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Miki T, Ito M, Okada N, Haneda T. The CpxRA two-component system of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli contributes to epithelial cell invasion and early-stage intestinal fitness in a dysbiotic mouse model mediated by type 1 fimbriae expression. Infect Immun 2024; 92:e0013224. [PMID: 38700334 PMCID: PMC11237727 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00132-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) is a pathobiont that is involved in the onset and exacerbation of Crohn's disease. Although the inducible expression of virulence traits is a critical step for AIEC colonization in the host, the mechanism underlying AIEC colonization remains largely unclear. We here showed that the two-component signal transduction system CpxRA contributes to AIEC gut competitive colonization by activating type 1 fimbriae expression. CpxRA from AIEC strain LF82 functioned as a transcriptional regulator, as evidenced by our finding that an isogenic cpxRA mutant exhibits reduced expression of cpxP, a known regulon gene. Transcription levels of cpxP in LF82 increased in response to envelope stress, such as exposure to antimicrobials compromising the bacterial membrane, whereas the cpxRA mutant did not exhibit this response. Furthermore, we found that the cpxRA mutant exhibits less invasiveness into host cells than LF82, primarily due to reduced expression of the type 1 fimbriae. Finally, we found that the cpxRA mutant is impaired in gut competitive colonization in a mouse model. The colonization defects were reversed by the introduction of a plasmid encoding the cpxRA gene or expressing the type 1 fimbriae. Our findings indicate that modulating CpxRA activity could be a promising approach to regulating AIEC-involved Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miki
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Ito
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Okada
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Haneda
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Abstract
The surge in inflammatory bowel diseases, like Crohn's disease (CD), is alarming. While the role of the gut microbiome in CD development is unresolved, the frequent isolation of adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) strains from patient biopsies, together with their propensity to trigger gut inflammation, underpin the potential role of these bacteria as disease modifiers. In this review, we explore the spectrum of AIEC pathogenesis, including their metabolic versatility in the gut. We describe how AIEC strains hijack the host defense mechanisms to evade immune attrition and promote inflammation. Furthermore, we highlight the key traits that differentiate AIEC from commensal E. coli. Deciphering the main components of AIEC virulence is cardinal to the discovery of the next generation of antimicrobials that can selectively eradicate CD-associated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Mansour
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Tahreem Asrar
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada
| | - Wael Elhenawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Canada,Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Canada,Women and Children’s Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada,Antimicrobial Resistance, One Health Consortium - Edmonton, AB, Canada,CONTACT Wael Elhenawy Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta
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3
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Mirsepasi-Lauridsen HC. Therapy Used to Promote Disease Remission Targeting Gut Dysbiosis, in UC Patients with Active Disease. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11247472. [PMID: 36556089 PMCID: PMC9784819 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11247472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a relapsing non-transmural chronic inflammatory disease of the colon characterized by bloody diarrhea. The etiology of UC is unknown. The goal is to reduce the inflammation and induce disease remission in UC patients with active disease. The aim of this study is to investigate the innovative treatment method used to promote disease remission in UC patients with active disease targeting gut dysbiosis. Immunosuppressants such as TNF-α blocker are used to promote disease remission in UC, but it is expensive and with side effects. Probiotic, prebiotic and diet are shown to be effective in maintaining disease remission. Fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) might be the future therapy option to promote disease remission in UC patients with active disease. However, correct manufacturing and administration of the FMT are essential to achieve successful outcome. A few cohorts with FMT capsules show promising results in UC patients with active disease. However, randomized controlled clinical trials with long-term treatment and follow-up periods are necessary to show FMT capsules' efficacy to promote disease remission in UC patients.
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Wang X, Liu Y. Offense and Defense in Granulomatous Inflammation Disease. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:797749. [PMID: 35846773 PMCID: PMC9277142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.797749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Granulomatous inflammation (GI) diseases are a group of chronic inflammation disorders characterized by focal collections of multinucleated giant cells, epithelioid cells and macrophages, with or without necrosis. GI diseases are closely related to microbes, especially virulent intracellular bacterial infections are important factors in the progression of these diseases. They employ a range of strategies to survive the stresses imposed upon them and persist in host cells, becoming the initiator of the fighting. Microbe-host communication is essential to maintain functions of a healthy host, so defense capacity of hosts is another influence factor, which is thought to combine to determine the result of the fighting. With the development of gene research technology, many human genetic loci were identified to be involved in GI diseases susceptibility, providing more insights into and knowledge about GI diseases. The current review aims to provide an update on the most recent progress in the identification and characterization of bacteria in GI diseases in a variety of organ systems and clinical conditions, and examine the invasion and escape mechanisms of pathogens that have been demonstrated in previous studies, we also review the existing data on the predictive factors of the host, mainly on genetic findings. These strategies may improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying GI diseases, and open new avenues for the study of the associated conditions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinwen Wang
- Shaanxi Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Histology and Pathology, School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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Tai SL, Mortha A. Macrophage control of Crohn's disease. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 367:29-64. [PMID: 35461659 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal tract is the body's largest mucosal surface and permanently exposed to microbial and environmental signals. Maintaining a healthy intestine requires the presence of sentinel grounds keeper cells, capable of controlling immunity and tissue homeostasis through specialized functions. Intestinal macrophages are such cells and important players in steady-state functions and during acute and chronic inflammation. Crohn's disease, a chronic inflammatory condition of the intestinal tract is proposed to be the consequence of an altered immune system through microbial and environmental stimulation. This hypothesis suggests an involvement of macrophages in the regulation of this pathology. Within this chapter, we will discuss intestinal macrophage development and highlight data suggesting their implication in chronic intestinal pathologies like Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siu Ling Tai
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arthur Mortha
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Enteropathogenic infections modulate intestinal serotonin transporter (SERT) function by activating Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) in Crohn's disease. Sci Rep 2021; 11:22624. [PMID: 34799637 PMCID: PMC8604993 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02050-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an intestinal neuromodulator that regulates several essential enteric physiological functions such as absorption or secretion of fluids, and peristaltic reflexes. Availability of the intestinal 5-HT is dependent on serotonin transporter (SERT), which uptakes 5-HT and facilitates its degradation. Interestingly, Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR-2) is co-localized with 5-HT, which suggests a possible impact of neuroendocrine cells in the inflammatory response through TLR-2 activation. Serum 5-HT levels were measured in 80 Crohn's disease (CD) patients and 40 healthy control subjects. Additionally, fully differentiated Caco-2 monolayers were infected with Mycobacteria paratuberculosis (MAP), L. monocytogenes, or M. smegmatis in the presence of exogenous 5-HT at different concentrations. Cells were subsequently harvested and used for measuring SERT activity, RNA isolation followed by RT-PCR, protein quantification, and tissue damage markers (DHE, LDH, GSH and MDA). TLR-2 intracellular signaling pathways were assessed by pre-incubating Caco-2 monolayers with selective blockers of ERK, cAMP/PKA, p38 MAPK, and 5-HT3 receptors. MAP-infected CD patients (N = 40) had higher serum 5-HT levels (462.95 ± 8.55 ng/mL, N = 40) than those without MAP infection (385.33 ± 10.3 ng/mL, N = 40). TLR-2 activation by enteropathogenic bacteria inhibited SERT activity in the presence of exogenous 5-HT by up to 50%. These effects were increasing gradually over 72 h, and MAP infection had the greatest effect on SERT inhibition when cells were exposed to 5-HT in a concentration dependent manner. Additionally, inhibition of SERT activity was accompanied with higher levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8) and oxidative stress markers (DHE, LDH and MDA), whereas SERT expression and protein level were downregulated. Consequently, inhibition of TLR-2 and p38 MAPK signaling or blocking 5-HT3 receptors restored SERT activity and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as reflected by the downregulation of oxidative stress and tissue damage markers. The involvement of TLR-2 in the intestinal pathology might be concluded not only from its innate immune role, but also from its effect on modulating the intestinal serotonergic response. Ultimately, regulating the intestinal serotonergic system can be therapeutically exploited to mitigate other enteropathogenic infections, which will help in understanding the gut-microbiome-brain connection.
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7
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Alshehri D, Saadah O, Mosli M, Edris S, Alhindi R, Bahieldin A. Dysbiosis of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: Current therapies and potential for microbiota-modulating therapeutic approaches. Bosn J Basic Med Sci 2021; 21:270-283. [PMID: 33052081 PMCID: PMC8112554 DOI: 10.17305/bjbms.2020.5016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence reinforcing the unique connections between the host microbiome, health, and diseases. Due to the extreme importance of the symbiotic relationship between the intestinal microbiome and the host, it is not surprising that any alteration in the gut microbiota would result in various diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn's disease, (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). IBD is a chronic, relapsing-remitting condition that is associated with significant morbidity, mortality, compromised quality of life, and costly medical care. Dysbiosis is believed to exacerbate the progression of IBD. One of the currently used treatments for IBD are anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) drugs, representing a biologic therapy that is reported to have an impact on the gut microbiota composition. The efficacy of anti-TNF agents is hindered by the possibility of non-response, which occurs in 10-20% of treated patients, and secondary loss of response, which occurs in up to 30% of treated patients. This underscores the need for novel therapies and studies that evaluate the role of the gut microbiota in these conditions. The success of any therapeutic strategy for IBD depends on our understanding of the interactions that occur between the gut microbiota and the host. In this review, the health and disease IBD-associated microbiota patterns will be discussed, in addition to the effect of currently used therapies for IBD on the gut microbiota composition, as well as new therapeutic approaches that can be used to overcome the current treatment constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikhnah Alshehri
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Tabuk University, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar Saadah
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud Mosli
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif Edris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt; Princess Al Jawhara Albrahim Center of Excellence in Research of Hereditary Disorders (PACER-HD), Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rashad Alhindi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Bahieldin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Genetics, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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8
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Axelrad JE, Cadwell KH, Colombel JF, Shah SC. The role of gastrointestinal pathogens in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2021; 14:17562848211004493. [PMID: 33868457 PMCID: PMC8020742 DOI: 10.1177/17562848211004493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), comprising Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), are chronic, progressive, inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract. Imbalance in the gut microbial community, or dysbiosis, and the subsequent immune response, represent the critical relationship between genetic susceptibility, microbes, and environment factors, that result in IBD. Gastrointestinal pathogens - a common cause of dysbiosis - have been implicated as an environmental trigger in new onset IBD, as well as flare of existing IBD. In this article, we systematically review clinical data regarding the association between specific gastrointestinal pathogens and IBD. Numerous bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, and exacerbations of existing disease. In this article, we will also specifically discuss the less recognized microbes that have an inverse association with IBD, including certain bacterial pathogens, such as Helicobacter pylori, and parasites, such as Trichuris species. Future prospective and experimental studies are required to establish causality and clarify potential mechanisms of enteric pathogens in modifying the risk and course of IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken H. Cadwell
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA,Department of Microbiology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shailja C. Shah
- Section of Gastroenterology, Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN,San Diego Health System, La Jolla, CA, USA,Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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9
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Zhang H, van der Wielen N, van der Hee B, Wang J, Hendriks W, Gilbert M. Impact of Fermentable Protein, by Feeding High Protein Diets, on Microbial Composition, Microbial Catabolic Activity, Gut Health and beyond in Pigs. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8111735. [PMID: 33167470 PMCID: PMC7694525 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8111735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In pigs, high protein diets have been related to post-weaning diarrhoea, which may be due to the production of protein fermentation metabolites that were shown to have harmful effects on the intestinal epithelium in vitro. In this review, we discussed in vivo effects of protein fermentation on the microbial composition and their protein catabolic activity as well as gut and overall health. The reviewed studies applied different dietary protein levels, which was assumed to result in contrasting fermentable protein levels. A general shift to N-utilisation microbial community including potential pathogens was observed, although microbial richness and diversity were not altered in the majority of the studies. Increasing dietary protein levels resulted in higher protein catabolic activity as evidenced by increased concentration of several protein fermentation metabolites like biogenic amines in the digesta of pigs. Moreover, changes in intestinal morphology, permeability and pro-inflammatory cytokine concentrations were observed and diarrhoea incidence was increased. Nevertheless, higher body weight and average daily gain were observed upon increasing dietary protein level. In conclusion, increasing dietary protein resulted in higher proteolytic fermentation, altered microbial community and intestinal physiology. Supplementing diets with fermentable carbohydrates could be a promising strategy to counteract these effects and should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanlu Zhang
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Nikkie van der Wielen
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- Division of Human Nutrition and Health, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bart van der Hee
- Host-Microbe Interactomics Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands;
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Junjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Wouter Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
| | - Myrthe Gilbert
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands; (H.Z.); (N.v.d.W.); (W.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Vatanparast M, Lee DH, Kim Y. Biosynthesis and immunity of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 107:103643. [PMID: 32067998 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Eicosanoids mediate both cellular and humoral immune responses in insects. Epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs) are a group of eicosanoids containing epoxide formed by epoxygenase (EPX) activity of cytochrome P450 (CYP). Although EETs have been considered to mediate immune responses in some insects, their synthetic machinery was little understood in insects. This study monitored EETs in a lepidopteran insect, Spodoptera exigua, immunized with bacteria and found all four EETs (5,6-EET, 8,9-EET, 11,12-EET, and 14,15-EET) from larval fat body at 247-1,736 pg/g levels. Then to predict EPXs, 140 CYPs were collected from S. exigua transcriptomes and compared with human EPXs. Four CYPs (SeEPX1-SeEPX4) sharing homologies with human EPXs were chosen and assessed in subsequent expression and functional analyses. All four EPXs were expressed in all development stages. In larval stage, all four EPXs were expressed in immune-associated tissues such as fat body and hemocytes. Furthermore, their expression levels were highly enhanced by bacterial challenge in different tissues. RNA interference (RNAi) using gene-specific double stranded RNA injection suppressed their expression levels by more than 55%. RNAi treatments interfered with hemocyte-spreading behavior and nodule formation upon bacterial challenge except RNAi treatment against SeEPX2. All four EETs stimulated cellular immune response measured by nodule formation in S. exigua. The suppressed immune responses by the RNAi treatments against three SeEPXs were rescued by the addition of 8,9-EET. However, other three EETs gave their specific rescue effect depending on SeEPX types under RNAi. In humoral immune response, all four RNAi treatments suppressed expression of antimicrobial peptide genes. This study reports the presence of all four EETs in larval fat body of S. exigua and suggests that four SeEPXs are associated with immune responses mediated by EETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Vatanparast
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Dong-Hee Lee
- Industry Academy Cooperation Foundation, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea
| | - Yonggyun Kim
- Department of Plant Medicals, Andong National University, Andong, 36729, South Korea.
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11
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Bermont A, Broide E, Matalon S, Richter V, Lazarovitch T, Bar-Yoseph H, Shirin H. New-Onset of Crohn's Disease Is Associated with Antistreptolysin O Positive Titers. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2020; 13:187-191. [PMID: 32494182 PMCID: PMC7227782 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s245770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Different infectious agents have been presumed to be candidates acting as an etiologic factor or trigger of Crohn’s disease (CD). Group A Streptococcus (GAS) is a common human infection agent that can also trigger post-infectious immune-mediated conditions. The current study aimed to examine whether the immunogenic activity induced by GAS may trigger new-onset of CD. Methods Data for antistreptolysin O (ASO) level, throat culture for GAS, and history of streptococcal infection were collected from 91 patients with CD that were divided into three groups including; new-onset CD, CD in remission and active CD. The data were compared with the control group. Results All participants had negative results of throat culture for GAS and had no history of documented streptococcal infection in the past year. Our results indicate that new-onset CD, but not CD in remission or active CD, is associated with significantly increased positive ASO compared to controls. Half of the patients in the new-onset CD group were ASO positive, which was significantly higher compared to the control group in a univariant (OR: 4.00; 95% CI 1.27–12.58; P=0.02) and multivariant analysis (OR: 4.41; 95% CI 1.35–14.37; P=0.014). Conclusion Our study is the first to focus on ASO levels in patients with CD and to demonstrate a significant association between ASO and new-onset of CD. Large prospective randomized controlled studies are needed to confirm the validity of this data and to further clarify the clinical significance of our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Bermont
- The Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Efrat Broide
- The Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Shay Matalon
- The Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Vered Richter
- The Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Tsilia Lazarovitch
- The Microbiology Laboratory, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Haggai Bar-Yoseph
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rambam Health Care Campus, Haifa, Israel; Bruce Rappaport School of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Haim Shirin
- The Gonczarowski Family Institute of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shamir (Assaf Harofeh) Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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12
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Segal AW. Studies on patients establish Crohn's disease as a manifestation of impaired innate immunity. J Intern Med 2019; 286:373-388. [PMID: 31136040 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fruitless search for the cause of Crohn's disease has been conducted for more than a century. Various theories, including autoimmunity, mycobacterial infection and aberrant response to food and other ingested materials, have been abandoned for lack of robust proof. This review will provide the evidence, obtained from patients with this condition, that the common predisposition to Crohn's is a failure of the acute inflammatory response to tissue damage. This acute inflammation normally attracts large numbers of neutrophil leucocytes which engulf and clear bacteria and autologous debris from the inflamed site. The underlying predisposition in Crohn's disease is unmasked by damage to the bowel mucosa, predominantly through infection, which allows faecal bowel contents access to the vulnerable tissues within. Consequent upon failure of the clearance of these infectious and antigenic intestinal contents, it becomes contained, leading to a chronic granulomatous inflammation, producing cytokine release, local tissue damage and systemic symptoms. Multiple molecular pathologies extending across the whole spectrum of the acute inflammatory and innate immune response lead to the common predisposition in which defective monocyte and macrophage function plays a central role. Family linkage and exome sequencing together with GWAS have identified some of the molecules involved, including receptors, molecules involved in vesicle trafficking, and effector cells. Current therapy is immunosuppressant, which controls the symptoms but accentuates the underlying problem, which can only logically be tackled by correcting the primary lesion/s by gene therapy or genome editing, or through the development of drugs that stimulate innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A W Segal
- From the, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
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13
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Song C, Yang J, Ye W, Zhang Y, Tang C, Li X, Zhou X, Xie Y. Urban-rural environmental exposure during childhood and subsequent risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a meta-analysis. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 13:591-602. [PMID: 30101634 DOI: 10.1080/17474124.2018.1511425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationship between living conditions in urban and rural areas during childhood and subsequent inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains controversial. AIM To explore the association between environmental exposures early in life and the subsequent risk of IBD. METHODS Literature searches were conducted in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, and Conference Proceedings Citation Index. Studies were analyzed separately using rate ratios (RRs) or odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals. RESULTS The search strategy identified 15 studies. Of these, 9 studies explored the association between urban exposure during childhood and ulcerative colitis (UC), and 12 and 4 studies explored this relationship with Crohn's disease (CD) and IBD, respectively. A meta-analysis showed that the pooled ORs estimated for the case-control studies of UC, CD, and IBD were 1.16 (0.83, 1.61), 1.45 (1.45, 1.85), and 1.34 (1.11, 1.62), respectively. The pooled RR estimated for the cohort studies of CD and IBD was 1.48 (1.17, 1.87). The stratified analysis and meta-regression showed significant relationships between CD and living conditions in case-control studies published during 2010-2017 and in non-European countries (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Living conditions during childhood are positively associated with the subsequent development of IBD. Urban living environment is more common among those with CD than UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conghua Song
- a Department of Gastroenterology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China.,b Department of Gastroenterology , Affiliated Hospital of Putian University , Putian , China
| | - Jinpu Yang
- c Queen Mary School , Medical College of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Wen Ye
- a Department of Gastroenterology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Yuting Zhang
- d Group of Gastroenterology , Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China.,e Group of intestinal disease , Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
| | - Chunyan Tang
- a Department of Gastroenterology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- f Cancer Research Center , Xiamen University , Xiamen , China
| | - Xiaojiang Zhou
- a Department of Gastroenterology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China
| | - Yong Xie
- a Department of Gastroenterology , the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University , Nanchang , China.,d Group of Gastroenterology , Gastroenterology Institute of Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China.,e Group of intestinal disease , Key Laboratory of Digestive Diseases of Jiangxi Province , Nanchang , China
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14
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The Bidirectional Interactions between Resveratrol and Gut Microbiota: An Insight into Oxidative Stress and Inflammatory Bowel Disease Therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:5403761. [PMID: 31179328 PMCID: PMC6507241 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5403761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Dysbiosis and oxidative stress in the gut have contributed to the progression of intestinal inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The current study has reported that enteric bacteria mediate redox homeostasis through the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Resveratrol, one of the most abundant polyphenols, with poor oral bioavailability, is considered as a scavenger of ROS and other free radicals. Recent studies have shown that resveratrol effectively enhances the growth of Lactococcus lactis and inhibits the growth of Enterococcus faecalis. (1) In terms of the two-way relationship between gut microbiota and resveratrol, resveratrol modulates gut microbiota; (2) in terms of resveratrol biotransformation by gut microbiota, we speculate that gut microbiota could be a target of resveratrol to maintain gut homeostasis. Here, we reviewed the current researches about the cellular signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells triggered by gut microbiota in response to oxidative stress. These results suggest that the modulation of the gut microbiota through resveratrol supplementation appears as a promising potential approach for the therapy of inflammatory bowel disease.
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15
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Mirsepasi-Lauridsen HC, Vallance BA, Krogfelt KA, Petersen AM. Escherichia coli Pathobionts Associated with Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Clin Microbiol Rev 2019; 32:e00060-18. [PMID: 30700431 PMCID: PMC6431131 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00060-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut bacteria play a key role in initiating and maintaining the inflammatory process in the gut tissues of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, by supplying antigens or other stimulatory factors that trigger immune cell activation. Changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota in IBD patients compared to that in healthy controls and a reduced diversity of intestinal microbial species are linked to the pathogenesis of IBD. Adherent invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) has been linked to Crohn's disease (CD) patients, while diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC) has been associated with ulcerative colitis (UC). Bacteriological analysis of intestinal biopsy specimens and fecal samples from IBD patients shows an increased number of E. coli strains belonging to the B2 phylogenetic group, which are typically known as extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli (ExPEC). Results from studies of both cell cultures and animal models reveal pathogenic features of these E. coli pathobionts, which may link them to IBD pathogenesis. This suggests that IBD-associated E. coli strains play a facilitative role during IBD flares. In this review, we explain IBD-associated E. coli and its role in IBD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bruce Andrew Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, BC Children's Hospital, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Karen Angeliki Krogfelt
- Department of Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Viral and Microbiological Diagnostics, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Munk Petersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Hvidovre University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Rodriguez-Palacios A, Cominelli F. Crohn's Disease-Like Ileitis and the Inhibitory Effect of Sucralose on Streptococci. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2019; 25:e34-e37. [PMID: 30099495 PMCID: PMC6939682 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Cominelli
- Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Disease, Department of Medicine
- Digestive Health Institute, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
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17
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Deutschmann C, Roggenbuck D, Schierack P. The loss of tolerance to CHI3L1 – A putative role in inflammatory bowel disease? Clin Immunol 2019; 199:12-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Abstract
Despite the revolution in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treatment over the past two decades with the advent of biological therapies, there remains a substantial proportion of patients with inadequate or unsustained response to existent therapies. The overwhelming focus of IBD therapeutics has been targeting mucosal immunity, however with the developing evidence base pointing to the role of gut microbes in the inflammatory process, renewed focus should be placed on the impact of manipulating the microbiome in IBD management. This review provides an overview of the evidence implicating bacteria in the pathogenesis of gut inflammation in IBD and provides an overview of the evidence of antibiotics in IBD treatment. We also suggest a potential role of antibiotics in clinical practice based on available evidence and clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ledder
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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19
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Segal AW. The role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease. Eur J Clin Invest 2018; 48 Suppl 2:e12983. [PMID: 29931668 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Crohn's disease (CD) is caused by a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms that allows faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. In CD the failure of acute inflammation results in the failure to recruit neutrophils to the inflammatory site, as a consequence of which the clearance of bacteria from the tissues is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. Impaired of digestion of bacteria and fungi by CGD neutrophils can result in a similar pathological and clinical picture. The neutrophils in CD are normal and their inadequate accumulation at sites of inflammation generally results from diminished secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages consequent upon disordered vesicle trafficking.
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20
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Khan S, Imran A, Malik A, Chaudhary AA, Rub A, Jan AT, Syed JB, Rolfo C. Bacterial imbalance and gut pathologies: Association and contribution of E. coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2018; 56:1-17. [DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2018.1517144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shahanavaj Khan
- Nanomedicine Research Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Bioscience, Shri Ram Group of College (SRGC), Muzaffarnagar, India
| | - Ahamad Imran
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Malik
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anis Ahmad Chaudhary
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Al-Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdur Rub
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Arif Tasleem Jan
- School of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jakeera Begum Syed
- King Abdullah Institute for Nanotechnology, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Christian Rolfo
- Phase I-Early Clinical Trials Unit, Oncology Department and Multidisciplinary Oncology Center Antwerp (MOCA), Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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21
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Yao Y, Jin Z, Lee JH. An improved statistical model for taxonomic assignment of metagenomics. BMC Genet 2018; 19:98. [PMID: 30373533 PMCID: PMC6206629 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0680-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the advances in the next-generation sequencing technologies, researchers can now rapidly examine the composition of samples from humans and their surroundings. To enhance the accuracy of taxonomy assignments in metagenomic samples, we developed a method that allows multiple mismatch probabilities from different genomes. RESULTS We extended the algorithm of taxonomic assignment of metagenomic sequence reads (TAMER) by developing an improved method that can set a different mismatch probability for each genome rather than imposing a single parameter for all genomes, thereby obtaining a greater degree of accuracy. This method, which we call TADIP (Taxonomic Assignment of metagenomics based on DIfferent Probabilities), was comprehensively tested in simulated and real datasets. The results support that TADIP improved the performance of TAMER especially in large sample size datasets with high complexity. CONCLUSIONS TADIP was developed as a statistical model to improve the estimate accuracy of taxonomy assignments. Based on its varying mismatch probability setting and correlated variance matrix setting, its performance was enhanced for high complexity samples when compared with TAMER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujing Yao
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhezhen Jin
- Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joseph H Lee
- Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute, and Departments of Epidemiology and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Sergievsky Center, Columbia University, 630 West 168th Street, P&S Unit 16, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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22
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Disson O, Blériot C, Jacob JM, Serafini N, Dulauroy S, Jouvion G, Fevre C, Gessain G, Thouvenot P, Eberl G, Di Santo JP, Peduto L, Lecuit M. Peyer's patch myeloid cells infection by Listeria signals through gp38 + stromal cells and locks intestinal villus invasion. J Exp Med 2018; 215:2936-2954. [PMID: 30355616 PMCID: PMC6219733 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The foodborne pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) crosses the intestinal villus epithelium via goblet cells (GCs) upon the interaction of Lm surface protein InlA with its receptor E-cadherin. Here, we show that Lm infection accelerates intestinal villus epithelium renewal while decreasing the number of GCs expressing luminally accessible E-cadherin, thereby locking Lm portal of entry. This novel innate immune response to an enteropathogen is triggered by the infection of Peyer's patch CX3CR1+ cells and the ensuing production of IL-23. It requires STAT3 phosphorylation in epithelial cells in response to IL-22 and IL-11 expressed by lamina propria gp38+ stromal cells. Lm-induced IFN-γ signaling and STAT1 phosphorylation in epithelial cells is also critical for Lm-associated intestinal epithelium response. GC depletion also leads to a decrease in colon mucus barrier thickness, thereby increasing host susceptibility to colitis. This study unveils a novel innate immune response to an enteropathogen, which implicates gp38+ stromal cells and locks intestinal villus invasion, but favors colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Disson
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Camille Blériot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marie Jacob
- Institut Pasteur, Stroma, Inflammation and Tissue Repair Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Serafini
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Sophie Dulauroy
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Microenvironnement and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - Grégory Jouvion
- Institut Pasteur, Human Histopathology and Animal Models Unit, Paris, France
| | - Cindy Fevre
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Grégoire Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Thouvenot
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Eberl
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur, Microenvironnement and Immunity Unit, Paris, France
| | - James P Di Santo
- Institut Pasteur, Innate Immunity Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1223, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Peduto
- Institut Pasteur, Stroma, Inflammation and Tissue Repair Unit, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1224, Paris, France
| | - Marc Lecuit
- Institut Pasteur, Biology of Infection Unit, Paris, France .,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1117, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Department of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Necker-Enfants Malades University Hospital, APHP, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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23
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Affiliation(s)
- Serre-Yu Wong
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Henry D. Janowitz Division of Gastroenterology, Susan and Leonard Feinstein Inflammatory Bowel Disease Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ken Cadwell
- Kimmel Center for Biology and Medicine at the Skirball Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
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24
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Ledder O, Turner D. Antibiotics in IBD: Still a Role in the Biological Era? Inflamm Bowel Dis 2018; 24:1676-1688. [PMID: 29722812 DOI: 10.1093/ibd/izy067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite compelling evidence pointing to a critical role of gut microflora in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) pathogenesis, the role of antibiotics in clinical practice remains limited, largely due to heterogeneous trials with often conflicting evidence. In this review, we revisit previous randomized controlled trials and high-quality uncontrolled studies in an effort to better elucidate the role of antibiotics in contemporary treatment algorithms. The most established role of antibiotics is in perianal Crohn's disease (CD), utilizing ciprofloxacin with or without metronidazole often as an adjunct to biological therapy. Evidence also points to a likely modest role of various antibiotic classes in mild to moderate luminal CD, including ciprofloxacin, metronidazole, azithromycin, and rifaximin. The benefit of metronidazole in preventing postoperative recurrence in CD is well reported; however, the long-term benefit of this intervention remains uncertain. The use of antibiotics in ulcerative colitis (UC) is even more controversial, but studies using broad-spectrum oral antibiotic cocktails have reported a possible role in acute severe colitis and chronic persistent UC. Similarly, the role of oral vancomycin and gentamicin in very early-onset IBD has interesting preliminary results. Adverse events of antibiotics, the resulting alterations in the microbiome with its associated unknown long-term sequela, and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains must be carefully balanced. Therefore, although antibiotics may be underused in the treatment of IBD, their integration into clinical practice must be approached judiciously and individually.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oren Ledder
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Turner
- Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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25
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Raduolovic K, Mak'Anyengo R, Kaya B, Steinert A, Niess JH. Injections of Lipopolysaccharide into Mice to Mimic Entrance of Microbial-derived Products After Intestinal Barrier Breach. J Vis Exp 2018. [PMID: 29782025 DOI: 10.3791/57610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The intestinal epithelial barrier separates the host from the microbiota that is normally tolerated or ignored. The breach of this barrier results in the entrance of bacteria or bacteria-derived products into the host, accessing the host circulation and inner organs leading to the uncontrolled inflammation as observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), that are characterized by an increased intestinal epithelial permeability. To mimic the entrance of bacterial-derived compounds into the host, an endotoxemia model has been adopted in which lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a component of the outer cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria, were injected into mice. In this study, a sublethal dose of LPS was intraperitoneally injected and the mice were subsequently monitored for 8 h using a disease score. Furthermore, the expression levels of the inflammatory cytokines Il6, Il1b, and Tnfa were analyzed in the spleen, liver and colon by qPCR at different time points post LPS injection. This model could be useful for the studies involving investigation of immune responses after the invasion of microorganisms or bacterial-derived products caused by a barrier breach of body surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Berna Kaya
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel
| | | | - Jan Hendrik Niess
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital of Basel;
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26
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Azimi T, Nasiri MJ, Chirani AS, Pouriran R, Dabiri H. The role of bacteria in the inflammatory bowel disease development: a narrative review. APMIS 2018; 126:275-283. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taher Azimi
- Department of Pathobiology; School of Public Health; Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Nasiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Alireza Salimi Chirani
- Department of Medical Microbiology; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Ramin Pouriran
- School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Dabiri
- Department of Medical Microbiology; School of Medicine; Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
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27
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Palmela C, Chevarin C, Xu Z, Torres J, Sevrin G, Hirten R, Barnich N, Ng SC, Colombel JF. Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 2018; 67:574-587. [PMID: 29141957 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiome dysbiosis has been consistently described in patients with IBD. In the last decades, Escherichia coli, and the adherent-invasive E coli (AIEC) pathotype in particular, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD. Since the discovery of AIEC, two decades ago, progress has been made in unravelling these bacteria characteristics and its interaction with the gut immune system. The mechanisms of adhesion of AIEC to intestinal epithelial cells (via FimH and cell adhesion molecule 6) and its ability to escape autophagy when inside macrophages are reviewed here. We also explore the existing data on the prevalence of AIEC in patients with Crohn's disease and UC, and the association between the presence of AIEC and disease location, activity and postoperative recurrence. Finally, we highlight potential therapeutic strategies targeting AIEC colonisation of gut mucosa, including the use of phage therapy, bacteriocins and antiadhesive molecules. These strategies may open new avenues for the prevention and treatment of IBD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Palmela
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Caroline Chevarin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Zhilu Xu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Joana Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA.,Division of Gastroenterology, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Loures, Portugal
| | - Gwladys Sevrin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Robert Hirten
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Inserm U1071, USC-INRA 2018, M2iSH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Siew C Ng
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Diseases, LKS Institute of Health Science, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jean-Frederic Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA
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28
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Te Velde AA. The C-Type Lectin Mincle: Clues for a Role in Crohn's Disease Adjuvant Reaction. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1304. [PMID: 29109721 PMCID: PMC5660320 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Anje A Te Velde
- Tytgat Institute for Liver and Intestinal Research, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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29
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Richard ML, Liguori G, Lamas B, Brandi G, da Costa G, Hoffmann TW, Pierluigi Di Simone M, Calabrese C, Poggioli G, Langella P, Campieri M, Sokol H. Mucosa-associated microbiota dysbiosis in colitis associated cancer. Gut Microbes 2017; 9:131-142. [PMID: 28914591 PMCID: PMC5989788 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2017.1379637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota dysbiosis has been associated with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). In colorectal cancer, the gut microbiota has also been recognized as potentially involved in aggravating or favoring the tumor development. However, very little is known on the structure and role of the microbiota in colitis associated cancer (CAC), an important complication of IBD in human. Here we analyzed the bacterial and fungal composition of the mucosa associated microbiota of patients suffering CAC, sporadic cancer (SC) and of healthy subjects (HS) by barcode sequences analysis on the following cohort: 7 CAC patients, 10 SC patients and 10 HS using 16S (MiSeq) and ITS2 (pyrosequencing) sequencing, for bacteria and fungi respectively. Mucosa-associated bacterial microbiota in CAC was significantly different from the ones in SC or in HS, while the fungal showed no differences. Comparison between mucosa-associated microbiota on the tumor site or in normal mucosa near the tumor showed very similar patterns. The global mucosa-associated bacterial microbiota in cancer patients was characterized by a restriction in biodiversity but no change for the fungal community. Compared to SC, CAC was characterized by an increase of Enterobacteriacae family and Sphingomonas genus and a decrease of Fusobacterium and Ruminococcus genus. Our study confirms the alteration of the mucosa-associated bacterial microbiota in IBD and SC. Although the cohort is limited in number, this is the first evidence of the existence of an altered bacterial microbiota in CAC clearly different from the one in SC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias L. Richard
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU i2B), Paris, France
| | - Giuseppina Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Lamas
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU i2B), Paris, France,Equipe Avenir Gut Microbiota and Immunity, ERL INSERM U 1157/UMR7203, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gregory da Costa
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU i2B), Paris, France
| | - Thomas W. Hoffmann
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU i2B), Paris, France
| | | | - Carlo Calabrese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gilberto Poggioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Philippe Langella
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU i2B), Paris, France
| | - Massimo Campieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Harry Sokol
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy en Josas, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département Hospitalo-Universitaire (DHU i2B), Paris, France,Equipe Avenir Gut Microbiota and Immunity, ERL INSERM U 1157/UMR7203, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Paris, France,Service de Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris et Université Paris 6, Paris, France,CONTACT Pr Harry Sokol Service de Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Hôpital Saint-Antoine 184 rue du faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75571 Paris CEDEX 12, France
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30
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Abstract
Credit This lesson is good for 0.2 CE units, with a passing grade of 70%. Objectives 1. To describe historical examples of adverse events truly and spuriously associated with vaccination. 2. To describe a rational basis for deciding whether adverse events are causally or coincidentally linked to a medication. 3. To demonstrate how to apply this rational basis to a variety of exposure—outcome associations.
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Abstract
Credit This lesson is good for 0.2 CE units, with a passing grade of 70%. Objectives 1. To describe historical examples of adverse events truly and spuriously associated with vaccination. 2. To describe a rational basis for deciding whether adverse events are causally or coincidentally linked to a medication. 3. To demonstrate how to apply this rational basis to a variety of exposure—outcome associations.
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32
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Macrophages in gastrointestinal homeostasis and inflammation. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:527-539. [PMID: 28283748 PMCID: PMC5362667 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1958-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Monocyte-derived mononuclear phagocytes, particularly macrophages, are crucial to maintain gastrointestinal homeostasis in the steady state but are also important for protection against certain pathogens. However, when uncontrolled, they can promote immunopathology. Broadly two subsets of macrophages can be considered to perform the vast array of functions to complete these complex tasks: resident macrophages that dominate in the healthy gut and inflammation-elicited (inflammatory) macrophages that derive from circulating monocytes infiltrating inflamed tissue. Here, we discuss the features of resident and inflammatory intestinal macrophages, complexities in identifying and defining these populations and the mechanisms involved in their differentiation. In particular, focus will be placed on describing their unique ontogeny as well as local gastrointestinal signals that instruct specialisation of resident macrophages in healthy tissue. We then explore the very different roles of inflammatory macrophages and describe new data suggesting that they may be educated not only by the gut microenvironment but also by signals they receive during development in the bone marrow. Given the high degree of plasticity of gut macrophages and their multifaceted roles in both healthy and inflamed tissue, understanding the mechanisms controlling their differentiation could inform development of improved therapies for inflammatory diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
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Sartor RB, Wu GD. Roles for Intestinal Bacteria, Viruses, and Fungi in Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Diseases and Therapeutic Approaches. Gastroenterology 2017; 152:327-339.e4. [PMID: 27769810 PMCID: PMC5511756 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 523] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and pouchitis. We review the mechanisms by which these gut bacteria, fungi, and viruses mediate mucosal homeostasis via their composite genes (metagenome) and metabolic products (metabolome). We explain how alterations to their profiles and functions under conditions of dysbiosis contribute to inflammation and effector immune responses that mediate inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) in humans and enterocolitis in mice. It could be possible to engineer the intestinal environment by modifying the microbiota community structure or function to treat patients with IBD-either with individual agents, via dietary management, or as adjuncts to immunosuppressive drugs. We summarize the latest information on therapeutic use of fecal microbial transplantation and propose improved strategies to selectively normalize the dysbiotic microbiome in personalized approaches to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Balfour Sartor
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
| | - Gary D Wu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Perelman School of Medicine, the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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34
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Abstract
The pathophysiology of Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic inflammatory bowel disease, remains imperfectly elucidated. Consequently, the therapeutic armamentarium remains limited and has not changed the natural history of CD hitherto. Accordingly, physicians need to identify new therapeutic targets to be able to alter the intestinal damage. The most recent hypothesis considered CD as resulting from an abnormal interaction between microbiota and host immune system influenced by genetics and environmental factors. Several experimental and genetic evidence point out intestinal macrophages in CD etiology. An increase of macrophages number and the presence of granulomas are especially observed in the intestinal mucosa of patients with CD. These macrophages could be defective and particularly in responses to infectious agents like CD-associated Escherichia coli. This review focuses on, what is currently known regarding the role of macrophages, macrophages/E. coli interaction, and the impact of CD therapies on macrophages in CD. We also speculate that macrophages modulation could lead to important translational implications in CD with the end goal of promoting gut health.
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35
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Abstract
The cause of Crohn’s disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients’ inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
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36
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Abstract
The cause of Crohn's disease (CD) has posed a conundrum for at least a century. A large body of work coupled with recent technological advances in genome research have at last started to provide some of the answers. Initially this review seeks to explain and to differentiate between bowel inflammation in the primary immunodeficiencies that generally lead to very early onset diffuse bowel inflammation in humans and in animal models, and the real syndrome of CD. In the latter, a trigger, almost certainly enteric infection by one of a multitude of organisms, allows the faeces access to the tissues, at which stage the response of individuals predisposed to CD is abnormal. Direct investigation of patients' inflammatory response together with genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and DNA sequencing indicate that in CD the failure of acute inflammation and the clearance of bacteria from the tissues, and from within cells, is defective. The retained faecal products result in the characteristic chronic granulomatous inflammation and adaptive immune response. In this review I will examine the contemporary evidence that has led to this understanding, and look for explanations for the recent dramatic increase in the incidence of this disease.
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37
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Qasem A, Safavikhasraghi M, Naser SA. A single capsule formulation of RHB-104 demonstrates higher anti-microbial growth potency for effective treatment of Crohn's disease associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:45. [PMID: 27708718 PMCID: PMC5041445 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0127-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Most recently we reported that RHB‑104 triple antibiotics combination in culture is bactericidal and should be effective for treatment of Crohn’s disease (CD)-associated with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) (Alcedo et al. in Gut Pathog 14:32, 2016). The combination exhibited unique synergistic antimicrobial growth activity. The proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation contains active ingredients (63.3 % Clarithromycin (CLA), 6.7 % Clofazimine (CLO) and 30 % Rifabutin (RIF)). In our earlier study, we could not dissolve the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation in one compatible solvent. Consequently, we re-created RHB-104 analog by adding appropriate concentrations of each of the three antibiotics into the cultures. The Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for RHB-104 analog, CLA, CLO, RIF, CLA-CLO, CLA-RIF, CLO-RIF and their individual solvents were reported earlier (Alcedo et al. in Gut Pathog 14:32, 2016). In this study, we succeeded in dissolving the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation in a single proprietary solvent. This study is designed to compare of the MIC the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation to RHB-104 analog against MAP and other microorganisms. Methods BD Bactec™ MGIT™ Para-TB medium (Sparks, MD) system was used to determine the MIC of the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation and RHB-104 analog and their solvents against MAP and several other microorganisms. The final concentration of solvents used to dissolve all the drugs were ≤0.5 % (v/v). Results The MIC for the RHB-104 proprietary solvent against MAP was consistent against all microorganisms tested in the study at 12.5 % (v/v). The MIC for the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation was similar to RHB-104 analog against several MAP clinical strains with MIC ≤ 0.2 μg/mL. The MIC for the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation was at 2.0 μg/mL against MAP strain MS 137 and M. avium strain JF7 compared to 4.0 ug/mL for RHB-104 analog. Similarly, the MIC of RHB-104 formulation capsule was significantly lower than RHB-104 analog against M. tuberculosis HR237, M. fortuitism subspecies fortuitum, M. smegmatis ATCC 27199, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 and Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 19112. Conclusion The data demonstrated that the proprietary RHB-104 capsule formulation is more potent in culture against Mycobacteria and other microorganisms especially those with MIC >0.2. Formulation of multi-drugs in a single capsule results in potent synergistic anti-microbial activity far exceeds treatment the culture with multi-individually dissolved drugs. RHB-104 capsule formulation should be more effective to eradicate MAP infection in patients with CD. The study provides evidence that combining weak antibiotics in one formulation might be the new silver bullet to combat bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Qasem
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Mitra Safavikhasraghi
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
| | - Saleh A Naser
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, Orlando, FL USA
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38
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Caradonna L, Amati L, Magrone T, Pellegrino N, Jirillo E, Caccavo D. Invited review: Enteric bacteria, lipopolysaccharides and related cytokines in inflammatory bowel disease: biological and clinical significance. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/09680519000060030101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD) [inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)] are both characterized by an exaggerated immune response at the gut associated lymphoreticular tissue level. Such an abnormal and dysregulated immune response may be directed against luminal and/or enteric bacterial antigens, as also supported by murine models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) caused by organisms such as Citrobacter rodentium and Helicobacter hepaticus. Bacterial endotoxins or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) have been detected in the plasma of IBD patients and an abnormal microflora and/or an increased permeability of the intestinal mucosa have been invoked as cofactors responsible for endotoxemia. At the same time, the evidence that phagocytosis and killing exerted by polymorphonuclear cells and monocytes and the T-cell dependent antibacterial activity are decreased in IBD patients may also explain the origin of LPS in these diseases. In IBD, pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines have been detected in elevated amounts in mucosal tissue and/or in peripheral blood, thus suggesting a monocyte/macrophage stimulation by enteric bacteria and/or their constituents ( e.g. LPS). On these grounds, in experimental models and in human IBD, anti-cytokine monoclonal antibodies and interleukin receptor antagonists are under investigation for their capacity to neutralize the noxious effects of immune mediators. Finally, the administration of lactobacilli is beneficial in human IBD and, in murine colitis, this treatment leads to a normalization of intestinal flora, reducing the number of colonic mucosal adherent and translocated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Caradonna
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - L. Amati
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - T. Magrone
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
| | - N.M. Pellegrino
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - E. Jirillo
- Scientific Institute for Gastrointestinal Diseases, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy, Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy,
| | - D. Caccavo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
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39
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Chen EZ, Bushman FD, Li H. A Model-Based Approach For Species Abundance Quantification Based On Shotgun Metagenomic Data. STATISTICS IN BIOSCIENCES 2016; 9:13-27. [PMID: 28959368 DOI: 10.1007/s12561-016-9148-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The human microbiome, which includes the collective microbes residing in or on the human body, has a profound influence on the human health. DNA sequencing technology has made the large-scale human microbiome studies possible by using shotgun metagenomic sequencing. One important aspect of data analysis of such metagenomic data is to quantify the bacterial abundances based on the metagenomic sequencing data. Existing methods almost always quantify such abundances one sample at a time, which ignore certain systematic differences in read coverage along the genomes due to GC contents, copy number variation and the bacterial origin of replication. In order to account for such differences in read counts, we propose a multi-sample Poisson model to quantify microbial abundances based on read counts that are assigned to species-specific taxonomic markers. Our model takes into account the marker-specific effects when normalizing the sequencing count data in order to obtain more accurate quantification of the species abundances. Compared to currently available methods on simulated data and real data sets, our method has demonstrated an improved accuracy in bacterial abundance quantification, which leads to more biologically interesting results from downstream data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Z Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Frederic D Bushman
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongzhe Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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40
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Liguori G, Lamas B, Richard ML, Brandi G, da Costa G, Hoffmann TW, Di Simone MP, Calabrese C, Poggioli G, Langella P, Campieri M, Sokol H. Fungal Dysbiosis in Mucosa-associated Microbiota of Crohn's Disease Patients. J Crohns Colitis 2016; 10:296-305. [PMID: 26574491 PMCID: PMC4957473 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Gut microbiota is involved in many physiological functions and its imbalance is associated with several diseases, particularly with inflammatory bowel diseases. Mucosa-associated microbiota could have a key role in induction of host immunity and in inflammatory process. Although the role of fungi has been suggested in inflammatory disease pathogenesis, the fungal microbiota has not yet been deeply explored. Here we analysed the bacterial and fungal composition of the mucosa-associated microbiota of Crohn's disease patients and healthy subjects. METHODS Our prospective, observational study evaluated bacterial and fungal composition of mucosa-associated microbiota of 23 Crohn's disease patients [16 in flare, 7 in remission] and 10 healthy subjects, using 16S [MiSeq] and ITS2 [pyrosequencing] sequencing, respectively. Global fungal load was assessed by real time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS Bacterial microbiota in Crohn's disease patients was characterised by a restriction in biodiversity. with an increase of Proteobacteria and Fusobacteria. Global fungus load was significantly increased in Crohn's disease flare compared with healthy subjects [p < 0.05]. In both groups, the colonic mucosa-associated fungal microbiota was dominated by Basidiomycota and Ascomycota phyla. Cystofilobasidiaceae family and Candida glabrata species were overrepresented in Crohn's disease. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Filobasidium uniguttulatum species were associated with non-inflamed mucosa, whereas Xylariales order was associated with inflamed mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Our study confirms the alteration of the bacterial microbiota and is the first demonstration of the existence of an altered fungal microbiota in Crohn's disease patients, suggesting that fungi may play a role in pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Liguori
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Bruno Lamas
- Equipe Avenir Gut Microbiota and Immunity, U1157/UMR7203, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département, Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France
| | - Mathias L. Richard
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département, Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France,INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France,AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Giovanni Brandi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna,Bologna, Italy
| | - Gregory da Costa
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département, Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France,INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France,AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Thomas W. Hoffmann
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département, Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France,INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France,AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France
| | | | - Carlo Calabrese
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gilberto Poggioli
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Philippe Langella
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département, Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France,INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France,AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France
| | - Massimo Campieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Harry Sokol
- Equipe Avenir Gut Microbiota and Immunity, U1157/UMR7203, Faculté de Médecine Saint-Antoine, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France,Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Département, Hospitalo-Universitaire, Paris, France,INRA, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France,AgroParisTech, UMR1319 MICALIS, Jouy en Josas, France,Service de Gastroentérologie et Nutrition, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris et Université Paris6, Paris, France
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41
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC) associated with Crohn's disease target M cells lining Peyer's patches (PPs) through the expression of long polar fimbriae (LPF) and survive macrophage killing. Invasion of PPs constitutes a way to colonize the mucosa for bacteria able to escape or resist killing of underlying immune cells. We aimed to identify new virulence factors involved in PPs colonization by AIEC. METHODS The presence of gipA (Growth in PPs) gene was determined by polymerase chain reaction. In vivo experiments were performed using CEABAC10 transgenic mice. Intramacrophagic behavior of AIEC was assessed in murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and human monocyte-derived macrophages. Cytokines production was quantified by ELISA. RESULTS A higher prevalence of gipA-positive E. coli was observed in patients with Crohn's disease (27.3%) compared with controls (17.2%). Unlike non-AIEC strains, all gipA-positive AIEC strains also harbored lpfA. GipA deletion impaired AIEC translocation across M cells and their replication inside macrophages. GipA expression was induced by gastrointestinal (bile salts) and phagolysosomal (reactive oxygen species and acid pH) conditions. GipA deletion decreased lpfA mRNA level in AIEC bacteria. Survival of AIEC-ΔgipA bacteria was reduced in medium containing H2O2 or acidic pH. GipA deletion impaired AIEC colonization of PPs and dissemination to mesenteric lymph nodes in mice. CONCLUSIONS GipA is required for optimal colonization of mouse PPs and survival within macrophages by AIEC, suggesting that this factor plays a role in AIEC promotion of Crohn's disease. Detection of gipA and lpfA could be a predictor for the presence of AIEC.
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42
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Mimouna S, Bazin M, Mograbi B, Darfeuille-Michaud A, Brest P, Hofman P, Vouret-Craviari V. HIF1A regulates xenophagic degradation of adherent and invasive Escherichia coli (AIEC). Autophagy 2015; 10:2333-45. [PMID: 25484075 PMCID: PMC4502747 DOI: 10.4161/15548627.2014.984275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxia inducible transcription factor HIF1 activates autophagy, a general catabolic pathway involved in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis. Dysfunction in both autophagy and HIF1 has been implicated in an increasing number of human diseases, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn disease (CD). Adherent invasive E. coli (AIEC) colonize ileal mucosa of CD patients and strongly promote gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders by activation of HIF-dependent responses. Here, we aim to characterize the contribution of HIF1 in xenophagy, a specialized form of autophagy involved in the degradation of intracellular bacteria. Our results showed that endogenous HIF1A knockdown increased AIEC survival in intestinal epithelial cells. We demonstrate that the increase in survival rate correlates with a dramatic impairment of the autophagic flux at the autolysosomal maturation step. Furthermore, we show that AIEC remained within single-membrane LC3-II-positive vesicles and that they were unable to induce the phosphorylation of ULK1. These results suggested that, in the absence of HIF1A, AIEC were found within LC3-associated phagosomes. Using blocking antibodies against TLR5 and CEACAM6, the 2 well-known AIEC-bound receptors, we showed that downstream receptor signaling was necessary to mediate ULK1 phosphorylation. Finally, we provide evidence that HIF1 mediates CEACAM6 expression and that CEACAM6 is necessary to recruit ULK1 in a bacteria-containing signaling hub. Collectively, these results identify a new function for HIF1 in AIEC-dedicated xenophagy, and suggest that coactivation of autophagy and HIF1A expression may be a potential new therapy to resolve AIEC infection in CD patients.
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Key Words
- AIEC, adherent invasive E. coli
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ATG16L1, autophagy-related 16-like 1
- ATG5, autophagy-related 5
- BECN1, Beclin 1, autophagy-related
- BNIP3L, BCL2/adenovirus E1B 19kDa interacting protein 3-like
- CD, Crohn disease
- CEACAM6, carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (nonspecific cross reacting antigen)
- CRTC1/TORC1, CREB regulated transcription coactivator 1
- Crohn disease
- EEA1, early endosome antigen 1
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- HBSS, Hank's balanced salt solution
- HIF1A, hypoxia inducible factor 1, α subunit (basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor)
- IBD, inflammatory bowel disease
- IRGM, immunity-related GTPase family, M
- LAP
- LAP, LC3-associated phagocytosis
- MAP1LC3-II (LC3-II), microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II
- MOI, multiplicity of infection
- SQSTM1/p62 (SQSTM1), sequestosome 1
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- TLR5, toll-like receptor 5
- ULK1, unc-51 like autophagy activating kinase 1
- VAV2, vav 2 guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- autophagy
- bacteria
- hypoxia inducible factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda Mimouna
- a Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging; IRCAN U1081 UMR CNRS/UNS 7284 ; Nice , France
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43
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Clark C, Turner J. Diagnostic Modalities for Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Serologic Markers and Endoscopy. Surg Clin North Am 2015; 95:1123-41, v. [PMID: 26596918 DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The evaluation, diagnosis, and monitoring of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has improved significantly over the past few decades. However, differentiation and management of the subtypes of IBD (Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and indeterminate colitis) can still be challenging. The evolution of serologic markers has improved our understanding of the pathogenesis and natural history of IBD. In addition, advancements in endoscopy and endoscopic scoring systems have improved the accuracy of diagnosis and the efficacy of surveillance of IBD patients. This article reviews the recent literature on serologic markers, endoscopy, and endoscopy scoring systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarence Clark
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Turner
- Department of Surgery, Division of Colon and Rectal Surgery, Morehouse School of Medicine, 720 Westview Drive Southwest, Atlanta, GA 30310, USA.
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44
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Elliott TR, Hudspith BN, Rayment NB, Prescott NJ, Petrovska L, Hermon-Taylor J, Brostoff J, Boussioutas A, Mathew CG, Sanderson JD. Defective macrophage handling of Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 30:1265-74. [PMID: 25809337 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Escherichia coli can be isolated from lamina propria macrophages in Crohn's disease (CD), and their intramacrophage persistence may provide a stimulus for inflammation. To further determine the contributions of macrophage dysfunction and E. coli pathogenicity to this, we aimed to compare in vitro functioning of macrophages from patients with CD and healthy controls (HC) in response to infection with CD-derived adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) and less pathogenic E. coli strains. METHODS Monocyte-derived macrophages were cultured from patients with CD and HC. Intramacrophage survival of E. coli strains (CD-derived adherent-invasive [AI] and non-AI strains and laboratory strain K-12) was compared. Macrophage cytokine release (tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNFα], interleukin [IL]-23, IL-8 and IL-10) and monocyte phagoctyosis and respiratory burst function were measured after E. coli infection. For CD patients, laboratory data were correlated with clinical phenotype, use of immunomodulation, and CD risk alleles (NOD2, IL-23R, ATG16L1 and IRGM). RESULTS Attenuated TNFα and IL-23 release from CD macrophages was found after infection with all E. coli strains. There was prolonged survival of CD-derived AIEC, CD-derived non-AIEC and E. coli K-12 in macrophages from CD patients compared to within those from HC. No abnormality of monocyte phagocytosis or respiratory burst function was detected in CD. Macrophage dysfunction in CD was not influenced by phenotype, use of immunomodulation or genotype. CONCLUSIONS CD macrophage responses to infection with E. coli are deficient, regardless of clinical phenotype, CD genotype or E. coli pathogenicity. This suggests host immunodeficiency is an important contributor to intramacrophage E. coli persistence in CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R Elliott
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK.,Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - B N Hudspith
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N B Rayment
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - N J Prescott
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital London, London, UK
| | - L Petrovska
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Hermon-Taylor
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - J Brostoff
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK
| | - A Boussioutas
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - C G Mathew
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital London, London, UK
| | - J D Sanderson
- Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences Division, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Gastroenterology, Guy's and St. Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust, St Thomas' Hospital, London, UK
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Lamina propria macrophage phenotypes in relation to Escherichia coli in Crohn's disease. BMC Gastroenterol 2015; 15:75. [PMID: 26137941 PMCID: PMC4490755 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-015-0305-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Abnormal handling of E. coli by lamina propria (LP) macrophages may contribute to Crohn’s disease (CD) pathogenesis. We aimed to determine LP macrophage phenotypes in CD, ulcerative colitis (UC) and healthy controls (HC), and in CD, to compare macrophage phenotypes according to E. coli carriage. Methods Mucosal biopsies were taken from 35 patients with CD, 9 with UC and 18 HCs. Laser capture microdissection was used to isolate E. coli-laden and unladen LP macrophages from ileal or colonic biopsies. From these macrophages, mRNA was extracted and cytokine and activation marker expression measured using RT-qPCR. Results E. coli-laden LP macrophages were identified commonly in mucosal biopsies from CD patients (25/35, 71 %), rarely in UC (1/9, 11 %) and not at all in healthy controls (0/18). LP macrophage cytokine mRNA expression was greater in CD and UC than healthy controls. In CD, E. coli-laden macrophages expressed high IL-10 & CD163 and lower TNFα, IL-23 & iNOS irrespective of macroscopic inflammation. In inflamed tissue, E. coli-unladen macrophages expressed high TNFα, IL-23 & iNOS and lower IL-10 & CD163. In uninflamed tissue, unladen macrophages had low cytokine mRNA expression, closer to that of healthy controls. Conclusion In CD, intra-macrophage E. coli are commonly found and LP macrophages express characteristic cytokine mRNA profiles according to E. coli carriage. Persistence of E. coli within LP macrophages may provide a stimulus for chronic inflammation.
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Beneficial Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Psychobiotics in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:1674-82. [PMID: 25822014 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of diseases characterized by inflammation of the small and large intestine and primarily includes ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the etiology of IBD is not fully understood, it is believed to result from the interaction of genetic, immunological, and environmental factors, including gut microbiota. Recent studies have shown a correlation between changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota and IBD. Moreover, it has been suggested that probiotics and prebiotics influence the balance of beneficial and detrimental bacterial species, and thereby determine homeostasis versus inflammatory conditions. In this review, we focus on recent advances in the understanding of the role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in functions of the gastrointestinal tract and the induction and maintenance of IBD remission. We also discuss the role of psychobiotics, which constitute a novel class of psychotropic agents that affect the central nervous system by influencing gut microbiota.
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Vazeille E, Buisson A, Bringer MA, Goutte M, Ouchchane L, Hugot JP, de Vallée A, Barnich N, Bommelaer G, Darfeuille-Michaud A. Monocyte-derived macrophages from Crohn's disease patients are impaired in the ability to control intracellular adherent-invasive Escherichia coli and exhibit disordered cytokine secretion profile. J Crohns Colitis 2015; 9:410-20. [PMID: 25805890 DOI: 10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjv053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal lesions of Crohn's disease [CD] patients are colonised by adherent-invasive Escherichia coli [AIEC] able to survive in macrophage cell lines. We analysed the ability of monocyte-derived macrophages [MDM] from CD patients to control AIEC intracellular replication and the pro-inflammatory cytokine response of the infected-MDM. METHODS Peripheral blood MDM were obtained from 24 CD genotyped for NOD2 and ATG16L1 mutations, 5 ulcerative colitis [UC] patients and 12 healthy controls [HC]. The numbers of intracellular bacteria were determined using gentamicin assay. Cytokine secretion was quantified by ELISA assay. RESULTS We observed that higher levels of bacteria were internalised within MDM from CD patients than MDM from HC or UC patients. MDM from CD patients were unable to restrict AIEC intracellular replication. Infection of MDM from CD patients with AIEC resulted in significantly increased secretion of IL-6 and tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF α] than did infection with non-pathogenic E. coli. AIEC-infected MDM from CD patients exhibited a disordered cytokines secretion compared with MDM from UC patients and HC. AIEC-infected MDM from patients with quiescent CD released significantly higher amounts of IL-6 and TNF-alpha than those with active disease or those from HC. The level of secreted TNF-alpha was correlated to the number of intracellular AIEC in MDM from CD patients. Treatment of MDM with infliximab did not change the MDM behaviour. CONCLUSIONS MDM from CD patients are unable to restrict intracellular AIEC replication, leading to disordered inflammatory response influenced by disease activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Vazeille
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital Estaing of Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anthony Buisson
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital Estaing of Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marie-Agnès Bringer
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Marion Goutte
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital Estaing of Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lemlih Ouchchane
- Université Clermont 1, CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pôle Santé PubliqueCentre Nationale de la Recherche en Santé, Institut de l'image pour les Sciences Interventionnelles Techniques, UMR6284 Clermont-Ferrand France
| | - Jean-Pierre Hugot
- UMR843, INSERM, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris et Université, Paris Diderot, France
| | - Amélie de Vallée
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Nicolas Barnich
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Gilles Bommelaer
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital Estaing of Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Arlette Darfeuille-Michaud
- Clermont Université, UMR 1071 Inserm/Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France Department of Hepato-Gastroenterology, University Hospital Estaing of Clermont-Ferrand, Université d'Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Pseudomonas fluorescens alters the intestinal barrier function by modulating IL-1β expression through hematopoietic NOD2 signaling. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2015; 21:543-55. [PMID: 25659087 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000000291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ileal Crohn's disease is related to NOD2 mutations and to a gut barrier dysfunction. Pseudomonas fluorescens has also been associated with ileal Crohn's disease. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of P. fluorescens on the paracellular permeability in ileum and Peyer's patches. METHODS To explore this question, in vivo and ex vivo experiments were performed in wild-type, Nod2, Nod2, and IL-1R mice together with in vitro analyses using the Caco-2 (epithelial) and the THP-1 (monocyte) human cell lines. RESULTS Pseudomonas fluorescens increased the paracellular permeability of the intestinal mucosa through the secretion of IL-1β by the immune cell populations and the activation of myosin light chain kinase in the epithelial cells. Induction of the IL-1β pathway required the expression of Nod2 in the hematopoietic compartment, and muramyl dipeptide (a Nod2 ligand) had an inhibitory effect. CONCLUSIONS Pseudomonas fluorescens thus alters the homeostasis of the epithelial barrier function by a mechanism similar to that previously observed for Yersinia pseudotuberculosis. This work further documents a putative role of psychrotrophic bacteria in Crohn's disease.
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Jain U, Cao Q, Thomas NA, Woodruff TM, Schwaeble WJ, Stover CM, Stadnyk AW. Properdin provides protection from Citrobacter rodentium-induced intestinal inflammation in a C5a/IL-6-dependent manner. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:3414-21. [PMID: 25725105 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Citrobacter rodentium is an attaching and effacing mouse pathogen that models enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli in humans. The complement system is an important innate defense mechanism; however, only scant information is available about the role of complement proteins during enteric infections. In this study, we examined the impact of the lack of properdin, a positive regulator of complement, in C. rodentium-induced colitis. Following infection, properdin knockout (P(KO)) mice had increased diarrhea and exacerbated inflammation combined with defective epithelial cell-derived IL-6 and greater numbers of colonizing bacteria. The defect in the mucosal response was reversed by administering exogenous properdin to P(KO) mice. Then, using in vitro and in vivo approaches, we show that the mechanism behind the exacerbated inflammation of P(KO) mice is due to a failure to increase local C5a levels. We show that C5a directly stimulates IL-6 production from colonic epithelial cells and that inhibiting C5a in infected wild-type mice resulted in defective epithelial IL-6 production and exacerbated inflammation. These outcomes position properdin early in the response to an infectious challenge in the colon, leading to complement activation and C5a, which in turn provides protection through IL-6 expression by the epithelium. Our results unveil a previously unappreciated mechanism of intestinal homeostasis involving complement, C5a, and IL-6 during bacteria-triggered epithelial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umang Jain
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Qi Cao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Nikhil A Thomas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada; Department of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Wilhelm J Schwaeble
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew W Stadnyk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada; Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia B3H 4H7, Canada
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Su JW, Ma JJ, Zhang HJ. Use of antibiotics in patients with Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Dig Dis 2015; 16:58-66. [PMID: 25421072 DOI: 10.1111/1751-2980.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Some studies have suggested that antibiotic treatment might be efficient for patients with active Crohn's disease (CD). However, the results are conflicting. The aim of this study was to summarize the available evidence on the efficacy of antibiotics, especially ciprofloxacin, in treating patients with CD. METHODS A literature search was conducted on the PubMed, Medline, Web of Science and Excerpta Medica Database (EMBASE) for manuscripts published until March 2014. Randomized controlled trials that mainly evaluated the efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with CD using clinical remission or response as the key outcome of interest were included. Intention-to-treat analyses were used to evaluate the relative risk (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). RESULTS In all, 15 randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials involving 1407 participants were included in the meta-analysis. A pooled analysis revealed that compared with placebo, antibiotics benefited CD patients to a certain extent (RR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17-1.51, P < 0.00001). The random-effects model showed that there was no significant difference between patients treated with ciprofloxacin and placebo (combined RR 1.35, 95% CI 0.92-1.97, P = 0.12). However, ciprofloxacin exhibited significant clinical benefits in patients with perianal fistulas (RR 1.64, 95% CI 1.16-2.32, P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS The utility of antibiotics was beneficial for patients with CD. Nevertheless, subgroup analyses indicated that treatment with ciprofloxacin alone was significantly efficient for CD patients with perianal fistulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen Su
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
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