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Fougère A, Jackson AP, Paraskevi Bechtsi D, Braks JAM, Annoura T, Fonager J, Spaccapelo R, Ramesar J, Chevalley-Maurel S, Klop O, van der Laan AMA, Tanke HJ, Kocken CHM, Pasini EM, Khan SM, Böhme U, van Ooij C, Otto TD, Janse CJ, Franke-Fayard B. Variant Exported Blood-Stage Proteins Encoded by Plasmodium Multigene Families Are Expressed in Liver Stages Where They Are Exported into the Parasitophorous Vacuole. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005917. [PMID: 27851824 PMCID: PMC5113031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many variant proteins encoded by Plasmodium-specific multigene families are exported into red blood cells (RBC). P. falciparum-specific variant proteins encoded by the var, stevor and rifin multigene families are exported onto the surface of infected red blood cells (iRBC) and mediate interactions between iRBC and host cells resulting in tissue sequestration and rosetting. However, the precise function of most other Plasmodium multigene families encoding exported proteins is unknown. To understand the role of RBC-exported proteins of rodent malaria parasites (RMP) we analysed the expression and cellular location by fluorescent-tagging of members of the pir, fam-a and fam-b multigene families. Furthermore, we performed phylogenetic analyses of the fam-a and fam-b multigene families, which indicate that both families have a history of functional differentiation unique to RMP. We demonstrate for all three families that expression of family members in iRBC is not mutually exclusive. Most tagged proteins were transported into the iRBC cytoplasm but not onto the iRBC plasma membrane, indicating that they are unlikely to play a direct role in iRBC-host cell interactions. Unexpectedly, most family members are also expressed during the liver stage, where they are transported into the parasitophorous vacuole. This suggests that these protein families promote parasite development in both the liver and blood, either by supporting parasite development within hepatocytes and erythrocytes and/or by manipulating the host immune response. Indeed, in the case of Fam-A, which have a steroidogenic acute regulatory-related lipid transfer (START) domain, we found that several family members can transfer phosphatidylcholine in vitro. These observations indicate that these proteins may transport (host) phosphatidylcholine for membrane synthesis. This is the first demonstration of a biological function of any exported variant protein family of rodent malaria parasites. Malaria-parasites invade and multiply in hepatocytes and erythrocytes. The human parasite P. falciparum transports proteins encoded by multigene families onto the surface of erythrocytes, mediating interactions between infected red blood cells (iRBCs) and other host-cells and are thought to play a key role in parasite survival during blood-stage development. The function of other exported Plasmodium protein families remains largely unknown. We provide novel insights into expression and cellular location of proteins encoded by three large multigene families of rodent malaria parasites (Fam-a, Fam-b and PIR). Multiple members of the same family are expressed in a single iRBC, unlike P. falciparum PfEMP1 proteins where individual iRBCs express only a single member. Most proteins we examined are located in the RBC cytoplasm and are not transported onto the iRBC surface membrane, indicating that these proteins are unlikely to mediate interactions between iRBCs and host-cells. Unexpectedly, liver stages also express many of these proteins, where they locate to the vacuole surrounding the parasite inside the hepatocyte. In support of a role of these proteins for parasite growth within their host cells we provide evidence that Fam-A proteins have a role in uptake and transport of (host) phosphatidylcholine for parasite-membrane synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Fougère
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrew P. Jackson
- Department of Infection Biology, Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UnitedKingdom
| | | | - Joanna A. M. Braks
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Takeshi Annoura
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Department of Parasitology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases (NIID), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jannik Fonager
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Department of Microbiological Diagnostics and Virology, Statens Serum Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Jai Ramesar
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Séverine Chevalley-Maurel
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Onny Klop
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hans J. Tanke
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erica M. Pasini
- Biomedical Primate Research Centre (BPRC), Rijswijk, The Netherlands
| | - Shahid M. Khan
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ulrike Böhme
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UnitedKingdom
| | - Christiaan van Ooij
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, Mill Hill, London, UnitedKingdom
| | - Thomas D. Otto
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UnitedKingdom
| | - Chris J. Janse
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Blandine Franke-Fayard
- Leiden Malaria Research Group, Parasitology, Center of infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC), Leiden, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
In recent years, a malaria infection of humans in South East Asia, originally diagnosed as a known human-infecting species, Plasmodium malariae, has been identified as a simian parasite, Plasmodium knowlesi. This species had been subject to considerable investigation in monkeys since the 1930s. With the development of continuous culture of the erythrocytic stages of the human malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum in 1976, the emphasis in research shifted away from knowlesi. However, its importance as a human pathogen has provoked a renewed interest in P. knowlesi, not least because it too can be maintained in continuous culture and thus provides an experimental model. In fact, this parasite species has a long history in malaria research, and the purpose of this chapter is to outline approximately the first 50 years of this history.
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Abstract
Naturally acquired immunity to falciparum malaria protects millions of people routinely exposed to Plasmodium falciparum infection from severe disease and death. There is no clear concept about how this protection works. There is no general agreement about the rate of onset of acquired immunity or what constitutes the key determinants of protection; much less is there a consensus regarding the mechanism(s) of protection. This review summarizes what is understood about naturally acquired and experimentally induced immunity against malaria with the help of evolving insights provided by biotechnology and places these insights in the context of historical, clinical, and epidemiological observations. We advocate that naturally acquired immunity should be appreciated as being virtually 100% effective against severe disease and death among heavily exposed adults. Even the immunity that occurs in exposed infants may exceed 90% effectiveness. The induction of an adult-like immune status among high-risk infants in sub-Saharan Africa would greatly diminish disease and death caused by P. falciparum. The mechanism of naturally acquired immunity that occurs among adults living in areas of hyper- to holoendemicity should be understood with a view toward duplicating such protection in infants and young children in areas of endemicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denise L Doolan
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, The Bancroft Centre, Post Office Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
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Abstract
The development of protective immunity to Plasmodium requires the presence of T-lymphocytes. This is obvious from many experimental models showing that parasitaernia cannot be controlled in T-cell-deficient animals. In addition, protection against plasmodia can be achieved in adoptive transfer experiments using specific T-cells from immune animals. In this brief article Jean Langhorne discusses the different responses of one particular subset of T-lymphocytes, the CD4(+) T-cells, to the parasite, emphasizing their role in the development of protective immunity to the erythrocytic stages of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Langhorne
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Stübeweg 51, D-7800 Freiburg-Zähringen, FRG
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Abstract
Malaria remains one of the world's worst health problems with 1.5 to 2.7 million deaths annually; these deaths are primarily among children under 5 years of age and pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. Of significance, more people are dying from malaria today than 30 years ago. This review considers the factors which have contributed to this gloomy picture, including those which relate to the vector, the female anopheline mosquito; to human activity such as creating new mosquito breeding sites, the impact of increased numbers of people, and how their migratory behavior can increase the incidence and spread of malaria; and the problems of drug resistance by the parasites to almost all currently available antimalarial drugs. In a selective manner, this review describes what is being done to ameliorate this situation both in terms of applying existing methods in a useful or even crucial role in control and prevention and in terms of new additions to the antimalarial armory that are being developed. Topics covered include biological control of mosquitoes, the use of insecticide-impregnated bed nets, transgenic mosquitoes manipulated for resistance to malaria parasites, old and new antimalarial drugs, drug resistance and how best to maintain the useful life of antimalarials, immunity to malaria and the search for antimalarial vaccines, and the malaria genome project and the potential benefits to accrue from it.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Phillips
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom.
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Abstract
It is generally accepted that malaria evolves as a chronic blood infection by escaping the immune responses directed against a series of antigens that express variable epitopes and/or by selecting parasite populations with distinct polymorphic antigens. However, exacting in vitro studies, performed with clinically well-defined biological material, have correlated the state of protection of African adults (in whom low-grade infection persists) with an indirect defence mechanism where the antibodies are effective owing to their ability to cooperate with blood monocytes. Further studies showed that the antibody bridges the parasite (at the merozoite stage) with a monocyte and triggers the release of mediators which have a parasitistatic, reversible and non-antigen-specific effect. The fact that the parasite directly triggers the antiparasite effect leads Pierre Druilhe and Jean-Louis Pérignon to formulate here an alternative hypothesis for the chronicity of malaria infection, which would rely on conserved antigenic targets and, in contrast with direct mechanisms, would not select emerging mutated parasites. The above two mechanisms are discussed in the context of their fitness with clinical and parasitological observations. It is proposed that they are not mutually exclusive but, rather, may come into play successively as patients gradually evolve from high-grade symptomatic to low-grade asymptomatic parasitic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Druilhe
- Department of Bio-medical Parasitology, Pasteur Institute, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France.
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Affiliation(s)
- R S Phillips
- Department of Zoology, University of Glasgow, U.K
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Abstract
Phenotypic antigenic variation within parasite strains and antigenic diversity between strains are important parameters in understanding the development of immunity to malaria. With the Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi model in inbred mice, a combination of serological tests and DNA technology can be used to study the specificity of inducer and effector mechanisms in an infection with characteristics similar in many ways to those of P. falciparum in man.
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Affiliation(s)
- K N Brown
- National Institute for Medical Research, London, U.K
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Khullar N, Gupta CM, Sehgal S. Immune response studies in relation to protection induced by using MDP as an adjuvant in malaria. Immunol Invest 1988; 17:1-17. [PMID: 3292412 DOI: 10.3109/08820138809055714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Muramyl dipeptide (MDP) was an important compound conferring protection to mice against the lethal malaria parasite Plasmodium berghei. The mode of protection of this compound was studied using different humoral and cellular parameters. The observations indicate that MDP boosts both humoral antibody response as well as delayed type hypersensitivity reactions, but as far as phagocytosis by macrophages is concerned, malarial mice are already maximally stimulated and MDP makes a marginal difference in immune phagocytosis only.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Khullar
- Department of Immunopathology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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Bates MD, Newbold CI, Jarra W, Brown KN. Protective immunity to malaria: studies with cloned lines of Plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi in CBA/Ca mice. III. Protective and suppressive responses induced by immunization with purified antigens. Parasite Immunol 1988; 10:1-15. [PMID: 3214486 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1988.tb00199.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The protective effect of affinity purified antigen has been investigated in an experimental model for malaria which shows a well marked recrudescence of parasitaemia, a feature of the disease in man. A monoclonal antibody (MoAb) recognizing an epitope common to two genetically distinct cloned lines of Plasmodium chabaudi (AS and CB), was used to purify a Mr250,000 polymorphic schizont antigen (PSA) from these parasites. The purified preparations were then examined for the presence of specific and cross-reactive epitopes by immunoprecipitation with a panel of MoAb raised against P. chabaudi AS. When tested previously on smears of parasitized blood by immunofluorescence, or against lysates of parasitized erythrocytes by immunoprecipitation, most of these MoAb had been found to be AS specific. When either AS or CB affinity purified Mr250,000 PSA was used as the target, these same MoAb immunoprecipitated both antigens, and in some cases, a number of associated polypeptides (AP) which copurify with the Mr250,000 PSA. Subsequently, mice were immunized with either the purified AS or CB antigens in Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA). Prechallenge sera were compared by indirect immunofluorescence and immunoprecipitation. Sera from mice immunized with AS antigen reacted strongly with AS and cross-reacted with CB parasite preparations. Pre-challenge serum from CB antigen immunized mice reacted well with CB, but only faintly with AS preparations. In mice immunized with the AS antigen and then challenged with either AS or CB parasites, the initial parasitaemias were delayed in appearance and the height of the peak parasitaemia reduced, an effect which was most pronounced after challenge with homologous parasites. Only homologous challenge of the mice immunized with CB antigen produced statistically significant modification of the initial parasitaemia. In the immunized mice challenged with homologous parasites, the delayed appearance and slightly reduced peak of the primary parasitaemia was associated with delayed resolution of the patent parasitaemia and significant enhancement of the recrudescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Bates
- Division of Parasitology, National Institute for Medical Research, London, UK
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Howard RJ, Seeley DC, Kao V, Wember M, Schauer R. Sialic acid analysis and tritium-labelling of sialoglycoproteins of mouse erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium berghei. Parasitology 1986; 92 ( Pt 3):545-57. [PMID: 3526260 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000065434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Schizont-infected red blood cells (SI-RBC) from Plasmodium berghei-infected mice contain between 2 and 10 times as much sialic acid as uninfected RBC from the same blood (99-550 micrograms/10(10) RBC versus 33-65 micrograms/10(10) RBC). Total RBC samples from infected animals containing up to 63% ring- and trophozoite-infected cells had identical sialic acid contents to purified RBC samples (of less than 3% parasitaemia) from the same blood (52-64 micrograms/10(10) RBC). We conclude that RBC containing immature parasites have the same sialic acid content as uninfected RBC from infected blood and that total cellular sialic acid increases during maturation to the schizont stage. Uninfected RBC from infected blood had 25-50% as much sialic acid as normal mouse RBC (33-65 micrograms/10(10) RBC versus 126 micrograms/10(10) RBC). There were no qualitative changes in RBC sialic acids, all RBC samples having 60-70% N-acetylneuraminic acid, 30-40% N-acetyl-9-O-acetylneuraminic acid and 5-10% N-glycolylneuraminic acid. The quantitative changes we observed during infection must reflect changes in murine sialoglycoconjugates, as we have shown elsewhere that Plasmodia do not synthesize or contain sialic acids. Since the sialic acid composition of mouse serum glycoconjugates is quite different to that of the RBC fractions studied here, the quantitative data suggest that part of the sialic acids of the uninfected RBC has been transferred to SI-RBC. With higher molar ratios of periodate to substrate than generally used, we were able to radio-isotopically label normal murine sialoglycoproteins on SI-RBC and purified uninfected RBC from infected blood by the periodate/NaB3H4 method. Several new proteins were then tritiated with SI-RBC but these proteins may be intracellular and could even lack sialic acid.
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Ferraroni JJ, Douglass TG, Speer CA. Effects of Mycobacterium bovis BCG, bacterial lipopolysaccharide and hydrocortisone on the development of immunity to Plasmodium berghei. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 1986; 28:36-45. [PMID: 3532283 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46651986000100007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (BCG) aumenta significantemente o desenvolvimento da imunidade nos camundongos CFW, C57BL/6, C57BL/l0ScN e BALB/c (Nu/+) para os estágios eritrocitos do Plasmodium berghei. Camundongos tratados com BCG requerem menos ciclos de infecção com P. berghei e cura pelo Fansidar (pirimetamina + sulfadoxina) para desenvolverem imunidade sólida a este parasita do que os controles. Contudo, os animais que receberam BCG 30 dias antes do início da imunização evidenciaram uma perda precoce da imunidade adquirida para o P. berghei, quando comparado com os animais que receberam BCG 14 dias antes ou que não receberam BCG. Assim, sendo, o BCG aumentada a indução na resposta imune do hospedeiro ao P. berghei no curso de infecções subseqüentes. O tratamento de camundongos CFW, BALB/c e C57BL/6 com lipopolissacarídeo bacteriano ou hidrocortisona faz com que os animais requeiram um número maior de ciclos de infecção e cura para tornarem-se imunes ao P. berghei que os controles. O tratamento dos camundongos C57BL/10ScN com hidrocortisona aboliu completamente a sua habilidade de sobrevida subseqüentes a ciclos de infecção com P. berghei e cura pelo Fansidar.
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Fritsch G, Treumer J, Spira DT, Jung A. Plasmodium vinckei: suppression of mouse infections with desferrioxamine B. Exp Parasitol 1985; 60:171-4. [PMID: 4029347 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(85)90020-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium vinckei kills NMRI mice within 6 days after infection. Treatment of infected animals with desferrioxamine B for 5 days was found to suppress the parasitemia in a dose-dependent manner. The desferrioxamine B-iron complex (DFO/Fe3+) was ineffective, which suggests that the iron-chelating capacity of free desferrioxamine B is the antimalarial principle. All mice survived when they were given 0.3 mg desferrioxamine B/g every 12 hr for 14 days after infection. In addition, they were resistant to reinfection for at least 8 weeks. Eight months after desferrioxamine B treatment, all mice had lost their induced immunity and were as susceptible to malaria as controls. These results illustrate the dependence of the malarial parasite on ionic iron and suggests new methods for the therapy of parasitic diseases.
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Newbold CI. Parasite antigens in protection, diagnosis and escape: Plasmodium. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1985; 120:69-104. [PMID: 3905279 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-662-09197-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Howard RJ, Barnwell JW. Roles of surface antigens on malaria-infected red blood cells in evasion of immunity. CONTEMPORARY TOPICS IN IMMUNOBIOLOGY 1984; 12:127-200. [PMID: 6365440 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-4571-8_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Howard RJ, Barnwell JW, Kao V, Daniel WA, Aley SB. Radioiodination of new protein antigens on the surface of Plasmodium knowlesi schizont-infected erythrocytes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 1982; 6:343-67. [PMID: 7162531 DOI: 10.1016/0166-6851(82)90024-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Kutner S, Baruch D, Ginsburg H, Cabantchik ZI. Alterations in membrane permeability of malaria-infected human erythrocytes are related to the growth stage of the parasite. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1982; 687:113-7. [PMID: 7041976 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(82)90178-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During the intraerythrocytic growth of Plasmodium falciparum in culture, marked changes are observed in the permeability properties of the host cell membrane. Anionic substances otherwise impermeant to normal cells, become highly permeant to infected cells. These changes in permeability become apparent as rings mature into trophozoites and remain throughout schizogony. The permeability changes to anionic substances are not manifested as degradation of band 3, the purported erythrocyte anion transporter. They probably reflect alterations of a more general nature.
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Brown GV, Anders RF, Stace JD, Alpers MP, Mitchell GF. Immunoprecipitation of biosynthetically-labelled proteins from different Papua New Guinea Plasmodium falciparum isolates by sera from individuals in the endemic area. Parasite Immunol 1981; 3:283-98. [PMID: 7033895 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3024.1981.tb00407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The human serum antibody response to Plasmodium falciparum infection in Papua New Guinea has been studied by electrophoretic analysis of immunoprecipitated biosynthetically-labelled malaria proteins from three different isolates maintained in long-term in vitro culture. Differences in protein antigenic composition in different lines have been described and simplified by examination of antigens recognized only by hyperimmune serum. An in vitro assay has been used to screen various human sera containing antimalarial antibody for their ability to inhibit parasite growth and the immunoprecipitation profiles of non-inhibitory sera have been compared with those of a hyperimmune serum pool. In the discussion, emphasis is placed on the value of immunoprecipitation analyses using clinically-defined sera with known in vitro function in the identification of antigens which may be responsible for the induction of host-protective immunity.
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Howard RJ, Smith PM, Mitchell GF. Characterization of surface proteins and glycoproteins on red blood cells from mice infected with haemosporidia: Plasmodium berghei infections of BALB/c mice. Parasitology 1980; 81:273-98. [PMID: 7003500 DOI: 10.1017/s0031182000056031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The surface proteins and glycoproteins of red cells from Plasmodium berghei-infected blood have been radio-isotope labelled and compared with those of normal mouse erythrocytes using the following protein labelling probes: lactoperoxidase-catalysed radio-iodination of tyrosyl residues, periodate oxidation and NaB3H4 reduction of sialic acid and oxidation of galactosyl/N-acetylgalactosaminyl residues by galactose oxidase with subsequent NaB3H4 reduction. During P. berghei infection, new tyrosyl-labelled proteins with apparent molecular weights (Mr) of 60 000, 54 000, 40 000 and 27 500 appeared on the surface of most, if not all, red cells in the blood. Purified multinucleate cells (mostly reticulocytes) differed only in that they also had a surface protein with Mr of 83 000. However, this molecule is thought to be specific to mouse reticulocytes rather than derived from parasites. In contrast to the relatively minor changes detected with radio-iodination, striking changes in glycoprotein radio-isotope labelling resulted from infection. All of the red cells in infected blood of greater than 20% parasitaemia lost their periodate-sensitive glycoprotein sialic acid. With some samples there was little change in glycoprotein labelling by the galactose oxidase method, provided neuraminidase was also added. Modification of the exocyclic hydroxyls of sialic acid is postulated to account for this. Other blood samples exhibited a dramatic loss of galactose oxidase-dependent labelling. It is suggested that these observations may relate to the excessive red cell destruction of uninfected as well as infminidase was also added. Modification of the exocyclic hydroxyls of sialic acid is postulated to account for this. Other blood samples exhibited a dramatic loss of galactose oxidase-dependent labelling. It is suggested that these observations may relate to the excessive red cell destruction of uninfected as well as infminidase was also added. Modification of the exocyclic hydroxyls of sialic acid is postulated to account for this. Other blood samples exhibited a dramatic loss of galactose oxidase-dependent labelling. It is suggested that these observations may relate to the excessive red cell destruction of uninfected as well as infected cells which has been inferred in many haemosporidial infections, including malaria.
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McDonald V, Sherman IW. Plasmodium chabaudi: humoral and cell-mediated responses of immunized mice. Exp Parasitol 1980; 49:442-54. [PMID: 6966227 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(80)90078-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kilejian A. Stage-specific proteins and glycoproteins of plasmodium falciparum: identification of antigens unique to schizonts and merozoites. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1980; 77:3695-9. [PMID: 6997881 PMCID: PMC349685 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.77.6.3695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Establishment of highly synchronized cultures of Plasmodium falciparum enabled identification of stage-specific proteins, glycoproteins, and antigens. Comparison of metabolically labeled constituents of rings, trophozoites, mature schizonts, and merozoites indicated the absence of major proteins or glycorproteins unique to rings or trophozoites. A burst of new synthetic activity occurred during schizogony when several schizont- and merozoite-specific proteins and glycoproteins became apparent. In addition to the knob protein, which was previously shown to be associated with protrusions on the host erythrocyte membrane, a major glycoprotein of parasite origin was identified on the surface membrane of schizonts. Analysis of antigens solubilized from different developmental stages indicated that immune sera, which inhibit growth of parasites in vitro, react mainly with merozoite- and schizont-associated antigens.
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Hughes HP, Dixon B. Vaccination of chicks against Plasmodium gallinaceum by erythrocytic and exoerythrocytic parasites attenuated by gamma irradiation. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 1980; 74:115-26. [PMID: 7436597 DOI: 10.1080/00034983.1980.11687321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Plasmodium gallinaceum-infected blood which received up to 24 krad during exposure to gamma-rays from a cobalt-60 source produced infections of normal course and duration when injected into chickens. The prepatent period advanced with increasing exposure of infected blood to radiation, suggesting some degree of attenuation. At 26, 28 and 30 krad, the infections were transient and the parasites were morphologically abnormal. It is thought that the amount of radiation required to render the parasites non-viable is about 45 krad for an inoculum of 10(6) parasites. There is evidence that exoerythrocytic stages may be more susceptible to gamma-rays than are blood parasites. Chickens were inoculated three times, over a period of four weeks, with vaccines prepared from gamma-irradiated infected blood and brain tissue. Half the birds which had been inoculated with attenuated parasitized blood exhibited mild infections during vaccination, and they were the only birds to show at challenge immunity to both homologous blood and exoerythrocytic parasites.
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Strickland GT, Hunter KW. The use of immunopotentiators in malaria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NUCLEAR MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1980; 7:133-40. [PMID: 6772589 DOI: 10.1016/0047-0740(80)90031-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Abstract
Absorption experiments with washed membranes derived from erythrocytes infected with schizonts of Plasmodium knowlesi (PE) showed that the antigen responsible for agglutination of PE in SICA tests is firmly bound to membranes. Further experiments demonstrated that the number of antibody binding sites at the surface of parasitized erythrocytes can be measured using iodinated globulins. The conditions under which this could be achieved have been defined and a preliminary estimate of the number of high affinity surface antigen sites (greater than or equal to 10(4) per cell) has been made. Suggestions are given for further work to obtain a more accurate value.
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Speer CA, Silverman PH. Recent advances in applied malaria immunology. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1979; 60:3-17. [PMID: 93828 DOI: 10.1007/bf00928967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Our present knowledge of cellular and humoral factors which are involved in immunity to plasmodial infections are discussed. Immunization against plasmodial infection has been achieved in birds, rodents, simians, and humans. Avian hosts have been immunized against gametocytes which resulted in inhibition of gametocytes within the mosquito vector. Immunization of humans against plasmodial gametocytes would indirectly protect them against malaria by blocking mosquito transmission to other susceptible individuals. Immunization by sporozoites provides short-lived protection against sporozoite challenge, but gives no protection against erythrocytic forms. Some success has been obtained in immunizing avian and mammalian hosts with exoerythrocytic forms obtained from cultured avian cells. The most significant advances have occurred in immunizing simian hosts against simian or human malaria by vaccinating with fresh erythrocytic merozoites or a nonviable lyophilized antigen obtained from intraerythrocytic forms. The development of an antigen preparation suitable for use as a human malaria vaccine is dependent upon prior development of an in vitro system which would provide adequate amounts of parasite material. Efforts to cultivate the sporogonic, exoerythrocytic, and erythrocytic, and erythrocytic phases of plasmodia as well as the feasibility of using these forms for vaccination are discussed.
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Abstract
Strains of mice showing relatively rapid (BALB/c) and defective (C3H/He) spontaneous elimination of Giardia muris displayed marked differences in the degree of resistance to infection induced by prior injection of trophozoites in Freund complete adjuvant.
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Mendis KN, Targett GA. Immunisation against gametes and asexual erythrocytic stages of a rodent malaria parasite. Nature 1979; 277:389-91. [PMID: 551260 DOI: 10.1038/277389a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Phillips RS, Brown KN, Hills LA. Immunity to Plasmodium berghei in rats: Reduced protective activity of immune spleen cells when transferred to recently infected rats. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1978; 72:92-4. [PMID: 345537 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(78)90307-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Zuckerman A. Current status of the immunology of blood and tissue protozoa. II. Plasmodium. Exp Parasitol 1977; 42:473-446. [PMID: 18362 DOI: 10.1016/0014-4894(77)90095-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Siddiqui WA. An effective immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Science 1977; 197:388-9. [PMID: 406671 DOI: 10.1126/science.406671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This is the first report of successful immunization of experimental monkeys against a human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum. Of the five owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) used in this pilot study, two served as controls and the other three were immunized with P. falciparum antigen consisting primarily of mature segmenters containing fully developed merozoites. Two injections of antigen emulsified with Freund's complete adjuvant were administered intramuscularly 3 weeks apart. Three weeks after the second vaccination, all monkeys were challenged with the homologous strain of P. falciparum. The control monkeys died with high levels of parasitemia within 2 weeks of challenge. The three immunized monkeys survived and showed strong protection against P. falciparum. These results are encouraging for the possible future development of an effective vaccine against human malaria.
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Cabrera EJ, Barr ML, Silverman PH. Long-term studies on rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immunized against Plasmodium knowlesi. Infect Immun 1977; 15:461-5. [PMID: 403136 PMCID: PMC421390 DOI: 10.1128/iai.15.2.461-465.1977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies carried out on four rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) that had been vaccinated against Plasmodium knowlesi show that the immunized animals were protected against a challenge with a heterologous strain of P. knowlesi. This protection was shown to be present even 4 years after the immunization schedule has been completed. The effect could not be attributed toprevious infections with the parasite, since four control rhesus monkeys that had recovered from one to four challenges with P. knowlesi died when exposed to the heterologous strain. Data obtained from the lymphocyte transformation test and the radioimmunoassay are also presented.
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Miller LH. A critique of merozoite and sporozoite vaccines in malaria. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1977; 93:113-20. [PMID: 413340 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-8855-9_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Speer CA, Silverman PH, Schiewe SG. Cultivation of the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei in Leydig cell tumor cultures. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1976; 50:237-44. [PMID: 793226 DOI: 10.1007/bf02462968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Twelve different established cell-lines were used in attempts to cultivate the erythrocytic stages of Plasmodium berghei, P. vinckei vinckei, P. coatneyi or P. knowlesi. Intracellular parasites were seen in only mouse Leydig cell testicular tumor (LCT) cultures inoculated with red cells infected with P. berghei. Intracellular parasites were present at 15 to 96 h after inoculation, being most numerous at 36 h. Most intracellular stages were rings, trophozoites, schizonts and merozoites; gametocytes were few in number and present only at 36 and 48 h. Intracellular parasites were normal in general morphology and staining characteristics at 15 to 48 h, but were abnormal after 72 h. Infected host cells exhibited progressive nuclear and cytoplasmic degenerative changes, which ultimately resulted in death of the cell. Uninfected cells appeared normal. The ability of parasites in LCT cultures to produce infections upon injection into mice was similar to that obtained with control cultures without LCT cells.
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Carter R, Chen DH. Malaria transmission blocked by immunisation with gametes of the malaria parasite. Nature 1976; 263:57-60. [PMID: 986561 DOI: 10.1038/263057a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Speer CA, Silverman PH, Barr ML. Ultrastructural study of Plasmodium knowlesi antigen used in vaccination of rhesus monkeys. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1976; 23:437-42. [PMID: 823328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1976.tb03806.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Material from various steps obtained in the French pressure cell technic of preparing antigen from Plasmodium knowlesi-infected red cells, was examined by elctron microscopy. A positively charged colloidal iron solution was used to differentiate between membranes of host red cells and parasites. Red cell membranes take the stain, wheras parasite membranes do not. This antigen which has been used previously to protect monkeys against P. knowlesi appears to consist almost entirely of membrane-bounded vesicles. Some of these vesicles contain a fine granular material, whereas others appear empty. The antigen failed to stain with the positively charged iron solution, which suggests that it is free of contamination by host cell membrane.
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Cabrera EJ, Speer CA, Schenkel RH, Barr ML, Silverman PH. Delayed dermal hypersensitivity in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) immunized against Plasmodium knowlesi. ZEITSCHRIFT FUR PARASITENKUNDE (BERLIN, GERMANY) 1976; 50:31-42. [PMID: 822621 DOI: 10.1007/bf00389929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Eighteen Rhesus monkeys were immunized with a fresh or lyophilized antigen preparation obtained from erythrocytes infected with Plasmodium knowlesi. Sixteen of these monkeys showed a positive delayed hypersensitivity response when subsequently skin tested with the immunizing antigen. Ten of the 16 positive reactors survived a P, knowlesi challenge, the remaining 6 showed several indications of protection. None of the 18 control monkeys gave a positive skin reaction or survived the challenging inoculum. Macro- and microscopical evidence suggests that the dermal reaction is of a delayed type. Preliminary biochemical analysis of the antigen used in this experiment is included and its significance is discussed. Hematological data is also presented.
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Clark IA, Allison AC, Cox FE. Protection of mice against Babesia and Plasmodium with BCG. Nature 1976; 259:309-11. [PMID: 765838 DOI: 10.1038/259309a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mitchell GH, Butcher GA, Cohen S. A merozoite vaccine effective against Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Nature 1974; 252:311-3. [PMID: 4431452 DOI: 10.1038/252311a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Brown KN, Hills LA. Antigenic variation and immunity to Plasmodium knowlesi: antibodies which induce antigenic variation and antibodies which destroy parasites. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 1974; 68:139-42. [PMID: 4460300 DOI: 10.1016/0035-9203(74)90187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
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Cabrera EJ, Alger NE. Transfer of adoptive immunity to Plasmodium berghei: a comparison of routes of injection. THE JOURNAL OF PROTOZOOLOGY 1971; 18:596-8. [PMID: 5133122 DOI: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.1971.tb03381.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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BROWN KN. Protective Immunity to Malaria provides a Model for the Survival of Cells in an Immunologically Hostile Environment. Nature 1971. [DOI: 10.1038/230163a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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