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Kaczmarski P, Sochal M, Strzelecki D, Białasiewicz P, Gabryelska A. Influence of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission on obstructive sleep apnea. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1213971. [PMID: 37521710 PMCID: PMC10372424 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1213971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are the two main neurotransmitters in the human brain. The balance between their excitatory and inhibitory functions is crucial for maintaining the brain's physiological functions. Disturbance of glutamatergic or GABAergic neurotransmission leads to serious health problems including neurodegeneration, affective and sleep disorders. Both GABA and glutamate are involved in the control of the sleep-wake cycle. The disturbances in their function may cause sleep and sleep-related disorders. Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is the most common sleep respiratory disorder and is characterized by repetitive collapse of the upper airway resulting in intermittent hypoxia and sleep fragmentation. The complex pathophysiology of OSA is the basis of the development of numerous comorbid diseases. There is emerging evidence that GABA and glutamate disturbances may be involved in the pathogenesis of OSA, as well as its comorbidities. Additionally, the GABA/glutamate targeted pharmacotherapy may also influence the course of OSA, which is important in the implementation of wildly used drugs including benzodiazepines, anesthetics, and gabapentinoids. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the influence of disturbances in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission on obstructive sleep apnea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kaczmarski
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marcin Sochal
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Dominik Strzelecki
- Department of Affective and Psychotic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Piotr Białasiewicz
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agata Gabryelska
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Łódź, Łódź, Poland
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Zhang Y, Ngo D, Yu B, Shah NA, Chen H, Ramos AR, Zee PC, Tracy R, Durda P, Kaplan R, Daviglus ML, Rich SS, Rotter JI, Cai J, Clish C, Gerszten R, Kristal BS, Gharib SA, Redline S, Sofer T. Development and validation of a metabolite index for obstructive sleep apnea across race/ethnicities. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21805. [PMID: 36526671 PMCID: PMC9758170 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26321-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of upper airway obstruction during sleep resulting in oxygen desaturation and sleep fragmentation, and associated with increased risk of adverse health outcomes. Metabolites are being increasingly used for biomarker discovery and evaluation of disease processes and progression. Studying metabolomic associations with OSA in a diverse community-based cohort may provide insights into the pathophysiology of OSA. We aimed to develop and replicate a metabolite index for OSA and identify individual metabolites associated with OSA. We studied 219 metabolites and their associations with the apnea hypopnea index (AHI) and with moderate-severe OSA (AHI ≥ 15) in the Hispanic Community Health Study/Study of Latinos (HCHS/SOL) (n = 3507) using two methods: (1) association analysis of individual metabolites, and (2) least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to identify a subset of metabolites jointly associated with OSA, which was used to develop a metabolite index for OSA. Results were validated in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA) (n = 475). When assessing the associations with individual metabolites, we identified seven metabolites significantly positively associated with OSA in HCHS/SOL (FDR p < 0.05), of which four associations-glutamate, oleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:1/18:2), linoleoyl-linoleoyl-glycerol (18:2/18:2) and phenylalanine, were replicated in MESA (one sided-p < 0.05). The OSA metabolite index, composed of 14 metabolites, was associated with a 50% increased risk for moderate-severe OSA (OR = 1.50 [95% CI 1.21-1.85] per 1 SD of OSA metabolite index, p < 0.001) in HCHS/SOL and 55% increased risk (OR = 1.55 [95% CI 1.10-2.20] per 1 SD of OSA metabolite index, p = 0.013) in MESA, both adjusted for demographics, lifestyle, and comorbidities. Similar albeit less significant associations were observed for AHI. Replication of the metabolite index in an independent multi-ethnic dataset demonstrates the robustness of metabolomic-based OSA index to population heterogeneity. Replicated metabolite associations may provide insights into OSA-related molecular and metabolic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Debby Ngo
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Cardiovascular Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Bing Yu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Neomi A Shah
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, Human Genetics Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alberto R Ramos
- Sleep Medicine Program, Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Phyllis C Zee
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Russell Tracy
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Peter Durda
- Department of Pathology Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, 05405, USA
| | - Robert Kaplan
- Department of Epidemiology & Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Martha L Daviglus
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA
| | - Stephen S Rich
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA
| | - Jerome I Rotter
- Department of Pediatrics, The Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, The Lundquist Institute for Biomedical Innovation at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Jianwen Cai
- Department of Biostatistics, Collaborative Studies Coordinating Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Clary Clish
- Metabolite Profiling Platform, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Robert Gerszten
- Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Bruce S Kristal
- Department of Medicine, Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sina A Gharib
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Susan Redline
- Department of Medicine, Division of Sleep Medicine and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Tamar Sofer
- Department of Medicine, Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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Bourdès V, Dogterom P, Aleman A, Parmantier P, Colas D, Lemarchant S, Marie S, Chou T, Abd-Elaziz K, Godfrin Y. Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics and Initial Pharmacodynamics of a Subcommissural Organ-Spondin-Derived Peptide: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind, Single Ascending Dose First-in-Human Study. Neurol Ther 2022; 11:1353-1374. [PMID: 35779189 PMCID: PMC9338184 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in healthy volunteers assessed the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of single ascending doses of intravenously administered NX210-a linear peptide derived from subcommissural organ-spondin-and explored the effects on blood/urine biomarkers and cerebral activity. METHODS Participants in five cohorts (n = 8 each) were randomized to receive a single intravenous dose of NX210 (n = 6 each) (0.4, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) or placebo (n = 2 each); in total, 10 and 29 participants received placebo and NX210, respectively. Blood samples were collected for pharmacokinetics within 180 min post dosing. Plasma and urine were collected from participants (cohorts: 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) for biomarker analysis and electroencephalography (EEG) recordings within 48 h post dosing. Safety/tolerability and pharmacokinetic data were assessed before ascending to the next dose. RESULTS The study included 39 participants. All dosages were safe and well tolerated. All treatment-emergent adverse events (n = 17) were of mild severity and resolved spontaneously (except one with unknown outcome). Twelve treatment-emergent adverse events (70.6%) were deemed drug related; seven of those (58.3%) concerned nervous system disorders (dizziness, headache, and somnolence). The pharmacokinetic analysis indicated a short half-life in plasma (6-20 min), high apparent volume of distribution (1870-4120 L), and rapid clearance (7440-16,400 L/h). In plasma, tryptophan and homocysteine showed dose-related increase and decrease, respectively. No drug dose effect was found for the glutamate or glutamine plasma biomarkers. Nevertheless, decreased blood glutamate and increased glutamine were observed in participants treated with NX210 versus placebo. EEG showed a statistically significant decrease in beta and gamma bands and a dose-dependent increasing trend in alpha bands. Pharmacodynamics effects were sustained for several hours (plasma) or 48 h (urine and EEG). CONCLUSION NX210 is safe and well tolerated and may exert beneficial effects on the central nervous system, particularly in terms of cognitive processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André Aleman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yann Godfrin
- Axoltis Pharma, 60 Avenue Rockefeller, 69008, Lyon, France
- Godfrin Life-Sciences, Caluire-et-Cuire, France
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Interictal plasma glutamate levels are elevated in individuals with episodic and chronic migraine. Sci Rep 2022; 12:6921. [PMID: 35484312 PMCID: PMC9050726 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-10883-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutamate is implicated in migraine pathogenesis including central sensitization and pain transmission. Altered plasma glutamate levels has been noted in migraine. Chronic migraine (CM) presented a higher degree of central sensitization and pain transmission than episodic migraine (EM). However, no study has evaluated plasma glutamate levels separately in EM and CM. This study aimed to assess plasma glutamate levels in EM and CM compared to controls. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess plasma glutamate levels in females with EM (n = 98) and CM (n = 92) as well as controls (n = 50). Plasma glutamate levels in participants with EM (median and interquartile range, 49.73 [40.82–66.12] μmol/L, p < 0.001) and CM (58.70 [44.64–72.46] μmol/L, p < 0.001) were significantly higher than those in controls (38.79 [29.50–53.60] μmol/L). Glutamate levels were not significantly different between participants with EM and CM (p = 0.075). There was no significant association of plasma glutamate levels with headache frequency (exponential and 95% confidence interval, 1.285 [0.941–1.755]) and intensity (mild, 59.95 [59.95–59.95] μmol/L vs. moderate, 52.76 [40.83–106.89] μmol/L vs. severe, 55.16 [42.34–68.03] μmol/L, p = 0.472). The plasma glutamate level is a potential indicator for EM and CM.
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Ferguson LB, Roberts AJ, Mayfield RD, Messing RO. Blood and brain gene expression signatures of chronic intermittent ethanol consumption in mice. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1009800. [PMID: 35176017 PMCID: PMC8853518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1009800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) is a chronic, relapsing syndrome diagnosed by a heterogeneous set of behavioral signs and symptoms. There are no laboratory tests that provide direct objective evidence for diagnosis. Microarray and RNA-Seq technologies enable genome-wide transcriptome profiling at low costs and provide an opportunity to identify biomarkers to facilitate diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of patients. However, access to brain tissue in living patients is not possible. Blood contains cellular and extracellular RNAs that provide disease-relevant information for some brain diseases. We hypothesized that blood gene expression profiles can be used to diagnose AUD. We profiled brain (prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and hypothalamus) and blood gene expression levels in C57BL/6J mice using RNA-seq one week after chronic intermittent ethanol (CIE) exposure, a mouse model of alcohol dependence. We found a high degree of preservation (rho range: [0.50, 0.67]) between blood and brain transcript levels. There was small overlap between blood and brain DEGs, and considerable overlap of gene networks perturbed after CIE related to cell-cell signaling (e.g., GABA and glutamate receptor signaling), immune responses (e.g., antigen presentation), and protein processing / mitochondrial functioning (e.g., ubiquitination, oxidative phosphorylation). Blood gene expression data were used to train classifiers (logistic regression, random forest, and partial least squares discriminant analysis), which were highly accurate at predicting alcohol dependence status (maximum AUC: 90.1%). These results suggest that gene expression profiles from peripheral blood samples contain a biological signature of alcohol dependence that can discriminate between CIE and Air subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B. Ferguson
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Amanda J. Roberts
- Animal Models Core Facility, The Scripps Research Institute, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - R. Dayne Mayfield
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
| | - Robert O. Messing
- Waggoner Center for Alcohol and Addiction Research, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, United States of America
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Puetz LC, Delmont TO, Aizpurua O, Guo C, Zhang G, Katajamaa R, Jensen P, Gilbert MTP. Gut Microbiota Linked with Reduced Fear of Humans in Red Junglefowl Has Implications for Early Domestication. ADVANCED GENETICS (HOBOKEN, N.J.) 2021; 2:2100018. [PMID: 36619855 PMCID: PMC9744516 DOI: 10.1002/ggn2.202100018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Domestication of animals can lead to profound phenotypic modifications within short evolutionary time periods, and for many species behavioral selection is likely at the forefront of this process. Animal studies have strongly implicated that the gut microbiome plays a major role in host behavior and cognition through the microbiome-gut-brain axis. Consequently, herein, it is hypothesized that host gut microbiota may be one of the earliest phenotypes to change as wild animals were domesticated. Here, the gut microbiome community in two selected lines of red junglefowl that are selected for either high or low fear of humans up to eight generations is examined. Microbiota profiles reveal taxonomic differences in gut bacteria known to produce neuroactive compounds between the two selection lines. Gut-brain module analysis by means of genome-resolved metagenomics identifies enrichment in the microbial synthesis and degradation potential of metabolites associated with fear extinction and reduces anxiety-like behaviors in low fear fowls. In contrast, high fear fowls are enriched in gut-brain modules from the butyrate and glutamate pathways, metabolites associated with fear conditioning. Overall, the results identify differences in the composition and functional potential of the gut microbiota across selection lines that may provide insights into the mechanistic explanations of the domestication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara C. Puetz
- Center for Evolutionary HologenomicsGLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen1353Denmark
| | - Tom O. Delmont
- Génomique MétaboliqueGenoscopeInstitut François JacobCEACNRSUniv EvryUniversité Paris‐SaclayEvry91057France
| | - Ostaizka Aizpurua
- Center for Evolutionary HologenomicsGLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen1353Denmark
| | - Chunxue Guo
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhen518083China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- China National GeneBankBGI‐ShenzhenShenzhen518083China
- Villum Center for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of BiologyUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen2100Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and EvolutionKunming Institute of ZoologyChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650223China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and GeneticsChinese Academy of SciencesKunming650223China
| | - Rebecca Katajamaa
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology GroupLinköping UniversityLinköping58330Sweden
| | - Per Jensen
- IFM Biology, AVIAN Behaviour Genomics and Physiology GroupLinköping UniversityLinköping58330Sweden
| | - M. Thomas P. Gilbert
- Center for Evolutionary HologenomicsGLOBE InstituteUniversity of CopenhagenCopenhagen1353Denmark
- Department of Natural History, NTNU University MuseumNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Trondheim7491Norway
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Meeder E, Matzaraki V, Vadaq N, van de Wijer L, van der Ven A, Schellekens A. Unbiased Metabolomics Links Fatty Acid Pathways to Psychiatric Symptoms in People Living with HIV. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10235466. [PMID: 34884168 PMCID: PMC8658345 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10235466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychiatric symptoms are prevalent in people living with HIV (PLWH), especially depression, anxiety, impulsivity, and substance use. Various biological mechanisms might play a role in the occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in this population. A hypothesis free, data-driven metabolomics approach can further our understanding of these mechanisms. In this study, we identified metabolic pathways associated with impulsivity, depression and substance use in 157 PLWH. First, Spearman’s rank correlations between metabolite feature intensities and psychiatric symptom levels were calculated, while controlling for age, gender and body mass index. Subsequently, a mummichog pathway analysis was performed. Finally, we analyzed which individual metabolites drove the observed effects. In our cohort of PLWH, fatty acid-related pathways were associated with both depressive as well as impulsive symptomatology. Substance use showed most extensive metabolic associations, and was positively associated with short chain fatty acids (SCFA’s), and negatively associated with glutamate levels. These findings suggest that PUFA metabolism might be associated with both internalising and externalising symptomatology in PLWH. Furthermore, glutamate and SCFA’s—microbiome derivatives with known neuroactive properties—might be involved in substance use in these patients. Future studies should explore potential causal mechanisms involved and whether these findings are HIV-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Meeder
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +31-648-021-927
| | - Vasiliki Matzaraki
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (N.V.); (L.v.d.W.); (A.v.d.V.)
| | - Nadira Vadaq
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (N.V.); (L.v.d.W.); (A.v.d.V.)
- Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases (CENTRID), Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang 1269, Indonesia
| | - Lisa van de Wijer
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (N.V.); (L.v.d.W.); (A.v.d.V.)
| | - André van der Ven
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (V.M.); (N.V.); (L.v.d.W.); (A.v.d.V.)
| | - Arnt Schellekens
- Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Nijmegen Institute for Scientist-Practitioners in Addiction (NISPA), Radboud University, 6500 HE Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Radboud University, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Miki T, Eguchi M, Kochi T, Fukunaga A, Chen S, Nanri A, Kabe I, Mizoue T. Prospective study on the association between serum amino acid profiles and depressive symptoms among the Japanese working population. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256337. [PMID: 34403453 PMCID: PMC8370628 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Accumulating evidence suggests that amino acids, particularly tryptophan and glutamate, play an important role in the pathology of depression, but prospective epidemiologic data on this issue is scarce. We examined the association between circulating amino acids and the risk of depressive symptoms in a Japanese working population. Methods Participants were 841 workers who were free from depressive symptoms and provided blood at baseline and completed 3-yr follow-up survey. 30 varieties of amino acid concentrations in serum were measured using liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Depressive symptoms were defined using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale. Logistic regression was used to calculate the odds ratios of depressive symptoms according to serum amino acids with adjustment for lifestyle factors. Results A total of 151 (18.0%) workers were newly identified as having depressive symptoms at the follow-up. Baseline tryptophan and glutamate concentrations in serum were not appreciably associated with the risk of depressive symptoms. Risk of depressive symptoms tended to increase with increasing arginine concentrations; the multivariable-adjusted odds ratio for the highest versus lowest tertile of serum arginine was 1.65 (95% confidence interval: 0.96–2.83; P for trend = 0.07). No clear association was found for other amino acids. Conclusions Results of the present study do not support a significant role of circulating amino acids in the development of depressive symptoms among Japanese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takako Miki
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Masafumi Eguchi
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kochi
- Department of Health Administration, Furukawa Electric Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ami Fukunaga
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sanmei Chen
- Department of Global Health Nursing, Graduate School of Biomedical and Nursing Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akiko Nanri
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Food and Health Sciences, International College of Arts and Sciences, Fukuoka Women’s University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | - Tetsuya Mizoue
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Center for Clinical Sciences, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Surbakti KP, Sjahrir H. The Effect of Flunarizine Prophylactic Treatment on Headache Frequency and Plasma Glutamate Levels in Chronic Tension-type Headache Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that flunarizine may be used for the prophylactic treatment of migraine and that plasma glutamate level monitoring in patients with migraine can serve as a biomarker of response to treatment. Our aim was to assess the efficacy of flunarizine and the correlation of glutamate levels in Chronic Tension-type Headache (CTTH) with response to medication.
Methods: We studied 19 patients with diagnosis of CTTH according to International Classification of Headache Disorder, 2nd edition criteria. The level of plasma glutamate was measured before and after 8-weeks prophylactic treatments. Subjects were randomized into three interventional groups (flunarizine 5 mg, flunarizine 10 mg and placebo). Glutamate levels were measured by means of Glutamate ELISA Kit KA1909 Abnova.
Results: Flunarizine 5 mg group had lower mean plasma glutamate levels significantly compared to placebo (p < 0.00; 95% CI: 0.40-1.07). Flunarizine 10 mg group had lower mean of plasma glutamate levels significantly compared to placebo (p< 0.00; 95% CI: 0.53-1.27). However, there were no significant differences of mean plasma glutamate levels between flunarizine 5 mg group and flunarizine 10 mg group (p < 0.37; 95% CI: -(0.54) - 0.21). There were no significant differences in headache frequency reduction among the three interventional groups.
Conclusions: The usage of flunarizine as prophylactic treatment can reduce plasma glutamate levels significantly in CTTH patients. Either flunarizine or placebo showed no significant difference in reducing headache frequency in CTTH patients.
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Aydogan Kirmizi D, Baser E, Onat T, Demir Caltekin M, Yalvac ES, Kara M, Gocmen AY. Sexual function and depression in polycystic ovary syndrome: Is it associated with inflammation and neuromodulators? Neuropeptides 2020; 84:102099. [PMID: 33120204 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2020.102099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have been carried out on depression and sexual dysfunction concomitant with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Increasing evidence has revealed the importance of inflammation in the etiology of PCOS. In addition, it has been known that some neuromodulators affect depression and sexual function. However, their effects on PCOS are not known. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship of depression and sexual function with cytokines and neuromodulators in PCOS patients. The present study included 20 fertile and 30 infertile patients diagnosed with PCOS and 30 healthy volunteers. Metabolic and endocrine parameters, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, TNFα, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glutamate, Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) serum levels, Beck Depression Index (BDI) and Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) scores of the patients were compared between the groups. TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, glutamate, GABA, and BDI scores were found to be significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PCOS group (p < 0.05). Glutamate, TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 values were higher whereas GABA and BDNF values were lower in pateints with moderate and severe depression (p < 0.05). There were no statistically significant relationships between these parameters and the FSFI scores (p > 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis was conducted with potential factors that may affect sexual dysfunction. The results indicated that high waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) (> 0.80) with an odds ratio of 1.81 in PCOS patients, and body mass index (BMI) with an odds ratio of 2.3 and high WHR (> 0.80) with an odds ratio of 1.97 in all patients were found to be independent risk factors affecting sexual dysfunction. The results of the present study suggested that chronic low-dose inflammation seen in PCOS may interact with some neuromodulators, leading to the development of depression. However, no relationship was found between these parameters and sexual function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Aydogan Kirmizi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey.
| | - Emre Baser
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Taylan Onat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Melike Demir Caltekin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Ethem Serdar Yalvac
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Faculty of Medicine, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - Ayse Yesim Gocmen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yozgat Bozok University, Faculty of Medicine, Yozgat, Turkey
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11
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Candidate metabolic biomarkers for schizophrenia in CNS and periphery: Do any possible associations exist? Schizophr Res 2020; 226:95-110. [PMID: 30935700 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limitations of analytical techniques and the complicity of schizophrenia, nowadays it is still a challenge to diagnose and stratify schizophrenia patients accurately. Many attempts have been made to identify and validate available biomarkers for schizophrenia from CSF and/or peripheral blood in clinical studies with consideration to disease stages, antipsychotic effects and even gender differences. However, conflicting results handicap the validation and application of biomarkers for schizophrenia. In view of availability and feasibility, peripheral biomarkers have superior advantages over biomarkers in CNS. Meanwhile, schizophrenia is considered to be a devastating neuropsychiatric disease mainly taking place in CNS featured by widespread defects in multiple metabolic pathways whose dynamic interactions, until recently, have been difficult to difficult to investigate. Evidence for these alterations has been collected piecemeal, limiting the potential to inform our understanding of the interactions among relevant biochemical pathways. Taken these points together, it will be interesting to investigate possible associations of biomarkers between CNS and periphery. Numerous studies have suggested putative correlations within peripheral and CNS systems especially for dopaminergic and glutamatergic metabolic biomarkers. In addition, it has been demonstrated that blood concentrations of BDNF protein can also reflect its changes in the nervous system. In turn, BDNF also interacts with glutamatergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems. Therefore, this review will summarize metabolic biomarkers identified both in the CNS (brain tissues and CSF) and peripheral blood. Further, more attentions will be paid to discussing possible physical and functional associations between CNS and periphery, especially with respect to BDNF.
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12
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Stensson N, Grimby-Ekman A. Altered relationship between anandamide and glutamate in circulation after 30 min of arm cycling: A comparison of chronic pain subject with healthy controls. Mol Pain 2020; 15:1744806919898360. [PMID: 31838922 PMCID: PMC6964246 DOI: 10.1177/1744806919898360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The insufficient knowledge of biochemical mechanisms behind the emergence and
maintenance of chronic musculoskeletal pain conditions constrains the
development of diagnostic and therapeutic tools for clinical use. However,
physical activity and exercise may improve pain severity and physical function
during chronic pain conditions. Nevertheless, the biochemical consequences of
physical activity and exercise in chronic pain need to be elucidated to increase
the precision of this therapeutic tool in chronic pain treatment. The
endocannabinoid system has been suggested to play an important role in
exercise-induced reward and pain inhibition. Moreover, glutamatergic signalling
has been suggested as an important factor for sensation and transmission of
pain. In addition, a link has been established between the endocannabinoid
system and glutamatergic pathways. This study examines the effect of dynamic
load arm cycling (30 min) on levels of lipid mediators related to the
endocannabinoid system and glutamate in plasma of chronic pain subjects and
pain-free controls. Pain assessments and plasma levels of
arachidonoylethanolamide (anandamide), 2-aracidonoylglycerol,
oleoylethanolamide, palmitoylethanolamide, stearoylethanolamide and glutamate
from 21 subjects with chronic neck pain (chronic pain group) and 11 healthy
controls were analysed pre and post intervention of dynamic load arm cycling.
Pain intensity was significantly different between groups pre and post exercise.
Post exercise, anandamide levels were significantly decreased in health controls
but not in the chronic pain group. A strong positive correlation existed between
anandamide and glutamate in the control group post exercise but not in the
chronic pain group. Moreover, the glutamate/anandamide ratio increased
significantly in the control group and differed significantly with the chronic
pain group post exercise. The altered relationship between anandamide and
glutamate after the intervention in the chronic pain group might reflect
alterations in the endocannabinoid-glutamate mechanistic links in the chronic
pain group compared to the pain-free control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Stensson
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Grimby-Ekman
- Health Metrics, Department of Medicine, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Sarangi SC, Kaur N, Tripathi M. Assessment of psychiatric and behavioral adverse effects of antiepileptic drugs monotherapy: Could they have a neuroendocrine correlation in persons with epilepsy? Epilepsy Behav 2019; 100:106439. [PMID: 31574428 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The study investigated overall adverse event (AE) burden and specifically psychiatric and behavioral side effects (PBAEs) in persons with epilepsy (PWE) on antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) monotherapy. It also assessed their correlation with neuroendocrine and oxidative stress biomarkers. METHODS This cross-sectional observational study was conducted at a tertiary care hospital between 2016 and 2018. Persons with epilepsy above 18 years on monotherapy of levetiracetam (LEV) and conventional AEDs {carbamazepine (CBZ), phenytoin (PHT), or valproate (VPA)} for at least 6 months were enrolled. Validated questionnaires, 'Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI 7.02)', 'Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale 21 (DASS-21)', 'Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ)', 'patient-weighted Quality of life Index in Epilepsy (QOLIE-10)', 'Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)', and 'Liverpool Adverse Events Profile (LAEP)' were used to assess the PBAEs, quality of life, sleep quality, and AE profile. A subgroup of PWE recruited consecutively were considered for estimation of the following neuroendocrine biomarker levels: brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) which were then correlated with scores of above questionnaires. RESULTS After screening 220 PWE, 163 PWE (58 on LEV and 105 on conventional AEDs) with a mean age of 29 ± 10 years were enrolled. Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview revealed that LEV group had higher association with PBAEs and lower quality of sleep compared to conventional AEDs (p = 0.032 and 0.046, respectively). Other scales did not show significant difference between LEV and conventional AEDs. In the subset of PWE (n = 74, 36 on LEV and 38 on conventional AEDs), LEV group had more association with the PBAEs (p = 0.010), higher physical aggression and anger components of BPAQ (p = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively), and more AE (p = 0.049) than conventional AED group. However, there was no significant difference in neuroendocrine biomarker levels. CONCLUSION Levetiracetam had a higher association with PBAEs and more AE when compared to conventional AEDs. There was no differential correlation of AEDs with the following neuroendocrine markers: BDNF, HVA, 5-HIAA, and TAC. These facts necessitate exploration of other mechanisms for LEV-induced PBAEs.
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Manchia M, Comai S, Pinna M, Pinna F, Fanos V, Denovan-Wright E, Carpiniello B. Biomarkers in aggression. Adv Clin Chem 2019; 93:169-237. [PMID: 31655730 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2019.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aggressive behavior exerts an enormous impact on society remaining among the main causes of worldwide premature death. Effective primary interventions, relying on predictive models of aggression that show adequate sensitivity and specificity are currently lacking. One strategy to increase the accuracy and precision of prediction would be to include biological data in the predictive models. Clearly, to be included in such models, biological markers should be reliably associated with the specific trait under study (i.e., diagnostic biomarkers). Aggression, however, is phenotypically highly heterogeneous, an element that has hindered the identification of reliable biomarkers. However, current research is trying to overcome these challenges by focusing on more homogenous aggression subtypes and/or by studying large sample size of aggressive individuals. Further advance is coming by bioinformatics approaches that are allowing the integration of inter-species biological data as well as the development of predictive algorithms able to discriminate subjects on the basis of the propensity toward aggressive behavior. In this review we first present a brief summary of the available evidence on neuroimaging of aggression. We will then treat extensively the data on genetic determinants, including those from hypothesis-free genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies. Transcriptomic and neurochemical biomarkers will then be reviewed, and we will dedicate a section on the role of metabolomics in aggression. Finally, we will discuss how biomarkers can inform the development of new pharmacological tools as well as increase the efficacy of preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Manchia
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
| | - Stefano Comai
- San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita Salute University, Milano, Italy; Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Martina Pinna
- Forensic Psychiatry Unit, Sardinia Health Agency, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Federica Pinna
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Puericulture Institute and Neonatal Section, University Hospital Agency of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Carpiniello
- Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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15
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Nho K, Kueider-Paisley A, Ahmad S, MahmoudianDehkordi S, Arnold M, Risacher SL, Louie G, Blach C, Baillie R, Han X, Kastenmüller G, Trojanowski JQ, Shaw LM, Weiner MW, Doraiswamy PM, van Duijn C, Saykin AJ, Kaddurah-Daouk R. Association of Altered Liver Enzymes With Alzheimer Disease Diagnosis, Cognition, Neuroimaging Measures, and Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers. JAMA Netw Open 2019; 2:e197978. [PMID: 31365104 PMCID: PMC6669786 DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.7978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Increasing evidence suggests an important role of liver function in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer disease (AD). The liver is a major metabolic hub; therefore, investigating the association of liver function with AD, cognition, neuroimaging, and CSF biomarkers would improve the understanding of the role of metabolic dysfunction in AD. OBJECTIVE To examine whether liver function markers are associated with cognitive dysfunction and the "A/T/N" (amyloid, tau, and neurodegeneration) biomarkers for AD. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS In this cohort study, serum-based liver function markers were measured from September 1, 2005, to August 31, 2013, in 1581 AD Neuroimaging Initiative participants along with cognitive measures, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers, brain atrophy, brain glucose metabolism, and amyloid-β accumulation. Associations of liver function markers with AD-associated clinical and A/T/N biomarkers were assessed using generalized linear models adjusted for confounding variables and multiple comparisons. Statistical analysis was performed from November 1, 2017, to February 28, 2019. EXPOSURES Five serum-based liver function markers (total bilirubin, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase) from AD Neuroimaging Initiative participants were used as exposure variables. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Primary outcomes included diagnosis of AD, composite scores for executive functioning and memory, CSF biomarkers, atrophy measured by magnetic resonance imaging, brain glucose metabolism measured by fludeoxyglucose F 18 (18F) positron emission tomography, and amyloid-β accumulation measured by [18F]florbetapir positron emission tomography. RESULTS Participants in the AD Neuroimaging Initiative (n = 1581; 697 women and 884 men; mean [SD] age, 73.4 [7.2] years) included 407 cognitively normal older adults, 20 with significant memory concern, 298 with early mild cognitive impairment, 544 with late mild cognitive impairment, and 312 with AD. An elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) to alanine aminotransferase (ALT) ratio and lower levels of ALT were associated with AD diagnosis (AST to ALT ratio: odds ratio, 7.932 [95% CI, 1.673-37.617]; P = .03; ALT: odds ratio, 0.133 [95% CI, 0.042-0.422]; P = .004) and poor cognitive performance (AST to ALT ratio: β [SE], -0.465 [0.180]; P = .02 for memory composite score; β [SE], -0.679 [0.215]; P = .006 for executive function composite score; ALT: β [SE], 0.397 [0.128]; P = .006 for memory composite score; β [SE], 0.637 [0.152]; P < .001 for executive function composite score). Increased AST to ALT ratio values were associated with lower CSF amyloid-β 1-42 levels (β [SE], -0.170 [0.061]; P = .04) and increased amyloid-β deposition (amyloid biomarkers), higher CSF phosphorylated tau181 (β [SE], 0.175 [0.055]; P = .02) (tau biomarkers) and higher CSF total tau levels (β [SE], 0.160 [0.049]; P = .02) and reduced brain glucose metabolism (β [SE], -0.123 [0.042]; P = .03) (neurodegeneration biomarkers). Lower levels of ALT were associated with increased amyloid-β deposition (amyloid biomarkers), and reduced brain glucose metabolism (β [SE], 0.096 [0.030]; P = .02) and greater atrophy (neurodegeneration biomarkers). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Consistent associations of serum-based liver function markers with cognitive performance and A/T/N biomarkers for AD highlight the involvement of metabolic disturbances in the pathophysiology of AD. Further studies are needed to determine if these associations represent a causative or secondary role. Liver enzyme involvement in AD opens avenues for novel diagnostics and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangsik Nho
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | | | - Shahzad Ahmad
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Matthias Arnold
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Shannon L. Risacher
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Gregory Louie
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Colette Blach
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | - Xianlin Han
- University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio
| | - Gabi Kastenmüller
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Systems Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - John Q. Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Leslie M. Shaw
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia
| | - Michael W. Weiner
- Center for Imaging of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Radiology, San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center and University of California, San Francisco
| | - P. Murali Doraiswamy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Cornelia van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Population Health, Oxford University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Saykin
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Indiana Alzheimer Disease Center, Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Duke Institute of Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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16
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Mironova YS, Zhukova IA, Zhukova NG, Alifirova VM, Izhboldina OP, Latypova AV. [Parkinson's disease and glutamate excitotoxicity]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 118:50-54. [PMID: 30346434 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro201811806250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To measure the concentration of glutamate in the serum of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and determine its association with clinical variants of disease course. MATERIAL AND METHODS One hundred and ten patients with PD and 90 healthy people were examined. Glutamate concentration in the blood serum was determined with a spectrophotometric method. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Patients with Parkinson's disease had significantly higher levels of serum glutamate compared with healthy subjects (p<0,0001). Patients with a tremor-dominant subtype had significantly higher levels of serum glutamate compared to those in patients with akinetic-rigid and mixed subtypes. The results obtained allow us to expand our understanding of the pathogenesis of this disease. Changes in the concentration of glutamate may reflect neurodegenerative process in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I A Zhukova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | - N G Zhukova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
| | | | | | - A V Latypova
- Siberian State Medical University, Tomsk, Russia
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17
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Cao B, Jin M, Brietzke E, McIntyre RS, Wang D, Rosenblat JD, Ragguett RM, Zhang C, Sun X, Rong C, Wang J. Serum metabolic profiling using small molecular water-soluble metabolites in individuals with schizophrenia: A longitudinal study using a pre-post-treatment design. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:100-108. [PMID: 30156046 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIM We sought to compare alterations in serum bioenergetic markers within a well-characterized sample of adults with schizophrenia at baseline and after 8 weeks of pharmacological treatment with the hypothesis that treatment would be associated with significant changes in bioenergetic markers given the role of bioenergetic dysfunction in schizophrenia. METHODS We recruited adults with schizophrenia (n = 122) who had not received pharmacological treatment for at least 1 month prior to enrollment, including drug-naïve (i.e., first-episode) participants and treatment non-adherent participants. Pre- and post-treatment serum samples were analyzed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Metabolites with the greatest change, when comparing pre- and post-treatment levels, were identified revealing 14 water-soluble metabolites of interest. The composition of these metabolites was: amino acids (n = 6), carnitines (n = 4), polar lipids (n = 3), and organic acid (n = 1). All amino acids and lysophosphatidylcholines (LysoPC) were increased, while the four carnitines - oleoylcarnitine, L-palmitoylcarnitine, linoleyl carnitine, and L-acetylcarnitine - were decreased post-treatment. Of these metabolite biomarkers, six - oleoylcarnitine, linoleyl carnitine, L-acetylcarnitine, LysoPC(15:0), D-glutamic acid, and L-arginine - were identified as having most consistently and predictably changed after 8 weeks of treatment. CONCLUSION The current study identified several bioenergetic markers that consistently change with pharmacological treatment. These bioenergetic changes may provide further insights into the pathophysiology of schizophrenia along with furthering our understanding of the mechanisms subserving both the effects (e.g., antipsychotic effects) and side-effects (e.g., metabolic syndrome) of antipsychotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Cao
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Min Jin
- School of Public Health, Baotou Medical College, Baotou, China
| | - Elisa Brietzke
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Roger S McIntyre
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada.,The Brain and Cognition Discovery Foundation, Toronto, Canada
| | - Dongfang Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Joshua D Rosenblat
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Renee-Marie Ragguett
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Xiaoyu Sun
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Carola Rong
- Mood Disorders Psychopharmacology Unit, Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jingyu Wang
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory of Toxicological Research and Risk Assessment for Food Safety, Beijing, China
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18
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Fernell E. Further studies of GABA and Glutamate imbalances in autism are important challenges for future research. Acta Paediatr 2019; 108:200-201. [PMID: 30359475 DOI: 10.1111/apa.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Fernell
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Centre; Gothenburg University; Gothenburg Sweden
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19
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Paik SH, Choi MR, Kwak SM, Bang SH, Kim DJ. Decreased Serum Glutamate Levels in Male Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder: A Pilot Study. CLINICAL PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL SCIENTIFIC JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN COLLEGE OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 16:276-281. [PMID: 30121977 PMCID: PMC6124868 DOI: 10.9758/cpn.2018.16.3.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Objective Alteration in glutamatergic neurotransmission and dopaminergic dysfunction has been implicated in both the initiation and expression of addiction related behaviors. This pilot study was aimed to investigate the serum levels of glutamate and dopamine in adults with internet gaming disorder (IGD). Methods We measured serum levels of glutamate and dopamine in male participants with IGD (n=26) and age-matched healthy controls (n=25). Clinical interviews were performed to identify IGD and to rule out psychiatric comorbidities. Serum levels of glutamate and dopamine were examined by enzyme immunoassays using ELISA Kits. Results Serum levels of glutamate were lower among IGD than control (IGD: 24.184±12.303 μg/ml; control: 33.676±12.413μg/ml; t=2.742, p=0.008), while levels of dopamine did not differ between. Serum glutamate and dopamine levels did not correlate with gaming hours and exposure to game in the IGD group. But serum glutamate levels were positively correlated with the dopamine levels (r=0.360, p=0.013). Conclusion Our results suggest that altered glutamatergic neurotransmission may contribute to the pathophysiology of IGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Hyun Paik
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Ran Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Min Kwak
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sol Hee Bang
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dai-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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20
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Delaye JB, Patin F, Lagrue E, Le Tilly O, Bruno C, Vuillaume ML, Raynaud M, Benz-De Bretagne I, Laumonnier F, Vourc'h P, Andres C, Blasco H. Post hoc analysis of plasma amino acid profiles: towards a specific pattern in autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Ann Clin Biochem 2018; 55:543-552. [PMID: 29388433 DOI: 10.1177/0004563218760351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability present a challenge for therapeutic and dietary management. We performed a re-analysis of plasma amino acid chromatography of children with autism spectrum disorders ( n = 22) or intellectual disability ( n = 29) to search for a metabolic signature that can distinguish individuals with these disorders from controls ( n = 30). Methods We performed univariate and multivariate analyses using different machine learning strategies, from the raw data of the amino acid chromatography. Finally, we analysed the metabolic pathways associated with discriminant biomarkers. Results Multivariate analysis revealed models to discriminate patients with autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability and controls from plasma amino acid profiles ( P < 0.0003). Univariate analysis showed that autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability patients shared similar differences relative to controls, including lower glutamate ( P < 0.0001 and P = 0.0002, respectively) and serine ( P = 0.002 for both) concentrations. The multivariate model ( P < 6.12.10-7) to discriminate between autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability revealed the involvement of urea, 3-methyl-histidine and histidine metabolism. Biosigner analysis and univariate analysis confirmed the role of 3-methylhistidine ( P = 0.004), histidine ( P = 0.003), urea ( P = 0.0006) and lysine ( P = 0.002). Conclusions We revealed discriminant metabolic patterns between autism spectrum disorders, intellectual disability and controls. Amino acids known to play a role in neurotransmission were discriminant in the models comparing autism spectrum disorders or intellectual disability to controls, and histidine and b-alanine metabolism was specifically highlighted in the model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Baptiste Delaye
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - Franck Patin
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Emmanuelle Lagrue
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,3 CHRU de Tours, Service de Neuropédiatrie, Tours, France
| | - Olivier Le Tilly
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France
| | - Clement Bruno
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Marie-Laure Vuillaume
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,4 CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Martine Raynaud
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,4 CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Isabelle Benz-De Bretagne
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Frederic Laumonnier
- 2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France.,4 CHRU de Tours, Service de Génétique, Tours, France
| | - Patrick Vourc'h
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Christian Andres
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
| | - Helene Blasco
- 1 CHRU de Tours, Laboratoire de Biochimie et Biologie Moléculaire, Tours, France.,2 UMR 1253, Université de Tours, Tours, France
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21
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Krivoy A, Hochman E, Sendt KV, Hollander S, Vilner Y, Selakovic M, Weizman A, Taler M. Association between serum levels of glutamate and neurotrophic factors and response to clozapine treatment. Schizophr Res 2018; 192:226-231. [PMID: 28599751 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Clozapine is the only available therapy for about 30% of schizophrenia patients otherwise refractory to antipsychotics. Unfortunately, the mechanism of action of the drug is still unknown and there are no biomarkers that can predict a positive response to clozapine. We aimed to examine serum neurotrophins and glutamate levels as putative biomarkers for clozapine response based on the hypothesized mode-of-action of the compound. Blood samples of 89 chronic schizophrenia patients maintained on clozapine were analyzed in a cross-sectional design. Serum brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), neurotrophic growth factor (NGF), glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and glutamate were determined. Differences between responders and non-responders to clozapine and correlation between clinical and biological measures were analyzed. Our sample consisted of 54 (61%) responders and 35 (39%) non-responders. Responders had higher mean BDNF levels than non-responders (2066±814 vs. 1668±820pg/ml, p<0.05. respectively) and higher serum glutamate levels (1.61±2.2 vs. 0.66±0.9pg/ml, respectively, p<0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between serum glutamate levels and positive symptoms among the clozapine-responder group (rho=0.47, p<0.005). High serum levels of BDNF and glutamate were associated with response to clozapine, while glutamate levels correlated with the psychosis severity in clozapine responders only. Large-scale, prospective longitudinal studies are needed to support these findings and the assumption that serum glutamate and BDNF can discriminate between clozapine responders and non-responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Krivoy
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute Of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Eldar Hochman
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Kyra-Verena Sendt
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute Of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Hollander
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Yael Vilner
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Mirjana Selakovic
- Department of Psychiatry, Sismanoglio General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Abraham Weizman
- Geha Mental Health Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Michal Taler
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel; Laboratory of Biological Psychiatry, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
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22
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Madeira C, Alheira FV, Calcia MA, Silva TCS, Tannos FM, Vargas-Lopes C, Fisher M, Goldenstein N, Brasil MA, Vinogradov S, Ferreira ST, Panizzutti R. Blood Levels of Glutamate and Glutamine in Recent Onset and Chronic Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:713. [PMID: 30618883 PMCID: PMC6305751 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence indicates that dysfunctions in glutamatergic neurotransmission and in the glutamate-glutamine cycle play a role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we investigated glutamate and glutamine levels in the blood of patients with recent onset schizophrenia or chronic schizophrenia compared to healthy controls. Compared with healthy controls, patients with recent onset schizophrenia showed increased glutamine/glutamate ratio, while patients with chronic schizophrenia showed decreased glutamine/glutamate ratio. Results indicate that circulating glutamate and glutamine levels exhibit a dual behavior in schizophrenia, with an increase of glutamine/glutamate ratio at the onset of schizophrenia followed by a decrease with progression of the disorder. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the mechanisms and consequences of changes in circulating glutamate and glutamine in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Madeira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavio V Alheira
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marilia A Calcia
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thuany C S Silva
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Filippe M Tannos
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Charles Vargas-Lopes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Melissa Fisher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Nelson Goldenstein
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marco Antonio Brasil
- Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sophia Vinogradov
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Sergio T Ferreira
- Instituto de Bioquímica Médica Leopoldo de Meis, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Panizzutti
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Serviço de Psiquiatria e Psicologia Médica, Hospital Universitário Clementino Fraga Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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23
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Abstract
Background Glutamate has been implicated in migraine pathogenesis, and is elevated in the plasma, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva in migraineurs. However, no comparison of glutamate levels among chronic migraine, episodic migraine and controls has been reported. The aim is to compare salivary glutamate levels of individuals with chronic migraine with those of individuals with episodic migraine and healthy controls. Methods We investigated salivary glutamate level of 46 women with chronic migraine, 50 women with episodic migraine, and 19 healthy controls via enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results The salivary glutamate level of the chronic migraine group (median and interquartile range, 20.47 [15.27–30.15] pmol/mg total protein) was significantly higher than those of the episodic migraine (16.17 [12.81–20.15] pmol/mg total protein, p = 0.008) and control (12.18 [9.40–16.24] pmol/mg total protein, p = 0.001) groups. The salivary glutamate level of the episodic migraine group was marginally elevated from that of the control group (post hoc p = 0.016). Thresholds of 16.58 and 17.94 pmol/mg total protein optimize the sensitivity and specificity to differentiate chronic migraine participants from healthy controls and episodic migraine participants, respectively. Conclusions Salivary glutamate level was elevated in chronic migraine participants. These data suggest that salivary glutamate level could be an indicator of CM
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24
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Surbakti KP, Sjahrir H, Juwita-Sembiring R, Mutiara E. Effect of Flunarizine on Serum Glutamate Levels and its Correlation with Headache Intensity in Chronic Tension-Type Headache Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2017; 5:757-761. [PMID: 29104684 PMCID: PMC5661713 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2017.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some of the excitatory neurotransmitters including glutamate have been suggested to be involved in headache pathophysiology. To our knowledge, there is a lack of publication about flunarizine efficacy in chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) treatments and the roles of glutamate in CTTH pathophysiology. AIM This study aimed to investigate the flunarizine effect on serum levels of glutamate and its correlation with headache intensity based on the Numeric Rating Scale for pain (NRS) scores in CTTH patients. METHOD In a prospective randomised, double-blind study with pre and post-test design, seventy-three CTTH patients were randomly allocated with flunarizine 5 mg, flunarizine 10 mg and amitriptyline 12.5 mg groups. The serum levels of glutamate and NRS scores were measured before and after 15-day treatment. RESULTS Flunarizine 5 mg was more effective than flunarizine 10 mg and amitriptyline 12.5 mg in reducing serum glutamate levels, whereas amitriptyline 12.5 mg was the most effective in reducing headache intensity. There was found nonsignificant, but very weak negative correlation between headache intensity and serum glutamate levels after flunarizine 5 mg administration (r = -0.062; P = 0.385), nonsignificant very weak negative correlation after flunarizine 10 mg administration (r = -0.007; P = 0.488) and there was found a significant moderate positive correlation (r = 0.508; P = 0.007) between headache intensity and serum glutamate levels after amitriptyline 12.5 mg administration. CONCLUSION Since there was no significant correlation found between serum glutamate and headache intensity after treatment with flunarizine, it is suggested that decreasing of headache intensity after flunarizine treatment occurred not through glutamate pathways in CTTH patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Putra Surbakti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Hasan Sjahrir
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | | | - Erna Mutiara
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Information, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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25
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Al-Suwailem E, Abdi S, El-Ansary A. Sex differences in the glutamate signaling pathway in juvenile rats. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:459-466. [PMID: 28861894 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Females have been found to be at lower risk for the development of neurodevelopmental disorders than males. The greater neuroprotection in females is mostly due to female sex hormones. Estrogen is hypothesized to provide neuroprotection by suppressing the neuro-excitotoxicity induced by glutamate (Glu). This study was conducted to understand the effect of sex in modulating Glu signaling in juvenile rats. Brain tissue homogenate of 15 Wistar albino rats (9 males, 6 females) weighing 60 to 80 g and aged approximately 28 days was used. Biochemical parameters related to Glu signaling, such as the absolute and relative concentrations of Glu, gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA), and glutamine, as well as glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1), glutamine synthetase (GS), glutaminase (GLN), and glutamate decarboxylase-67 (GAD-67), were measured by ELISA. The data obtained demonstrated that compared with the levels in males, female rats exhibited significantly lower levels of Glu (p = .001) and GLN/GS (p = .021). The Glu/GABA and Glu/GLT1 ratios as well as the levels of GAD-67 were also lower in female rats, although the difference was not significant. The GLN/GAD-67 ratio (p = .027) and levels of GS (p = .019) were significantly higher in female rats than in males. Multiple regression analysis confirmed the role of GLN/GS, together with the much higher affinity of GLT1 to Glu, in avoiding excitotoxicity in females. In conclusion, there was a significant difference in Glu signaling between female and male rats. The females exhibited a lower susceptibility to develop Glu-induced excitotoxicity, an etiological mechanism for multiple neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etidal Al-Suwailem
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saba Abdi
- Biochemistry Department, Science College, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Afaf El-Ansary
- Central Laboratory, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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26
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Bruno D, Nierenberg J, Cooper TB, Marmar CR, Zetterberg H, Blennow K, Hashimoto K, Pomara N. The recency ratio is associated with reduced CSF glutamate in late-life depression. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2017; 141:14-18. [PMID: 28323201 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate is the principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, and is thought to be involved in the process of memory encoding and storage. Glutamate disturbances have also been reported in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia and major depressive disorder (MDD), and in Alzheimer's disease. In this paper, we set out to study the relationship between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) glutamate levels and memory performance, which we believe has not been reported previously. In particular, we focused on recall performance broken down by serial position. Our prediction was that the recency ratio (Rr), a novel cognitive marker of intellectual impairment, would be linked with CSF glutamate levels. We studied data from a group of cognitively intact elderly individuals, 28 of whom had MDD, while 19 were controls. Study results indicated that Rr levels, but no other memory score, were inversely correlated with CSF glutamate levels, although this was found only in individuals with late-life MDD. For comparison, glutamine or GABA were not correlated with any memory performance measure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Bruno
- School of Natural Sciences and Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Jay Nierenberg
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Thomas B Cooper
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Medical Center, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Charles R Marmar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, The Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nunzio Pomara
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, New York University, New York City, NY, USA
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27
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Nishimura Y, Kawakubo Y, Suga M, Hashimoto K, Takei Y, Takei K, Inoue H, Yumoto M, Takizawa R, Kasai K. Familial Influences on Mismatch Negativity and Its Association with Plasma Glutamate Level: A Magnetoencephalographic Study in Twins. MOLECULAR NEUROPSYCHIATRY 2016; 2:161-172. [PMID: 27867941 DOI: 10.1159/000449426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mismatch negativity (MMN) or its magnetic counterpart (magnetic mismatch negativity; MMNm) is regarded as a promising biomarker for schizophrenia. Previous electroencephalographic studies of MMN have demonstrated a moderate-to-high heritability for MMN amplitudes. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor-dependent glutamatergic neurotransmission is implicated in MMN generation. We hypothesized that the differences between identical twins in MMNm variables might be associated with differences in plasma levels of amino acids involved in glutamatergic neurotransmission. Thirty-three pairs of monozygotic (MZ) and 10 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins underwent MMNm recording. The MMNm in response to tone duration changes, tone frequency changes, and phonemic changes was recorded using 204-channel magnetoencephalography. Of these, 26 MZ and 7 DZ twin pairs underwent blood sampling for determination of plasma amino acid levels. MMNm peak strength showed relatively high correlations in both MZ and DZ twin pairs. The differences in MMNm latencies tended to correlate with the differences in plasma amino acid levels within MZ pairs, while no significant correlation was observed after the Bonferroni correction. We observed a familial trait in MMNm strength. The differences in MMN latency in MZ twins might be influenced by changes in glutamate levels and glutamate-glutamine cycling; however, the results need to be replicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukika Nishimura
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawakubo
- Department of Child Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Motomu Suga
- Department of Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Department of Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Centre for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yuichi Takei
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kunio Takei
- Department of Office for Mental Health Support, Division for Counselling and Support, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Inoue
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masato Yumoto
- Department of Department of Clinical Laboratory, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryu Takizawa
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kiyoto Kasai
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Abstract
Excitatory neurotransmitter signaling through glutamate receptors modulates cognitive functions such as memory and learning, which are usually impaired in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). The aim of this study was to assess the clinical significance of plasma glutamate levels in ASD. Fifty-one children diagnosed with ASD, 51 typically developing children, and 51 children with intellectual disability matched for sex and age were assessed for plasma glutamate at admission. Plasma levels of glutamate were measured by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and the severity of ASD was evaluated using the Childhood Autism Rating Scale Score. We found that the mean plasma glutamate levels were significantly (P<0.0001) higher in children with ASD compared with healthy controls and intellectual disability controls [36.1 (SD: 8.3) vs. 23.4 (4.2) vs. 24.7 (4.6) µM; P<0.001, respectively]. Levels of glutamate increased with increasing severity of ASD as defined by the Childhood Autism Rating Scale score. Receiver operating characteristics to diagnose ASD showed areas under the curve of glutamate of 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.87-0.96], which was superior to high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [0.64 (95% CI, 0.55-0.75), P<0.001] and homocysteine (area under the curve, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.64-0.81; P<0.000). In multivariate logistic regression analysis, glutamate was an independent diagnosis indicator of ASD with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.362 (95% CI, 1.164-1.512; P<0.0001). The present study shows that autistic children had higher plasma levels of glutamate and elevated plasma glutamate levels may play an important role in the pathogenesis of autism. Further larger studies are required to support our findings.
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Zheng Z, Zhu T, Qu Y, Mu D. Blood Glutamate Levels in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158688. [PMID: 27390857 PMCID: PMC4938426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Glutamate plays an important role in brain development, neuronal migration, differentiation, survival and synaptogenesis. Recent studies have explored the relationship between blood glutamate levels and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the findings are inconsistent. We undertook the first systematic review with a meta-analysis of studies examining blood glutamate levels in ASD compared with controls. Methods A literature search was conducted using PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published before March 2016. A random-effects model was used to calculate the pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) of the outcomes. Subgroup analyses were used to explore the potential sources of heterogeneity, and the publication bias was estimated using Egger’s tests. Results Twelve studies involving 880 participants and 446 incident cases were included in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis provided evidence for higher blood glutamate levels in ASD [SMD = 0.99, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.58–1.40; P < 0.001] with high heterogeneity (I2 = 86%, P < 0.001) across studies. The subgroup analyses revealed higher glutamate levels in ASD compared with controls in plasma [SMD = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.58–1.50; P < 0.001] but not true in serum [SMD = 0.79, 95% CI = -0.41–1.99; P = 0.20]. Studies employing high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) assays also revealed higher blood glutamate levels in ASD. A sensitivity analysis found that the results were stable, and there was no evidence of publication bias. Conclusions Blood glutamate levels might be a potential biomarker of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zheng
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Obstetric & Gynecologic and Pediatric Diseases and Birth Defects of Ministry of Education, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- Department of Pediatrics and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Goff DC, Romero K, Paul J, Mercedes Perez-Rodriguez M, Crandall D, Potkin SG. Biomarkers for drug development in early psychosis: Current issues and promising directions. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 26:923-37. [PMID: 27005595 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2016.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A major goal of current research in schizophrenia is to understand the biology underlying onset and early progression and to develop interventions that modify these processes. Biomarkers can play a critical role in identifying disease state, factors contributing to underlying progression, as well as predicting and monitoring response to treatment. Once biomarker-based therapeutics are established, biomarkers can guide treatment selection. It is increasingly clear that a wide range of potential biomarkers should be examined in schizophrenia, given the large number of genetic and environmental factors that have been identified as risk factors. New models for analysis of biomarkers are needed that represent the central nervous system as a highly complex, dynamic, and interactive system. Many tools are available with which to study relevant brain chemistry, but most are indirect measures and represent only a small fraction of the potential etiologic factors contributing to the molecular, structural and functional components of schizophrenia. This review represents the work of the International Society for CNS Clinical Trials and Methodology (ISCTM) Biomarkers Working Group. It discusses advantages and disadvantages of different categories of biomarkers and provides a summary of evidence that biomarkers representing inflammation, oxidative stress, endocannabinoids, glucocorticoid, and biogenic amines systems are dysregulated and potentially interactive in early phase schizophrenia. As has been recently demonstrated in several neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative disorders, a multi-modal, longitudinal strategy involving a diverse array of biomarkers and new approaches to statistical modeling are needed to improve early interventions based on the fuller understanding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeffrey Paul
- Astellas Pharma Global Development, Northbrook, IL, USA
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Kamada Y, Hashimoto R, Yamamori H, Yasuda Y, Takehara T, Fujita Y, Hashimoto K, Miyoshi E. Impact of plasma transaminase levels on the peripheral blood glutamate levels and memory functions in healthy subjects. BBA CLINICAL 2016; 5:101-7. [PMID: 27051595 PMCID: PMC4802405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2016.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background & aims Blood aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels are the most frequently reliable biomarkers of liver injury. Although AST and ALT play central roles in glutamate production as transaminases, peripheral blood levels of AST and ALT have been regarded only as liver injury biomarkers. Glutamate is a principal excitatory neurotransmitter, which affects memory functions in the brain. In this study, we investigated the impact of blood transaminase levels on blood glutamate concentration and memory. Methods Psychiatrically, medically, and neurologically healthy subjects (n = 514, female/male: 268/246) were enrolled in this study through local advertisements. Plasma amino acids (glutamate, glutamine, glycine, d-serine, and l-serine) were measured using a high performance liquid chromatography system. The five indices, verbal memory, visual memory, general memory, attention/concentration, and delayed recall of the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised were used to measure memory functions. Results Both plasma AST and ALT had a significant positive correlation with plasma glutamate levels. Plasma AST and ALT levels were significantly negatively correlated with four of five memory functions, and plasma glutamate was significantly negatively correlated with three of five memory functions. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that plasma AST, ALT, and glutamate levels were significantly correlated with memory functions even after adjustment for gender and education. Conclusions As far as we know, this is the first report which could demonstrate the impact of blood transaminase levels on blood glutamate concentration and memory functions in human. These findings are important for the interpretation of obesity-induced metabolic syndrome with elevated transaminases and cognitive dysfunction. Peripheral blood levels of AST and ALT have been regarded only as liver injury biomarkers. In healthy human subjects, both plasma AST and ALT had significant positive correlations with plasma glutamate levels. Plasma AST, ALT, and glutamate levels were significantly negatively correlated with memory functions in univariate and multivariate analyses. As far as we know, this is the first report which could demonstrate the impact of blood transaminase levels on blood glutamate concentration and memory functions in human.
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Key Words
- ALT, alanine aminotransferase
- AST, aspartate aminotransferase
- Alanine aminotransferase
- Aspartate aminotransferase
- BBB, blood brain barrier
- GOT, glutamate-oxalacetate transaminase
- GPT, glutamate-pyruvate transaminase
- Gln, glutamine
- Glu, glutamate
- Glutamate
- Gly, glycine
- MSG, monosodium glutamate
- Memory function
- Mets, metabolic syndrome
- NAFL, nonalcoholic fatty liver
- NAFLD, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
- NASH, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
- WMS-R, Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kamada
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Ryota Hashimoto
- Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hidenaga Yamamori
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuka Yasuda
- Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Takehara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuko Fujita
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Eiji Miyoshi
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry & Clinical Investigation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Li M, Niu F, Zhu X, Wu X, Shen N, Peng X, Liu Y. PRRT2 Mutant Leads to Dysfunction of Glutamate Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9134-51. [PMID: 25915028 PMCID: PMC4463582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Paroxysmal kinesigenic choreoathetosis (PKC) is an inherited disease of the nervous system. We previously identified PRRT2 as the causative gene of PKC. However, as little is known about the function of PRRT2, elucidating its function will benefit not only PKC studies, but also many other related disorders. Here, we reveal higher levels of glutamate in the plasma of PKC patients and the culture medium of neurons following knock-out Prrt2 expression. Using double immunostaining assays we confirm Prrt2 is located at the glutamatergic neurons in accordance with its function. Our co-immunoprecipitation assays reveal mutant PRRT2 interferes with SNAP25 and GRIA1 interactions, respectively. Furthermore, using live-labeling techniques, we confirmed co-transfection with mutant PRRT2 caused an increase in GRIA1 distribution on the cell surface. Therefore, our results suggest that mutant PRRT2, probably through its weakened interaction with SNAP25, affects glutamate signaling and glutamate receptor activity, resulting in the increase of glutamate release and subsequent neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Fenghe Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Xilin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Xiaopan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Ning Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Xiaozhong Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
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Evers LJM, van Amelsvoort TAMJ, Bakker JA, de Koning M, Drukker M, Curfs LMG. Glutamatergic markers, age, intellectual functioning and psychosis in 22q11 deletion syndrome. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:3319-25. [PMID: 26055684 PMCID: PMC4537490 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-015-3979-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Patients with 22q11 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) have a high prevalence of intellectual disabilities and psychiatric disorders, including psychosis. Haplo-insufficiency of genes in the deleted region may offer a partial explanation for the increased vulnerability for psychosis and intellectual disability. One gene of particular interest is the gene coding for proline dehydrogenase (PRODH), an enzyme responsible for the conversion of proline into glutamate. OBJECTIVES Because abnormalities in glutamatergic signaling are thought to be responsible for cognition and psychosis in the general population, we hypothesized that PRODH haplo-insufficiency may underlie some of the cognitive and psychotic features seen in 22q11DS. METHODS In this explorative study, we investigated the relation between plasma proline, glutamate, and glutamine and age, intelligence, and psychosis in 64 adults with 22q11DS. RESULTS Hyperprolinemia was found in 31.3% of subjects with 22q11DS. A relation between glutamine, glutamate, proline, and presence of psychosis was not observed. Regression analysis revealed a positive relation between plasma glutamate and age, a positive relation of glutamate with antipsychotic drugs, a relation of glutamine and gender, and a positive relation of glutamine and mood stabilizing drugs, and a negative relation of the ratio glutamine/glutamate and age. The group with relatively lower IQ had higher glutamate levels compared to the group with relatively higher IQ. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that 22q11DS is accompanied by abnormalities in glutamatergic metabolism. Future longitudinal studies are needed to further investigate the glutamatergic system in 22q11DS and how this affects the development of cognitive problems and psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurens J. M. Evers
- />Koraalgroup, MFCG, Panheelderweg 3, 6097 AH Heel, The Netherlands , />Governor Kremers Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Therese A. M. J. van Amelsvoort
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience MHeNS, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />Mondriaan Mental Healthcare, Heerlen, The Netherlands , />Virenze Mental Healthcare, Gronsveld, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap A. Bakker
- />Department Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />Department of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariken de Koning
- />Department of Psychiatry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands , />Arkin Mental Health Care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjan Drukker
- />Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience MHeNS, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leopold M. G. Curfs
- />Governor Kremers Centre, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />Department Clinical Genetics, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />CAPHRI, School for Public Health and Primary Care, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands , />GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bjorefeldt A, Andreasson U, Daborg J, Riebe I, Wasling P, Zetterberg H, Hanse E. Human cerebrospinal fluid increases the excitability of pyramidal neurons in the in vitro brain slice. J Physiol 2014; 593:231-43. [PMID: 25556798 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.284711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The cerebrospinal fluid contains numerous neuromodulators at ambient levels but whether, and how, they affect the activity of central neurons is unknown. This study provides experimental evidence that human cerebrospinal fluid (hCSF) increases the excitability of hippocampal and neocortical pyramidal neurons. Hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons in hCSF displayed lowered firing thresholds, depolarized resting membrane potentials and reduced input resistance, mimicking properties of pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo. The excitability-increasing effect of hCSF on CA1 pyramidal neurons was entirely occluded by intracellular application of GTPγS, suggesting that neuromodulatory effects were mediated by G-protein coupled receptors. These results indicate that the CSF promotes spontaneous excitatory neuronal activity, and may help to explain observed differences in the activity of pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo and in vitro. The composition of brain extracellular fluid is shaped by a continuous exchange of substances between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid. The CSF is known to contain a wide range of endogenous neuromodulatory substances, but their collective influence on neuronal activity has been poorly investigated. We show here that replacing artificial CSF (aCSF), routinely used for perfusion of brain slices in vitro, with human CSF (hCSF) powerfully boosts spontaneous firing of CA1, CA3 and layer 5 pyramidal neurons in the rat brain slice. CA1 pyramidal neurons in hCSF display lowered firing thresholds, more depolarized resting membrane potentials and reduced input resistance, mimicking properties of pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo. The increased excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurons was completely occluded by intracellular application of GTPγS, suggesting that endogenous neuromodulators in hCSF act on G-protein coupled receptors to enhance excitability. We found no increase in spontaneous inhibitory synaptic transmission by hCSF, indicating a differential effect on glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Our findings highlight a previously unknown function of the CSF in promoting spontaneous excitatory activity, and may help to explain differences observed in the activity of pyramidal neurons recorded in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Bjorefeldt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Medicinaregatan 11, Box 432, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Increased glutamate and homocysteine and decreased glutamine levels in autism: a review and strategies for future studies of amino acids in autism. DISEASE MARKERS 2013; 35:281-6. [PMID: 24167375 PMCID: PMC3787567 DOI: 10.1155/2013/536521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
There are many reports about the significant roles of some amino acids in neurobiology and treatment of autism. This is a critical review of amino acids levels in autism. No published review article about the level of amino acids in autism was found. The levels of glutamate and homocystein are increased in autism while the levels of glutamine and tryptophan are decreased. Findings regarding the plasma levels of taurine and lysine are controversial. The urinary levels of homocysteine and essential amino acids in both the untreated and treated autistic children are significantly less than those in the controls. The current literature suffers from many methodological shortcomings which needed to be considered in future studies. Some of them are age, gender, developmental level, autism symptoms severity, type of autism spectrum disorders, medical comorbidities, intelligent quotient, diet, concomitant medications, body mass index, and technical method of assessment of amino acids.
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Batra B, Pundir CS. An amperometric glutamate biosensor based on immobilization of glutamate oxidase onto carboxylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes/gold nanoparticles/chitosan composite film modified Au electrode. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:496-501. [PMID: 23628843 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A method is described for the construction of a novel amperometric glutamate biosensor based on covalent immobilization of glutamate oxidase (GluOx) onto, carboxylated multi walled carbon nanotubes (cMWCNT), gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) and chitosan (CHIT) composite film electrodeposited on the surface of a Au electrode. The GluOx/cMWCNT/AuNP/CHIT modified Au electrode was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and cyclic voltammetry (CV). The biosensor measured current due to electrons generated at 0.135V against Ag/AgCl from H2O2, which is produced from glutamate by immobilized GluOx. The biosensor showed optimum response within 2s at pH 7.5 and 35°C. A linear relationship was obtained between a wide glutamate concentration range (5-500μM) and current (μA) under optimum conditions. The biosensor showed high sensitivity (155nA/μM/cm(2)), low detection limit (1.6μM) and good storage stability. The biosensor was unaffected by a number of serum substances at their physiological concentrations. The biosensor was evaluated and employed for determination of glutamate in sera from apparently healthy subjects and persons suffering from epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhawna Batra
- Department of Biochemistry, M.D. University, Rohtak 124001, India
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Berg RMG, Taudorf S, Bailey DM, Lundby C, Larsen FS, Pedersen BK, Møller K. Effects of lipopolysaccharide infusion on arterial levels and transcerebral exchange kinetics of glutamate and glycine in healthy humans. APMIS 2012; 120:761-6. [PMID: 22882266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0463.2012.02904.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An imbalance between glutamate and glycine signalling may contribute to sepsis-associated encephalopathy by causing neuronal excitotoxicity. In this study, we therefore investigated the transcerebral exchange kinetics of glutamate and glycine in a human-experimental model of systemic inflammation. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) and arterial to jugular venous concentration differences of glutamate and glycine were determined before and after a 4-h intravenous infusion of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide (LPS, total dose of 0.3 ng/kg) in 12 healthy volunteers. The global cerebral net exchange was calculated by multiplying CBF with the arterial to jugular venous differences. LPS induced a systemic inflammatory response with fever, neutrocytosis, and elevated arterial levels of tumour necrosis factor-α. This was associated with a decrease in the arterial levels of both glutamate and glycine; however, their transcerebral exchange kinetics were unaffected. Inflammation-induced alterations of the circulating levels of glutamate and glycine, do not affect the global transcerebral exchange kinetics of these amino acids in healthy humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan M G Berg
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Department of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Leibowitz A, Boyko M, Shapira Y, Zlotnik A. Blood glutamate scavenging: insight into neuroprotection. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10041-10066. [PMID: 22949847 PMCID: PMC3431845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain insults are characterized by a multitude of complex processes, of which glutamate release plays a major role. Deleterious excess of glutamate in the brain's extracellular fluids stimulates glutamate receptors, which in turn lead to cell swelling, apoptosis, and neuronal death. These exacerbate neurological outcome. Approaches aimed at antagonizing the astrocytic and glial glutamate receptors have failed to demonstrate clinical benefit. Alternatively, eliminating excess glutamate from brain interstitial fluids by making use of the naturally occurring brain-to-blood glutamate efflux has been shown to be effective in various animal studies. This is facilitated by gradient driven transport across brain capillary endothelial glutamate transporters. Blood glutamate scavengers enhance this naturally occurring mechanism by reducing the blood glutamate concentration, thus increasing the rate at which excess glutamate is cleared. Blood glutamate scavenging is achieved by several mechanisms including: catalyzation of the enzymatic process involved in glutamate metabolism, redistribution of glutamate into tissue, and acute stress response. Regardless of the mechanism involved, decreased blood glutamate concentration is associated with improved neurological outcome. This review focuses on the physiological, mechanistic and clinical roles of blood glutamate scavenging, particularly in the context of acute and chronic CNS injury. We discuss the details of brain-to-blood glutamate efflux, auto-regulation mechanisms of blood glutamate, natural and exogenous blood glutamate scavenging systems, and redistribution of glutamate. We then propose different applied methodologies to reduce blood and brain glutamate concentrations and discuss the neuroprotective role of blood glutamate scavenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiva Leibowitz
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel: +972-8-6400262; Fax: +972-8-6403795
| | | | - Yoram Shapira
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84894, Israel; E-Mails: (M.B.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Alexander Zlotnik
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Soroka Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University, Beer Sheva 84894, Israel; E-Mails: (M.B.); (Y.S.); (A.Z.)
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Buvanendran A, Kroin JS, Della Valle CJ, Moric M, Tuman KJ. Cerebrospinal Fluid Neurotransmitter Changes During the Perioperative Period in Patients Undergoing Total Knee Replacement. Anesth Analg 2012; 114:434-41. [DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31823dc5fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Shimmura C, Suda S, Tsuchiya KJ, Hashimoto K, Ohno K, Matsuzaki H, Iwata K, Matsumoto K, Wakuda T, Kameno Y, Suzuki K, Tsujii M, Nakamura K, Takei N, Mori N. Alteration of plasma glutamate and glutamine levels in children with high-functioning autism. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25340. [PMID: 21998651 PMCID: PMC3187770 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has recently been hypothesized that hyperglutamatergia in the brain is involved in the pathophysiology of autism. However, there is no conclusive evidence of the validity of this hypothesis. As peripheral glutamate/glutamine levels have been reported to be correlated with those of the central nervous system, the authors examined whether the levels of 25 amino acids, including glutamate and glutamine, in the platelet-poor plasma of drug-naïve, male children with high-functioning autism (HFA) would be altered compared with those of normal controls. Methodology/Principal Findings Plasma levels of 25 amino acids in male children (N = 23) with HFA and normally developed healthy male controls (N = 22) were determined using high-performance liquid chromatography. Multiple testing was allowed for in the analyses. Compared with the normal control group, the HFA group had higher levels of plasma glutamate and lower levels of plasma glutamine. No significant group difference was found in the remaining 23 amino acids. The effect size (Cohen's d) for glutamate and glutamine was large: 1.13 and 1.36, respectively. Using discriminant analysis with logistic regression, the two values of plasma glutamate and glutamine were shown to well-differentiate the HFA group from the control group; the rate of correct classification was 91%. Conclusions/Significance The present study suggests that plasma glutamate and glutamine levels can serve as a diagnostic tool for the early detection of autism, especially normal IQ autism. These findings indicate that glutamatergic abnormalities in the brain may be associated with the pathobiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chie Shimmura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shiro Suda
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kenji J. Tsuchiya
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Center of Forensic Mental Health, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Koji Ohno
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hideo Matsuzaki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Keiko Iwata
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kaori Matsumoto
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tomoyasu Wakuda
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yosuke Kameno
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Tsujii
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Faculty of Sociology, Chukyo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nori Takei
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Division of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, London, United Kingdom
| | - Norio Mori
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Research Center for Child Mental Development, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Nakazato M, Hashimoto K, Schmidt U, Tchanturia K, Campbell IC, Collier DA, Iyo M, Treasure J. Serum glutamine, set-shifting ability and anorexia nervosa. Ann Gen Psychiatry 2010; 9:29. [PMID: 20576166 PMCID: PMC2902473 DOI: 10.1186/1744-859x-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Set-shifting is impaired in people with anorexia nervosa (AN), but the underlying physiological and biochemical processes are unclear. Animal studies have established that glutamatergic pathways in the prefrontal cortex play an important role in set-shifting ability. However, it is not yet understood whether levels of serum glutamatergic amino acids are associated with set-shifting performance in humans. The aim of this study was to determine whether serum concentrations of amino acids related to glutamatergic neurotransmission (glutamine, glutamate, glycine, l-serine, d-serine) are associated with set-shifting ability in people with acute AN and those after recovery. METHODS Serum concentrations of glutamatergic amino acids were measured in 27 women with current AN (AN group), 18 women recovered from AN (ANRec group) and 28 age-matched healthy controls (HC group). Set-shifting was measured using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) and the Trail Making Task (TMT). Dimensional measures of psychopathology were used, including the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDEQ), the Maudsley Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (MOCI) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). RESULTS Serum glutamine concentrations in the AN group (1,310.2 +/- 265.6 muM, mean +/- SD) were significantly higher (by approximately 20%) than those in the HC group (1,102.9 +/- 152.7 muM, mean +/- SD) (F(2, 70) = 6.3, P = 0.003, 95% CI 61.2 to 353.4). Concentrations of serum glutamine were positively associated with markers of the illness severity: a negative correlation was present between serum glutamine concentrations and body mass index (BMI) and lowest BMI and a positive correlation was found between duration of illness and EDEQ. The AN group showed significantly impaired set shifting in the WCST, both total errors, and perseverative errors. In the AN group, there were no correlations between serum glutamine concentrations and set shifting. CONCLUSIONS Serum concentrations of glutamine may be a biomarker of illness severity in people with AN. It does not appear to be directly associated with changes in executive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Nakazato
- Section of Eating Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, UK.
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Antidepressant response to electroconvulsive therapy is sustained after catecholamine depletion. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2009; 33:872-4. [PMID: 19376184 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2009.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2009] [Revised: 04/14/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Although the antidepressant mechanism of ECT is unknown, there are data to support noradrenergic involvement. Patients who had been recently successfully treated with ECT for major depression were studied in a randomized double-blind cross-over design comparing catecholamine depletion using alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine to a placebo procedure. Mean MADRS scores at baseline (4.2 SD 2.7) and following depletion (4.6 SD 1.1) were similar, despite a 57.7% decrease in serum homovanillic acid (HVA) and a 61.5% decrease in 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyenylethyleneglycol (MHPG). These data suggest that catecholamine availability may not be necessary for acutely maintaining an antidepressant response to ECT.
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Matsumoto Y, Suzuki A, Ishii G, Oshino S, Otani K, Goto K. The -181 A/C polymorphism in the excitatory amino acid transporter-2 gene promoter affects the personality trait of reward dependence in healthy subjects. Neurosci Lett 2007; 427:99-102. [PMID: 17920768 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2007.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2007] [Revised: 09/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There have been some animal and human data suggesting that excitatory amino acid transporter (EAAT)-2, the major subtype of EAAT, is involved in human mental function and behavior. Recently, it has been shown that the -181 A/C polymorphism in the EAAT2 gene promoter affects plasma glutamate concentrations in humans. In the present study, the association of this genetic polymorphism with personality traits was examined in 575 Japanese healthy volunteers. Personality traits were assessed by the Temperament and Character Inventory, and the EAAT2 polymorphism was detected by a PCR-RFLP method. The scores of reward dependence were significantly (p=0.017) lower in the group with the A allele (A/A and A/C) than in that without this allele (C/C). When males and females were analyzed separately, the significant difference between the two genotype groups was observed in females (p=0.021) but not in males. The present study thus suggests that the -181 A/C polymorphism in the EAAT2 gene promoter affects the personality trait of reward dependence in healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Matsumoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Yamagata University School of Medicine, 2-2-2 Iidanishi, Yamagata 990-9585, Japan
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Shinohe A, Hashimoto K, Nakamura K, Tsujii M, Iwata Y, Tsuchiya KJ, Sekine Y, Suda S, Suzuki K, Sugihara GI, Matsuzaki H, Minabe Y, Sugiyama T, Kawai M, Iyo M, Takei N, Mori N. Increased serum levels of glutamate in adult patients with autism. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2006; 30:1472-7. [PMID: 16863675 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2006] [Revised: 06/08/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Precise mechanisms underlying the pathophysiology of autism are currently unknown. Given the major role of glutamate in brain development, we have hypothesized that glutamatergic neurotransmission plays a role in the pathophysiology of autism. In this study, we studied whether amino acids (glutamate, glutamine, glycine, D-serine, and L-serine) related to glutamatergic neurotransmission are altered in serum of adult patients with autism. METHODS We measured serum levels of amino acids in 18 male adult patients with autism and age-matched 19 male healthy subjects using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Serum levels (mean = 89.2 microM, S.D. = 21.5) of glutamate in the patients with autism were significantly (t = -4.48, df = 35, p < 0.001) higher than those (mean = 61.1 microM, S.D. = 16.5) of normal controls. In contrast, serum levels of other amino acids (glutamine, glycine, d-serine, l-serine) in the patients with autism did not differ from those of normal controls. There was a positive correlation (r = 0.523, p = 0.026) between serum glutamate levels and Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) social scores in patients. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that an abnormality in glutamatergic neurotransmission may play a role in the pathophysiology of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Shinohe
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
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45
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Schizophrenia-associated neural growth factors in peripheral blood. A review. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2006; 16:469-80. [PMID: 16545550 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2005] [Revised: 01/25/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
In this paper we review the findings on neural growth factors in the peripheral blood of schizophrenia patients. The studies we review provide evidence for the fact that in schizophrenia the levels of growth factors in peripheral blood are disturbed. The most robust results (7 studies) are reported for S100B protein, which seems to be elevated in acute psychosis and in patients with predominant negative symptoms. We conclude that there are aberrant levels of growth factors in peripheral blood in schizophrenia patients, probably most notably in patients with negative symptoms. Large-scale longitudinal multivariate studies, investigating the levels of several growth factors at the same time might give insight in etiological processes and identify clinically useful subsets of patients within the heterogeneous schizophrenia sample.
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Evins AE, Amico ET, Shih V, Goff DC. Clozapine treatment increases serum glutamate and aspartate compared to conventional neuroleptics. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 1998; 104:761-6. [PMID: 9444574 DOI: 10.1007/bf01291892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
To examine whether serum excitatory amino acid concentrations change with clozapine treatment and whether these changes correlate with improvement in negative symptoms, serum excitatory amino acids were measured and clinical scales administered in seven subjects with schizophrenia before and after switching from conventional neuroleptics to clozapine. Clozapine treatment was associated with increased serum glutamate and aspartate concentrations. Clinical improvement was negatively correlated with baseline glycine concentrations. These results support the hypothesis that clozapine acts at least in part by increasing glutamatergic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A E Evins
- Psychotic Disorders Program, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
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47
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Wiesel FA, Nordström AL, Farde L, Eriksson B. An open clinical and biochemical study of ritanserin in acute patients with schizophrenia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1994; 114:31-8. [PMID: 7846205 DOI: 10.1007/bf02245441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of the selective serotonin-2 antagonist ritanserin was investigated in an open study of patients with schizophrenia. The patients were in an acute psychotic state considered to require neuroleptic medication. No neuroleptic drug was allowed during the study or during the last month preceeding the study. Oxazepam or nitrazepam were allowed for sedation or sleep inducement. Safety, tolerability, potential antipsychotic effect, and drug effects on monoamine metabolites in serum and CSF and prolactin in serum were evaluated. Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy was determined by positron emission tomography. Ten male patients (mean age 32.4) fulfilling DSM-III-R criteria for schizophrenia were included in the study. Nine of these patients completed 4 weeks' treatment with ritanserin 10 mg b.i.d. The clinical effect was evaluated by means of CPRS and SANS and significant improvement was seen after 4 weeks' treatment both in positive and negative symptoms. Ritanserin was well tolerated and no extrapyramidal symptoms or akathisia were seen. Concentrations of monoamine metabolites and prolactin did not change during treatment. Ritanserin did not occupy D2-dopamine receptors. Thus, no indications of any D2-dopamine-antagonistic activity were obtained. All patients had expected ritanserin levels in plasma during the whole study. This first study of a selective serotonin-2 antagonist in the treatment of acute schizophrenic patients demonstrated significant clinical effects. However, the open design of the study does not allow us to conclude with any certainty that the patients' improvement was due to a specific blockade of serotonin-2 receptors or unspecific factors, although a direct D2-dopamine blockade could be ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- F A Wiesel
- Department of Psychiatry, Uppsala University, Sweden
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Martínez F, Castillo J, Rodríguez JR, Leira R, Noya M. Neuroexcitatory amino acid levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid during migraine attacks. Cephalalgia 1993; 13:89-93. [PMID: 8098663 DOI: 10.1046/j.1468-2982.1993.1302089.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A current hypothesis for migraine suggests that neuroexcitatory amino acids may participate in the triggering of attacks. To investigate this possibility we measured glutamic and aspartic acid level in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with common and classic migraine during attacks, making comparisons with controls suffering stress. Plasma levels of amino acids in migraine patients were lower than in controls. CSF concentrations of glutamic acid were higher in migraineurs than in controls. Our results suggest an excess of neuroexcitatory amino acids in the CNS of migraine patients during attacks, possibly favoring a state of neuronal hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Martínez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital General de Galicia-Clínico Universitario, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Grace AA. The depolarization block hypothesis of neuroleptic action: implications for the etiology and treatment of schizophrenia. JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 1992; 36:91-131. [PMID: 1356143 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7091-9211-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs are known to block dopamine receptors soon after their administration, resulting in an increase in dopamine neuron firing and dopamine turnover. Nonetheless, antipsychotic drugs must be administered repeatedly to schizophrenics before therapeutic benefits are produced. Recordings from dopamine neurons in rats have revealed that chronic antipsychotic drug treatment results in the time-dependent inactivation of dopamine neuron firing via over-excitation, or depolarization block. Furthermore, the clinical profile of the response to antipsychotic drugs appears to correspond to the dopamine system affected: antipsychotic drugs that exert therapeutic actions in schizophrenics inactivate dopamine neuron firing in the limbic-related ventral tegmental area, whereas drugs that precipitate extrapyramidal side effects cause depolarization block of the motor-related substantia nigra dopamine cells. One factor that remains unresolved with regard to the actions of antipsychotic drugs is the relationship between dopamine turnover and depolarization block--i.e., why does a significant level of dopamine release or turnover remain after antipsychotic drug treatment if dopamine cells are no longer firing? We addressed this question using an acute model of neuroleptic-induced depolarization block. In this model, dopamine cells recorded in rats one month after partial dopamine lesions could be driven into depolarization block by the acute administration of moderate doses of haloperidol. However, similar doses of haloperidol, which were effective at increasing dopamine levels in the striatum of intact rats, failed to change dopamine levels in lesioned rats. This is consistent with a model in which neuroleptic drugs exert their therapeutic effects in schizophrenics by causing depolarization block in DA cells, thereby preventing further activation of dopamine neuron firing in response to external stimuli. Thus, attenuating the responsivity of the dopamine system to stimuli may be more relevant to the therapeutic actions of antipsychotic drugs than receptor blockade or decreases in absolute levels of dopamine, which could presumably be circumvented by homeostatic adaptations in this highly plastic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Grace
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, PA
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50
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Wik G, Wiesel FA. Regional brain glucose metabolism: correlations to biochemical measures and anxiety in patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 1991; 40:101-14. [PMID: 1722339 DOI: 10.1016/0925-4927(91)90002-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Regional brain glucose metabolism in 20 patients with schizophrenia (DSM-III) was investigated by positron emission tomography (PET) with uniformly labeled 11C-glucose as the tracer. Monoamine metabolites were analyzed in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum, and prolactin was analyzed in serum. Intensity of anxiety was rated directly after the PET study. Ten healthy volunteers served as controls. In the patients, weak positive and negative relationships were found between homovanillic acid in CSF and prolactin in serum, respectively, and regional metabolic rates. In all subjects, positive correlations were found between the level of anxiety and the regional glucose metabolism. In the controls, positive correlations were found between anxiety and the frontal/parietal ratios of the left hemisphere, whereas anxiety scores of the patients correlated negatively to relative metabolic rates of the right medial frontal cortex and the left thalamus. These observations may indicate alterations in the neuronal systems participating in the initiation of anxiety and arousal in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Wik
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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