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Kmochová T, Kidd KO, Orr A, Hnízda A, Hartmannová H, Hodaňová K, Vyleťal P, Naušová K, Brinsa V, Trešlová H, Sovová J, Barešová V, Svojšová K, Vrbacká A, Stránecký V, Robins VC, Taylor A, Martin L, Rivas-Chavez A, Payne R, Bleyer HA, Williams A, Rennke HG, Weins A, Short PJ, Agrawal V, Storsley LJ, Waikar SS, McPhail ED, Dasari S, Leung N, Hewlett T, Yorke J, Gaston D, Geldenhuys L, Samuels M, Levine AP, West M, Hůlková H, Pompach P, Novák P, Weinberg RB, Bedard K, Živná M, Sikora J, Bleyer AJ, Kmoch S. Autosomal dominant ApoA4 mutations present as tubulointerstitial kidney disease with medullary amyloidosis. Kidney Int 2024; 105:799-811. [PMID: 38096951 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2023.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Sporadic cases of apolipoprotein A-IV medullary amyloidosis have been reported. Here we describe five families found to have autosomal dominant medullary amyloidosis due to two different pathogenic APOA4 variants. A large family with autosomal dominant chronic kidney disease (CKD) and bland urinary sediment underwent whole genome sequencing with identification of a chr11:116692578 G>C (hg19) variant encoding the missense mutation p.L66V of the ApoA4 protein. We identified two other distantly related families from our registry with the same variant and two other distantly related families with a chr11:116693454 C>T (hg19) variant encoding the missense mutation p.D33N. Both mutations are unique to affected families, evolutionarily conserved and predicted to expand the amyloidogenic hotspot in the ApoA4 structure. Clinically affected individuals suffered from CKD with a bland urinary sediment and a mean age for kidney failure of 64.5 years. Genotyping identified 48 genetically affected individuals; 44 individuals had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) under 60 ml/min/1.73 m2, including all 25 individuals with kidney failure. Significantly, 11 of 14 genetically unaffected individuals had an eGFR over 60 ml/min/1.73 m2. Fifteen genetically affected individuals presented with higher plasma ApoA4 concentrations. Kidney pathologic specimens from four individuals revealed amyloid deposits limited to the medulla, with the mutated ApoA4 identified by mass-spectrometry as the predominant amyloid constituent in all three available biopsies. Thus, ApoA4 mutations can cause autosomal dominant medullary amyloidosis, with marked amyloid deposition limited to the kidney medulla and presenting with autosomal dominant CKD with a bland urinary sediment. Diagnosis relies on a careful family history, APOA4 sequencing and pathologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kmochová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kendrah O Kidd
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew Orr
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada; Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Aleš Hnízda
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hartmannová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Hodaňová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Vyleťal
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Naušová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Brinsa
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Helena Trešlová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sovová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Barešová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Svojšová
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alena Vrbacká
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Stránecký
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Victoria C Robins
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Abbigail Taylor
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Lauren Martin
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ana Rivas-Chavez
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Riley Payne
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Heidi A Bleyer
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Adrienne Williams
- Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Helmut G Rennke
- Pathology Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Astrid Weins
- Pathology Department, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Varun Agrawal
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Larner College of Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Leroy J Storsley
- Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Sushrut S Waikar
- Section of Nephrology, Boston University Chobanian and Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ellen D McPhail
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Surendra Dasari
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Tom Hewlett
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Jake Yorke
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Daniel Gaston
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Laurette Geldenhuys
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Mark Samuels
- Department of Medicine Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; Centre de Recherche du CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Adam P Levine
- Research Department of Pathology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Michael West
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Helena Hůlková
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Pompach
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Novák
- Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Vestec, Czech Republic
| | - Richard B Weinberg
- Section on Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Karen Bedard
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Izaak Walton Killam Hospital, Halifax Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Martina Živná
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jakub Sikora
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Institute of Pathology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony J Bleyer
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA.
| | - Stanislav Kmoch
- Research Unit for Rare Diseases, Department of Pediatrics and Inherited Metabolic Disorders, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic; Section on Nephrology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
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LaRussa Z, Kuo HCN, West K, Shen Z, Wisniewski K, Tso P, Coschigano KT, Lo CC. Increased BAT Thermogenesis in Male Mouse Apolipoprotein A4 Transgenic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:4231. [PMID: 36835642 PMCID: PMC9959433 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24044231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary lipids induce apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) production and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis. Administration of exogenous APOA4 elevates BAT thermogenesis in chow-fed mice, but not high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. Chronic feeding of HFD attenuates plasma APOA4 production and BAT thermogenesis in wildtype (WT) mice. In light of these observations, we sought to determine whether steady production of APOA4 could keep BAT thermogenesis elevated, even in the presence of HFD consumption, with an aim toward eventual reduction of body weight, fat mass and plasma lipid levels. Transgenic mice with overexpression of mouse APOA4 in the small intestine (APOA4-Tg mice) produce greater plasma APOA4 than their WT controls, even when fed an atherogenic diet. Thus, we used these mice to investigate the correlation of levels of APOA4 and BAT thermogenesis during HFD consumption. The hypothesis of this study was that overexpression of mouse APOA4 in the small intestine and increased plasma APOA4 production would increase BAT thermogenesis and consequently reduce fat mass and plasma lipids of HFD-fed obese mice. To test this hypothesis, BAT thermogenic proteins, body weight, fat mass, caloric intake, and plasma lipids in male APOA4-Tg mice and WT mice fed either a chow diet or a HFD were measured. When fed a chow diet, APOA4 levels were elevated, plasma triglyceride (TG) levels were reduced, and BAT levels of UCP1 trended upward, while body weight, fat mass, caloric intake, and plasma lipids were comparable between APOA4-Tg and WT mice. After a four-week feeding of HFD, APOA4-Tg mice maintained elevated plasma APOA4 and reduced plasma TG, but UCP1 levels in BAT were significantly elevated in comparison to WT controls; body weight, fat mass and caloric intake were still comparable. After 10-week consumption of HFD, however, while APOA4-Tg mice still exhibited increased plasma APOA4, UCP1 levels and reduced TG levels, a reduction in body weight, fat mass and levels of plasma lipids and leptin were finally observed in comparison to their WT controls and independent of caloric intake. Additionally, APOA4-Tg mice exhibited increased energy expenditure at several time points when measured during the 10-week HFD feeding. Thus, overexpression of APOA4 in the small intestine and maintenance of elevated levels of plasma APOA4 appear to correlate with elevation of UCP1-dependent BAT thermogenesis and subsequent protection against HFD-induced obesity in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary LaRussa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Hsuan-Chih N Kuo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kathryn West
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Zhijun Shen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Kevin Wisniewski
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA
| | - Karen T Coschigano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, and Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
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Schmitz K, Turnwald EM, Kretschmer T, Janoschek R, Bae-Gartz I, Voßbrecher K, Kammerer MD, Köninger A, Gellhaus A, Handwerk M, Wohlfarth M, Gründemann D, Hucklenbruch-Rother E, Dötsch J, Appel S. Metformin Prevents Key Mechanisms of Obesity-Related Complications in Visceral White Adipose Tissue of Obese Pregnant Mice. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112288. [PMID: 35684088 PMCID: PMC9182976 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
With the gaining prevalence of obesity, related risks during pregnancy are rising. Inflammation and oxidative stress are considered key mechanisms arising in white adipose tissue (WAT) sparking obesity-associated complications and diseases. The established anti-diabetic drug metformin reduces both on a systemic level, but only little is known about such effects on WAT. Because inhibiting these mechanisms in WAT might prevent obesity-related adverse effects, we investigated metformin treatment during pregnancy using a mouse model of diet-induced maternal obesity. After mating, obese mice were randomised to metformin administration. On gestational day G15.5, phenotypic data were collected and perigonadal WAT (pgWAT) morphology and proteome were examined. Metformin treatment reduced weight gain and visceral fat accumulation. We detected downregulation of perilipin-1 as a correlate and observed indications of recovering respiratory capacity and adipocyte metabolism under metformin treatment. By regulating four newly discovered potential adipokines (alpha-1 antitrypsin, Apoa4, Lrg1 and Selenbp1), metformin could mediate anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory and oxidative stress-modulating effects on local and systemic levels. Our study provides an insight into obesity-specific proteome alterations and shows novel modulating effects of metformin in pgWAT of obese dams. Accordingly, metformin therapy appears suitable to prevent some of obesity’s key mechanisms in WAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Schmitz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Eva-Maria Turnwald
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Tobias Kretschmer
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
- UFZ-Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department Environmental Immunology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ruth Janoschek
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Inga Bae-Gartz
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Kathrin Voßbrecher
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Merlin D. Kammerer
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Angela Köninger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Regensburg, St. Hedwigs Clinic of the Order of St. John, Steinmetzstrasse 1-3, 93049 Regensburg, Germany;
| | - Alexandra Gellhaus
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany;
| | - Marion Handwerk
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Maria Wohlfarth
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Dirk Gründemann
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Gleueler Straße 24, 50931 Cologne, Germany;
| | - Eva Hucklenbruch-Rother
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Jörg Dötsch
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
| | - Sarah Appel
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch-Str. 16, 50931 Cologne, Germany; (K.S.); (E.-M.T.); (T.K.); (R.J.); (I.B.-G.); (K.V.); (M.D.K.); (M.H.); (M.W.); (E.H.-R.); (J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-221-478-96890
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Montégut L, Lopez-Otin C, Magnan C, Kroemer G. Old Paradoxes and New Opportunities for Appetite Control in Obesity. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:264-294. [PMID: 33707095 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human obesity is accompanied by alterations in the blood concentrations of multiple circulating appetite regulators. Paradoxically, most of the appetite-inhibitory hormones are elevated in nonsyndromic obesity, while most of the appetite stimulatory hormones are reduced, perhaps reflecting vain attempts of regulation by inefficient feedback circuitries. In this context, it is important to understand which appetite regulators exhibit a convergent rather than paradoxical behavior and hence are likely to contribute to the maintenance of the obese state. Pharmacological interventions in obesity should preferentially consist of the supplementation of deficient appetite inhibitors or the neutralization of excessive appetite stimulators. Here, we critically analyze the current literature on appetite-regulatory peptide hormones. We propose a short-list of appetite modulators that may constitute the best candidates for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léa Montégut
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Carlos Lopez-Otin
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
| | | | - Guido Kroemer
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Institut Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France; Unité de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Sorbonne Paris Cité, CNRS UMR8251, Université Paris Diderot, Paris, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-, HP, Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Suzhou, China; Karolinska Institute, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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5
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Pence S, Zhu Q, Binne E, Liu M, Shi H, Lo CC. Reduced Diet-induced Thermogenesis in Apolipoprotein A-IV Deficient Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3176. [PMID: 31261740 PMCID: PMC6651278 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20133176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the presence of dietary lipids, both apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV) production and brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis are increased. The effect of dietary lipid-induced AproA-IV on BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure remains unknown. In the present study, we hypothesized that ApoA-IV knockout (ApoA-IV-KO) mice exhibited decreased BAT thermogenesis to affect energy homeostasis. To test this hypothesis, BAT thermogenesis in wildtype (WT) and ApoA-IV-KO mice fed either a standard low-fat chow diet or a high-fat diet (HFD) was investigated. When fed a chow diet, energy expenditure and food intake were comparable between WT and ApoA-IV-KO mice. After 1 week of HFD consumption, ApoA-IV-KO mice had comparable energy intake but produced lower energy expenditure relative to their WT controls in the dark phase. After an acute feeding of dietary lipids or 1-week HFD feeding, ApoA-IV-KO mice produced lower levels of uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) and exhibited reduced expression of thermogenic genes in the BAT compared with WT controls. In response to cold exposure, however, ApoA-IV-KO mice had comparable energy expenditure and BAT temperature relative to WT mice. Thus, ApoA-IV-KO mice exhibited reduced diet-induced BAT thermogenesis and energy expenditure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Pence
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Diabetes Institute and Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Qi Zhu
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Erin Binne
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Diabetes Institute and Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45215, USA
| | - Haifei Shi
- Department of Biology, Miami University, Oxford, OH 45056, USA
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Diabetes Institute and Honor Tutorial College, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA.
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Harney DJ, Hutchison AT, Hatchwell L, Humphrey SJ, James DE, Hocking S, Heilbronn LK, Larance M. Proteomic Analysis of Human Plasma during Intermittent Fasting. J Proteome Res 2019; 18:2228-2240. [PMID: 30892045 PMCID: PMC6503536 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.9b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) increases lifespan and decreases metabolic disease phenotypes and cancer risk in model organisms, but the health benefits of IF in humans are less clear. Human plasma derived from clinical trials is one of the most difficult sample sets to analyze using mass spectrometry-based proteomics due to the extensive sample preparation required and the need to process many samples to achieve statistical significance. Here, we describe an optimized and accessible device (Spin96) to accommodate up to 96 StageTips, a widely used sample preparation medium enabling efficient and consistent processing of samples prior to LC-MS/MS. We have applied this device to the analysis of human plasma from a clinical trial of IF. In this longitudinal study employing 8-weeks IF, we identified significant abundance differences induced by the IF intervention, including increased apolipoprotein A4 (APOA4) and decreased apolipoprotein C2 (APOC2) and C3 (APOC3). These changes correlated with a significant decrease in plasma triglycerides after the IF intervention. Given that these proteins have a role in regulating apolipoprotein particle metabolism, we propose that IF had a positive effect on lipid metabolism through modulation of HDL particle size and function. In addition, we applied a novel human protein variant database to detect common protein variants across the participants. We show that consistent detection of clinically relevant peptides derived from both alleles of many proteins is possible, including some that are associated with human metabolic phenotypes. Together, these findings illustrate the power of accessible workflows for proteomics analysis of clinical samples to yield significant biological insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Harney
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Amy T Hutchison
- Discipline of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , SA 5005 , Australia
| | - Luke Hatchwell
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Sean J Humphrey
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - David E James
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Samantha Hocking
- Central Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
| | - Leonie K Heilbronn
- Discipline of Medicine , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , SA 5005 , Australia
| | - Mark Larance
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW 2006 , Australia
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7
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Zhan J, Weng J, Hunt BG, Sean Davidson W, Liu M, Lo CC. Apolipoprotein A-IV enhances cholecystokinnin secretion. Physiol Behav 2018; 188:11-17. [PMID: 29378187 PMCID: PMC5845788 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) and apolipoprotein A-IV (ApoA-IV) are gastrointestinal peptides that play an important role in controlling energy homeostasis. Lymphatic ApoA-IV and plasma CCK secretion are mediated via a chylomicron formation-dependent pathway during a dietary lipid infusion. Given their similar roles as satiating proteins, the present study examines how the two peptides interact in their function. Specifically, this study sought to understand how ApoA-IV regulates CCK secretion. For this purpose, Cck gene expression in the small intestines of ApoA-IV knockout (ApoA-IV-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were compared under an array of feeding conditions. When fed with a chow or high-fat diet (HFD), basal levels of Cck transcripts were significantly reduced in the duodenum of ApoA-IV-KO mice compared to WT mice. Furthermore, after an oral gavage of a lipid mixture, Cck gene expression in the duodenum was significantly reduced in ApoA-IV-KO mice relative to the change seen in WT mice. To determine the mechanism by which ApoA-IV modulates Cck gene expression, STC-1 cells were transfected with predesigned mouse lysophosphatidic acid receptor 5 (LPAR5) small interfering RNA (siRNA) to knockdown Lpar5 gene expression. In this in-vitro study, mouse recombinant ApoA-IV protein increased Cck gene expression in enteroendocrine STC-1 cells and stimulated CCK release from the STC-1 cells. However, the levels of CCK protein and Cck expression were attenuated when Lpar5 was knocked down in the STC-1 cells. Together these observations suggest that dietary lipid-induced ApoA-IV is associated with Cck synthesis in the duodenum and that ApoA-IV protein directly enhances CCK release through the activation of a LPAR5-dependent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse Zhan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Jonathan Weng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Brian G Hunt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - W Sean Davidson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Chunmin C Lo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Diabetes Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
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8
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Niot I, Besnard P. Appetite control by the tongue-gut axis and evaluation of the role of CD36/SR-B2. Biochimie 2017; 136:27-32. [PMID: 28238842 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms governing food intake is a public health issue given the dramatic rise of obesity over the world. The overconsumption of tasty energy-dense foods rich in lipids is considered to be one of the nutritional causes of this epidemic. Over the last decade, the identification of fatty acid receptors in strategic places in the body (i.e. oro-intestinal tract and brain) has provided a major progress in the deciphering of regulatory networks involved in the control of dietary intake. Among these lipid sensors, CD36/SR-B2 appears to play a significant role since this membrane protein, known to bind long-chain fatty acid with a high affinity, was specifically found both in enterocytes and in a subset of taste bud cells and entero-endocrine cells. After a short overview on CD36/SR-B2 structure, function and regulation, this mini-review proposes to analyze the key findings about the role of CD36/SR-B2 along of the tongue-gut axis in relation to appetite control. In addition, we discuss whether obesogenic diets might impair lipid sensing mediated by CD36/SR-B2 along this axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Niot
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), LCN UMR 1231, INSERM/AgroSupDijon/Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
| | - Philippe Besnard
- Physiologie de la Nutrition et Toxicologie (NUTox), LCN UMR 1231, INSERM/AgroSupDijon/Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, F-21000, Dijon, France.
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9
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Abstract
This review discusses the regulation of the intestinal and hypothalamic apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) gene and protein expression. Apo A-IV is a glycoprotein secreted together with triglyceride-rich lipoproteins by the small intestine. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is stimulated by fat absorption, probably mediated by chylomicron formation. This stimulation of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is attenuated by intravenous leptin infusion. Chronic ingestion of a high-fat diet blunts the intestinal apo A-IV in response to dietary lipid. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also stimulated by members of the pancreatic polypeptide family, including peptide YY (PYY), neuropeptide Y (NPY), and pancreatic polypeptide (PP). Recently, apo A-IV was demonstrated to be present in the hypothalamus as well. Hypothalamic apo A-IV level was reduced by food deprivation and restored by lipid feeding. Intracerebroventricular administration of apo A-IV antiserum stimulated feeding and decreased the hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA level, implying that feeding is intimately regulated by endogenous hypothalamic apo A-IV. Central administration of NPY significantly increased hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical College, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0529, USA
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10
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TNF-alpha and IL-6 inhibit apolipoprotein A-IV production induced by linoleic acid in human intestinal Caco2 cells. JOURNAL OF INFLAMMATION-LONDON 2015; 12:22. [PMID: 25861245 PMCID: PMC4389805 DOI: 10.1186/s12950-015-0069-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is a protein mainly synthesized by enterocytes in the intestine. Its gene expression is suppressed during fasting and stimulated during active fat absorption. Chronic feeding of a high-fat (HF) diet abolishes the differential expression between fasting and fat-feeding and therefore may contribute to diet-induced obesity since apoA-IV is a potent satiety factor. It is well established that the circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6 are increased by HF feeding. Methods To determine whether pro-inflammatory cytokines are involved in the diminished response of apoA-IV gene expression to fat-feeding, different concentrations of linoleic acid (LA), an important dietary fatty acid, was used to stimulate apoA-IV expression in human intestinal Caco2 cells. Cells were pre-treated with or without human recombinant TNF-α, IL-6 or their combination before the addition of LA. Real-time PCR and ELISA were used to detect and quantify RNA transcripts and proteins of apoA-IV and the cytokines. Results LA stimulated gene and protein expression of apoA-IV in a dose and time dependent manner. Pre-treatment with the cytokines for 72 h significantly inhibited the increased expression of apoA-IV gene and protein induced by LA. Furthermore, the cytokines, especially TNF-α, also positively up-regulate the cytokine themselves in Caco2 cells. Conclusions Our data indicate that the pro-inflammatory cytokines may be responsible for the reduced apoA-IV production in response to fat feeding. Because of apoA-IV’s role in satiety, we propose the inhibitory effect of circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines on apoA-IV production contributes to diet-induced obesity.
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11
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Giammanco A, Cefalù AB, Noto D, Averna MR. The pathophysiology of intestinal lipoprotein production. Front Physiol 2015; 6:61. [PMID: 25852563 PMCID: PMC4367171 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2015.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal lipoprotein production is a multistep process, essential for the absorption of dietary fats and fat-soluble vitamins. Chylomicron assembly begins in the endoplasmic reticulum with the formation of primordial, phospholipids-rich particles that are then transported to the Golgi for secretion. Several classes of transporters play a role in the selective uptake and/or export of lipids through the villus enterocytes. Once secreted in the lymph stream, triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs) are metabolized by Lipoprotein lipase (LPL), which catalyzes the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols of very low density lipoproteins (VLDLs) and chylomicrons, thereby delivering free fatty acids to various tissues. Genetic mutations in the genes codifying for these proteins are responsible of different inherited disorders affecting chylomicron metabolism. This review focuses on the molecular pathways that modulate the uptake and the transport of lipoproteins of intestinal origin and it will highlight recent findings on TRLs assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Maurizio R. Averna
- Dipartimento Biomedico di Medicina Interna e Specialistica, Università degli Studi di PalermoPalermo, Italy
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12
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Kohan AB, Wang F, Lo CM, Liu M, Tso P. ApoA-IV: current and emerging roles in intestinal lipid metabolism, glucose homeostasis, and satiety. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2015; 308:G472-81. [PMID: 25591862 PMCID: PMC4360046 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00098.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is secreted by the small intestine on chylomicrons into intestinal lymph in response to fat absorption. Many physiological functions have been ascribed to apoA-IV, including a role in chylomicron assembly and lipid metabolism, a mediator of reverse-cholesterol transport, an acute satiety factor, a regulator of gastric function, and, finally, a modulator of blood glucose homeostasis. The purpose of this review is to update our current view of intestinal apoA-IV synthesis and secretion and the physiological roles of apoA-IV in lipid metabolism and energy homeostasis, and to underscore the potential for intestinal apoA-IV to serve as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B. Kohan
- 2Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Fei Wang
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Chun-Min Lo
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Min Liu
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
| | - Patrick Tso
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio; and
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13
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Wang F, Kohan AB, Lo CM, Liu M, Howles P, Tso P. Apolipoprotein A-IV: a protein intimately involved in metabolism. J Lipid Res 2015; 56:1403-18. [PMID: 25640749 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r052753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of the physiological roles of apoA-IV in metabolism, and to underscore the potential for apoA-IV to be a focus for new therapies aimed at the treatment of diabetes and obesity-related disorders. ApoA-IV is primarily synthesized by the small intestine, attached to chylomicrons by enterocytes, and secreted into intestinal lymph during fat absorption. In circulation, apoA-IV is associated with HDL and chylomicron remnants, but a large portion is lipoprotein free. Due to its anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory properties, and because it can mediate reverse-cholesterol transport, proposed functions of circulating apoA-IV have been related to protection from cardiovascular disease. This review, however, focuses primarily on several properties of apoA-IV that impact other metabolic functions related to food intake, obesity, and diabetes. In addition to participating in triglyceride absorption, apoA-IV can act as an acute satiation factor through both peripheral and central routes of action. It also modulates glucose homeostasis through incretin-like effects on insulin secretion, and by moderating hepatic glucose production. While apoA-IV receptors remain to be conclusively identified, the latter modes of action suggest that this protein holds therapeutic promise for treating metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Alison B Kohan
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut Advanced Technology Laboratory, Storrs, CT 06269
| | - Chun-Min Lo
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Philip Howles
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
| | - Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237
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14
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Proteomic analysis in type 2 diabetes patients before and after a very low calorie diet reveals potential disease state and intervention specific biomarkers. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112835. [PMID: 25415563 PMCID: PMC4240577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Very low calorie diets (VLCD) with and without exercise programs lead to major metabolic improvements in obese type 2 diabetes patients. The mechanisms underlying these improvements have so far not been elucidated fully. To further investigate the mechanisms of a VLCD with or without exercise and to uncover possible biomarkers associated with these interventions, blood samples were collected from 27 obese type 2 diabetes patients before and after a 16-week VLCD (Modifast ∼450 kcal/day). Thirteen of these patients followed an exercise program in addition to the VCLD. Plasma was obtained from 27 lean and 27 obese controls as well. Proteomic analysis was performed using mass spectrometry (MS) and targeted multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) and a large scale isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approach. After the 16-week VLCD, there was a significant decrease in body weight and HbA1c in all patients, without differences between the two intervention groups. Targeted MRM analysis revealed differences in several proteins, which could be divided in diabetes-associated (fibrinogen, transthyretin), obesity-associated (complement C3), and diet-associated markers (apolipoproteins, especially apolipoprotein A-IV). To further investigate the effects of exercise, large scale iTRAQ analysis was performed. However, no proteins were found showing an exercise effect. Thus, in this study, specific proteins were found to be differentially expressed in type 2 diabetes patients versus controls and before and after a VLCD. These proteins are potential disease state and intervention specific biomarkers. Trial Registration Controlled-Trials.com ISRCTN76920690
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15
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Abstract
Among all the metabolites present in the plasma, lipids, mainly triacylglycerol and diacylglycerol, show extensive circadian rhythms. These lipids are transported in the plasma as part of lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are synthesized primarily in the liver and intestine and their production exhibits circadian rhythmicity. Studies have shown that various proteins involved in lipid absorption and lipoprotein biosynthesis show circadian expression. Further, intestinal epithelial cells express circadian clock genes and these genes might control circadian expression of different proteins involved in intestinal lipid absorption. Intestinal circadian clock genes are synchronized by signals emanating from the suprachiasmatic nuclei that constitute a master clock and from signals coming from other environmental factors, such as food availability. Disruptions in central clock, as happens due to disruptions in the sleep/wake cycle, affect intestinal function. Similarly, irregularities in temporal food intake affect intestinal function. These changes predispose individuals to various metabolic disorders, such as metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Here, we summarize how circadian rhythms regulate microsomal triglyceride transfer protein, apoAIV, and nocturnin to affect diurnal regulation of lipid absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mahmood Hussain
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203; and Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209
| | - Xiaoyue Pan
- Departments of Cell Biology and Pediatrics, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203; and Veterans Affairs New York Harbor Healthcare System, Brooklyn, NY 11209
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16
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Lo CC, Davidson WS, Hibbard SK, Georgievsky M, Lee A, Tso P, Woods SC. Intraperitoneal CCK and fourth-intraventricular Apo AIV require both peripheral and NTS CCK1R to reduce food intake in male rats. Endocrinology 2014; 155:1700-7. [PMID: 24564397 PMCID: PMC3990852 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein AIV (Apo AIV) and cholecystokinin (CCK) are secreted in response to fat consumption, and both cause satiation via CCK 1 receptor (CCK-1R)-containing vagal afferent nerves to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), where Apo AIV is also synthesized. Fasted male Long-Evans rats received ip CCK-8 or fourth-ventricular (i4vt) Apo AIV alone or in combination. Food intake and c-Fos proteins (a product of the c-Fos immediate-early gene) were assessed. i4vt Apo AIV and/or ip CCK at effective doses reduced food intake and activated c-Fos proteins in the NTS and hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. Blockade of the CCK-1R by i4vt lorglumide adjacent to the NTS attenuated the satiating and c-Fos-stimulating effects of CCK and Apo AIV, alone or in combination. Maintenance on a high-fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks resulted in weight gain and attenuation of both the behavioral and c-Fos responses to a greater extent than occurred in low-fat diet-fed and pair-fed HFD animals. These observations suggest that NTS Apo AIV or/and peripheral CCK requires vagal CCK-1R signaling to elicit satiation and that maintenance on a HFD reduces the satiating capacity of these 2 signals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoproteins A/administration & dosage
- Apolipoproteins A/genetics
- Apolipoproteins A/metabolism
- Apolipoproteins A/pharmacology
- Appetite Depressants/administration & dosage
- Appetite Depressants/pharmacology
- Appetite Depressants/therapeutic use
- Appetite Regulation/drug effects
- Appetite Stimulants/administration & dosage
- Appetite Stimulants/pharmacology
- Appetitive Behavior/drug effects
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Cholecystokinin/administration & dosage
- Cholecystokinin/analogs & derivatives
- Cholecystokinin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cholecystokinin/metabolism
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Hormone Antagonists/administration & dosage
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Infusions, Intraventricular
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/administration & dosage
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/metabolism
- Obesity/drug therapy
- Obesity/etiology
- Obesity/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Long-Evans
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/agonists
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin A/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Sincalide/administration & dosage
- Sincalide/analogs & derivatives
- Sincalide/pharmacology
- Solitary Nucleus/drug effects
- Solitary Nucleus/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunmin C Lo
- Departments of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (C.C.L., W.S.D., S.K.H., M.G., A.L., P.T.) and Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience (S.C.W.), Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-0507
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17
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Kohan AB, Wang F, Li X, Vandersall AE, Huesman S, Xu M, Yang Q, Lou D, Tso P. Is apolipoprotein A-IV rate limiting in the intestinal transport and absorption of triglyceride? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2013; 304:G1128-35. [PMID: 23599044 PMCID: PMC3680714 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00409.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) is synthesized by the intestine and secreted when dietary fat is absorbed and transported into lymph associated with chylomicrons. We have recently demonstrated that loss of apoA-IV increases chylomicron size and delays its clearance from the blood. There is still uncertainty, however, about the precise role of apoA-IV on the transport of dietary fat from the intestine into the lymph. ApoA-IV knockout (KO) mice do not have a gross defect in dietary lipid absorption, as measured by oral fat tolerance and fecal fat measurements. Here, using the in vivo lymph fistula mouse model, we show that the cumulative secretion of triglyceride (TG) into lymph in apoA-IV KO mice is very similar to that of wild-type (WT) mice. However, the apoA-IV KO mice do have subtle changes in TG accumulation in the intestinal mucosa during a 6-h continuous, but not bolus, infusion of lipid. There are no changes in the ratio of esterified to free fatty acids in the intestinal mucosa of the apoA-IV KO, however. When we extended these findings, by giving a higher dose of lipid (6 μmol/h) and for a longer infusion period (8 h), we found no effect of apoA-IV KO on intestinal TG absorption. This higher lipid infusion most certainly stresses the intestine, as we see a drastically lower absorption of TG (in both WT and KO mice); however, the loss of A-IV does not exacerbate this effect. This supports our hypothesis that apoA-IV is not required for TG absorption in the intestine. Our data suggest that the mechanisms by which the apoA-IV KO intestine responds to intestinal lipid may not be different from their WT counterparts. We conclude that apoA-IV is not required for normal lymphatic transport of TG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Kohan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45237, USA.
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18
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Pan X, Munshi MK, Iqbal J, Queiroz J, Sirwi AA, Shah S, Younus A, Hussain MM. Circadian regulation of intestinal lipid absorption by apolipoprotein AIV involves forkhead transcription factors A2 and O1 and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:20464-76. [PMID: 23729668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.473454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have shown previously that Clock, microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), and nocturnin are involved in the circadian regulation of intestinal lipid absorption. Here, we clarified the role of apolipoprotein AIV (apoAIV) in the diurnal regulation of plasma lipids and intestinal lipid absorption in mice. Plasma triglyceride in apoAIV(-/-) mice showed diurnal variations similar to apoAIV(+/+) mice; however, the increases in plasma triglyceride at night were significantly lower in these mice. ApoAIV(-/-) mice absorbed fewer lipids at night and showed blunted response to daytime feeding. To explain reasons for these lower responses, we measured MTP expression; intestinal MTP was low at night, and its induction after food entrainment was less in apoAIV(-/-) mice. Conversely, apoAIV overexpression increased MTP mRNA in hepatoma cells, indicating transcriptional regulation. Mechanistic studies revealed that sequences between -204/-775 bp in the MTP promoter respond to apoAIV and that apoAIV enhances expression of FoxA2 and FoxO1 transcription factors and their binding to the identified cis elements in the MTP promoter at night. Knockdown of FoxA2 and FoxO1 abolished apoAIV-mediated MTP induction. Similarly, knockdown of apoAIV in differentiated Caco-2 cells reduced MTP, FoxA2, and FoxO1 mRNA levels, cellular MTP activity, and media apoB. Moreover, FoxA2 and FoxO1 expression showed diurnal variations, and their expression was significantly lower in apoAIV(-/-) mice. These data indicate that apoAIV modulates diurnal changes in lipid absorption by regulating forkhead transcription factors and MTP and that inhibition of apoAIV expression might reduce plasma lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Pan
- Department of Cell Biology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York 11203, USA.
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19
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Dallongeville J, Delcroix AG, Wagner A, Ducimetière P, Ruidavets JB, Arveiler D, Bingham A, Ferrières J, Amouyel P, Meirhaeghe A. TheAPOA4Thr347→Ser347Polymorphism Is Not a Major Risk Factor of Obesity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 13:2132-8. [PMID: 16421347 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2005.264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to assess the association between the APOA4 Thr(347)-->Ser(347) polymorphism and BMI and obesity. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES Men and women (n = 3320), randomly recruited in three independent population surveys from the north, east, and south of France, were genotyped for the APOA4 Thr(347)-->Ser(347) polymorphism. RESULTS There were 1327 overweight (825 men, 502 women) and 611 obese (313 men, 298 women) subjects. The prevalences of subjects carrying at least one Ser(347) allele (*/Ser(347)) were 36.5%, 33.8%, and 34.3% in controls, overweight, and obese subjects, respectively (not significant), and those of the Ser(347)/Ser(347) genotype were 4.5%, 3.0%, and 2.2%, respectively (not significant). In both men and women, mean BMI and body weight were not significantly different among APOA4 genotypes. There was no evidence of heterogeneity among centers, smoking status, alcohol intake, physical activity, and educational level categories. In men, mean waist girth was lower in Ser(347)/Ser(347) (92.2 +/- 9.4 cm) than in Thr(347) carriers (95.9 +/- 10.9 cm; p = 0.01), and plasma triglycerides levels were lower in Ser(347) (1.41 +/- 1.04 mM) than in Thr(347)/Thr(347) carriers (1.55 +/- 1.23 mM; p = 0.01). DISCUSSION These results suggest that the APOA4 347Ser allele is not a major risk factor for obesity or overweight.
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20
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Duka A, Fotakis P, Georgiadou D, Kateifides A, Tzavlaki K, von Eckardstein L, Stratikos E, Kardassis D, Zannis VI. ApoA-IV promotes the biogenesis of apoA-IV-containing HDL particles with the participation of ABCA1 and LCAT. J Lipid Res 2012; 54:107-15. [PMID: 23132909 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m030114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to establish the role of apoA-IV, ABCA1, and LCAT in the biogenesis of apoA-IV-containing HDL (HDL-A-IV) using different mouse models. Adenovirus-mediated gene transfer of apoA-IV in apoA-I(-/-) mice did not change plasma lipid levels. ApoA-IV floated in the HDL2/HDL3 region, promoted the formation of spherical HDL particles as determined by electron microscopy, and generated mostly α- and a few pre-β-like HDL subpopulations. Gene transfer of apoA-IV in apoA-I(-/-) × apoE(-/-) mice increased plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and 80% of the protein was distributed in the VLDL/IDL/LDL region. This treatment likewise generated α- and pre-β-like HDL subpopulations. Spherical and α-migrating HDL particles were not detectable following gene transfer of apoA-IV in ABCA1(-/-) or LCAT(-/-) mice. Coexpression of apoA-IV and LCAT in apoA-I(-/-) mice restored the formation of HDL-A-IV. Lipid-free apoA-IV and reconstituted HDL-A-IV promoted ABCA1 and scavenger receptor BI (SR-BI)-mediated cholesterol efflux, respectively, as efficiently as apoA-I and apoE. Our findings are consistent with a novel function of apoA-IV in the biogenesis of discrete HDL-A-IV particles with the participation of ABCA1 and LCAT, and may explain previously reported anti-inflammatory and atheroprotective properties of apoA-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Duka
- Molecular Genetics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
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21
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Kohan AB, Wang F, Li X, Bradshaw S, Yang Q, Caldwell JL, Bullock TM, Tso P. Apolipoprotein A-IV regulates chylomicron metabolism-mechanism and function. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2012; 302:G628-36. [PMID: 22207575 PMCID: PMC3311309 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00225.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fat is an important mediator of atherosclerosis and obesity. Despite its importance in mediating metabolic disease, there is still much unknown about dietary fat absorption in the intestine and especially the detailed biological roles of intestinal apolipoproteins involved in that process. We were specifically interested in determining the physiological role of the intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV (A-IV) using A-IV knockout (KO) mice. A-IV is stimulated by fat absorption in the intestine and is secreted on nascent chylomicrons into intestinal lymph. We found that A-IV KO mice had reduced plasma triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol levels and that this hypolipidemia persisted on a high-fat diet. A-IV KO did not cause abnormal intestinal lipid absorption, food intake, or adiposity. Additionally, A-IV KO did not cause abnormal liver TG and cholesterol metabolism, as assessed by measuring hepatic lipid content, lipogenic and cholesterol synthetic gene expression, and in vivo VLDL secretion. Instead, A-IV KO resulted in the secretion of larger chylomicrons from the intestine into the lymph, and those chylomicrons were cleared from the plasma more slowly than wild-type chylomicrons. These data suggest that A-IV has a previously unknown role in mediating the metabolism of chylomicrons, and therefore may be important in regulating plasma lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B. Kohan
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
| | - Fei Wang
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
| | - Xiaoming Li
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
| | - Suzanne Bradshaw
- 2Department of Biology, University of Cincinnati, Blue Ash College, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Qing Yang
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
| | - Jody L. Caldwell
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
| | - Tera M. Bullock
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
| | - Patrick Tso
- 1Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati; and
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22
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Liu H, Choi JW, Yun JW. Gender differences in rat plasma proteome in response to high-fat diet. Proteomics 2011; 12:269-83. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201100127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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23
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Mourad FH, Saadé NE. Neural regulation of intestinal nutrient absorption. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 95:149-62. [PMID: 21854830 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2011.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The nervous system and the gastrointestinal (GI) tract share several common features including reciprocal interconnections and several neurotransmitters and peptides known as gut peptides, neuropeptides or hormones. The processes of digestion, secretion of digestive enzymes and then absorption are regulated by the neuro-endocrine system. Luminal glucose enhances its own absorption through a neuronal reflex that involves capsaicin sensitive primary afferent (CSPA) fibres. Absorbed glucose stimulates insulin release that activates hepatoenteric neural pathways leading to an increase in the expression of glucose transporters. Adrenergic innervation increases glucose absorption through α1 and β receptors and decreases absorption through activation of α2 receptors. The vagus nerve plays an important role in the regulation of diurnal variation in transporter expression and in anticipation to food intake. Vagal CSPAs exert tonic inhibitory effects on amino acid absorption. It also plays an important role in the mediation of the inhibitory effect of intestinal amino acids on their own absorption at the level of proximal or distal segment. However, chronic extrinsic denervation leads to a decrease in intestinal amino acid absorption. Conversely, adrenergic agonists as well as activation of CSPA fibres enhance peptides uptake through the peptide transporter PEPT1. Finally, intestinal innervation plays a minimal role in the absorption of fat digestion products. Intestinal absorption of nutrients is a basic vital mechanism that depends essentially on the function of intestinal mucosa. However, intrinsic and extrinsic neural mechanisms that rely on several redundant loops are involved in immediate and long-term control of the outcome of intestinal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi H Mourad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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24
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Covasa M. Deficits in gastrointestinal responses controlling food intake and body weight. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2010; 299:R1423-39. [PMID: 20861277 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00126.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract serves as a portal sensing incoming nutrients and relays mechanical and chemosensory signals of a meal to higher brain centers. Prolonged consumption of dietary fat causes adaptive changes within the alimentary, metabolic, and humoral systems that promote a more efficient process for energy metabolism from this rich source, leading to storage of energy in the form of adipose tissue. Furthermore, prolonged ingestion of dietary fats exerts profound effects on responses to signals involved in termination of a meal. This article reviews the effects of ingested fat on gastrointestinal motility, hormone release, and neuronal substrates. It focuses on changes in sensitivity to satiation signals resulting from chronic ingestion of high-fat diet, which may lead to disordered appetite and dysregulation of body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihai Covasa
- L'Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique, Centre de Recherche, Microbiologie de l'Alimentation au service de la Santé Humaine (MICALIS), Neurobiology of Ingestive Behavior, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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25
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Griffin BA, Zampelas A. Influence of Dietary Fatty Acids on the Atherogenic Lipoprotein Phenotype. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 8:1-26. [DOI: 10.1079/nrr19950004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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26
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Ejchel TF, Araújo LMQ, Ramos LR, Cendoroglo MS, de Arruda Cardoso Smith M. Association of the apolipoprotein A-IV: 360 Gln/His polymorphism with cerebrovascular disease, obesity, and depression in a Brazilian elderly population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 135B:65-8. [PMID: 15806598 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The identification of genetic polymorphisms as risk factors for complex diseases can be relevant for their prevention, diagnosis, and prognosis. The apolipoprotein A-IV: 360 Gln/His polymorphism was investigated in 383 elderly individuals, who were participants of a longitudinal study commenced in 1991. The major morbidities that affect elderly people, such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, low cognitive function, depression, and obesity, were extensively investigated. DNA was isolated from blood cells, amplified by PCR, and digested with Fnu4HI. In this population the frequency of the His allele was 0.056 and the genotypes were distributed according to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Logistic regression analysis showed a significant association between the presence of His allele and cerebrovascular disease and/or transitory ischemic attack (odds ratio) (OR = 3.070, P = 0.027), obesity (OR = 2.241, P = 0.047), and depression (OR = 2.879, P = 0.005). This study indicates that the presence of the rare allele in elderly people can play a significant role in the occurrence of multifactorial diseases. This is the first study analyzing this polymorphism in elderly people in Brazil. More studies should be encouraged to elucidate the mechanisms involved in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Ejchel
- Disciplina de Genética, Departamento de Morfologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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27
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Tso P, Liu M. Apolipoprotein A-IV, food intake, and obesity. Physiol Behav 2005; 83:631-43. [PMID: 15621069 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2004] [Accepted: 07/27/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is secreted by the intestine associated with chylomicron. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is stimulated by fat absorption, which is probably mediated by chylomicron formation. The stimulation of apo A-IV synthesis in the jejunum and ileum is attenuated by intravenous leptin infusion. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also stimulated by a factor from the ileum, probably peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), which has been demonstrated to affect satiety. Apo A-IV has been proposed to physiologically control food intake, a function not shared by apo A-I, and this inhibitory effect is centrally mediated. Recently, apo A-IV was demonstrated in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamic apo A-IV level was reduced by food deprivation and restored by lipid feeding. Intracerebroventricular administration of apo A-IV antiserum increased feeding and decreased the hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA level, implying that feeding is normally limited by endogenous apo A-IV. Central administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) significantly increased hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulation of intestinal synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV by lipid absorption are rapid; thus, apo A-IV is capable of short-term regulation of food intake. Evidence also suggests apo A-IV's involvement in the long-term regulation of food intake and body weight. Chronic ingestion of high fat blunts the hypothalamic apo A-IV response to lipid feeding and may therefore explain why chronic intake of high fat predisposes animals and humans to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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28
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Lingenhel A, Eder C, Zwiauer K, Stangl H, Kronenberg F, Patsch W, Strobl W. Decrease of plasma apolipoprotein A-IV during weight reduction in obese adolescents on a low fat diet. Int J Obes (Lond) 2004; 28:1509-13. [PMID: 15356672 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is an antiatherogenic apolipoprotein, which may be involved in the regulation of food intake. Plasma apoA-IV is elevated in human obesity and apoA-IV polymorphisms have been associated with the extent of obesity. Our aim was to determine the effects of weight loss on plasma apo-IV in obese adolescents and to examine the relation of apoA-IV with the degree of obesity. DESIGN Longitudinal intervention study of a low fat hypocaloric diet conducted in a dietary camp. SUBJECTS Two groups of obese adolescents (n=47 and n=29), age: 12.7+/-1.7 and 11.7+/-2.6 y, relative body mass index (RBMI): 168+/-24 and 175+/-34%, respectively. MEASUREMENTS Plasma total apoA-IV, apoA-I, apoB, plasma distribution of apoA-IV, leptin, lipids, and lipoproteins before and after 3 weeks of weight reduction. RESULTS Plasma apoA-IV decreased from 11.5+/-4.1 mg/dl before to 6.7+/-2.2 mg/dl after weight reduction in the first group (P<0.001) and to a similar extent in the second group. The relative amount of lipid-free apoA-IV and apoA-IV associated with apoA-I increased slightly, whereas apoA-IV associated with lipoproteins devoid of apoA-I decreased. ApoA-IV levels before and after weight reduction and the changes in plasma apoA-IV did not independently correlate with RBMI, weight loss, or plasma leptin. CONCLUSION Plasma apoA-IV decreases markedly in overweight adolescents undergoing short-term weight reduction. The decrease is not directly related to the degree of weight loss and the mechanisms underlying this reduction remain to be clarified.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Lingenhel
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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29
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is secreted by the intestine associated with chylomicron. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is stimulated by fat absorption, probably mediated by chylomicron formation. The stimulation of apo A-IV synthesis in the jejunum and ileum is attenuated by intravenous leptin infusion. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also stimulated by a factor from the ileum, probably peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY), which has been demonstrated to affect satiety. Apo A-IV has been proposed to physiologically control food intake, and this inhibitory effect is centrally mediated. Recently, apo A-IV was demonstrated in the hypothalamus. The hypothalamic apo A-IV level was reduced by food deprivation and restored by lipid feeding. Intracerebroventricular administration of apo A-IV antiserum stimulated feeding and decreased the hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA level, implying that feeding is normally limited by endogenous apo A-IV. Central administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) significantly increased hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA levels in a dose-dependent manner. The stimulation of intestinal synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV by lipid absorption are rapid; thus, apo A-IV is capable of short-term regulation of food intake. Evidence also suggests apo A-IV's involvement in long-term regulation of food intake and bodyweight. The chronic ingestion of high fat blunts the intestinal apo A-IV response to lipid feeding and may therefore explain why chronic intake of high fat predisposes animals and humans to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, 231 Albert Sabin Way (ML 0529), Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA.
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30
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Liu M, Shen L, Liu Y, Woods SC, Seeley RJ, D'Alessio D, Tso P. Obesity induced by a high-fat diet downregulates apolipoprotein A-IV gene expression in rat hypothalamus. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2004; 287:E366-70. [PMID: 15082422 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00448.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is an anorectic protein produced in the intestine and brain that has been proposed as a satiety signal. To determine whether diet-induced obesity alters apo A-IV gene expression in the intestine and hypothalamus, rats were fed a high-fat (HF), low-fat (LF), or standard chow (CHOW) diet for 2, 4, 6, 8, or 10 wk. Rats fed the HF diet had significantly greater body weights than rats given the LF and CHOW diets. Intestinal and plasma apo A-IV levels were comparable across dietary groups and time. LF and CHOW rats had comparable hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA across the course of the experiment. However, HF rats had a slow and progressive diminution in hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA over time that became significantly lower than that of LF or CHOW rats by 10 wk. Intragastric infusion of lipid emulsion to animals that were fasted overnight significantly stimulated hypothalamic apo A-IV mRNA in LF and CHOW rats but had no effect in HF rats. These results demonstrate that chronic consumption of a HF diet significantly reduces apo A-IV mRNA levels and the response of apo A-IV gene expression to dietary lipids in the hypothalamus. This raises the possibility that dysregulation of hypothalamic apo A-IV could contribute to diet-induced obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- The Obesity Research Center, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati Medical College, Ohio 45267, USA.
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31
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Gallagher JW, Weinberg RB, Shelness GS. apoA-IV tagged with the ER retention signal KDEL perturbs the intracellular trafficking and secretion of apoB. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:1826-34. [PMID: 15258202 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m400188-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the role of apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) in the intracellular trafficking and secretion of apoB, COS cells were cotransfected with microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP), apoB-41 (amino terminal 41% of apoB), and either native apoA-IV or apoA-IV modified with the carboxy-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention signal, KDEL (apoA-IV-KDEL). As expected, apoA-IV-KDEL was inefficiently secreted relative to native apoA-IV. Coexpression of apoB-41 with apoA-IV-KDEL reduced the secretion of apoB-41 by approximately 80%. The apoA-IV-KDEL effect was specific, as neither KDEL-modified forms of human serum albumin or apoA-I affected apoB-41 secretion. Similar results were observed in McA-RH7777 rat hepatoma cells, which express endogenous MTP. The full inhibitory effect of apoA-IV-KDEL on apoB secretion was observed only for forms of apoB containing a minimum of the amino-terminal 25% of the protein (apoB-25). However, apoA-IV-KDEL inhibited the secretion of both lipid-associated and lipid-poor forms of apoB-25. Dual-label immunofluorescence microscopy of cells transfected with native apoA-IV and apoB-25 revealed that both apolipoproteins were localized to the ER and Golgi, as expected. However, when apoA-IV-KDEL was cotransfected with apoB-25, both proteins localized primarily to the ER. These data suggest that apoA-IV may physically interact with apoB in the secretory pathway, perhaps reflecting a role in modulating the process of triglyceride-rich lipoprotein assembly and secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W Gallagher
- Department of Pathology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA
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32
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Ferrer F, Nazih H, Zaïr Y, Krempf M, Bard JM. Postprandial changes in the distribution of apolipoprotein AIV between apolipoprotein B- and non apolipoprotein B-containing lipoproteins in obese women. Metabolism 2003; 52:1537-41. [PMID: 14669151 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2003.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Plasma apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) level has been shown to be a good marker of triglyceride changes after a high-fat diet. However, the distribution of apo AIV between apo B- and non-apo B-containing lipoproteins (Lp) during the postprandial state has not been described as well as the influence of obesity on this distribution. Our aim was to study the influence of parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance on the postprandial changes in apo AIV-containing Lp after a high-fat meal in obese women. Twenty-three overweight or obese women (body mass index [BMI] ranging from 29.1 and 64.0 kg.1 m(-2)), for whom blood samples were taken after fasting overnight, participated in the study. Thirteen of these obese women were given a fatty meal and, in this case, blood samples were taken at fast and 30 minutes, 1, 2, 4, and 6 hours after ingestion of the fat meal. Apo AIV-containing particle families, Lp B:AIVf (family [f] of particles containing at least apo B and apo AIV) and Lp AIV non-Bf (family [f] of particles containing apo AIV, but free of apo B) were quantified by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). When fasting, Lp B:AIVf and Lp AIV non-Bf did not correlate with any of the parameters related to obesity and insulin resistance, if one excepts a positive correlation between HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and Lp AIV non-Bf. Postprandial lipemia was associated with a trend towards an increase in the plasma levels of apo AIV-containing Lp 6 hours after fat ingestion. The postprandial peak of Lp B:AIVf and Lp AIV non-Bf occurred 2 hours after the triglyceride peak. The distribution between apo B- and non-apo B-containing Lp did not change after ingestion of the fat meal, if one excepts a tendancy towards a lower ratio of bound and nonbound forms at 8 hours. Fasting plasma Lp B:AIVf concentration correlated with the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma triglycerides (beta = 0.11, P <.02). In a multivariate analysis, BMI (beta = 51.85, P <.001), fasting triglycerides (beta = 431.08, P <.01), and low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) (beta = 2638.57, P <.005) were independent and positive determinants of the AUC of Lp AIV non-Bf, while waist circumference (beta = -23.94, P <.001), cholesterol (beta = -1655.02, P <.01), and systolic blood pressure (beta = -6.34, P <.05) were negative and independent determinants of this AUC. Fasting Lp B:AIVf may represent a good marker of the postprandial triglyceride increase in obese women. Changes in apo AIV concentrations in apo B- and non-apo B-containing Lp after a fat meal depend mainly on the degree of obesity rather than on insulin resistance. This effect is more obvious for Lp AIV non-Bf than for Lp B:AIVf.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Ferrer
- Laboratoire de Biochimie fondamentale et appliquée, UFR de Pharmacie, Nantes, France
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33
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Kratz M, Wahrburg U, von Eckardstein A, Ezeh B, Assmann G, Kronenberg F. Dietary mono- and polyunsaturated fatty acids similarly increase plasma apolipoprotein A-IV concentrations in healthy men and women. J Nutr 2003; 133:1821-5. [PMID: 12771323 DOI: 10.1093/jn/133.6.1821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effect of dietary fatty acid composition on plasma apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV concentrations. Plasma apo A-IV concentrations were measured by ELISA in plasma of 48 healthy men and women in a controlled dietary study. First, all participants consumed a 2-wk baseline diet rich in saturated fatty acids (SFA). Then, they were randomly assigned to one of three dietary treatments, which contained refined olive oil [rich in monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA), n = 17], rapeseed oil [rich in MUFA and alpha-linolenic acid [18:3(n-3)], n = 13], or sunflower oil [rich in (n-6) PUFA, n = 18] as the principal source of fat for 4 wk. The plasma concentrations of apo A-IV increased when subjects consumed the diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, by 16% or 13.0 mg/L [F((2,76)) = 12.874, P < 0.001 by repeated-measures ANOVA]. The increase was not affected by diet group affiliation, gender or apo A-IV genotype. In conclusion, diets rich in unsaturated fatty acids, independent of the degree of unsaturation, gender and apo A-IV genotype, increase plasma apo A-IV concentrations compared with a baseline diet rich in SFA in healthy men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Kratz
- Institute of Arteriosclerosis Research at the University of Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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34
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Quantitative Measurement of Lipoprotein Particles Containing Both Apolipoprotein AIV and Apolipoprotein B in Human Plasma by a Noncompetitive ELISA. Clin Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/48.6.884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBackground: A reliable method for plasma would be useful to investigate the role of apolipoprotein (apo) AIV when associated with apo B-containing or triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.Method: We used a sandwich ELISA to quantify lipoprotein B:AIV particles (Lp B:AIVf; lipoproteins containing at least apo B and apo AIV) in plasma. The method used microtiter plates coated with purified anti-apo B immunoglobulins that selectively retained apo B-containing particles. Lipoproteins containing both apo B and apo AIV were distinguished from those containing only apo B by use of a peroxidase-labeled anti-apo AIV antibody. These subspecies were revealed by ABTS® reagent and further quantified by spectrophotometry. Results were expressed in mg/L apo AIV associated with apo B. This method was applied to samples with different cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations.Results: The developed sandwich ELISA method identified and quantified Lp B:AIVf in plasma samples. Within- and between-run CVs were ∼10%, and analytical recoveries were 95–107%. Results were not significantly influenced by addition of triglycerides or by storage at −20 °C (up to 9 months). Under these conditions, plasma Lp B:AIVf concentrations were statistically higher in hypercholesterolemic and mixed hyperlipidemic individuals (53 ± 13 mg/L; P <0.001 and 70 ± 18 mg/L; P <0.001, respectively) than in normolipidemic individuals (43 ± 12 mg/L). Lp B:AIVf concentration appeared to be well correlated with total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol, and apo B. These results were in contrast to total apo AIV, which was not different between dyslipidemic and normolipidemic individuals.Conclusions: The developed ELISA method for Lp B:AIVf in plasma combines specificity, reliability, and speed. The increase in Lp B:AIVf concentrations in various dyslipidemic states, together with a lack of change in total apo AIV concentrations, suggests a redistribution of apo AIV toward apo B-containing lipoproteins when these lipoproteins accumulate.
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35
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Tso P, Liu M, Kalogeris TJ, Thomson AB. The role of apolipoprotein A-IV in the regulation of food intake. Annu Rev Nutr 2001; 21:231-54. [PMID: 11375436 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nutr.21.1.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV) is a glycoprotein synthesized by the human intestine. In rodents, both the small intestine and liver secrete apo A-IV, but the small intestine is the major organ responsible for the circulating apo A-IV. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is markedly stimulated by fat absorption and appears not to be mediated by the uptake or reesterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. Rather, the formation of chylomicrons acts as a signal for the induction of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also enhanced by a factor from the ileum, probably peptide tyrosine-tyrosine. The inhibition of food intake by apo A-IV is mediated centrally. The stimulation of intestinal synthesis and the secretion of apo A-IV by lipid absorption are rapid; thus, apo A-IV likely plays a role in the short-term regulation of food intake. Other evidence suggests that apo A-IV may also be involved in the long-term regulation of food intake and body weight. Chronic ingestion of a high-fat diet blunts the intestinal apo A-IV response to lipid feeding and may explain why the chronic ingestion of a high-fat diet predisposes both animals and humans to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267, USA.
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36
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Sun Z, Welty FK, Dolnikowski GG, Lichtenstein AH, Schaefer EJ. Effects of a National Cholesterol Education Program Step II Diet on apolipoprotein A-IV metabolism within triacylglycerol-rich lipoproteins and plasma. Am J Clin Nutr 2001; 74:308-14. [PMID: 11522553 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/74.3.308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a major component of triacylglycerol-rich lipoprotein (TRL) apolipoproteins. OBJECTIVE We investigated the effects of dietary saturated fat and cholesterol restriction on the metabolism of TRL and plasma apo A-IV. DESIGN We assessed TRL and plasma apo A-IV kinetics in 16 and 4 subjects, respectively, consuming an average US (baseline) diet for 6 wk and a National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet for 24 wk, respectively. At the end of each diet period, all subjects received a primed, constant infusion of deuterated leucine for 15 h with hourly feeding. Ratios of stable-isotope tracer to tracee were measured by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and kinetic data were modeled by using SAAM II. RESULTS Mean apo A-IV concentrations during the isotope infusion period were 6.9 +/- 2.6 mg/L in TRL and 2.2 +/- 3.2 mg/L in plasma with the baseline diet; these values were 37.7% (P < 0.001) and 19.4% (P < 0.01) lower with the Step II diet. Similar changes were observed in the fasting state between the 2 diets. The mean apo A-IV secretion rate decreased significantly from baseline by 59.6% in TRLs and by 40.2% in plasma. Significant correlations were observed between TRL apo A-IV concentrations and the secretion rate (r = 0.94, P < 0.001) and between TRL apo A-IV pool size and TRL-cholesterol concentrations (r = 0.48, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Our data indicate that the National Cholesterol Education Program Step II diet significantly decreases TRL and plasma apo A-IV concentrations compared with the average US diet and that this decrease is due to a decreased secretion rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sun
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory and the Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jean Mayer US Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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Doi T, Liu M, Seeley RJ, Woods SC, Tso P. Effect of leptin on intestinal apolipoprotein AIV in response to lipid feeding. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R753-9. [PMID: 11506989 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.3.r753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We determined apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) content in intestinal epithelial cells using immunohistochemistry when leptin was administered intravenously. Most of the apo AIV immunoreactivity in the untreated intestine was located in the villous cells as opposed to the crypt cells. Regional distribution of apo AIV immunostaining revealed low apo AIV content in the duodenum and high content in the jejunum that gradually decreases caudally toward the ileum. Intraduodenal infusion of lipid (4 h) significantly increased apo AIV immunoreactivity in the jejunum and ileum. Simultaneous intravenous leptin infusion plus duodenal lipid infusion markedly suppressed apo AIV immunoreactivity. Duodenal lipid infusion increased plasma apo AIV significantly (measured by ELISA), whereas simultaneous leptin infusion attenuated the increase. These findings suggest that leptin may regulate circulating apo AIV by suppressing apo AIV synthesis in the small intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Doi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0529, USA
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Ostos MA, Conconi M, Vergnes L, Baroukh N, Ribalta J, Girona J, Caillaud JM, Ochoa A, Zakin MM. Antioxidative and antiatherosclerotic effects of human apolipoprotein A-IV in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21:1023-8. [PMID: 11397714 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.21.6.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mice expressing human apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) mainly in the intestine were obtained in an apolipoprotein E-deficient (apoE(0)) background (apoA-IV/E(0) mice). Quantification of aortic lesions and plasma lipid determination showed that compared with their control apoE(0) counterparts, the apoA-IV/E(0) mice are protected against atherosclerosis without an increase in HDL cholesterol. Because oxidized lipoproteins play an important role in atherogenesis, we tested whether the protection observed in these animals is accompanied by an in vivo reduction of the oxidation parameters. The lag time in the formation of conjugated dienes during copper-mediated oxidation, the aggregation state of LDL, and the presence of anti-oxidized LDL antibodies were measured. The presence of oxidized proteins in tissues and the presence of oxidation-specific epitopes in heart sections of atherosclerotic lesions were also analyzed. Except for lag time, the results showed that the oxidation parameters were reduced in the apoA-IV/E(0) mice compared with the apoE(0) mice. This suggests that human apoA-IV acts in vivo as an antioxidant. In addition, human apoA-IV accumulation was detected in the atherosclerotic lesions of apoA-IV/E(0) mice, suggesting that apoA-IV may inhibit oxidative damage to local tissues, thus decreasing the progression of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ostos
- Unité d'Expression des Gènes Eucaryotes, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.
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Sun Z, Lichtenstein AH, Dolnikowski GG, Welty FK, Schaefer EJ. Human apolipoprotein A-IV metabolism within triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and plasma. Atherosclerosis 2001; 156:363-72. [PMID: 11395033 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the metabolism of apo A-IV within TRL and plasma, we assessed TRL and plasma apo A-IV kinetics in 19 and 4 subjects, respectively, consuming an average US diet for a 6-week period. At the end of this diet study, each subject received a primed-constant infusion of deuterated leucine over a 15 h time period with hourly feeding, and blood samples were drawn at 10 time points. TRL was separated by ultracentrifugation. Apo A-IV was isolated by immunoprecipitation and/or SDS-PAGE. Apo A-IV concentrations were determined by immunoelectrophoresis. Stable isotope tracer/tracee ratios were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the data were analyzed by multicompartmental modeling. The mean concentrations of plasma and TRL apo A-IV during the isotope infusion period were 21.0+/-3.2 and 0.66+/-0.25 mg/dl, respectively, and these values were 11.5 and 30.5% higher than those of fasting samples. The mean TRL and plasma apo A-IV residence times (RT) were 1.97+/-0.57 and 2.71+/-0.65 days, and transport rates (TR) were 0.17+/-0.19 and 3.90+/-1.24 mg/kg per day, respectively. There were significant correlations between TRL apo A-IV concentrations and TR (r(2)=0.79, P<0.001), and between TRL apo A-IV pool size and TRL cholesterol levels (r(2)=0.29, P=0.02). Our data indicated that; (1) TRL apo A-IV has a RT of 1.97 days which is similar to that earlier reported for HDL apo A-IV; (2) Apo A-IV recirculates between TRL and other slowly turning over pools; (3) the primary determinant of TRL apo A-IV levels is its TR; and (4) there is no correlation between TRL apo A-IV and apo B48 fractional catabolism in TRL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sun
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, 711 Washington Street 02111, Boston, MA, USA
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Kalogeris TJ, Painter RG. Adaptation of intestinal production of apolipoprotein A-IV during chronic feeding of lipid. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 280:R1155-61. [PMID: 11247839 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.280.4.r1155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of daily fat supplementation on intestinal gene expression and protein synthesis and plasma levels of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV). Rats were fasted overnight and then given intragastric bolus infusion of either saline or fat emulsion after 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 days of similar daily feedings. Four hours after the final saline or fat infusion, plasma and jejunal mucosa were harvested; plasma levels of apo A-IV, triglycerides, and leptin were measured, as well as mucosal apo A-IV mRNA levels and biosynthesis of apo A-IV protein. In response to fat, plasma apo A-IV showed an initial 40% increase compared with saline-injected control rats; with continued daily fat feeding, the plasma A-IV response showed rapid and progressive diminution such that by 4 days, plasma A-IV was not different between fat- and saline-fed groups. Jejunal mucosal apo A-IV synthesis and mRNA levels also showed time-dependent refractoriness to fat feeding. However, the kinetics of this effect were considerably slower than in the case of plasma, requiring 16 days for completion. There was no correlation between plasma leptin or triglyceride levels and intestinal apo A-IV synthesis or plasma apo A-IV. These results indicate rapid, fat-induced, posttranslational adapation of plasma apo A-IV levels and a slower, but similarly complete pretranslational adaptation of intestinal apo A-IV production, which are independent of plasma levels of leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kalogeris
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, 1501 Kings Highway, Shreveport, LA 71130, USA.
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41
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Ostos MA, Lopez-Miranda J, Marin C, Castro P, Gomez P, Paz E, Jiménez Perepérez JA, Ordovas JM, Perez-Jimenez F. The apolipoprotein A-IV-360His polymorphism determines the dietary fat clearance in normal subjects. Atherosclerosis 2000; 153:209-17. [PMID: 11058717 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(00)00400-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein IV (apo A-IV) has been related to fat absorption and to the activation of some of the enzymes involved in lipid metabolism. Several polymorphic sites within the gene locus for apo A-IV have been detected. Previous studies have shown that the A-IV-2 isoform produces a different plasma lipid response after the consumption of diets with different fat and cholesterol content. The present study was designed to evaluate whether the apo A-IV 360His polymorphism could explain, at least in part, the interindividual variability observed during postprandial lipemia. Fifty-one healthy male volunteers (42 homozygous for the apo A-IV 360Gln allele (Gln/Gln) and nine carriers of the A-IV-360His allele), homozygous for the apo E3 allele, were subjected to a vitamin A-fat load test consisting of 1 g of fat/kg body weight and 60000 IU of vitamin A. Blood was drawn at time 0 and every hour for 11 h. Plasma cholesterol (C), triacylglycerol (TG), and C, TG, apo B-100, apo B-48, apo A-IV and retinyl palmitate (RP) were determined in lipoprotein fractions. Data of postprandial lipemia revealed that subjects with the apo A-IV 360His allele had significantly greater postprandial levels in small triacylglycerol rich lipoproteins (TRL)-C (P<0.02), small TRL-TG (P<0.01) and large TRL-TG (P<0.05) than apo A-IV 360Gln/Gln subjects. In conclusion, the modifications observed in postprandial lipoprotein metabolism in subjects with the A-IV 360His allele could be involved in the different low density lipoprotein (LDL)-C responses observed in these subjects following a diet rich in cholesterol and saturated fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Ostos
- Unidad de Lípidos y Arteriosclerosis, Hospital Universitario 'Reina Sofía', Avda Menéndez Pidal, s/n. 14004, Córdoba, Spain
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42
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Kronenberg F, Stühlinger M, Trenkwalder E, Geethanjali FS, Pachinger O, von Eckardstein A, Dieplinger H. Low apolipoprotein A-IV plasma concentrations in men with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36:751-7. [PMID: 10987595 DOI: 10.1016/s0735-1097(00)00775-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to evaluate the relation between apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV) plasma concentrations and coronary artery disease (CAD). BACKGROUND Experimental in vitro and in vivo studies favor apoA-IV to be protective against the development of atherosclerosis. Mice that overexpress either human or mouse apoA-IV demonstrated a significant reduction of aortic atherosclerotic lesions compared with control mice. Data on apoA-IV plasma concentrations and CAD in humans are lacking. METHODS We determined in two independent case-control studies of a Caucasian and an Asian Indian population whether apoA-IV plasma concentrations are related to the presence of angiographically assessed CAD. RESULTS Plasma apoA-IV levels were significantly lower in 114 male Caucasian subjects with angiographically defined CAD when compared with 114 age-adjusted male controls (10.2 +/-3.8 mg/dL vs. 15.1 +/- 4.0 mg/dL, p < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis indicated that the association between apoA-IV levels and CAD was independent of the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations. The inverse relationship between plasma levels of apoA-IV and the presence of CAD was confirmed in an independent sample of 68 male Asian Indians with angiographically documented CAD and 68 age-matched controls. CONCLUSIONS The results of this cross-sectional study demonstrate for the first time an association between low apoA-IV concentrations and CAD in humans and suggest that apoA-IV may play an antiatherogenic role in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Kronenberg
- Institute of Medical Biology and Human Genetics, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
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Sun Z, Larson IA, Ordovas JM, Barnard JR, Schaefer EJ. Effects of age, gender, and lifestyle factors on plasma apolipoprotein A-IV concentrations. Atherosclerosis 2000; 151:381-8. [PMID: 10924714 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(99)00395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a protein component of triglyceride (TG)-rich lipoproteins and high density lipoproteins (HDL). Plasma apo A-IV levels were measured by immunoelectrophoresis and these values were related to other biological variables in 723 middle aged and elderly men and women (more than 90% of them were Caucasian) prior to participation in a lifestyle modification program. Apo A-IV may play an important function in regulating lipid absorption, reverse cholesterol transport, and food intake. The data are consistent with the following concepts: (1) apo A-IV levels are significantly and positively correlated with age (r = 0.159, P < 0.05) in all subjects, with plasma apo A-I levels in both men (r = 0.194, P < 0.001) and women (r = 0.213, P < 0.001), and with apo E (r=0.111, P<0.05) and TG levels (r =0.120, P <0.05) in men; (2) apo A-IV levels are inversely correlated with body mass index (r = 0.170, P <0.05) in women; (3) female subjects on hormone replacement therapy have significantly lower plasma apo A-IV levels (by 4.1%, P < 0.05) than normal controls; (4) diabetic subjects have significantly higher apo A-IV levels (by 21%, P < 0.01) than normal subjects; (5) there is no significant effect of smoking, alcohol intake, and apo A-IV-1/2 genotype on apo A-IV levels. The data indicate that plasma apo A-IV levels are significantly affected by age, diabetes, and hormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Sun
- Lipid Metabolism Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging at Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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44
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Lefevre M, Lovejoy JC, DeFelice SM, Keener JW, Bray GA, Ryan DH, Hwang DH, Greenway FL. Common apolipoprotein A-IV variants are associated with differences in body mass index levels and percentage body fat. Int J Obes (Lond) 2000; 24:945-53. [PMID: 10951531 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the relationship between two common apoA-IV variants (Thr347-->Ser; Gln360-->His), and body mass index (BMI) and percentage body fat. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SUBJECTS Eight-hundred and forty-eight subjects screened for participation in ongoing clinical studies. MEASUREMENTS ApoA-IV genotype, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and percentage body fat by bioelectric impedance. RESULTS Participants had an average age of 41+/-12 y and an average BMI of 28.2+/-5.5 kg/m2. Individuals homozygous for the Ser347 allele had higher BMI (32.3+/-6.6 vs 28.6+/-5.3 kg/m2; P<0.01) and percentage body fat (36.9+/-7.8 vs 31.0+/-9.6%; P<0.05) compared with individuals homozygous for Thr347. In contrast, the presence of at least one copy of the His360 allele was associated with lower BMI (27.2+/-5.0 vs 28.4+/-5.6 kg/m2; P<0.05) and percentage body fat (28.6+/-8.2 vs 30.7+/-9.1%; P<0.05). The genotype effects persisted after normalization of the data for the potential confounding effects of gender, age and race. When grouped by BMI percentile, the frequency of the Ser347/Ser347 genotype increased while the frequency of the His360 allele decreased with increasing BMI. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest a role for apoA-IV in fat storage or mobilization and that genetic variations in the apoA-IV gene may play a role in the development of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lefevre
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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Sonoyama K, Suzuki K, Kasai T. Peptide YY stimulates the expression of apolipoprotein A-IV gene in Caco-2 intestinal cells. PROCEEDINGS OF THE SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE. SOCIETY FOR EXPERIMENTAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2000; 223:270-5. [PMID: 10719839 DOI: 10.1046/j.1525-1373.2000.22338.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of peptide YY, a gastrointestinal hormone, on the expression of the apolipoprotein A-IV gene in the intestinal epithelial cell line Caco-2 was examined by semiquantitative RT-PCR followed by Southern hybridization with an inner oligonucleotide probe. Apolipoprotein A-IV mRNA levels were increased in response to peptide YY in a dose- and time-dependent fashion. Western blotting revealed that the exogenous peptide YY increased the intracellular concentration of apolipoprotein A-IV. In contrast, apolipoprotein A-I, B, and C-III mRNA did not respond to peptide YY. Differentiated Caco-2 cells expressed Y1- but not Y2- and Y5-receptor subtype mRNA. The present results suggest that peptide YY modulates apolipoprotein A-IV gene expression, likely via the Y1-receptor subtype in intestinal epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Sonoyama
- Department of Bioscience and Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Kalogeris TJ, Holden VR, Tso P. Stimulation of jejunal synthesis of apolipoprotein A-IV by ileal lipid infusion is blocked by vagotomy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1999; 277:G1081-7. [PMID: 10564115 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.1999.277.5.g1081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
We examined the role of vagal innervation in lipid-stimulated increases in expression and synthesis of intestinal apolipoprotein A-IV (apoA-IV). In rats with duodenal cannulas and superior mesenteric lymph fistulas given duodenal infusions of lipid emulsion, vagotomy had no effect on either intestinal lipid transport, lymphatic apoA-IV output, or jejunal mucosal apoA-IV synthesis. In rats with jejunal Thiry-Vella fistulas, ileal lipid infusion elicited a twofold stimulation of apoA-IV synthesis without affecting apoA-IV mRNA levels; vagotomy blocked this increase in apoA-IV synthesis. Direct perfusion of jejunal Thiry-Vella fistulas produced 2- to 2.5-fold increases in both apoA-IV synthesis and mRNA levels in the Thiry-Vella segment; these effects were not influenced by vagal denervation. These results suggest two mechanisms whereby lipid stimulates intestinal apoA-IV production: 1) a vagal-dependent stimulation of jejunal apoA-IV synthesis by distal gut lipid that is independent of changes in apoA-IV mRNA levels and 2) a direct stimulatory effect of proximal gut lipid on both synthesis and mRNA levels of jejunal apoA-IV that is independent of vagal innervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kalogeris
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport, Louisiana 71130, USA.
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47
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Abstract
Procolipase is secreted as a protein consisting of 101 amino acids. In the intestinal lumen, procolipase is activated by trypsin and cleaves to form the active colipase and the pentapeptide from the amino terminus. This pentapeptide is called enterostatin. Pancreatic procolipase synthesis is stimulated by a high-fat diet. A large body of evidence has been gathered in the past decade demonstrating the role of enterostatin in the inhibition of food intake; in particular, fat intake. This aspect of enterostatin will be discussed in this review. Other functions of enterostatin such as the inhibition of insulin secretion, will not. Apolipoprotein AIV is a protein synthesized by the human intestine. Similar to procolipase, the synthesis and secretion of apo AIV are also stimulated by fat absorption. In 1992, Fujimoto et al. first demonstrated that apo AIV is a satiety signal secreted by the small intestine following the ingestion of a lipid meal. Subsequently, this initial observation was followed by a number of studies supporting apo AIV's role in the inhibition of food intake. This review will discuss the role of apo AIV in inhibiting food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45241, USA
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48
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Abstract
Apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV is a glycoprotein synthesized by the human intestine. In rodents, both the small intestine and the liver secrete apo A-IV; the small intestine, however, is by far the major organ responsible for the circulating apo A-IV. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is markedly stimulated by fat absorption and appears not to be mediated by the uptake or reesterification of fatty acids to form triglycerides. Rather, it is the formation of chylomicrons that acts as a signal for the induction of intestinal apo A-IV synthesis. Intestinal apo A-IV synthesis is also enhanced by a factor from the ileum and that factor is probably peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY). The inhibition of food intake by apo A-IV is probably mediated centrally. The stimulation of intestinal synthesis and secretion of apo A-IV by lipid absorption are rapid; thus, apo A-IV likely plays a role in the short-term regulation of food intake. Other evidence suggests that apo A-IV may also be involved in the long-term regulation of food intake and body weight. Chronic ingestion of a high fat diet blunts the intestinal apo A-IV response to lipid feeding and may explain why the chronic ingestion of a high fat diet predisposes both animals and humans to obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Tso
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
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49
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Kalogeris TJ, Fukagawa K, Tsuchiya T, Qin X, Tso P. Intestinal synthesis and lymphatic secretion of apolipoprotein A-IV after cessation of duodenal fat infusion: mediation by bile. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1999; 1436:451-66. [PMID: 9989275 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2760(98)00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether secretion of apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV depends upon intestinal triglyceride (TG) transport by comparing output kinetics of TG and apo A-IV during and after duodenal lipid infusion in lymph-fistula rats. Lipid infusion (triolein, 40 mumol/h, 8 h) produced increases in lymphatic TG and apo A-IV output. After 8 h, triolein infusate was replaced with glucose-saline; TG output returned to basal levels 4-5 h later. However, apo A-IV output continued at significantly elevated levels until 20 h after the start of the experiment. Bile diversion blocked this continued output of A-IV during the post-lipid period, and resulted in basal TG output that was 75% lower than in bile-intact rats. Return of bile or low-dose triolein infusion (5 mumol/h) into the intestine reversed these effects. There were no differences in hepatic synthesis or filtration of plasma A-IV into lymph between bile-intact and bile-diverted groups. Intestinal A-IV synthesis was elevated in both groups even during the post-lipid period. The results support the hypothesis that intestinal triglyceride transport drives apo A-IV secretion, and suggest the existence of a bile-dependent, post-translational mechanism for the control of lymphatic apo A-IV output.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Kalogeris
- Department of Surgery, Louisiana State University Medical Center, Shreveport 71130, USA.
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50
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