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Goetzl L, Darbinian N, Merabova N, Devane LC, Ramamoorthy S. Gestational Age Variation in Human Placental Drug Transporters. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:837694. [PMID: 35462922 PMCID: PMC9019509 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.837694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Patient and providers’ fear of fetal exposure to medications may lead to discontinuation of treatment, disease relapse, and maternal morbidity. Placental drug transporters play a critical role in fetal exposure through active transport but the majority of data are limited to the 3rd trimester, when the majority of organogenesis has already occurred. Our objective was to define gestational age (GA) dependent changes in protein activity, expression and modifications of five major placental drug transporters: SERT, P-gp, NET, BCRP and MRP3. Apical brush border membrane fractions were prepared from fresh 1st, 2nd and 3rd trimester human placentas collected following elective pregnancy termination or planned cesarean delivery. A structured maternal questionnaire was used to identify maternal drug use and exclude exposed subjects. Changes in placental transporter activity and expression relative to housekeeping proteins were quantified. There was evidence for strong developmental regulation of SERT, NET, P-gp, BCRP and MRP3. P-gp and BCRP decreased with gestation (r = −0.72, p < 0.001 and r = −0.77, p < 0.001, respectively). Total SERT increased with gestation but this increase was due to a decrease in SERT cleavage products across trimesters. Uncleaved SERT increased with GA (r = 0.89, p < 0.001) while cleaved SERT decreased with GA (r = −0.94, p < 0.001). Apical membrane NET overall did not appear to be developmentally regulated (r = −0.08, p = 0.53). Two forms of MRP3 were identified; the 50 kD form did not change across GA; the 160 kD form was steady in the 1st and 2nd trimester and increased in the 3rd trimester (r = 0.24, p = 0.02). The 50 kD form was expressed at higher levels. The observed patterns of SERT, NET P-gp, BCRP and MRP3 expression and activity may be associated with transporter activity or decreased placental permeability in the 1st trimester to transporter specific substrates including commonly used psychoactive medications such as anti-depressants, anti-psychotics, and amphetamines, while transport of nutrients and serotonin is important in the 1st trimester. Overall these observations are consistent with a strong protective effect during organogenesis. 3rd trimester estimates of fetal exposure obtained from cord blood likely significantly overestimate early fetal exposure to these medications at any fixed maternal dose.
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Doi M, Nakama N, Sumi T, Usui N, Shimada S. Prenatal methamphetamine exposure causes dysfunction in glucose metabolism and low birthweight. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:1023984. [PMID: 36353228 PMCID: PMC9637823 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1023984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Methamphetamine (METH) is a psychostimulant drug that induces addiction. Previous epidemiological studies have demonstrated that maternal METH abuse during pregnancy causes low birthweight (LBW) in the offspring. As a source of essential nutrients, in particular glucose, the placenta plays a key role in fetal development. LBW leads to health problems such as obesity, diabetes, and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). However, the detailed mechanism underlying offspring's LBW and health hazards caused by METH are not fully understood. Therefore, we investigated the effects of prenatal METH exposure on LBW and fetal-placental relationship by focusing on metabolism. We found dysfunction of insulin production in the pancreas of fetuses exposed to METH. We also found a reduction of the glycogen cells (GCs) storing glycogens in the junctional zone of placenta, all of which suggest abnormal glucose metabolism affects the fetal development. These results suggest that dysfunction in fetal glucose metabolism may cause LBW and future health hazards. Our findings provide novel insights into the cause of LBW via the fetal-placental crosstalk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Doi
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
| | - Nanako Nakama
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Takuya Sumi
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Noriyoshi Usui
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- *Correspondence: Noriyoshi Usui,
| | - Shoichi Shimada
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Addiction Research Unit, Osaka Psychiatric Research Center, Osaka Psychiatric Medical Center, Osaka, Japan
- United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Global Center for Medical Engineering and Informatics, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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Acute psychiatric illness and drug addiction during pregnancy and the puerperium. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021. [PMID: 32768084 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64240-0.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Pregnancy and the puerperium do not protect against acute psychiatric illness. During puerperium, the chance of acute psychiatric illness, such as a psychotic episode or relapse of bipolar disorder, is greatly increased. Suicide is a leading cause of maternal death. Both psychiatric disease and ongoing drug addiction impact not only the pregnant woman's somatic and mental health but also impact short-term and long-term health of the child. Indeed, prompt recognition and expeditious treatment of acute psychiatric illness during pregnancy and the puerperium optimize health outcomes for two patients. Pregnancy and puerperium represent a stage of life of great physiologic adaptations, as well as emotional and social changes. This conjunction of changes in somatic, emotional health and social health may mitigate the occurrence, clinical presentation, and clinical course of acute psychiatric illness and call for a multidisciplinary approach, taking into account both the medical and social domains. This chapter describes acute psychiatric illnesses during pregnancy and the puerperium and illicit substance abuse, from a clinical perspective, while also describing general principles of diagnosis and clinical management during this stage of life, which is an important window of opportunity for both the pregnant woman and the child.
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Chomchai C, Chomchai S, Kitsommart R. Transfer of Methamphetamine (MA) into Breast Milk and Urine of Postpartum Women who Smoked MA Tablets during Pregnancy: Implications for Initiation of Breastfeeding. J Hum Lact 2016; 32:333-9. [PMID: 26452730 DOI: 10.1177/0890334415610080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (MA) use by pregnant women remains a growing problem in South East Asia. After delivery, a negative maternal urine MA assay is assumed to reflect the absence of MA in breast milk and marks breastfeeding initiation. To date, no data exist that describe the relationship between the peripartum and postpartum transfer of MA into breast milk and its urinary excretion in women, following recreational use by smoking. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine the pharmacokinetic of smoked MA in breast milk and its relationship to urinary MA excretion in postpartum women who tested positive for MA before delivery. METHODS Timed urine and breast milk samples of 33 women who had positive urine drug screens for MA prior to delivery were analyzed for MA using Acquity Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography (Waters, Milford, Massachusetts, USA) with the ACQUITY UPLC Photodiode Array Detector (Waters). Those participants with 4 or more timed breast milk samples were included for pharmacokinetic calculation using log-linear trapezoidal rule. RESULTS Pharmacokinetic data from 2 women were analyzed. The half-life values for MA in the breast milk were 11.3 and 40.3 hours. The absolute infant doses were 21.3 and 51.7 µg/kg/day. Methamphetamine disappears from breast milk approximately 1 day before the maternal urine MA becomes negative. CONCLUSION Smoked MA shows a similar breast milk pharmacokinetic pattern to previously reported intravenous MA. Breastfeeding can be safely initiated in mothers whose urine MA screen has turned negative for ≥ 24 hours. However, concurrent maternal substance use treatment and screening is necessary for continued promotion of lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulathida Chomchai
- Mahidol University International College, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Summon Chomchai
- Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Burrai L, Nieddu M, Carta A, Trignano C, Sanna R, Boatto G. Validated LC-MS-MS Method for Multiresidual Analysis of 13 Illicit Phenethylamines in Amniotic Fluid. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:194-200. [PMID: 26755540 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A multi-residue analytical method was developed for the determination in amniotic fluid (AF) of 13 illicit phenethylamines, including 12 compounds never investigated in this matrix before. Samples were subject to solid-phase extraction using; hydrophilic-lipophilic balance cartridges which gave good recoveries and low matrix effects on analysis of the extracts. The quantification was performed by liquid chromatography electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. The water-acetonitrile mobile phase containing 0.1% formic acid, used with a C18 reversed phase column, provided adequate separation, resolution and signal-to-noise ratio for the analytes and the internal standard. The final optimized method was validated according to international guidelines. A monitoring campaign to assess fetal exposure to these 13 substances of abuse has been performed on AF test samples obtained from pregnant women. All mothers (n = 194) reported no use of drugs of abuse during pregnancy, and this was confirmed by the analytical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Burrai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Antonio Carta
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Trignano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Raimonda Sanna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, V.le San Pietro 43, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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Ross EJ, Graham DL, Money KM, Stanwood GD. Developmental consequences of fetal exposure to drugs: what we know and what we still must learn. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40:61-87. [PMID: 24938210 PMCID: PMC4262892 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Most drugs of abuse easily cross the placenta and can affect fetal brain development. In utero exposures to drugs thus can have long-lasting implications for brain structure and function. These effects on the developing nervous system, before homeostatic regulatory mechanisms are properly calibrated, often differ from their effects on mature systems. In this review, we describe current knowledge on how alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy, and opiates (among other drugs) produce alterations in neurodevelopmental trajectory. We focus both on animal models and available clinical and imaging data from cross-sectional and longitudinal human studies. Early studies of fetal exposures focused on classic teratological methods that are insufficient for revealing more subtle effects that are nevertheless very behaviorally relevant. Modern mechanistic approaches have informed us greatly as to how to potentially ameliorate the induced deficits in brain formation and function, but conclude that better delineation of sensitive periods, dose-response relationships, and long-term longitudinal studies assessing future risk of offspring to exhibit learning disabilities, mental health disorders, and limited neural adaptations are crucial to limit the societal impact of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J Ross
- Chemical & Physical Biology Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Devon L Graham
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kelli M Money
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Gregg D Stanwood
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
- The Vanderbilt Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Rambousek L, Kacer P, Syslova K, Bumba J, Bubenikova-Valesova V, Slamberova R. Sex differences in methamphetamine pharmacokinetics in adult rats and its transfer to pups through the placental membrane and breast milk. Drug Alcohol Depend 2014; 139:138-44. [PMID: 24726427 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methamphetamine (METH) abuse is a growing health problem worldwide, and METH use during pregnancy not only endangers the mother's health but also the developing fetus. To provide better insight into these risks, we performed the following experiments. METHOD First, we investigated how sex influences the pharmacokinetics of METH and amphetamine (AMP) in male and female rats. Subsequently, we simulated chronic exposure of prenatal infants to METH abuse by investigating brain and plasma levels of METH and AMP in dams and pups. Finally, we modeled chronic exposure of infants to METH via breast milk and investigated sex differences in pups with regard to drug levels and possible sensitization effect of chronic prenatal METH co-treatment. RESULTS We observed significantly higher levels of METH and AMP in the plasma and brain of female rats compared to males. Additionally, brain concentrations of METH and AMP in pups exposed to METH prenatally were equivalent to 62.13% and 37.78% relative to dam, respectively. Plasma concentrations of AMP where equivalent to 100% of the concentration in dams, while METH was equivalent to only 36.98%. Finally, we did not observe a significant effect relative to sex with regard to METH/AMP levels or sensitization effects linked to prenatal METH exposure. CONCLUSION We demonstrated that female rats display higher levels of METH and AMP, thus indicating a greater risk of addiction and toxicity. Furthermore, our data show that pups are exposed to both METH and AMP following dam exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rambousek
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic; Institute of Physiology AS CR v.v.i., Videnska 1083, Prague 142 20, Czech Republic.
| | - Petr Kacer
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Syslova
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Bumba
- Institute of Chemical Technology, Technicka 5, Prague 166 28, Czech Republic
| | | | - Romana Slamberova
- Charles University in Prague, Third Faculty of Medicine, Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Ke Karlovu 4, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
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8
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White SJ, Hendrickson HP, Atchley WT, Laurenzana EM, Gentry WB, Williams DK, Owens SM. Treatment with a monoclonal antibody against methamphetamine and amphetamine reduces maternal and fetal rat brain concentrations in late pregnancy. Drug Metab Dispos 2014; 42:1285-91. [PMID: 24839971 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.114.056879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that treatment of pregnant rat dams with a dual reactive monoclonal antibody (mAb4G9) against (+)-methamphetamine [METH; equilibrium dissociation rate constant (KD) = 16 nM] and (+)-amphetamine (AMP; KD = 102 nM) could confer maternal and fetal protection from brain accumulation of both drugs of abuse. To test this hypothesis, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (on gestational day 21) received a 1 mg/kg i.v. METH dose, followed 30 minutes later by vehicle or mAb4G9 treatment. The mAb4G9 dose was 0.56 mole-equivalent in binding sites to the METH body burden. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed baseline METH and AMP elimination half-lives were congruent in dams and fetuses, but the METH volume of distribution in dams was nearly double the fetal values. The METH and AMP area under the serum concentration-versus-time curves from 40 minutes to 5 hours after mAb4G9 treatment increased >7000% and 2000%, respectively, in dams. Fetal METH serum did not change, but AMP decreased 23%. The increased METH and AMP concentrations in maternal serum resulted from significant increases in mAb4G9 binding. Protein binding changed from ∼15% to > 90% for METH and AMP. Fetal serum protein binding appeared to gradually increase, but the absolute fraction bound was trivial compared with the dams. mAb4G9 treatment significantly reduced METH and AMP brain values by 66% and 45% in dams and 44% and 46% in fetuses (P < 0.05), respectively. These results show anti-METH/AMP mAb4G9 therapy in dams can offer maternal and fetal brain protection from the potentially harmful effects of METH and AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
| | - Howard P Hendrickson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
| | - William T Atchley
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
| | - Elizabeth M Laurenzana
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
| | - W Brooks Gentry
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
| | - D Keith Williams
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
| | - S Michael Owens
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine (S.J.W., W.T.A., E.M.L., W.B.G., S.M.O.), Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine (W.B.G.), Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (H.P.H.), and Department of Biostatistics, College of Public Health (D.K.W.), University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas; and Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania (E.M.L.)
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Effect of prenatal methamphetamine exposure and challenge dose of the same drug in adulthood on epileptiform activity induced by electrical stimulation in female rats. Neuroscience 2014; 257:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 10/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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10
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Abstract
Drug abuse during pregnancy is a growing problem in all developed countries all over the world. The drugs easily cross the placental barrier into the fetal body and are present also in the maternal milk. Therefore, it may affect the development of the child pre- as well as postnatally. The effects of prenatal drug exposure are long-lasting and persist until adulthood. The present review summarizes the clinical and experimental evidence showing how opioids and psychostimulants can affect maternal behavior of drug-abusing mother and the development of their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Šlamberová
- Department of Normal, Pathological and Clinical Physiology, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Abstract
The objective of this study is to review and summarize available evidence regarding the impact of amphetamines on pregnancy, the newborn infant and the child. Amphetamines are neurostimulants and neurotoxins that are some of the most widely abused illicit drugs in the world. Users are at high risk of psychiatric co-morbidities, and evidence suggests that perinatal amphetamine exposure is associated with poor pregnancy outcomes, but data is confounded by other adverse factors associated with drug-dependency. Data sources are Government data, published articles, conference abstracts and book chapters. The global incidence of perinatal amphetamine exposure is most likely severely underestimated but acknowledged to be increasing rapidly, whereas exposure to other drugs, for example, heroin, is decreasing. Mothers known to be using amphetamines are at high risk of psychiatric co-morbidity and poorer obstetric outcomes, but their infants may escape detection, because the signs of withdrawal are usually less pronounced than opiate-exposed infants. There is little evidence of amphetamine-induced neurotoxicity and long-term neurodevelopmental impact, as data is scarce and difficult to extricate from the influence of other factors associated with children living in households where one or more parent uses drugs in terms of poverty and neglect. Perinatal amphetamine-exposure is an increasing worldwide concern, but robust research, especially for childhood outcomes, remains scarce. We suggest that exposed children may be at risk of ongoing developmental and behavioral impediment, and recommend that efforts be made to improve early detection of perinatal exposure and to increase provision of early-intervention services for affected children and their families.
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12
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Ponder KL, Salisbury A, McGonnigal B, Laliberte A, Lester B, Padbury JF. Maternal depression and anxiety are associated with altered gene expression in the human placenta without modification by antidepressant use: implications for fetal programming. Dev Psychobiol 2011; 53:711-23. [PMID: 21547899 PMCID: PMC3155003 DOI: 10.1002/dev.20549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
We sought to determine if maternal depression, anxiety, and/or treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) affect placental human serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), norepinephrine transporter (SLC6A2), and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) gene expression. Relative mRNA expression was compared among placental samples (n = 164) from healthy women, women with untreated depression and/or anxiety symptoms during pregnancy, and women who used SSRIs. SLC6A4 expression was significantly increased in placentas from women with untreated mood disorders and from women treated with SSRIs, compared to controls. SLC6A2 and 11β-HSD2 expression was increased in noncontrol groups, though the differences were not significant. SLC6A4, SLC6A2, and 11β-HSD2 expression levels were positively correlated. The finding that maternal depression/anxiety affects gene expression of placental SLC6A4 suggests a possible mechanism for the effect(s) of maternal mood on fetal neurodevelopmental programming. SSRI treatment does not further alter the elevated SLC6A4 expression levels observed with exposure to maternal depression or anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L. Ponder
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Amy Salisbury
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Bethany McGonnigal
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Alyse Laliberte
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - Barry Lester
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
| | - James F. Padbury
- Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
- Department of Pediatrics, Women & Infants’ Hospital, Providence, RI 02905
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DELSING C, Van Den WITTENBOER E, LIU AJ, PEEK MJ, QUINTON A, MONGELLI M, POULTON A, NANAN R. The relationship between maternal opiate use, amphetamine use and smoking on fetal growth. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 2011; 51:446-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1479-828x.2011.01342.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Ganapathy V. Drugs of abuse and human placenta. Life Sci 2010; 88:926-30. [PMID: 20932493 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/01/2010] [Accepted: 08/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamines, when used by pregnant women, exert deleterious effects on the fetus. These drugs produce their effects through inhibition of the serotonin transporter, norepinephrine transporter, and dopamine transporter. The inhibition can occur in the pregnant mother as well as in the fetus. These events contribute to the detrimental effects of these drugs on the fetus. However, the role of placenta, which serves as the link between the pregnant mother and the fetus, in the process remains understudied. It has been assumed that the placenta did not play any direct role in the process except that it allowed the passage of these drugs from maternal circulation into fetal circulation. This was before the discovery that the placenta expresses two of the three monoamine transporters. The serotonin transporter and the norepinephrine transporter are expressed on the maternal-facing side of the syncytiotrophoblast, thus exposed to the inhibitory actions of cocaine and amphetamines if present in maternal blood. Inhibition of these transporters in the placenta could lead to elevation of serotonin and norepinephrine in the intervillous space that may cause uterine contraction and vasoconstriction, resulting in premature delivery, decreased placental blood flow, and intrauterine growth retardation. Thus, the placenta is actually a direct target for these abusable drugs. Since the placental serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter are also inhibited by many antidepressants, therapeutic use of these drugs in pregnant women may have similar detrimental effects on placental function and fetal growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadivel Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Abstract
Illicit substance use is not uncommon in women of childbearing age. The direct effects of illicit substance use on the mother, pregnancy and the fetus are not well understood, in contrast to the indirect effects of social disadvantage and intercurrent medical and psychiatric illness, which are well documented. We have undertaken a review of the current literature regarding the effects of illicit substance use in pregnancy and include a suggested approach to identification and management of at-risk women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Scott
- Department of Internal Medicine and Aged Care, Obstetric Medicine Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
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Prouillac C, Lecoeur S. The Role of the Placenta in Fetal Exposure to Xenobiotics: Importance of Membrane Transporters and Human Models for Transfer Studies. Drug Metab Dispos 2010; 38:1623-35. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.110.033571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Myllynen P, Immonen E, Kummu M, Vähäkangas K. Developmental expression of drug metabolizing enzymes and transporter proteins in human placenta and fetal tissues. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2009; 5:1483-99. [DOI: 10.1517/17425250903304049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Vähäkangas K, Myllynen P. Drug transporters in the human blood-placental barrier. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 158:665-78. [PMID: 19788499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00336.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the increasing number of transporters found in the placental barrier are gaining momentum, because of their tissue-specific expression, significance in physiology and disease, and the possible utilization of the emerging knowledge in pharmacology. In the placenta, both syncytiotrophoblast and fetal capillary endothelium express transporters. Fetal exposure is determined by the net effect of combination of transporters, their nature and localization in relation to placental cells and their substrate specificity. Although the significance of placental transporters on human fetal drug exposure is almost an unstudied field so far, their potential use to design drugs that do not cross the placenta is already being pursued. It is thus of interest to review the existing knowledge of human placental transporters. Transporters in all groups which take part in drug transport are found in human placenta. Especially, ATP-binding cassette transporters ABCG2/breast cancer resistance protein, ABCB1/P-glycoprotein and ABCC2/MRP2 are all expressed at the apical surface of syncytiotrophoblast facing maternal blood and are putatively important protective proteins both for placental tissue and the fetus, because they are efflux transporters and their substrates include many drugs and also environmental chemicals. Such protective effect has been shown in animals, but these results cannot be directly extrapolated to humans due to interspecies differences in placental structure and function. Experimental models utilizing human placental tissue, especially human placental perfusion, offer valuable possibilities, which have been insufficiently studied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vähäkangas
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Kuopio, Kuopio, Finland.
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19
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Abstract
Psychoactive drug use by pregnant women has the potential to effect fetal development; the effects are often thought to be drug-specific and gestational age dependent. This article describes the effects of three drugs with similar molecular targets that involve monoaminergic transmitter systems: cocaine, methamphetamine, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) used to treat maternal depression during pregnancy. We propose a possible common epigenetic mechanism for their potential effects on the developing child. We suggest that exposure to these substances acts as a stressor that affects fetal programming, disrupts fetal placental monoamine transporter expression and alters neuroendocrine and neurotransmitter system development. We also discuss neurobehavioral techniques that may be useful in the early detection of the effects of in utero drug exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Salisbury
- Department of Pediatrics, Brown Center for the Study of Children at Risk, Women and Infants Hospital of Rhode Island, 101 Dudley Street, Providence, RI 02905, USA.
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Furara SA, Carrick P, Armstrong D, Pairaudeau P, Pullan AM, Lindow SW. The outcome of pregnancy associated with amphetamine use. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2009; 19:377-80. [PMID: 15512335 DOI: 10.1080/01443619964689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Thirty cases of pregnancy associated with maternal amphetamine use were studied retrospectively fifteen out of the 30 women used amphetamines alone and the other 15 used other drugs in addition to amphetamines. Women who simultaneously used opiates were excluded from this analysis. Women were cared for in a multidisciplinary setting and all delivered in one hospital. With support all women were encouraged to discontinue drug use. There were 2 perinatal deaths, 1 from each group (amphetamines alone or amphetamines plus others). The mean birth weight were 2878 and 2959 grams respectively and gestational age 38.23 and 37.47 weeks respectively. If the whole group was divided into women who ceased amphetamine use and continued use in pregnancy, there was no marked difference between outcome in these 2 subgroups, however, the 2 perinatal deaths both occurred in women who continued amphetamine use. The risk of prematurity was 28.6% and low birth weight 25%, rates which were not reduced by an alteration in drug use.
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White SJ, Laurenzana EM, Gentry WB, Hendrickson HP, Williams DK, Ward KW, Owens SM. Vulnerability to (+)-methamphetamine effects and the relationship to drug disposition in pregnant rats during chronic infusion. Toxicol Sci 2009; 111:27-36. [PMID: 19520673 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic (+)-methamphetamine (METH) use during pregnancy increases the health risk for both mother and fetus. To provide insights into these risks, the relationship between changes in METH disposition and METH-induced pharmacological effects were studied in Sprague-Dawley rat dams and litters. Timed-pregnant rats (n = 5-6) were given saline or METH (5.6-17.8 mg/kg/day) by continuous sc infusion from gestational day (GD) 7 (before organogenesis) until GD21 (0-2 days before delivery). By GD11, all rats in the 17.8-mg/kg/day group died or were sacrificed for humane reasons. There were significant (p < 0.05) dose- and gestational time-dependent decreases in maternal body weight in the 10- to 13.2-mg/kg/day groups, which slowly recovered to near normal by GD21. Continued METH dosing in the surviving groups did not affect the mean pups/litter weight at the end of the experiment on GD21. While maternal and fetal METH and (+)-amphetamine serum concentrations were similar on GD21, brain concentrations were significantly greater in the dams (p < 0.05). Importantly, brain-to-serum ratios in the dams were 9:1 and 3:1 in the pups. METH systemic clearance (Cl(S)) in dams significantly (p < 0.05) decreased from 52 +/- 14 ml/min/kg on GD10 to 28 +/- 6 ml/min/kg on GD21 in all dose groups, indicating late-gestational stage reductions in METH Cl(S). Overall, these findings suggest that there were two periods of increased susceptibility for dams and fetuses during chronic METH treatment. First was the period after the start of METH dosing in which neuroadaptation and tolerance to METH occurs in the adult. The second was at the end of pregnancy when METH clearance was significantly reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J White
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205, USA
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Phupong V, Darojn D. Amphetamine abuse in pregnancy: the impact on obstetric outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2008; 276:167-70. [PMID: 17285340 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-007-0320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether pregnant women with amphetamine abuse developed more obstetric complications than non-drug abuser pregnant women. MATERIALS AND METHODS A retrospective case control study was undertaken. Pregnant women with amphetamine abuse who delivered between January 2002 and December 2003 were compared to control pregnant women. RESULTS Pregnant women who abused amphetamine were more likely to develop anemia, preterm delivery, thick meconium stained amniotic fluid, and delivered small for gestational age neonates. However, cephalopelvic disproportion was less frequently found in the amphetamine abuse group. CONCLUSION Pregnant women who abuse amphetamine experience more obstetric complications than the non-drug abuser. This information may be useful to medical personnel who are caregivers of these pregnant women to provide adequate perinatal care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vorapong Phupong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Rama IV Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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23
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Myllynen P, Pasanen M, Vähäkangas K. The fate and effects of xenobiotics in human placenta. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2007; 3:331-46. [PMID: 17539742 DOI: 10.1517/17425255.3.3.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
During past decades, knowledge on placental drug metabolism and mechanisms of placental transfer has increased significantly. Most pharmaceutical drugs administered during pregnancy cross the placenta to some extent. The important properties determining the placental transfer by passive diffusion are molecular weight, pK(a), lipid solubility and protein binding. In addition to passive diffusion, compounds may cross the placenta via active transfer, facilitated diffusion, phagocytosis and pinocytosis. This review gives an update of efflux transporter proteins and xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes that modify the fate and effects of drugs in the placenta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Myllynen
- Researcher, University of Oulu, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, PO Box 5000, 90014 Oulu, Finland.
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Unal R, Ahmed BA, Jeffus BC, Harney JT, Lyle CS, Wu YK, Chambers TC, Reece EA, Kilic F. At diabetes-like concentration, glucose down-regulates the placental serotonin transport system in a cell-cycle-dependent manner. J Neurochem 2007; 101:937-48. [PMID: 17355243 PMCID: PMC3042026 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04469.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin [5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT)] is a vasoconstrictor that also acts as a developmental signal early in embryogenesis. The 5HT transporter (SERT) on the membranes of the placental trophoblast cells controls 5HT levels in the maternal bloodstream to maintain stable transplacental blood flow and simultaneously provide 5HT to the embryo. The 5HT uptake rate of placental SERT is important for both the mother and the developing embryo. The impact of glucose on the placental SERT system during diabetic pregnancy is not known. The present in vitro study investigated this important issue in human placental choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells that were cultured for 24-96 h in a medium containing either 5.5 (physiologic concentration) or 25 mmol/L D-glucose (diabetic-like concentration). The 5HT uptake rates of the cultured cells were not altered at exogenous D-glucose concentrations in the range of 5.5-15 mmol/L, but were decreased significantly at a diabetic-like concentration (>or=25 mmol/L). To understand better the role of glucose on the placental 5HT system, we first characterized SERT in JAR cells at different cell-cycle phases and then determined the expression levels of SERT on the plasma membrane and in the intracellular pools of JAR cells at the late-S and G2 phases, where the uptake rates were decreased 73% under diabetic-like glucose concentrations. Finally, the importance of self-association of SERT molecules was examined. In JAR cells co-expressing Flag- and myc-tagged SERT, myc-antibody precipitated 70% of Flag-SERT, indicating that a large percentage of SERT proteins exist as oligomers in situ. Under diabetic conditions, myc-antibody no longer precipitated Flag-SERT, suggesting a disruption in the aggregation of SERT molecules. Therefore, we propose that under uncontrolled diabetic conditions, glucose down-regulates 5HT uptake rates of placental SERT by interfering with its functional expression in a cell-cycle-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Unal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
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25
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Jayanthi LD, Annamalai B, Samuvel DJ, Gether U, Ramamoorthy S. Phosphorylation of the Norepinephrine Transporter at Threonine 258 and Serine 259 Is Linked to Protein Kinase C-mediated Transporter Internalization. J Biol Chem 2006; 281:23326-40. [PMID: 16740633 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m601156200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have demonstrated the phosphorylation- and lipid raft-mediated internalization of the native norepinephrine transporter (NET) following protein kinase C (PKC) activation (Jayanthi, L. D., Samuvel, D. J., and Ramamoorthy, S. (2004) J. Biol. Chem. 279, 19315-19326). Here we tested an hypothesis that PKC-mediated phosphorylation of NET is required for transporter internalization. Phosphoamino acid analysis of 32P-labeled native NETs from rat placental trophoblasts and heterologously expressed wild type human NET (WT-hNET) from human placental trophoblast cells revealed that the phorbol ester (beta-PMA)-induced phosphorylation of NET occurs on serine and threonine residues. Beta-PMA treatment inhibited NE transport, reduced plasma membrane hNET levels, and stimulated hNET phosphorylation in human placental trophoblast cells expressing the WT-hNET. Substance P-mediated activation of the G alpha(q)-coupled human neurokinin 1 (hNK-1) receptor coexpressed with the WT-hNET produced effects similar to beta-PMA via PKC stimulation. In striking contrast, an hNET double mutant harboring T258A and S259A failed to show NE uptake inhibition and plasma membrane redistribution by beta-PMA or SP. Most interestingly, the plasma membrane insertion of the WT-hNET and hNET double mutant were not affected by beta-PMA. Although the WT-hNET showed increased endocytosis and redistribution from caveolin-rich plasma membrane domains following beta-PMA treatment, the hNET double mutant was completely resistant to these PKC-mediated effects. In addition, the PKC-induced phosphorylation of hNET double mutant was significantly reduced. In the absence of T258A and S259A mutations, alanine substitution of all other potential phosphosites within the hNET did not block PKC-induced phosphorylation and down-regulation. These results suggest that Thr-258 and Ser-259 serve as a PKC-specific phospho-acceptor site and that phosphorylation of this motif is linked to PKC-induced NET internalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankupalle D Jayanthi
- Department of Neurosciences, Division of Neuroscience Research, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Jayanthi LD, Ramamoorthy S. Regulation of monoamine transporters: influence of psychostimulants and therapeutic antidepressants. AAPS JOURNAL 2005; 7:E728-38. [PMID: 16353949 PMCID: PMC2751275 DOI: 10.1208/aapsj070373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Synaptic neurotransmission in the central nervous system (CNS) requires the precise control of the duration and the magnitude of neurotransmitter action at specific molecular targets. At the molecular level, neurotransmitter signaling is dynamically regulated by a diverse set of macromolecules including biosynthetic enzymes, secretory proteins, ion channels, pre- and postsynaptic receptors and transporters. Monoamines, 5-hydroxytryptamine or serotonin (5-HT), norepinephrine (NE), and dopamine (DA) play an important modulatory role in the CNS and are involved in numerous physiological functions and pathological conditions. Presynaptic plasma membrane transporters for 5-HT (SERT), NE (NET), and DA (DAT), respectively, control synaptic actions of these monoamines by rapidly clearing the released amine. Monoamine transporters are the sites of action for widely used antidepressants and are high affinity molecular targets for drugs of abuse including cocaine, amphetamine, and 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine (MDMA) "Ecstasy." Monoamine transporters also serve as molecular gateways for neurotoxins. Emerging evidence indicates that regulation of transporter function and surface expression can be rapidly modulated by "intrinsic" transporter activity itself, and antidepressant and psychostimulant drugs that block monoamine transport have a profound effect on transporter regulation. Therefore, disregulations in the functioning of monoamine transporters may underlie many disorders of transmitter imbalance such as depression, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and schizophrenia. This review integrates recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms of monoamine transporter regulation, in particular, posttranscriptional regulation by phosphorylation and trafficking linked to cellular protein kinases, protein phosphatases, and transporter interacting proteins. The review also discusses the possible role of psychostimulants and antidepressants in influencing monoamine transport regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankupalle D Jayanthi
- Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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Rytting E, Audus KL. Novel organic cation transporter 2-mediated carnitine uptake in placental choriocarcinoma (BeWo) cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2004; 312:192-8. [PMID: 15316089 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.104.072363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The placental transport of carnitine is significant because the fetus cannot supply itself with adequate amounts of this nutrient. Carnitine deficiencies in infants can lead to symptoms ranging from muscle weakness to sudden infant death. Objectives of this study include the characterization of novel organic cation transporter 2 (OCTN2) function in the BeWo cell line and the inhibition of placental carnitine uptake by amphetamine derivatives. BeWo cells were seeded in 12- or 24-well tissue culture plates and incubated at 37 degrees C until monolayers were confluent. Uptake studies with radiolabeled L-carnitine and inhibitors in Hanks' balanced salt solution were carried out in the plates at 37 degrees C for 30 min. Uptake of L-carnitine in BeWo cells was Na(+)-dependent and saturable (K(m) = 9.8 +/- 2.4 microM, V(max) = 800 +/- 70 pmol/mg of protein/30 min) with a nonsaturable constant of 2.8 +/- 0.3 microl/mg of protein/30 min. Among the amphetamine analogs studied, IC(50) values ranged from 2.3 to 9.2 mM, and the inhibition of carnitine uptake was stronger for compounds having a methyl-substituted nitrogen atom. Lineweaver-Burk plots show that inhibition by tetraethylammonium and valproate was competitive; inhibition by ephedrine was not completely competitive. The observed kinetics, Western blot, and inhibition profiles indicate that high-affinity carnitine uptake in the BeWo cell line is mediated by OCTN2. Inhibition of carnitine transport by amphetamines potentially poses serious consequences for fetal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Rytting
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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Jayanthi LD, Samuvel DJ, Ramamoorthy S. Regulated Internalization and Phosphorylation of the Native Norepinephrine Transporter in Response to Phorbol Esters. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:19315-26. [PMID: 14976208 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m311172200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of norepinephrine in the brain and periphery are terminated primarily by active reuptake of the catecholamine via cocaine- and amphetamine-sensitive norepinephrine transporters (NETs). Activation of protein kinase C (PKC) down-regulates NET by sequestering it from the plasma membrane, although the underlying mechanism is not yet known. Previously, we showed robust expression of endogenous NETs in rat placental trophoblasts (Jayanthi, L. D., Vargas, G., and DeFelice, L. J. (2002) Br. J. Pharmacol. 135, 1927-1934). Here we report a significant reduction in native NET function and surface expression in these cells following phorbol ester (beta-PMA) treatment. The beta-PMA-mediated down-regulation of NET occurs by a rapid sequestration of NETs from the plasma membrane and is calcium-independent. Reversible biotinylation experiments revealed a significant enhancement of NET endocytosis following beta-PMA treatment. Chemical treatments and expression of dominant negative mutants of dynamin 1 and 2 failed to prevent the beta-PMA effect, suggesting a clathrin-independent pathway. In contrast, treatment with the cholesterol-disrupting agent filipin, which blocks caveolae/lipid raft-mediated internalization, completely blocked the beta-PMA-mediated NET sequestration. Discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation revealed NET in the lipid raft fractions. Following beta-PMA treatment, there was reduced NET levels in the lipid raft fractions suggesting that cholesterol-rich lipid rafts mediate PKC-triggered NET internalization. Metabolic labeling and immunoprecipitation studies revealed that NET phosphorylation is stimulated severalfold by PKC activation and protein phosphatase 1/2A inhibition. Together, these findings demonstrate for the first time that in trophoblasts (i) PKC activation regulates NET function and surface expression by an enhanced internalization process that is lipid raft-mediated and (ii) PKC and protein phosphatase(s) modulation regulates NET phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankupalle D Jayanthi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA.
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Abstract
The major function of the placenta is to transfer nutrients and oxygen from the mother to the foetus and to assist in the removal of waste products from the foetus to the mother. In addition, it plays an important role in the synthesis of hormones, peptides and steroids that are vital for a successful pregnancy. The placenta provides a link between the circulations of two distinct individuals but also acts as a barrier to protect the foetus from xenobiotics in the maternal blood. However, the impression that the placenta forms an impenetrable obstacle against most drugs is now widely regarded as false. It has been shown that that nearly all drugs that are administered during pregnancy will enter, to some degree, the circulation of the foetus via passive diffusion. In addition, some drugs are pumped across the placenta by various active transporters located on both the fetal and maternal side of the trophoblast layer. It is only in recent years that the impact of active transporters such as P-glycoprotein on the disposition of drugs has been demonstrated. Facilitated diffusion appears to be a minor transfer mechanism for some drugs, and pinocytosis and phagocytosis are considered too slow to have any significant effect on fetal drug concentrations. The extent to which drugs cross the placenta is also modulated by the actions of placental phase I and II drug-metabolising enzymes, which are present at levels that fluctuate throughout gestation. Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes in particular have been well characterised in the placenta at the level of mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity. CYP1A1, 2E1, 3A4, 3A5, 3A7 and 4B1 have been detected in the term placenta. While much less is known about phase II enzymes in the placenta, some enzymes, in particular uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferases, have been detected and shown to have specific activity towards marker substrates, suggesting a significant role of this enzyme in placental drug detoxification. The increasing experimental data on placental drug transfer has enabled clinicians to make better informed decisions about which drugs significantly cross the placenta and develop dosage regimens that minimise fetal exposure to potentially toxic concentrations. Indeed, the foetus has now become the object of intended drug treatment. Extensive research on the placental transfer of drugs such as digoxin and zidovudine has assisted with the safe treatment of the foetus with these drugs in utero. Improved knowledge regarding transplacental drug transfer and metabolism will result in further expansion of pharmacological treatment of fetal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Syme
- Division of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Jayanthi LD, Vargas G, DeFelice LJ. Characterization of cocaine and antidepressant-sensitive norepinephrine transporters in rat placental trophoblasts. Br J Pharmacol 2002; 135:1927-34. [PMID: 11959795 PMCID: PMC1573321 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0704658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1. This paper reports on a primary cell culture system that predominantly expresses native norepinephrine (NE) transporters (NETs), and is amenable to biophysical as well as biochemical analyses. 2. Previous research has identified human and rat placentas as rich sources of NET. We have exploited this to develop primary cultures of rat placental trophoblasts. NE uptake in these cultures is about 10 times higher when compared to 5HT uptake. The presence of NET protein is revealed by immunoblot analysis, while there is no detectable SERT protein. 3. NE transport in rat trophoblasts is sensitive to NET-specific antagonists, desipramine (DS) and nisoxetine (NX), but not to the dopamine-transporter (DAT) specific antagonist, GBR12909 or to the serotonin (5HT) transporter (SERT) specific antagonist paroxetine (PX). Drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamine also inhibit NE transport in these cells. Together these results suggest that rat placental trophoblasts predominantly express NET over other monoamine transporters. 4. Patch-clamp analysis reveals that NETs in intact rat trophoblasts are electrogenic. Comparison of NE uptake with NE-induced currents suggests that these two modes of transporter activity are differentially regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lankupalle D Jayanthi
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Nashville, Tennessee, TN 37232, USA.
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31
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Kenney SP, Kekuda R, Prasad PD, Leibach FH, Devoe LD, Ganapathy V. Cannabinoid receptors and their role in the regulation of the serotonin transporter in human placenta. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181:491-7. [PMID: 10454705 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70583-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate the expression of cannabinoid receptors in human placenta and BeWo choriocarcinoma cells and study their role in the regulation of the serotonin transporter. STUDY DESIGN Expression of the 2 types of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) in human placenta and BeWo cells was investigated by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis. The involvement of the receptors in the regulation of the serotonin transporter expression was studied by using a cannabinoid receptor agonist (WIN 55212-2). BeWo cells were treated with the agonist in the presence or absence of forskolin, and the serotonin transporter activity was measured by assessing paroxetine-sensitive serotonin transport. Serotonin transporter density in cell membranes was monitored by measuring paroxetine-sensitive binding of RTI-55, a specific high-affinity ligand for the transporter. Agonist-induced changes in intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate were also monitored. RESULTS Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis demonstrated unequivocally that human placenta and BeWo cells express both types of cannabinoid receptors. Treatment of BeWo cells with the receptor agonist blocked the activity of the constitutive, as well as the forskolin-induced, serotonin transporter without affecting the serotonin transporter density. This effect is not mediated by alterations in intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate levels. CONCLUSION The results show that cannabinoid receptors are expressed in human placenta and BeWo cells and play a role in the regulation of the serotonin transporter activity. Human placenta is therefore a direct target for cannabinoids, and marijuana use during pregnancy is likely to affect the placental clearance of serotonin through the serotonin transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Kenney
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, USA
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Abstract
A challenge in modern drug therapy is to develop strategies for safer and more selective targeting of drug delivery in pregnancy. Specifically, approaches are needed that would restrict unnecessary drug exposure to either mother or fetus. There is evidence emerging that indicates the placenta does express natural transport and metabolism processes that function to control drug and nutrient distribution between the mother and fetus. Further, in vitro techniques developed in the past 10 years now provide some of the tools necessary to elucidate transport and metabolism processes typical of the human placenta. As a consequence, pharmaceutical scientists are in a position to contribute significantly to the design and development of drugs for pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Audus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, The University of Kansas, 2095 Constant Avenue, Lawrence, KS 66047, USA.
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Ganapathy V, Prasad PD, Ganapathy ME, Leibach FH. Drugs of abuse and placental transport. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 1999; 38:99-110. [PMID: 10837749 DOI: 10.1016/s0169-409x(99)00009-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The placenta provides the only link between the mother and the developing fetus. The function of the placenta as a transport organ is obligatory for fetal development because this process, mediated by a variety of transport systems, is responsible for the delivery of nutrients from the mother to the fetus. Some of the transport systems in the placenta also play a role in the clearance of vasoactive compounds, thus maintaining optimal blood flow to this organ. There is strong supporting evidence to indicate that several of these placental transport systems are either direct or indirect targets for the abusable drugs cocaine, amphetamines, nicotine, and cannabinoids. These drugs of abuse compromise the placental transport function and consequently produce detrimental effects on the developing fetus.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA
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Lidow MS, Trakht T, Howard RL. Cocaine-induced alterations in the density of monoaminergic receptors in the embryonic guinea pig cerebral wall. Synapse 1999; 32:225-37. [PMID: 10340632 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2396(19990601)32:3<225::aid-syn8>3.0.co;2-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative receptor autoradiography was used to examine the effect of chronic cocaine exposure on the density of alpha1-, alpha2- and beta-adrenergic, 5-HT1A- and 5-HT2-serotonergic, and D1- and D2-dopaminergic receptors in the fetal guinea pig cerebral wall which contained forming motor area of the cerebral cortex. The pregnant guinea pig received two daily subcutaneous injections of 20 mg/kg cocaine beginning on the 20th day of pregnancy (E20). The control animals received injections of equivalent volume of saline. The receptor densities were examined between days 5-30 of the treatment, which corresponds to E25-E50. By the fifth day of treatment (E25), cocaine produced downregulation of all receptors studied throughout the entire depth of the fetal cerebral wall. More extended treatment, however, resulted in recovery of receptor levels. Finally, from days 20-30 of treatment (E40-E50) there was a significant upregulation of noradrenergic and dopaminergic receptor sites. These findings demonstrate that exposure to cocaine in utero can influence adrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic receptors in the embryonic cerebral wall, which may lead to alteration in corticogenesis. Furthermore, the present study reveals that, in the course of chronic treatment, cocaine may completely reverse its receptor regulatory activity in the fetal brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M S Lidow
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore 21201, USA.
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Ganapathy V, Prasad PD, Leibach FH. Use of human placenta in studies of monoamine transporters. Methods Enzymol 1998; 296:278-90. [PMID: 9779455 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(98)96021-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V Ganapathy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912, USA
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Prasad PD, Hoffmans BJ, Moe AJ, Smith CH, Leibach FH, Ganapathy V. Functional expression of the plasma membrane serotonin transporter but not the vesicular monoamine transporter in human placental trophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cells. Placenta 1996; 17:201-7. [PMID: 8761963 DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(96)90039-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the functional expression of the plasma membrane serotonin transporter and the vesicular monoamine transporter in choriocarcinoma cells and normal trophoblasts. The RBL 2H3 cells, a rat basophilic leukaemia cell line, which express both transporters were used for comparison. The choriocarcinoma cells JAr and BeWo were found to possess the plasma membrane serotonin transporter as assessed by the presence of serotonin transport activity in intact cells that was Na(+)-dependent and was sensitive to inhibition by tricyclic and non-tricyclic antidepressants. The activity of the vesicular monoamine transporter in these cells was determined by measuring serotonin transport in digitonin-permeabilized cells. The transport in permeabilized cells was very slow, was not stimulated by ATP and was insensitive to inhibition by reserpine. Under similar conditions, the vesicular monoamine transporter activity was demonstrable in RBL cells, which was stimulated by ATP and was inhibitable by reserpine, bafilomycin A1 (an inhibitor of the V-type H(+)-pump) and carbonyl cyanide p-trifluoromethoxy phenylhydrazone (a protonophore which dissipates transmembrane H+ gradients). In corroboration with these findings, mRNA transcripts hybridizable to the vesicular monoamine transporter cDNA probe were detectable in RBL cells but not in JAr choriocarcinoma cells. Similarly, there was no evidence for the expression of the vesicular monoamine transporter as assessed by Northern blot analysis in normal trophoblasts which were maintained in culture to differentiate to form multinucleated syncytial cells. It is concluded that the trophoblasts and choriocarcinoma cells express the plasma membrane serotonin transporter but not the vesicular monoamine transporter.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Prasad
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-2100, USA
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