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Kalaji HM, Schansker G, Brestic M, Bussotti F, Calatayud A, Ferroni L, Goltsev V, Guidi L, Jajoo A, Li P, Losciale P, Mishra VK, Misra AN, Nebauer SG, Pancaldi S, Penella C, Pollastrini M, Suresh K, Tambussi E, Yanniccari M, Zivcak M, Cetner MD, Samborska IA, Stirbet A, Olsovska K, Kunderlikova K, Shelonzek H, Rusinowski S, Bąba W. Frequently asked questions about chlorophyll fluorescence, the sequel. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2017; 132:13-66. [PMID: 27815801 PMCID: PMC5357263 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-016-0318-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Using chlorophyll (Chl) a fluorescence many aspects of the photosynthetic apparatus can be studied, both in vitro and, noninvasively, in vivo. Complementary techniques can help to interpret changes in the Chl a fluorescence kinetics. Kalaji et al. (Photosynth Res 122:121-158, 2014a) addressed several questions about instruments, methods and applications based on Chl a fluorescence. Here, additional Chl a fluorescence-related topics are discussed again in a question and answer format. Examples are the effect of connectivity on photochemical quenching, the correction of F V /F M values for PSI fluorescence, the energy partitioning concept, the interpretation of the complementary area, probing the donor side of PSII, the assignment of bands of 77 K fluorescence emission spectra to fluorescence emitters, the relationship between prompt and delayed fluorescence, potential problems when sampling tree canopies, the use of fluorescence parameters in QTL studies, the use of Chl a fluorescence in biosensor applications and the application of neural network approaches for the analysis of fluorescence measurements. The answers draw on knowledge from different Chl a fluorescence analysis domains, yielding in several cases new insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M. Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Marian Brestic
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Filippo Bussotti
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Angeles Calatayud
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Lorenzo Ferroni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dr.Tzankov Blvd., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lucia Guidi
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Via del Borghetto, 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Anjana Jajoo
- School of Life Sciences, Devi Ahilya University, Indore, M.P. 452 001 India
| | - Pengmin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100 Shaanxi China
| | - Pasquale Losciale
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l’analisi dell’economia agraria [Research Unit for Agriculture in Dry Environments], 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Vinod K. Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, Doon (P.G.) College of Agriculture Science, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Amarendra N. Misra
- Centre for Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Ratu-Lohardaga Road, Ranchi, 835205 India
| | - Sergio G. Nebauer
- Departamento de Producción vegetal, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera sn., 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Simonetta Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Corso Ercole I d’Este, 32, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Consuelo Penella
- Departamento de Horticultura, Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias, Ctra. Moncada-Náquera Km 4.5., 46113 Moncada, Valencia Spain
| | - Martina Pollastrini
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Florence, Piazzale delle Cascine 28, 50144 Florence, Italy
| | - Kancherla Suresh
- ICAR – Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godavari Dt., Andhra Pradesh 534 450 India
| | - Eduardo Tambussi
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marcos Yanniccari
- Institute of Plant Physiology, INFIVE (Universidad Nacional de La Plata — Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas), Diagonal 113 N°495, CC 327, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marek Zivcak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak Agricultural University, Tr. A. Hlinku 2, 949 76 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Magdalena D. Cetner
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela A. Samborska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences – SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarina Olsovska
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Kristyna Kunderlikova
- Department of Plant Physiology, Slovak University of Agriculture, A. Hlinku 2, 94976 Nitra, Slovak Republic
| | - Henry Shelonzek
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Silesia, ul. Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Szymon Rusinowski
- Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Kossutha 6, 40-844 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Bąba
- Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University, Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland
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Radenović CN, Maksimov GV, Tyutyaev EV, Stanković GJ, Jovanović ZV, Beljanski MV. Detecting the phase transition in thylakoid membranes of maize inbred lines by means of delayed fluorescence. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2014; 81:208-211. [PMID: 24836446 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the changes on growth, photosynthesis and water relations were tested by non-invasive fluorescence method. The applications of this method allow to determine some functional properties of prestigious maize inbred lines with erect top leaves. So the temperature dependency of delayed fluorescence intensity maximum of ZPPL 16 is observed at higher temperatures than for ZPPZ 62. This fact correlates with low values of phase transition of activation energy Ea in thylakoid membrane and accompanied by a decrease of the angle and area of the leaf, as well as with the content and the rate of water release from the seed. It seems reasonable to assume that, DF can be applied in breeding and maize hybrid seed production for the estimation of prestigious maize inbred lines and their resistance adaptability to increased and high temperatures, as well as, to drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Radenović
- Biophysical Laboratory, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, S. Bajića 1, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia; Faculty of Physical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - G V Maksimov
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - E V Tyutyaev
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - G J Stanković
- Biophysical Laboratory, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, S. Bajića 1, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - Z V Jovanović
- Biophysical Laboratory, Maize Research Institute, Zemun Polje, S. Bajića 1, Belgrade-Zemun, Serbia
| | - M V Beljanski
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kalaji HM, Goltsev V, Bosa K, Allakhverdiev SI, Strasser RJ. Experimental in vivo measurements of light emission in plants: a perspective dedicated to David Walker. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2012; 114:69-96. [PMID: 23065335 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-012-9780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/03/2012] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
This review is dedicated to David Walker (1928-2012), a pioneer in the field of photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence. We begin this review by presenting the history of light emission studies, from the ancient times. Light emission from plants is of several kinds: prompt fluorescence (PF), delayed fluorescence (DF), thermoluminescence, and phosphorescence. In this article, we focus on PF and DF. Chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements have been used for more than 80 years to study photosynthesis, particularly photosystem II (PSII) since 1961. This technique has become a regular trusted probe in agricultural and biological research. Many measured and calculated parameters are good biomarkers or indicators of plant tolerance to different abiotic and biotic stressors. This would never have been possible without the rapid development of new fluorometers. To date, most of these instruments are based mainly on two different operational principles for measuring variable chlorophyll a fluorescence: (1) a PF signal produced following a pulse-amplitude-modulated excitation and (2) a PF signal emitted during a strong continuous actinic excitation. In addition to fluorometers, other instruments have been developed to measure additional signals, such as DF, originating from PSII, and light-induced absorbance changes due to the photooxidation of P700, from PSI, measured as the absorption decrease (photobleaching) at about 705 nm, or increase at 820 nm. In this review, the technical and theoretical basis of newly developed instruments, allowing for simultaneous measurement of the PF and the DF as well as other parameters is discussed. Special emphasis has been given to a description of comparative measurements on PF and DF. However, DF has been discussed in greater details, since it is much less used and less known than PF, but has a great potential to provide useful qualitative new information on the back reactions of PSII electron transfer. A review concerning the history of fluorometers is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazem M Kalaji
- Department of Plant Physiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Biology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences SGGW, Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland.
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Strasser RJ, Tsimilli-Michael M, Qiang S, Goltsev V. Simultaneous in vivo recording of prompt and delayed fluorescence and 820-nm reflection changes during drying and after rehydration of the resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2010; 1797:1313-26. [PMID: 20226756 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2010.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2009] [Revised: 02/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
A new instrument (M-PEA), which measures simultaneously kinetics of prompt fluorescence (PF), delayed fluorescence (DF) and modulated light reflection at 820nm (MR), was used to screen dark-adapted leaves of the resurrection plant Haberlea rhodopensis during their progressive drying, down to 1% relative water content (RWC), and after their re-watering. This is the first investigation using M-PEA, which employs alternations of actinic light (627-nm peak, 5000 micromol photons m(-2) s(-1)) and dark intervals, where PF-MR and DF kinetics are respectively recorded, with the added advantages: (a) all kinetics are recorded with high time resolution (starting from 0.01 ms), (b) the dark intervals' duration can be as short as 0.1 ms, (c) actinic illumination can be interrupted at different times during the PF transient (recorded up to 300 s), with the earliest interruption at 0.3 ms. Analysis of the simultaneous measurements at different water-content-states of H. rhodopensis leaves allowed the comparison and correlation of complementary information on the structure/function of the photosynthetic machinery, which is not destroyed but only inactivated (reversibly) at different degrees; the comparison and correlation helped also to test current interpretations of each signal and advance their understanding. Our results suggest that the desiccation tolerance of the photosynthetic machinery in H. rhodopensis is mainly based on mechanism(s) that lead to inactivation of photosystem II reaction centres (transformation to heat sinks), triggered already by a small RWC decrease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reto J Strasser
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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Goltsev V, Zaharieva I, Chernev P, Strasser RJ. Delayed fluorescence in photosynthesis. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2009; 101:217-32. [PMID: 19548111 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-009-9451-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2008] [Accepted: 05/27/2009] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is a very efficient photochemical process. Nevertheless, plants emit some of the absorbed energy as light quanta. This luminescence is emitted, predominantly, by excited chlorophyll a molecules in the light-harvesting antenna, associated with Photosystem II (PS II) reaction centers. The emission that occurs before the utilization of the excitation energy in the primary photochemical reaction is called prompt fluorescence. Light emission can also be observed from repopulated excited chlorophylls as a result of recombination of the charge pairs. In this case, some time-dependent redox reactions occur before the excitation of the chlorophyll. This delays the light emission and provides the name for this phenomenon-delayed fluorescence (DF), or delayed light emission (DLE). The DF intensity is a decreasing polyphasic function of the time after illumination, which reflects the kinetics of electron transport reactions both on the (electron) donor and the (electron) acceptor sides of PS II. Two main experimental approaches are used for DF measurements: (a) recording of the DF decay in the dark after a single turnover flash or after continuous light excitation and (b) recording of the DF intensity during light adaptation of the photosynthesizing samples (induction curves), following a period of darkness. In this paper we review historical data on DF research and recent advances in the understanding of the relation between the delayed fluorescence and specific reactions in PS II. An experimental method for simultaneous recording of the induction transients of prompt and delayed chlorophyll fluorescence and decay curves of DF in the millisecond time domain is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilij Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8 Dragan Tzankov Boulevard, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Goltsev V, Zaharieva I, Lambrev P, Yordanov I, Strasser R. Simultaneous analysis of prompt and delayed chlorophyll a fluorescence in leaves during the induction period of dark to light adaptation. J Theor Biol 2003; 225:171-83. [PMID: 14575651 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-5193(03)00236-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
An attempt is made to reveal the relation between the induction curves of delayed fluorescence (DF) registered at 0.35-5.5 ms and the prompt chlorophyll fluorescence (PF). A simple formulation was proposed to link the ratio of the transient values of delayed and variable fluorescence with the redox state of the primary electron acceptor of Photosystem II--QA, and the thylakoid membrane energization. The term luminescence potential (UL) was introduced, defined as the sum of the redox potential of QA and the transmembrane proton gradient. It was shown that UL is proportional to the ratio of DF to the variable part of PF. The theoretical model was verified and demonstrated by analysing induction courses of PF and millisecond DF, simultaneously registered from leaves of barley--wild-type and the chlorophyll b-less mutant chlorina f2. A definitive correlation between PF and DF was established. If the luminescence changes are strictly due to UL, the courses of DF and PF are reciprocal and the millisecond DF curve resembles the first derivative of the PFt function.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Goltsev
- Department of Biophysics and Radiobiology, Faculty of Biology, St. Kliment Ohridski University of Sofia, 8, Dragan Tzankov Blvd., 1164, Sofia, Bulgaria.
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Malkin S, Bilger W, Schreiber U. The relationship between millisecond luminescence and fluorescence in tobacco leaves during the induction period. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 1994; 39:57-66. [PMID: 24311001 DOI: 10.1007/bf00027143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/1993] [Accepted: 10/05/1993] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Millisecond luminescence and fluorescence, from an intact tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaf, were measured simultaneously during the induction period, as a function of the time. This was accomplished using a luminescence apparatus which separated out the faster luminescence components by subtraction of the accumulated slow-decaying ones. An antiparallel correlation between the two was observed, but only during a part of the induction period starting with the first fluorescence peak where the fluorescence decreases to a quasi plateau level. During this induction phase, luminescence rose very prominently to a maximum while fluorescence decreased. This correlation fits a linear dependence of the luminescence on the extent of RCs openness, as monitored by the photochemical quenching of the fluorescence. It may be concluded that during this induction phase, all other factors, which modulate luminescence (e.g. membrane potential), have become already steady and that the millisecond delayed luminescence reflects the photochemical reaction in an open center (i.e. with QA oxidized). This is further supported by steady-state experiments in thylakoid membranes. No correlations between luminescence and either momentary (F) or maximum (Fm) fluorescence during later induction phases can be pinpointed with confidence, although a trend of a parallel decrease at certain time intervals can be seen occasionally. Likewise, there is no relationship between the two in the very initial induction phase, during the rise of fluorescence from Fo to Fm, as noted earlier. This lack of correlation is presumably due to the dependence of luminescence on other parameters, which vary during these induction phases. The implications of these observations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Malkin
- Lehrstuhl für Botanik I, Universität Würzburg, Mittlerer Dallenbergweg 64, D-8700, Würzburg, Germany
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