whitaker AM. Alcohol abuse: critical pathophysiological processes and contribution to disease burden. Physiology (Bethesda) 2015; 29:203-15. [PMID: 24789985 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00055.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol abuse; the most common and costly form of drug abuse, is a major contributing factor to many disease categories. The alcohol-attributable disease burden is closely related to the average volume of alcohol consumption, with dose-dependent relationships between amount and duration of alcohol consumption and the incidence of diabetes mellitus, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, stroke, and pneumonia. The frequent occurrence of alcohol use disorders in the adult population and the significant and widespread detrimental organ system effects highlight the importance of recognizing and further investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced tissue and organ injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Molina
- Department of Physiology and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
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11
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Fracture risk in hepatitis C virus infected persons: results from the DANVIR cohort study. J Hepatol 2014; 61:15-21. [PMID: 24650694 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The association between Hepatitis C virus (HCV)-infection and fracture risk is not well characterized. We compared fracture risk between HCV-seropositive (HCV-exposed) patients and the general population and between patients with cleared and chronic HCV-infection. METHODS Outcome measures were time to first fracture at any site, time to first low-energy and first non-low-energy (other) fracture in 12,013 HCV-exposed patients from the DANVIR cohort compared with a general population control cohort (n=60,065) matched by sex and age. Within DANVIR, 4500 patients with chronic HCV-infection and 2656 patients with cleared HCV-infection were studied. RESULTS Compared with population controls, HCV-exposed patients had increased overall risk of fracture [adjusted incidence rate ratio (aIRR) 2.15, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 2.03-2.28], increased risk of low-energy fracture (aIRR 2.13, 95% CI: 1.93-2.35) and of other fracture (aIRR 2.18, 95% CI: 2.02-2.34). Compared with cleared HCV-infection, chronic HCV-infection was not associated with increased risk of fracture at any site (aIRR 1.08, 95% CI: 0.97-1.20), or other fracture (aIRR 1.04, 95% CI: 0.91-1.19). The aIRR for low-energy fracture was 1.20 (95% CI: 0.99-1.44). CONCLUSIONS HCV-exposed patients had increased risk of all fracture types. In contrast, overall risk of fracture did not differ between patients with chronic vs. cleared HCV-infection, although chronic HCV-infection might be associated with a small excess risk of low-energy fractures. Our study suggests that fracture risk in HCV-infected patients is multi-factorial and mainly determined by lifestyle-related factors associated with HCV-exposure.
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12
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Hosseini S, Valizade R, Heydarabadi FD. Comparison of Bone Mineral Density among Alcoholism and Nonalcoholism Athlete and Nonathlete Subjects. Euroasian J Hepatogastroenterol 2014; 4:1-3. [PMID: 29264309 PMCID: PMC5736946 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10018-1086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare bone mineral density among alcoholic, nonalcoholic and nonathlete subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS The group consisted of physically active people. A questionnaire was given to both alcoholics and nonalcoholics and 28 persons were randomly selected (15 members who consumed alcohol and 13 who did not). In order to collect the data on mineral aggregation, a testing device (DEXA) was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS software. RESULTS It was found that higher bone aggregation in each of the two athletic group in comparison with the nonathletic group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Exercise may have a positive impact on bone mineral density. ABBREVIATIONS BMD: bone mineral density; SPSS: Statistical package for social science.How to cite this article: Hosseini S, Valizade R, Heydarabadi FD. Comparison of Bone Mineral Density among Alcoholism and Nonalcoholism Athlete and Nonathlete Subjects. Euroasian J Hepato-Gastroenterol 2014;4(1):1-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siros Hosseini
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bebahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bebahan, Iran
| | - Roholla Valizade
- Sama Technical and Vocational Training College, Omidiyeh Branch, Islamic Azad University, Omidiyeh, Iran
| | - Fateme Daraei Heydarabadi
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Bebahan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bebahan, Iran
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Molina PE, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Biomedical consequences of alcohol use disorders in the HIV-infected host. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:265-75. [PMID: 25053365 PMCID: PMC4222574 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140721121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is the most common and costly form of drug abuse in the United States. It is well known that alcohol abuse contributes to risky behaviors associated with greater incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. As HIV has become a more chronic disease since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, it is expected that alcohol use disorders will have an adverse effect on the health of HIV-infected patients. The biomedical consequences of acute and chronic alcohol abuse are multisystemic. Based on what is currently known of the comorbid and pathophysiological conditions resulting from HIV infection in people with alcohol use disorders, chronic alcohol abuse appears to alter the virus infectivity, the immune response of the host, and the progression of disease and tissue injury, with specific impact on disease progression. The combined insult of alcohol abuse and HIV affects organ systems, including the central nervous system, the immune system, the liver, heart, and lungs, and the musculoskeletal system. Here we outline the major pathological consequences of alcohol abuse in the HIV-infected individual, emphasizing its impact on immunomodulation, erosion of lean body mass associated with AIDS wasting, and lipodystrophy. We conclude that interventions focused on reducing or avoiding alcohol abuse are likely to be important in decreasing morbidity and improving outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Nelson
- LSUHSC Physiology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Pelazas-González R, González-Reimers E, Alemán-Valls MR, Santolaria-Fernández F, López-Prieto J, González-Díaz A, Gómez-Sirvent JL, de la Vega-Prieto MJ. Bone alterations in hepatitis C virus infected patients. Eur J Intern Med 2013; 24:92-6. [PMID: 23026411 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2012.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2012] [Revised: 08/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Most studies have shown that patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are affected by osteoporosis. However, liver function impairment and deranged nutrition may both play a role in the bone alterations observed. In some works no osteoporosis was found, and some cases of osteosclerosis have been reported. The aim of the study is to assess bone alterations in treatment-naïve, well-nourished HCV patients, in order to discern whether or not HCV infection causes osteoporosis. METHODS Whole-body bone densitometry and assessment of T-score at lumbar spine and hip were performed to 40 patients and 40 age- and sex-matched controls, with a Lunar Prodigy Advance (General Electric, Piscataway, NJ, USA). All the patients underwent liver biopsy. Nutritional evaluation was performed by subjective nutritional assessment, body mass index (BMI), and densitometric assessment of total lean mass and total fat mass. Serum osteocalcin, osteoprotegerin, RANKL, PTH, crosslaps, vitamin D3, testosterone, IGF-1, and estradiol were determined. RESULTS Patients did not show differences in total bone mineral density (BMD) or T-score with controls. On the contrary, about a third of them showed positive T scores. Patients showed lower IGF-1, vitamin D3 and testosterone, but higher telopeptide levels, and a trend to higher osteoprotegerin levels. Multivariate analyses disclosed that age, sex, and total lean mass were the only parameters independently related with BMD. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, chronic HCV infection in well nourished patients with preserved liver function does not cause osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Pelazas-González
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Lauing KL, Roper PM, Nauer RK, Callaci JJ. Acute alcohol exposure impairs fracture healing and deregulates β-catenin signaling in the fracture callus. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:2095-103. [PMID: 22691115 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01830.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol abuse is a risk factor for bone damage and fracture-related complications. Through precise β-catenin signaling, canonical Wnt signaling plays a key role in fracture repair by promoting the differentiation of new bone and cartilage cells. In this study, we examined the effects of alcohol on the Wnt pathway in injured bone using a murine model of alcohol-induced impaired fracture healing. METHODS Male C57Bl/6 or T cell factor (TCF)-transgenic mice were administered 3 daily intraperitoneal doses of alcohol or saline. One hour following the final injection, mice were subjected to a stabilized, mid-shaft tibial fracture. Injured and contralateral tibias were harvested at 6, 9, or 14 days post-fracture for the analysis of biomechanical strength, callus tissue composition, and Wnt/β-catenin signaling. RESULTS Acute alcohol treatment was associated with a significant decrease in fracture callus volume, diameter, and biomechanical strength at day 14 post-fracture. Histology revealed an alcohol-related reduction in cartilage and bone formation at the fracture site, and that alcohol inhibited normal cartilage maturation. Acute alcohol exposure caused a significant 2.3-fold increase in total β-catenin protein at day 6 and a significant decrease of 53 and 56% at days 9 and 14, respectively. lacZ staining in β-galactosidase-expressing TCF-transgenic mice revealed spatial and quantitative differences in Wnt-specific transcriptional activation at day 6 in the alcohol group. Days 9 and 14 post-fracture showed that acute alcohol exposure decreased Wnt transcriptional activation, which correlates with the modulation of total β-catenin protein levels observed at these time points. CONCLUSIONS Acute alcohol exposure resulted in significant impairment of fracture callus tissue formation, perturbation of the key Wnt pathway protein β-catenin, and disruption of normal Wnt-mediated transcription. These data suggest that the canonical Wnt pathway is a target for alcohol in bone and may partially explain why impaired fracture healing is observed in alcohol-abusing individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen L Lauing
- Burn and Shock Trauma Institute, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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16
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Steiniche T. Bone histomorphometry in the pathophysiological evaluation of primary and secondary osteoporosis and various treatment modalities. APMIS 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.1995.tb05544.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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17
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Kouda K, Iki M, Fujita Y, Tamaki J, Yura A, Kadowaki E, Sato Y, Moon JS, Morikawa M, Tomioka K, Okamoto N, Kurumatani N. Alcohol intake and bone status in elderly Japanese men: baseline data from the Fujiwara-kyo osteoporosis risk in men (FORMEN) study. Bone 2011; 49:275-80. [PMID: 21530699 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are no data concerning a relationship between alcohol and bone status from a large-scale community-based study of elderly Japanese men. The baseline survey for the Fujiwara-kyo Osteoporosis Risk in Men Study was performed in 2174 male participants during the period from 2007 to 2008 in Nara Prefecture, Japan. Among them 1665 fitted the following inclusion criteria: (a) age ≥65years, (b) no diseases or drug therapy that could affect bone mineral density (BMD). We analyzed 1421 men with complete information about alcohol intake. We found that alcohol intake and BMD were positively correlated after adjustment for age, body mass index, natto intake, milk intake, smoking, physical activity, education, marital status, and hypertension. Adjusted total hip BMD of men with alcohol intake >39g/day was 0.90g/cm(2) and that of abstainers was 0.85g/cm(2). With regard to bone turnover markers, alcohol intake was inversely associated with serum levels of osteocalcin and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoenzyme 5b. A two-piece linear regression model revealed a positive relationship between alcohol intake and crude mean BMD for the total hip in those with alcohol intake of less than 55g/day. In contrast, alcohol intake and BMD in those with an alcohol intake of 55g/day or more was inversely correlated. The present large-scale study of elderly Japanese men revealed that although an alcohol intake of <55g/day was positively correlated to BMD, alcohol intake of ≥55g/day was inversely correlated to BMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuyasu Kouda
- Department of Public Health, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, 377-2 Oono-higashi, Osaka-Sayama, Osaka 589-8511, Japan
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18
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González-Reimers E, Alvisa-Negrín J, Santolaria-Fernández F, Ros-Vilamajó R, Martín-González MC, Hernández-Betancor I, García-Valdecasas-Campelo E, González-Díaz A. Prognosis of osteopenia in chronic alcoholics. Alcohol 2011; 45:227-38. [PMID: 21051177 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2010] [Revised: 09/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is frequent among alcoholics all by a direct effect of ethanol, malnutrition, and liver failure. Therefore, it may be related to survival. The aim of this study was to assess bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content, hormonal status, and to determine prognostic value of these parameters in a total of 124 alcoholics followed up for a median period of 57 months. Several bone homeostasis-related hormones were measured in patients and age- and sex-matched controls. Whole-body densitometry was performed by a Hologic QDR-2000 (Waltham, MA) densitometer; nutritional status and liver function were assessed. Sixty patients underwent a second evaluation 6 months later. Patients showed lower serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (median=58, interquartile range [IQR]=33-135 vs. 135ng/mL, IQR=116-243ng/mL, P<.001), vitamin D (25.5, IQR=18.3-36.8 vs. 79.9pg/mL, IQR=59.2-107.8pg/mL, P<.001), and osteocalcin (2.1, IQR=1.1-4.5 vs. 6.5ng/mL, IQR=4.7-8.7ng/mL, P<.001) than controls, and lower BMD values, and lower Z- and T-scores at right and left legs and arms, thoracic and lumbar spine, pelvis, and right and left ribs. By multiple regression analysis, BMD mainly depends on nutritional parameters and liver function. Kaplan-Meier curves show that subtotal BMD and BMD at both arms and pelvis were significantly related with survival. Patients who had lost total hip BMD after 6 months showed a shorter survival than those who had not, but using Cox's regression, encephalopathy, ascites, and nutritional parameters displaced BMD as prognostic factor. Therefore, osteopenia ensues in chronic alcoholic patients. It mainly depends on poor nutrition and is related to survival, although surpassed in this sense by encephalopathy, ascites, and nutritional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio González-Reimers
- Servicios de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Jin LH, Chang SJ, Koh SB, Kim KS, Lee TY, Ryu SY, Song JS, Park JK. Association between alcohol consumption and bone strength in Korean adults: the Korean Genomic Rural Cohort Study. Metabolism 2011; 60:351-8. [PMID: 20359726 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2010.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2009] [Revised: 02/09/2010] [Accepted: 02/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have reported an inconsistent relationship between alcohol consumption and bone health. A growing body of research has shown that chronic alcoholism leads to osteopenia and increased incidence of skeletal fractures, but some studies have concluded that alcohol consumption may be associated with higher bone mineral density in elderly populations. However, most studies showing a significant relationship between alcohol consumption and bone status have been in Western countries; and subjects have usually been postmenopausal women. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the association of alcohol consumption with bone strength in Korean adults. Data were from the Korean Genomic Rural Cohort Study, which is an ongoing population-based study of adults aged 40 to 70 years from 5 regions. A total of 7713 participants (3368 men, 4345 women) were surveyed about their annual consumption of alcohol such as soju, beer, makkolli, wine, and whisky. Bone strength was measured by stiffness index using the calcaneal quantitative ultrasound method. Overall, the annual age-specific decrease rate in the stiffness index of women was 2.7 times higher than that of men (0.463% for women, 0.169% for men).After adjustment for eligible covariates, the association between alcohol consumption and risk of reduced bone strength showed a J-shaped curve for both men and women. Compared with nondrinkers, the relative risk of reduced bone strength was 0.52 (95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.83) in men who drank 4 to 5 cups of soju for an amount of 29.626 to 49.375 g of alcohol per day and 0.61 (95% confidence interval, 0.38-0.86) in men who drank 6 to 7 cups of soju for an amount of 49.376 to 69.125 g of alcohol per day. We found no significant relationship between alcohol consumption and bone strength in any other group of men. For women, results suggested that the risk of reduced bone strength was lower in the moderate-consumption group; but no significant relationship was found between alcohol consumption at any level and bone strength. Among Korean adults, alcohol consumption has a J-shaped relationship with risk of reduced bone strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Hua Jin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Institute of Occupational and Environmental, Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, South Korea
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20
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González-Reimers E, Alvisa-Negrín J, Santolaria-Fernández F, Candelaria Martín-González M, Hernández-Betancor I, Fernández-Rodríguez CM, Viña-Rodríguez J, González-Díaz A. Vitamin D and nutritional status are related to bone fractures in alcoholics. Alcohol Alcohol 2011; 46:148-55. [PMID: 21248027 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agq098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone fractures are common in alcoholics. AIMS To analyse which factors (ethanol consumption; liver function impairment; bone densitometry; hormone changes; nutritional status, and disrupted social links and altered eating habits) are related to bone fractures in 90 alcoholic men admitted to our hospitalization unit because of organic problems. METHODS Bone homoeostasis-related hormones were measured in patients and age- and sex-matched controls. Whole-body densitometry was performed by a Hologic QDR-2000 (Waltham, MA, USA) densitometer, recording bone mineral density (BMD) and fat and lean mass; nutritional status and liver function were assessed. The presence of prevalent fractures was assessed by anamnesis and chest X-ray film. RESULTS Forty-nine patients presented at least one fracture. We failed to find differences between patients with and without fractures regarding BMD parameters. Differences regarding fat mass were absent, but lean mass was lower among patients with bone fracture. The presence of fracture was significantly associated with impaired subjective nutritional evaluation (χ² = 5.79, P = 0.016), lower vitamin D levels (Z = 2.98, P = 0.003) and irregular eating habits (χ² = 5.32, P = 0.02). Reduced lean mass and fat mass, and altered eating habits were more prevalent among patients with only rib fractures (n = 36) than in patients with multiple fractures and/or fractures affecting other bones (n = 13). These last were more closely related to decompensated liver disease. Serum vitamin D levels showed a significant relationship with handgrip strength (ρ = 0.26, P = 0.023) and lean mass at different parts of the body, but not with fat mass. By logistic regression analysis, only vitamin D and subjective nutritional evaluation were significantly, independently related with fractures. CONCLUSION Prevalent fractures are common among heavy alcoholics. Their presence is related more closely to nutritional status, lean mass and vitamin D levels than to BMD. Lean mass is more reduced, nutritional status is more impaired and there is a trend to more altered eating habits among patients with rib fractures, whereas multiple fractures depend more heavily on advanced liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio González-Reimers
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario, Universidad de La Laguna, Ofra s/n, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain.
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Complications in spinal deformity surgery: issues unrelated directly to intraoperative technical skills. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2010; 35:2215-23. [PMID: 21102296 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e3181fd591f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Literature review of complications unrelated directly to surgical skills involved in spinal deformity surgery. OBJECTIVE Highlight complications associated with perioperative issues. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Complications can arise from mundane events that arise during the operative experience, but are not directly related to surgical skills. METHODS Literature reviews that touches on the more common potential complication events that do not involve direct surgical expertise. RESULTS The topics of positioning, nutrition, blood loss, comorbidities, OR time, and pulmonary and GI concerns are discussed as basics that could derail a surgical outcome even with an otherwise uneventful surgical technique. The need for vigilance is stressed and the nuances of understanding these are discussed. CONCLUSION Mundane events can derail a perfectly executed surgical undertaking. Attention to detail, team work, close monitoring, and checklist type focus will help to improve, focus, and avoid these preventable complications that have nothing to do with direct surgical skills.
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Moro-Álvarez M, Blázquez Cabrera J. Osteoporosis en el varón. Rev Clin Esp 2010; 210:342-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rce.2009.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2009] [Revised: 11/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Ha H, Lee HY, Lee JH, Jung D, Choi J, Song KY, Jung HJ, Choi JS, Chang SI, Kim C. Formononetin prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in rats. Arch Pharm Res 2010; 33:625-32. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-010-0418-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2009] [Revised: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 02/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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24
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Alvisa-Negrín J, González-Reimers E, Santolaria-Fernández F, García-Valdecasas-Campelo E, Valls MRA, Pelazas-González R, Durán-Castellón MC, de Los Angeles Gómez-Rodríguez M. Osteopenia in alcoholics: effect of alcohol abstinence. Alcohol Alcohol 2009; 44:468-75. [PMID: 19535494 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agp038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aims of this study were to assess bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC), osteocalcin, serum telopeptide, PTH and vitamin D in alcoholics, and to determine if a 6-month period of abstinence leads to changes in these parameters. METHODS Serum osteocalcin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), telopeptide (40 patients) and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D, were measured in 28 controls and 77 alcoholic patients, 48 of whom were evaluated again 6 months later. All patients underwent whole-body assessment of BMD by a Hologic QDR-2000 (Waltham, MA, USA) bone densitometer, at the beginning of the study and 6 months later. RESULTS Patients showed higher serum telopeptide levels (0.59 +/- 0.40 versus 0.19 +/- 0.10 nmol/100 ml, P < 0.001), lower IGF-1 [median = 49, interquartile range (IQR) = 31-121 ng/ml versus 135, IQR = 116-237 ng/ml, P < 0.001], vitamin D [26.5, IQR = 17.0-37.8 pg/ml versus 82.4 (IQR = 60.9-107.4 pg/ml, P < 0.001] and osteocalcin (2.1, IQR = 1.1-3.6 ng/ml versus 6.65, IQR = 4.9-8.8 ng/ml, P < 0.001) than those in controls. Patients also showed lower BMD values, Z- and T-scores at many levels of the skeleton and reduced total BMC. After 6 months, those who continued drinking showed a loss of bone mass, whereas those who abstained showed either no change or increase, differences being especially marked at pelvis, right arm and total BMD and BMC. Simultaneously, abstainers showed a significant increase in osteocalcin (versus a decrease among those who continued drinking). Serum telopeptide increased in both groups. CONCLUSION Ethanol consumption leads to osteopenia, and decreased serum osteocalcin, which improve with abstinence, whereas those who continue drinking show a worsening of both parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Alvisa-Negrín
- Hospital Universitario, Universidad de La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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25
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Díaz Curiel M, Moro Álvarez M, Serrano Morales R. Osteoporosis masculina. Rev Clin Esp 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2565(09)73243-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Berg KM, Kunins HV, Jackson JL, Nahvi S, Chaudhry A, Harris KA, Malik R, Arnsten JH. Association between alcohol consumption and both osteoporotic fracture and bone density. Am J Med 2008; 121:406-18. [PMID: 18456037 PMCID: PMC2692368 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2007.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2007] [Revised: 12/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Alcoholism is a risk factor for osteoporotic fractures and low bone density, but the effects of moderate alcohol consumption on bone are unknown. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the associations between alcohol consumption and osteoporotic fractures, bone density and bone density loss over time, bone response to estrogen replacement, and bone remodeling. METHODS MEDLINE, Current Contents, PsychINFO, and Cochrane Libraries were searched for studies published before May 14, 2007. We assessed quality using the internal validity criteria of the US Preventive Services Task Force. RESULTS We pooled effect sizes for 2 specific outcomes (hip fracture and bone density) and synthesized data qualitatively for 4 outcomes (non-hip fracture, bone density loss over time, bone response to estrogen replacement, and bone remodeling). Compared with abstainers, persons consuming from more than 0.5 to 1.0 drinks per day had lower hip fracture risk (relative risk=0.80 [95% confidence interval, 0.71-0.91]), and persons consuming more than 2 drinks per day had higher risk (relative risk=1.39 [95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.79]). A linear relationship existed between femoral neck bone density and alcohol consumption. Because studies often combined moderate and heavier drinkers in a single category, we could not assess relative associations between alcohol consumption and bone density in moderate compared with heavy drinkers. CONCLUSION Compared with abstainers and heavier drinkers, persons who consume 0.5 to 1.0 drink per day have a lower risk of hip fracture. Although available evidence suggests a favorable effect of alcohol consumption on bone density, a precise range of beneficial alcohol consumption cannot be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina M Berg
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY 10467, USA.
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Ryan CW, Huo D, Stallings JW, Davis RL, Beer TM, McWhorter LT. Lifestyle factors and duration of androgen deprivation affect bone mineral density of patients with prostate cancer during first year of therapy. Urology 2007; 70:122-6. [PMID: 17656221 DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2007.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Revised: 02/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is associated with loss of bone mineral density (BMD) and increased fracture risk. We sought to examine the impact of ADT and lifestyle variables on BMD in 120 patients with prostate cancer without bone metastases entering a randomized clinical trial. METHODS A total of 120 patients with prostate cancer and without bone metastases who had been treated with ADT for less than 12 months were enrolled in a clinical trial of zoledronic acid versus placebo. BMD measurements of the femoral neck, total hip, and lumbar spine were obtained before starting the study treatment by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry. The subjects answered a questionnaire regarding possible osteoporosis risk factors, including dairy product use, caffeinated beverage use, smoking history, alcohol intake, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, thyroid medication, and exercise. RESULTS The median duration of ADT was 3 months (range 0 to 12). Osteopenia or osteoporosis (T score of less than -1) was detected in two thirds of the subjects at one or more measured sites. The mean baseline BMD Z scores were femoral neck -0.091 +/- 0.959, total hip 0.122 +/- 1.005, and lumbar spine 0.657 +/- 1.789. On multiple linear regression analysis, the duration of ADT was negatively associated with the Z score at all three sites and the body mass index, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and alcohol use were positively associated with the Z score. CONCLUSIONS BMD loss is a function of the duration of ADT during the first year of therapy. The body mass index, calcium/vitamin D supplementation, and alcohol use were associated with greater BMD, even after controlling for ADT exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W Ryan
- Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239, USA.
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Abstract
Effective therapies are available for the patient who has arthritic osteoporosis. The approach is critical to ensure an optimal quality of life in these individuals who suffer with a disease that is clearly treatable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Simon
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Kim MH, Chung YS, Sung CJ. Negative effects of alcohol consumption and tobacco use on bone formation markers in young Korean adult males. Nutr Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Cawthon PM, Harrison SL, Barrett-Connor E, Fink HA, Cauley JA, Lewis CE, Orwoll ES, Cummings SR. Alcohol Intake and Its Relationship with Bone Mineral Density, Falls, and Fracture Risk in Older Men. J Am Geriatr Soc 2006; 54:1649-57. [PMID: 17087690 DOI: 10.1111/j.1532-5415.2006.00912.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association between alcohol intake and problem drinking history and bone mineral density (BMD), falls and fracture risk. DESIGN Cross-sectional and prospective cohort study. SETTING Six U.S. clinical centers. PARTICIPANTS Five thousand nine hundred seventy-four men aged 65 and older. MEASUREMENTS Alcohol intake and problem drinking histories were ascertained at baseline. Follow-up time was 1 year for falls and a mean of 3.65 years for fractures. RESULTS Two thousand one hundred twenty-one participants (35.5%) reported limited alcohol intake (<12 drinks/y); 3,156 (52.8%) reported light intake (<14 drinks/wk), and 697 (11.7%) reported moderate to heavy intake (> or =14 drinks/wk) in the year before baseline. One thousand one men (16.8%) had ever had problem drinking. In multivariate models, as alcohol intake increased, so did hip and spine BMD (P for trend < .001). Greater alcohol intake was not associated with greater risk for nonspine or hip fractures. Men with light intake, but not moderate to heavy intake, had a lower risk of two or more incident falls (light intake: relative risk (RR) = 0.77, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.65-0.92; moderate to heavy intake: RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63-1.10) than abstainers. Men with problem drinking had higher femoral neck (+1.3%) and spine BMD (+1.4%), and a higher risk of two or more falls (RR = 1.59; 95% CI = 1.30-1.94) than those without a history of problem drinking and similar total hip BMD and risk of fracture. CONCLUSION In older men, recent alcohol intake is associated with higher BMD. Alcohol intake and fracture risk is unclear. Light alcohol intake may decrease the risk of falling, but a history of problem drinking increased fall risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy M Cawthon
- Research Institute, California Pacific Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94107, USA.
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Wright S, Beringer T, Taggart H, Keegan D, Kelly J, Whithead E, McKane R, McNally C, McQuilken M, Finch M. A study of male patients with forearm fracture in Northern Ireland. Clin Rheumatol 2006; 26:191-5. [PMID: 16552462 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-006-0261-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2006] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 02/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis, although considered less common, still occurs in men. We present a cross-sectional study of a group of Northern Ireland men with low-trauma forearm fractures to determine the presence of osteoporosis and screen for secondary causes of low bone mineral density. Male patients aged 30-75 years, presenting with distal forearm fracture in 2000-2001 in Northern Ireland, were identified through a Colles fracture database. A total of 37 subjects consented to have bone mineral density measurements undertaken at the femoral neck, spine and forearm using a Lunar expert bone densitometer. Twenty-seven percent of the men had osteoporosis at the spine, femoral neck or forearm, as defined by a bone mineral density score of less than -2.5. We also found that 49% of patients had vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency, 27% had low serum testosterone, 14% had abnormal liver function test results, and 14% had raised parathyroid hormone. Only one patient received advice or treatment regarding osteoporosis at the time of fracture. Increased awareness of male osteoporosis and the need for screening for potential secondary causes in this group of patients is required, both at primary and secondary care level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Wright
- Rheumatology Department, Musgrave Park Hospital, Stockman's Lane, Belfast, BT9 7JB, Northern Ireland.
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Andreo JC, Santos NBD, Moraes LHR, Andreo MB, Andreo TB, Andreo CB, Rodrigues ADC. Is there morphological difference between branchiomeric and somitic muscles submitted to alcohol consumption? An experimental study in rats (Rattus norvegicus). J Appl Oral Sci 2005; 13:296-304. [PMID: 20878034 DOI: 10.1590/s1678-77572005000300018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholism is considered a physical dependence disorder. More than 18 million people are alcoholics in the USA and England and between 1/3 to ½ of them present some kind of physical disorder. In general the literature is focused on alcoholic trunk muscle disorders. These muscles have different embryological origins if compared to the masticatory muscles. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effects of alcohol on the masticatory muscles in order to compare them with the somitic muscles. For this purpose, 15 male Wistar rats weighing around 250g were used. The rats were divided into three groups: Normal control (N), Alcoholic (A) and Isocaloric (I). Slices of the masseter muscle, temporalis muscle and rectus abdominal muscle were harvested and submitted to histochemical reactions (m-ATPase: acid and alkaline pre incubation and NADH-TR). The myofibers were classified in SO, FOG and FG. The results showed atrophy of the fast fibers (FG and FOG) in the masticatory muscles but this atrophy was not statistically significant in this study (p< 0.05). On the other hand, significant atrophy occurred in the rectus abdominal muscle (p<0.05). Based on these data it can concluded that the effect of alcohol on the branchiomeric jaw elevator muscles (masseter and temporalis muscles) is different compared to the effect on somitic muscle (rectus abdominal muscle).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Carlos Andreo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru Dental School, University of São Paulo
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Abstract
Bone is a complex organ which contains an organic matrix which serves as scaffolding, includes mineral as calcium distributed in a pattern providing structure and serves as an ion reservoir for the body. Throughout life it dynamically changes in response to changes in activity, body mass, and weight bearing. It is important to define patients at risk for bone loss, since accrued bone loss leading to osteoporosis in the older population of both men and women is unacceptable. There are many different therapies including biphosphonates which can decrease loss of bone and decrease fracture risk in patients who already have had sustained a fracture. Newer therapies such as parathyroid hormone may improve the fracture risk even more than biphosphonates over a shorter period of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee S Simon
- Harvard Medical School, Beth Isreal Deaconess Hospital, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
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Bombonato-Prado KF, Brentegani LG, Thomazini JA, Lachat JJ, Carvalho TLL. Alcohol Intake and Osseointegration Around Implants: A Histometric and Scanning Electron Microscopy Study. IMPLANT DENT 2004; 13:238-44. [PMID: 15359160 DOI: 10.1097/01.id.0000136918.05763.78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar wound healing can be modified by local and systemic factors. The aim of this study was to evaluate the possible effect of alcoholic beverage administration (sugarcane brandy) on reparative bone formation around hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate implants inside the alveolar socket. Male Wistar rats had their upper right incisors extracted and the bioceramic granules implanted in the alveoli. The animals received increasing concentrations of brandy until 30 degrees Gay-Lussac was achieved starting 30 days before dental extraction and maintained for periods varying from 1 hour to 6 weeks, until sacrifice. Blood alcohol concentration analysis was performed as well as histological and histometric analysis through light and scanning electron microscopy to examine the relation between alveolar healing components, including new bone trabeculae, and the implants. Blood alcohol concentration was significantly higher in treated animals compared with controls. A significant delay in reparative bone formation was detected in the alveolus of alcoholic rats by a histometric differential point counting method, whereas the presence of the bioceramic in the alveolar socket improved alveolar wound healing in alcohol-treated rats. It is suggested that the osteoconductive properties of this bioceramic accelerated alveolar wound healing in alcoholic rats.
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Gong Z, Wezeman FH. Inhibitory effect of alcohol on osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2004; 28:468-79. [PMID: 15084905 DOI: 10.1097/01.alc.0000118315.58404.c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol-induced osteoporosis is characterized by a considerable suppression of osteogenesis. The objective of this investigation was to determine the effect of alcohol on gene expression, protein synthesis, and mineralization in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced toward osteogenic differentiation in vitro. METHODS Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells induced toward osteogenesis were cultured in the presence or absence of 50 mM alcohol. Stem cells were characterized by using SH2 antibody to the cell-surface antigen CD105/endoglin, and their proliferation in the presence of alcohol was quantified. The expression of genes for early, middle, and late markers of the osteogenic lineage was quantified by Northern analysis, and bone matrix protein synthesis was assayed. The effect of alcohol on cell-mediated matrix mineralization in terminally differentiated cultures was determined by von Kossa staining. RESULTS Fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis of human mesenchymal stem cells separated with a Percoll gradient proved 99% homogeneity by using SH2 antibody to the surface antigen CD105. Dose-dependent inhibition of proliferation of these stem cells occurred at concentrations greater than 50 mM alcohol. Gene expression of osteoblast-specific factor 2/core binding factor a1 (Osf2/Cbfa1), type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin (early, middle, and late markers for osteogenesis, respectively) was analyzed with and without osteogenic induction and treatment with 50 mM alcohol. After induction, Osf2/Cbfa1 levels were unresponsive to alcohol. To determine the effect of alcohol on human mesenchymal stem cell progression along the osteogenic pathway, messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for type I collagen, alkaline phosphatase, and osteocalcin were examined after osteogenic induction. After osteogenic induction, alcohol down-regulated the gene expression of type I collagen and significantly reduced its synthesis. Alcohol did not alter mRNA expression of alkaline phosphatase, a midstage marker for osteogenesis, but significantly decreased its activity compared with osteogenic induction alone. After induction, osteocalcin remained unchanged by alcohol at both the mRNA and protein levels. Histochemistry revealed decreased alkaline phosphatase staining and fewer alkaline phosphatase-positive cells in alcohol-treated human mesenchymal stem cell cultures. von Kossa staining revealed a reduction in the number of mineralizing nodules in stem cell cultures after alcohol treatment. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, the data suggest that alcohol alters osteogenic differentiation in human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell cultures during lineage progression and provide further insight into alcohol-induced reduced bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaodi Gong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Rehabilitation and the Alcohol Research Program, Loyola University Stritch School of Medicine, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
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Ha H, Ho J, Shin S, Kim H, Koo S, Kim IH, Kim C. Effects of eucommiae cortex on osteoblast-like cell proliferation and osteoclast inhibition. Arch Pharm Res 2003; 26:929-36. [PMID: 14661859 DOI: 10.1007/bf02980202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methanol extract (MeOH), n-hexane (Hx), chloroform (CHCl3), ethyl acetate (EA), butanol (BuOH) and aqueous (H2O) fractions of Eucommiae Cortex including geniposidic acid (GA), geniposide (GP) and aucubin (AU) were tested for their therapeutic efficacy on osteoporosis. The contents of GA, GP and AU in the cortex and leaf of Eucommia ulmoides Oliver were quantified by HPLC. The effect of Eucommiae Cortex on the induction of growth hormone (GH) release was studied by using rat pituitary cells. The proliferation of osteoblast-like cells increased by herbal extracts was assayed using a tetrazolium (MTT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and [3H]-proline incorporation assays. The inhibition of osteoclast was studied by using the coculture of mouse bone marrow cells and ST-2 cells. As a result, the GA, GP and AU were present in the cortex more than in the leaf of E. ulmoides Oliver. The MeOH (1 mg/mL), Hx, CHCl3 and EA fractions (each 20 microg/mL) had potent induction of GH release. The CHCl3 exhibited the potent proliferation of osteoblasts. The AU, GP and GA were increased proliferation of osteoblasts. In addition, GA (IC50: 4.43 x 10(-7) M), AU and GP were significantly inhibited proliferation of osteoclast. In summary, it is thought that the components in a part of the fractions of Eucommiae Cortex participate in each step of mechanism for activating osteoblast to facilitate osteogenesis, and suppress osteoclast activity to inhibit osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyekyung Ha
- Drug Research and Development Team, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 129-11 Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-ku, Seoul 135-100, Korea
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Holm K, Dan A, Wilbur J, Li S, Walker J. A longitudinal study of bone density in midlife women. Health Care Women Int 2002; 23:678-91. [PMID: 12418988 DOI: 10.1080/07399330290107421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A longitudinal study of 386 healthy Black and White women aged 35-60 years was conducted to determine the effects of physical activity and other related factors on lumbar bone mineral density over 24 months. Bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, L2-L4, was measured using dual energy x-ray (Hologic 1000). Physical activity levels in three dimensions (leisure, household, and occupational) from both a lifelong and current perspective were obtained by questionnaire. Body mass index was calculated from measured weight in kilograms divided by measured height in meters squared. Calcium, caffeine, and alcohol intake was estimated using a food frequency questionnaire. Age, race, and smoking were determined by self-report. Radioimmunoassays of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and estradiol were used to validate self-reports of menopausal status. Multiple regression analysis revealed that race, age, weight, FSH, calcium, and years of tobacco intake formed the best model at baseline (r(2) = 0.32) and at 24 months (r(2) = 0.303). Physical activity was not a significant predictor for bone mineral density at either time point. There were cross-sectional changes of bone mineral density with race, age, and menopausal status. Black women had significantly higher bone mineral density than White women. However, an age-related decline in bone mineral density was exhibited in both Black and White women. Perimenopausal women had significantly lower bone mineral density as compared with premenopausal women. Furthermore 37 (9.6%) women at baseline and 34 (11%) at 24 months were designated at risk for fracture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn Holm
- Department of Nursing, DePaul University, Chicago, Illinois 60614, USA.
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Abstract
This review briefly assesses the well-established effects of alcohol consumption on bone and mineral metabolism and addresses areas of controversy that need additional research. Alcohol consumption is a risk factor for osteoporosis based on the frequent finding of a low bone mass, decreased bone formation rate, and increased fracture incidence in alcoholics. Alcohol also has been shown to reduce bone formation in healthy humans and animals and to decrease proliferation of cultured osteoblastic cells. On the other hand, it has been difficult to demonstrate alcohol-induced bone loss and increased fracture rate in population-based studies. Indeed, most population-based studies have shown a positive association between alcohol and bone mass and no change or a decrease in fracture risk. Overall, the evidence generally supports a detrimental effect of chronic alcohol abuse on the skeleton of men and a neutral or generally beneficial effect of light to moderate alcohol consumption, especially in older women. This latter putative beneficial effect may be due to a reduction in the age-related increase in bone remodeling associated with postmenopausal bone loss. Specific areas of research are recommended to clarify the dose and sex effects of alcohol consumption and to determine cellular and molecular mechanisms of action. The goals of this proposed research emphasis are to determine the degree of risk for the range of alcohol consumption, to set guidelines of consumption compatible with maintaining bone health, and to develop appropriate countermeasures to prevent or reverse the detrimental skeletal effects of alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Turner
- Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA.
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Turner RT, Evans GL, Zhang M, Sibonga JD. Effects of Parathyroid Hormone on Bone Formation in a Rat Model for Chronic Alcohol Abuse. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02265.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Darmon N, Coupel J, Deheeger M, Briend A. Dietary inadequacies observed in homeless men visiting an emergency night shelter in Paris. Public Health Nutr 2001; 4:155-61. [PMID: 11299087 DOI: 10.1079/phn200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the dietary intake and the nutritional status of homeless men. SETTING A night emergency shelter in Paris, France. DESIGN Dietary survey (48-h) including alcohol intake and a questionnaire on age, duration of homelessness, smoking habits. Subjects were also weighed and measured. SUBJECTS Ninety-seven men aged 18-72 years (mean 43.3), of whom 54% were homeless for more than 18 months, 82% were smokers and 53% were regular and/or excessive drinkers. RESULTS The BMI distribution was shifted towards low values, the percentage of wasted persons being four times higher than in the reference population. The mean total energy intake was 2376 kcal and included a high and highly variable percentage of energy derived from alcohol (12.0% Among drinkers, the mean ethanol intake was 90 g and there was a significant negative correlation between ethanol and non-alcoholic energy intakes. The median intakes of potassium, calcium, zinc, vitamins B1, B2, and niacin were lower than European Population Reference Intakes but only the mean intake of vitamin B1 was significantly lower. Eighty percent of non-alcoholic energy was provided by charitable organisations. For most nutrients, the nutritional density of the shelter ration was not significantly different from the density of the foods purchased by the homeless. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the content of some nutrients should be increased in existing food assistance programs for homeless people in France.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Darmon
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale/Institut Scientifique et Technique de la Nutrition et de l'Alimentation, 5 rue du Vertbois, 75003 Paris, France.
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Turner RT, Kidder LS, Kennedy A, Evans GL, Sibonga JD. Moderate alcohol consumption suppresses bone turnover in adult female rats. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:589-94. [PMID: 11277278 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.3.589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic alcohol abuse is a major risk factor for osteoporosis but the effects of moderate drinking on bone metabolism are largely uninvestigated. Here, we studied the long-term dose-response (0, 3, 6, 13, and 35% caloric intake) effects of alcohol on cancellous bone in the proximal tibia of 8-month-old female rats. After 4 months of treatment, all alcohol-consuming groups of rats had decreased bone turnover. The inhibitory effects of alcohol on bone formation were dose dependent. A reduction in osteoclast number occurred at the lowest level of consumption but there were no further reductions with higher levels of consumption. An imbalance between bone formation and bone resorption at higher levels of consumption of alcohol resulted in trabecular thinning. Our observations in rats raise the concern that moderate consumption of alcoholic beverages in humans may reduce bone turnover and potentially have detrimental effects on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Turner
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Maran A, Zhang M, Spelsberg TC, Turner RT. The dose-response effects of ethanol on the human fetal osteoblastic cell line. J Bone Miner Res 2001; 16:270-6. [PMID: 11204427 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.2001.16.2.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Alcohol is a risk factor for the development of osteoporosis, especially in men. Chronic alcohol abuse decreases bone mass, which contributes to the increased incidence of fractures. To better understand the mechanism of action of ethanol on bone metabolism, we have studied the dose-response effects of ethanol on conditionally immortalized human fetal osteoblasts (hFOB) in culture. Ethanol treatment had no significant effects on osteoblast number after 1 day or 7 days. Ethanol treatment did not reduce type I collagen protein levels at either time point at any dose but slightly reduced alkaline phosphatase activity after 7 days. The messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for alkaline phosphatase, type I collagen, and osteonectin were unaltered by 24 h of ethanol treatment but a high dose (200 mM) reduced mRNA levels for the two bone matrix proteins after 7 days. Ethanol treatment led to dose-dependent increases in transforming growth factor beta1 (TGF-beta1) mRNA levels and decreases in TGF-beta2 mRNA levels. The concentration of ethanol in the medium decreased with time because of evaporation but there was little degradation caused by metabolism. These results, which show that cultured osteoblasts are less sensitive than osteoblasts in vivo, suggest that the pronounced inhibitory effects of ethanol on bone formation are not caused by direct cell toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Maran
- Department of Orthopedics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905, USA
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Yao Z, Zhang J, Dai J, Keller ET. Ethanol activates NFkappaB DNA binding and p56lck protein tyrosine kinase in human osteoblast-like cells. Bone 2001; 28:167-73. [PMID: 11182374 DOI: 10.1016/s8756-3282(00)00425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Alcoholics frequently suffer from moderate to severe bone loss that results in bone fractures. Both decreased bone production and increased bone resorption have been postulated to contribute to ethanol (ETOH)-mediated bone loss. Bone resorption is induced by several proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 and -6. The expression of these cytokines is induced by the transcription factor NFkappaB, which, in turn, is activated by several kinases. It follows that protein kinase and NFkappaB activation may contribute to ETOH-induced bone loss. Accordingly, we sought to determine if ETOH activates protein tyrosine kinases (PTK) and NFkappaB DNA binding in a human osteoblast-like cell line (HOBIT). Ethanol at 50 and 100 mmol/L (reflective of blood ethanol levels reached in chronic alcoholics) for 24 h did not alter HOBIT cell viability. In contrast, 200 mmol/L ethanol decreased cell viability by 40%. Treatment of HOBIT cells with 100 mmol/L ETOH induced nuclear NFkappaB:DNA complex formation and NFkappaB activity. Incubation of HOBIT cells with ETOH at 50 and 100 mmol/L for 30 min induced a 2.5- and 4.2-fold increase in PTK activity, respectively. Preincubation of HOBIT cells with damnacanthal (DAM), which inhibits p56lck, blocked ETOH-mediated PTK activity; whereas, preincubation with herbimycin A, which inhibits pp60src, did not. DAM inhibited both ethanol-induced NFkappaB activation in HOBIT cells and interleukin-6 expression in primary human osteoblasts. Finally, preincubation with the protein kinase C inhibitor, bisindolylmaleimide I HCl (BIS), diminished ETOH-mediated PTK activity; whereas, preincubation with the protein kinase A inhibitor, H89, did not. These data demonstrate that ETOH induces NFkappaB nuclear translocation through p56lck in HOBIT cells. BIS' inhibition of PTK activation suggests that ETOH activates PTK through a protein kinase C-dependent pathway. These data suggest that ETOH may contribute to bone loss through activation of signal transduction that results in production of an osteoclastogenic cytokine (i.e., interleukin-6) in osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Yao
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Santolaria F, González-Reimers E, Pérez-Manzano JL, Milena A, Gómez-Rodríguez MA, González-Díaz A, de la Vega MJ, Martínez-Riera A. Osteopenia assessed by body composition analysis is related to malnutrition in alcoholic patients. Alcohol 2000; 22:147-57. [PMID: 11163122 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(00)00115-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Osteopenia is frequent among alcoholics. Its pathogenesis seems to be multifactorial, including ethanol intake, hormonal changes, liver cirrhosis, and malnutrition. Our objective is to determine the relative role of malnutrition on bone loss. One hundred and eighty-one male alcoholic patients, drinkers of more than 80 g ethanol/day, were included, recording data on the intensity of alcoholism, liver cirrhosis, nutritional assessment based on feeding habits, body mass index (BMI), midarm anthropometrics, subjective nutritional assessment, lean and fat mass by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), serum proteins and insulin growth factor Type I (IGF-I), calcitropic hormones, parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin 25OHD3, and bone mass assessed by DEXA, which was also performed in 43 healthy controls. Alcoholics showed decreased serum osteocalcin, PTH, 25OHD3, IGF-I, and bone mass. Alcoholics were frequently malnourished with decreased BMI, lean, and fat mass. The loss of bone mass was not related to the alteration of calcitropic hormones, to the intensity of alcoholism, or to the existence of liver cirrhosis, but to malnutrition. For a similar BMI, bone loss was more intense in alcoholics than in controls, especially in those with irregular feeding habits. Although cross-sectional ones, our data suggest that alcoholic osteopenia may be interpreted as a form of nutritional osteoporosis, notwithstanding the influence of other factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Santolaria
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, Universidad de la Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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Rapuri PB, Gallagher JC, Balhorn KE, Ryschon KL. Alcohol intake and bone metabolism in elderly women. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72:1206-13. [PMID: 11063451 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Published reports on the effect of alcohol consumption on bone mineral density (BMD) are inconsistent. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to examine the relation between alcohol intake and BMD, calcitropic hormones, calcium absorption, and other biochemical indexes of bone and mineral metabolism in elderly women. DESIGN The results presented are derived from baseline observations of 489 elderly women (aged 65-77 y) recruited for an osteoporosis study. The nondrinking group comprised 297 women and the drinking group comprised 148 women. Furthermore, the effect of different alcohol intakes (</=28.6, >28.6 to </=57.2, >57.2 to </=142.9, and >142.9 g/wk) was studied. RESULTS Women who consumed alcohol had significantly higher spine (10%), total body (4.5%), and midradius (6%) BMD than did nondrinkers. An alcohol intake >28.6 g/wk was associated with higher BMD; maximum effect was seen with an intake of >28.6 to </=57.2 g/wk (16%, 12%, and 14% increase in spine, total body, and midradius BMD, respectively). There was a marked reduction in bone remodeling markers, serum osteocalcin, and the ratio of urinary cross-linked N:-telopeptides of type 1 collagen to creatinine with alcohol consumption, suggesting that increased BMD with alcohol consumption could be due to reduced bone remodeling. Further, serum parathyroid hormone concentrations were significantly lower in alcohol drinkers than in nondrinkers and could be one of the causes of decreased bone resorption. CONCLUSIONS Moderate alcohol intake was associated with higher BMD in postmenopausal elderly women. The protective effect of alcohol may have been a result of lower bone remodeling due to reduced parathyroid hormone concentrations or factors such as increased estrogen concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Rapuri
- Bone Metabolism Unit and the Cardiac Center, Creighton University, School of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68131, USA.
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Dai J, Lin D, Zhang J, Habib P, Smith P, Murtha J, Fu Z, Yao Z, Qi Y, Keller ET. Chronic alcohol ingestion induces osteoclastogenesis and bone loss through IL-6 in mice. J Clin Invest 2000; 106:887-95. [PMID: 11018077 PMCID: PMC381425 DOI: 10.1172/jci10483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the role of IL-6 in alcohol-mediated osteoporosis, we measured a variety of bone remodeling parameters in wild-type (il6(+/+)) or IL-6 gene knockout (il6(-/-)) mice that were fed either control or ethanol liquid diets for 4 months. In the il6(+/+) mice, ethanol ingestion decreased bone mineral density, as determined by dual-energy densitometry; decreased cancellous bone volume and trabecular width and increased trabecular spacing and osteoclast surface, as determined by histomorphometry of the femur; increased urinary deoxypyridinolines, as determined by ELISA; and increased CFU-GM formation and osteoclastogenesis as determined ex vivo in bone marrow cell cultures. In contrast, ethanol ingestion did not alter any of these parameters in the il6(-/-) mice. Ethanol increased receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand (RANKL) mRNA expression in the bone marrow of il6(+/+) but not il6(-/-) mice. Additionally, ethanol decreased several osteoblastic parameters including osteoblast perimeter and osteoblast culture calcium retention in both il6(+/+) and il6(-/-) mice. These findings demonstrate that ethanol induces bone loss through IL-6. Furthermore, they suggest that IL-6 achieves this effect by inducing RANKL and promoting CFU-GM formation and osteoclastogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dai
- Unit for Laboratory Animal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Henderson LB, Adams JS, Goldstein DR, Braunstein GD, Rotter JI, Scheuner MT. A familial risk profile for osteoporosis. Genet Med 2000; 2:222-5. [PMID: 11252706 DOI: 10.1097/00125817-200007000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe genetic epidemiologic aspects of osteoporosis. METHODS 69 patients with osteoporosis were interviewed regarding personal and family histories of osteoporosis and related fractures. Family history information was obtained on 421 first degree and 748 second degree relatives. RESULTS 45% of cases reported a family history of osteoporosis. Familial cases were characterized neither by an earlier age of diagnosis nor by a greater degree of phenotypic severity. Empiric risks for osteoporosis were highest for mothers, 33%, and were 19% for sisters. CONCLUSION These results provide an initial genetic epidemiologic profile for osteoporosis and information useful for genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA
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Molina-Perez M, Gonzalez-Reimers E, Santolaria-Fernandez F, Martinez-Riera A, Rodriguez-Moreno F, Rodriguez-Rodriguez E, Milena-Abril A, Velasco-Vazquez J. Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on bone histology and mineral metabolism. Alcohol 2000; 20:1-8. [PMID: 10680711 DOI: 10.1016/s0741-8329(99)00048-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study was performed to analyze the relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on bone histology and mineral metabolism in 4 groups of 7 animals each which were pair-fed during 8 weeks with 1) a nutritionally adequate diet; 2) a 36% (as energy) ethanol containing isocaloric diet; 3) a 2% protein, isocaloric diet; and 4) a 36% ethanol 2% protein isocaloric diet, respectively, following the Lieber-DeCarli model. Another group of five rats were fed ad libitum the control diet. The first and second lumbar vertebrae were removed after sacrifice, and processed for histomorphometrical analysis of undecalcified bone samples. Blood and 24-h urine were also collected. Protein malnutrition, but not ethanol, leads to osteoporosis and reduced osteoid synthesis, whereas ethanol and protein malnutrition both lead to impaired bone mineral apposition and increased urinary hydroxyproline excretion. These changes are accompanied by an increase in serum parathormone and serum 1,25 dihydroxy vitamin D3, a slight hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria and hyperphosphaturia; protein deficiency plays an independent role in these alterations, whereas both ethanol and protein deficiency exert independent effects on decreasing serum testosterone levels; this last alteration may contribute to the bone changes mentioned before.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Molina-Perez
- Dpto. de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain
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Hogan HA, Groves JA, Sampson HW. Long-Term Alcohol Consumption in the Rat Affects Femur Cross-Sectional Geometry and Bone Tissue Material Properties. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 1999. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1999.tb04079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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