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Safwat SM, Aboonq MS, El Tohamy M, Mojaddidi M, Al-Qahtani SAM, Zakari MO, ElGendy AA, Hussein AM. New Insight into the Possible Roles of L-Carnitine in a Rat Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Brain Sci 2023; 14:23. [PMID: 38248238 PMCID: PMC10813446 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We investigated the effect of L-carnitine (LC) on cuprizone (Cup) demyelinating rat model and its possible underlying mechanisms. METHODS Thirty male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly allocated to three groups: the normal control group; the Cup group, in which Cup was administrated at a dose of 450 mg/kg per day orally via gastric gavage for 5 weeks; and the Cup + LC group, which received the same dose of Cup as the Cup group, except that the rats were treated additionally with LC 100 mg/kg/day orally for 5 weeks. The nerve conduction (NCV) in isolated sciatic nerves was measured; then, the sciatic nerves were isolated for H&E staining and electron microscope examination. The expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), IL-1β, p53, iNOS, and NF-KB by immunohistochemistry was detected in the isolated nerves. A PCR assay was also performed to detect the expression of antioxidant genes Nrf2 and HO-1. In addition, the level of IL-17 was measured by ELISA. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in NCV in the Cup group compared to normal rats (p < 0.001), which was significantly improved in the LC group (p < 0.001). EM and histopathological examination revealed significant demyelination and deterioration of the sciatic nerve fibers, with significant improvement in the LC group. The level of IL-17 as well as the expression of IL-1β, p53, iNOS, and NF-KB were significantly increased, with significant reduction expression of MBP in the sciatic nerves (p < 0.01), and LC treatment significantly improved the studied parameters (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The current study demonstrates a neuroprotective effect of LC in a Cup-induced demyelinating rat model. This effect might be due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Safwat
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Moutasem Salih Aboonq
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Mahmoud El Tohamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Moaz Mojaddidi
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Saeed Awad M. Al-Qahtani
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Madaniah Omar Zakari
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Ahmed A. ElGendy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Medina 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (M.M.); (S.A.M.A.-Q.); (M.O.Z.)
| | - Abdelaziz M. Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
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Safwat SM, El Tohamy M, Aboonq MS, Alrehaili A, Assinnari AA, Bahashwan AS, ElGendy AA, Hussein AM. Vanillic Acid Ameliorates Demyelination in a Cuprizone-Induced Multiple Sclerosis Rat Model: Possible Underlying Mechanisms. Brain Sci 2023; 14:12. [PMID: 38248227 PMCID: PMC10813517 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of vanillic acid (VA) on a Cuprizone (Cup) demyelinating rat model and the mechanisms behind such effect. METHODS Thirty adult male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into three groups: control, Cuprizone, and VA groups. Cuprizone was administrated at a dose of 450 mg/kg per day orally via gastric gavage for 5 weeks. The nerve conduction velocity (NCV) was studied in an isolated sciatic nerve, and then the sciatic nerve was isolated for histopathological examination, electron microscope examination, immunohistochemical staining, and biochemical and PCR assay. The level of IL17 was detected using ELISA, while the antioxidant genes Nrf2, HO-1 expression at the level of mRNA, expression of the myelin basic protein (MBP), interferon-gamma factor (INF)-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and apoptotic marker (caspase-3) were measured using immunohistochemistry in the sciatic nerve. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in NCV in Cup compared to normal rats (p < 0.001), which was markedly improved in the VA group (p < 0.001). EM and histopathological examination revealed significant demyelination and deterioration of the sciatic nerve fibers with significant improvement in the VA group. The level of IL17 as well as the expression of INF-γ and caspase-3 were significantly increased with a significant reduction in the expression of MBP, Nrf2, and HO-1 in the sciatic nerve (p < 0.01), and VA treatment significantly improved the studied parameters (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION The current study demonstrated a neuroprotective effect for VA against the Cup-induced demyelinating rat model. This effect might be precipitated by the inhibition of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally M. Safwat
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Mahmoud El Tohamy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
| | - Moutasem Salih Aboonq
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Amaal Alrehaili
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Ahmad A. Assinnari
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Abdulrahman S. Bahashwan
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Ahmed A. ElGendy
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
- Department of Medical Physiology, College of Medicine, Taibah University, KSA, Madinah 42353, Saudi Arabia; (M.S.A.); (A.A.); (A.A.A.); (A.S.B.)
| | - Abdelaziz M. Hussein
- Department of Medical Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; (S.M.S.); (M.E.T.); (A.A.E.)
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Clawson ED, Radecki DZ, Samanta J. Immunofluorescence assay for demyelination, remyelination, and proliferation in an acute cuprizone mouse model. STAR Protoc 2023; 4:102072. [PMID: 36853716 PMCID: PMC9918794 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2023.102072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we present a protocol to assess demyelination in the corpus callosum of an acute cuprizone mouse model, which is routinely used to induce demyelination for studying myelin regeneration in the rodent brain. We describe the tracing of neural stem cells via intraperitoneal injection of tamoxifen into adult Gli1CreERT2;Ai9 mice and the induction of demyelination with cuprizone diet. We also detail EdU administration, cryosectioning of the mouse brain, EdU labeling, and immunofluorescence staining to examine proliferation and myelination. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Radecki et al. (2020).1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth D Clawson
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
| | - Daniel Z Radecki
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jayshree Samanta
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
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Kostadinova I, Landzhov B, Marinov L, Vezenkov L, Danchev N. Neuroprotective effect of newly synthesized 4-aminopyridine derivatives on cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice-a behavioral and immunohistochemical study. Amino Acids 2021; 53:1279-1286. [PMID: 34240251 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-021-03035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of newly synthesized derivatives of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) on cuprizone-induced model of brain demyelination in mice. 4-AP is already approved for the treatment of walking difficulties in patients with multiple sclerosis. The model of demyelination was carried out by the administration of cuprizone to the drinking water of the experimental mice. Besides cuprizone, 4-AP derivatives and 4-AP were administered to the groups in order to assess their protective effect on the demyelination. We used immunohistochemistry for visualization of changes in corpus callosum. Memory storage processes were also assessed with the passive avoidance test on the last two days of the experiment. The experimental mice treated with compounds 4b and 4c increased significantly their latency time on the second day in comparison to the control group which indicated an improved memory process. The number of mature oligodendrocytes in the groups treated with compounds 4b, 4c and 4-AP is closer to those in the control group. The results of our studies showed that the newly synthesized compounds 4b and 4c reverse the effect of cuprizone. These groups also showed increased latency time in the passive avoidance test in comparison to the control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanka Kostadinova
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria.
| | - Boycho Landzhov
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Zdrave Str., 1431, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Marinov
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Lyubomir Vezenkov
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Chemical Technology and Metallurgy, 8 St. Kliment Ohridski Blvd., 1756, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolai Danchev
- Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacotherapy and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Mirzaie J, Raoofi A, Jamalpoor Z, Nezhadi A, Golmohammadi R. Protective impacts of erythropoietin on myelinization of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells in CNS and PNS following cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis- histology, molecular, and functional studies. J Chem Neuroanat 2020; 104:101750. [PMID: 31954768 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2020.101750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple sclerosis (MS) is known as one of the chronic inflammatory diseases characterized by lesions in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system(PNS) resulting in serious cognitive or physical disabilities as well as neurological disorders. Thus, protective effects of erythropoietin(EPO) on myelinization of oligodendrocytes and schwann cells respectively in CNS and PNS following MS induced by cuprizone (CPZ) administration in young female mice. METHODOLOGY To meet the objectives of this study; a chow with 0.2 % CPZ was used to feed young female C57BL/6 J mice for six weeks. After three weeks, EPO (5000 IU/kg body weight) was administered via daily intra-peritoneal injection for simultaneous treatment of the mice. Measurement of latency and amplitude of the compound muscle action potential (CMAP) of gastrocnemius muscle was also performed every week during a six-week demyelination interval, and then examinations were fulfilled on the histological sections of the brain and sciatic nerve. Therefore, we focused on the removal of the sciatic and sciatic nerve specimens and analysis of the use of the stereological procedures, western blot, immuno-histochemistry, and gene expression. RESULTS According to the results of this study, MBP levels increased in oligodendrocytes (OLs) in the treated mice. Moreover, EPO could concurrently enhance motor coordination and muscle activity. Analysis showed the significant enhancement of the gene expression of MBP, MAG, and S100, as well as stereological variables in the treatment group in comparison with the cuprizone (CPZ) group. CONCLUSION Findings could help further understand the alleviation of the detrimental impacts of CPZ using the OLs that would be capable of increasing the level of S100, MAG, and MBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jafar Mirzaie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Raoofi
- Leishmaniasis Research Center, Department of Anatomy, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Zahra Jamalpoor
- Trauma Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Nezhadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Rahim Golmohammadi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Department of Anatomical Sciences, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
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Martinez B, Peplow PV. Protective effects of pharmacological therapies in animal models of multiple sclerosis: a review of studies 2014-2019. Neural Regen Res 2020; 15:1220-1234. [PMID: 31960801 PMCID: PMC7047782 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.272572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The disability caused by inflammatory demyelination clinically dominates the early stages of relapsing-remitting MS and is reversible. Once there is considerable loss of axons, MS patients enter a secondary progressive stage. Disease-modifying drugs currently in use for MS suppress the immune system and reduce relapse rates but are not effective in the progressive stage. Various animal models of MS (mostly mouse and rat) have been established and proved useful in studying the disease process and response to therapy. The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal studies reviewed here showed that a chronic progressive disease can be induced by immunization with appropriate amounts of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein together with mycobacterium tuberculosis and pertussis toxin in Freund's adjuvant. The clinical manifestations of autoimmune encephalomyelitis disease were prevented or reduced by treatment with certain pharmacological agents given prior to, at, or after peak disease, and the agents had protective effects as shown by inhibiting demyelination and damage to neurons, axons and oligodendrocytes. In the cuprizone-induced toxicity animal studies, the pharmacological agents tested were able to promote remyelination and increase the number of oligodendrocytes when administered therapeutically or prophylactically. A monoclonal IgM antibody protected axons in the spinal cord and preserved motor function in animals inoculated with Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus. In all these studies the pharmacological agents were administered singly. A combination therapy may be more effective, especially using agents that target neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration, as they may exert synergistic actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bridget Martinez
- Physical Chemistry and Applied Spectroscopy, Chemistry Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA; Department of Medicine, St. Georges University School of Medicine, True Blue, Grenada
| | - Philip V Peplow
- Department of Anatomy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Sen MK, Mahns DA, Coorssen JR, Shortland PJ. Behavioural phenotypes in the cuprizone model of central nervous system demyelination. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:23-46. [PMID: 31442519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The feeding of cuprizone (CPZ) to animals has been extensively used to model the processes of demyelination and remyelination, with many papers adopting a narrative linked to demyelinating conditions like multiple sclerosis (MS), the aetiology of which is unknown. However, no current animal model faithfully replicates the myriad of symptoms seen in the clinical condition of MS. CPZ ingestion causes mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent apoptosis of oligodendrocytes leads to central nervous system demyelination and glial cell activation. Although there are a wide variety of behavioural tests available for characterizing the functional deficits in animal models of disease, including that of CPZ-induced deficits, they have focused on a narrow subset of outcomes such as motor performance, cognition, and anxiety. The literature has not been systematically reviewed in relation to these or other symptoms associated with clinical MS. This paper reviews these tests and makes recommendations as to which are the most important in order to better understand the role of this model in examining aspects of demyelinating diseases like MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monokesh K Sen
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David A Mahns
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jens R Coorssen
- Departments of Health Sciences and Biological Sciences, Faculties of Applied Health Sciences and Mathematics & Science, Brock University, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Peter J Shortland
- Science and Health, Western Sydney University, New South Wales, Australia.
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Mathieu PA, Almeira Gubiani MF, Rodríguez D, Gómez Pinto LI, Calcagno MDL, Adamo AM. Demyelination-Remyelination in the Central Nervous System: Ligand-Dependent Participation of the Notch Signaling Pathway. Toxicol Sci 2019; 171:172-192. [PMID: 31168611 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated CNS disease mostly affecting young people. MS and other neurodegenerative and white matter disorders involve oligodendrocyte (OL) damage and demyelination. Therefore, elucidating the signaling pathways involved in the remyelination process through the maturation of OL progenitor cells (OPCs) may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches. In this context, this paper further characterizes toxic cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination and spontaneous remyelination in rats and investigates the role of ligand-dependent Notch signaling activation along demyelination/remyelination both in vivo and in vitro. Toxic treatment generated an inflammatory response characterized by both microgliosis and astrogliosis. Interestingly, early demyelination revealed an increase in the proportion of Jagged1+/GFAP+ cells, which correlated with an increase in Jagged1 transcript and concomitant Jagged1-driven Notch signaling activation, particularly in NG2+ OPCs, in both the corpus callosum (CC) and subventricular zone (SVZ). The onset of remyelination then exhibited an increase in the proportion of F3/contactin+/NG2+ cells, which correlated with an increase in F3/contactin transcript during ongoing remyelination in the CC. Moreover, neurosphere cultures revealed that neural progenitor cells (NPCs) present in the brain SVZ of CPZ-treated rats recapitulate in vitro the mechanisms underlying the response to toxic injury observed in vivo, compensating for mature OL loss. Altogether, the present results offer strong evidence of cell-type and ligand-specific Notch signaling activation and its time- and area-dependent participation in toxic demyelination and spontaneous remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Mathieu
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F Almeira Gubiani
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Débora Rodríguez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura I Gómez Pinto
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María de Luján Calcagno
- Departamento de Fisicomatemática, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ana M Adamo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB, UBA-CONICET), Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín 956, C1113AAD, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Animal Weight Is an Important Variable for Reliable Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:522-528. [PMID: 30937629 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01312-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An elegant model to study mechanisms operant during oligodendrocyte degeneration and subsequent demyelination is the cuprizone model. In that model, mice are intoxicated with the copper chelation agent cuprizone which results in early oligodendrocyte stress, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, and, finally, demyelination. Here, we systematically investigated to what extent the animals' weight at the beginning of the cuprizone intoxication period is critical for the reproducibility of the cuprizone-induced pathology. We can demonstrate that a negative correlation exists between the two variables "extent of cuprizone-induced demyelination" and "starting weight." Demyelination and microglia activation were more severe in low weight compared to heavy weight mice. These findings are highly relevant for the experimental design using the cuprizone model.
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Zahednasab H, Firouzi M, Kaboudanian-Ardestani S, Mojallal-Tabatabaei Z, Karampour S, Keyvani H. The protective effect of rifampicin on behavioral deficits, biochemical, and neuropathological changes in a cuprizone model of demyelination. Cytokine 2019; 113:417-426. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Vega-Riquer JM, Mendez-Victoriano G, Morales-Luckie RA, Gonzalez-Perez O. Five Decades of Cuprizone, an Updated Model to Replicate Demyelinating Diseases. Curr Neuropharmacol 2019; 17:129-141. [PMID: 28714395 PMCID: PMC6343207 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666170717120343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS) comprise a group of neurological disorders characterized by progressive (and eventually irreversible) loss of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths in the white matter tracts. Some of myelin disorders include: Multiple sclerosis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, peripheral nerve polyneuropathy and others. To date, the etiology of these disorders is not well known and no effective treatments are currently available against them. Therefore, further research is needed to gain a better understand and treat these patients. To accomplish this goal, it is necessary to have appropriate animal models that closely resemble the pathophysiology and clinical signs of these diseases. Herein, we describe the model of toxic demyelination induced by cuprizone (CPZ), a copper chelator that reduces the cytochrome and monoamine oxidase activity into the brain, produces mitochondrial stress and triggers the local immune response. These biochemical and cellular responses ultimately result in selective loss of oligodendrocytes and microglia accumulation, which conveys to extensive areas of demyelination and gliosis in corpus callosum, superior cerebellar peduncles and cerebral cortex. Remarkably, some aspects of the histological pattern induced by CPZ are similar to those found in multiple sclerosis. CPZ exposure provokes behavioral changes, impairs motor skills and affects mood as that observed in several demyelinating diseases. Upon CPZ removal, the pathological and histological changes gradually revert. Therefore, some authors have postulated that the CPZ model allows to partially mimic the disease relapses observed in some demyelinating diseases. CONCLUSION for five decades, the model of CPZ-induced demyelination is a good experimental approach to study demyelinating diseases that has maintained its validity, and is a suitable pharmacological model for reproducing some key features of demyelinating diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Oscar Gonzalez-Perez
- Address correspondence to this author at the Facultad de Psicologia, Universidad de Colima, Colima, COL 28040, Mexico; Tel: +52 (312) 3161091; E-mail: :
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12
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Attia H, Taha M, Abdellatif A. Effects of aging on the myelination of the optic nerve in rats. Int J Neurosci 2018; 129:320-324. [PMID: 30260726 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2018.1529670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Cognitive decline due to aging is most probably the result of changes in the white matter in the central nervous system (CNS) and/or demyelination. MATERIAL AND METHODS We used electron microscopic analysis of the morphological changes in aging rats' optic nerves as an easily accessible part of the CNS. RESULTS Several age changes were observed in aging rats (36 months) vs. young adult rats (6 months), namely degeneration of axons, decreased packing density and morphological alterations of myelination, including the ballooning of some myelin sheaths, separation of myelin lamellae and degenerative changes in the oligodendrocytes population. CONCLUSION Cognitive decline related to aging may occur in part due to the disturbed myelination of axons in CNS white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamdino Attia
- a Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine , Al-Azhar University , Damietta , Egypt and Faculty of Physical Therapy, Horus University, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Medhat Taha
- b Department of Anatomy , College of Medicine , Mansoura , Egypt
| | - Ahmed Abdellatif
- c Department of Biology, School of Sciences & Engineering , American University in Cairo , New Cairo , Egypt
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13
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Ünsal C, Özcan M. Neurotoxicity of Cuprizone in Female and Male Rats: Electrophysiological Observations. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-018-9724-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Bjelobaba I, Begovic-Kupresanin V, Pekovic S, Lavrnja I. Animal models of multiple sclerosis: Focus on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neurosci Res 2018; 96:1021-1042. [PMID: 29446144 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic, progressive disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects more than two million people worldwide. Several animal models resemble MS pathology; the most employed are experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and toxin- and/or virus-induced demyelination. In this review we will summarize our knowledge on the utility of different animal models in MS research. Although animal models cannot replicate the complexity and heterogeneity of the MS pathology, they have proved to be useful for the development of several drugs approved for treatment of MS patients. This review focuses on EAE because it represents both clinical and pathological features of MS. During the past decades, EAE has been effective in illuminating various pathological processes that occur during MS, including inflammation, CNS penetration, demyelination, axonopathy, and neuron loss mediated by immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Bjelobaba
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Sanja Pekovic
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Irena Lavrnja
- Institute for Biological Research "Sinisa Stankovic," Department of Neurobiology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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15
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Yu Q, Hui R, Park J, Huang Y, Kusnecov AW, Dreyfus CF, Zhou R. Strain differences in cuprizone induced demyelination. Cell Biosci 2017; 7:59. [PMID: 29142736 PMCID: PMC5670722 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-017-0181-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a severe neurological disorder, characterized by demyelination of the central nervous system (CNS), and with a prevalence of greater than 2 million people worldwide. In terms of research in MS pathology, the cuprizone toxicity model is widely used. Here we investigated the contribution of genetic differences in response to cuprizone-induced demyelination in two genetically different mouse strains: CD1 and C57BL/6. Results We demonstrate that exposure to a diet containing 0.2% cuprizone resulted in less severe demyelination in the midline of the corpus callosum over the fornix in CD1 mice than C57BL/6 mice. With continuous cuprizone feeding, demyelination in CD1 mice was not prominent until after 7 weeks, in contrast to C57BL/6 mice, which showed prominent demyelination after 4 weeks of exposure. Concomitantly, immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated more oligodendrocytes, as well as fewer oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, microglia and astrocytes in cuprizone treated CD1 mice. We also analyzed 4-weeks-cuprizone treated corpus callosum tissue samples and found that cuprizone treated CD1 mice showed a smaller reduction of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) and a smaller increase of Iba1 and NG2. Conclusions These observations suggest that CD1 mice are less vulnerable to cuprizone-induced demyelination than C57BL/6 mice and thus genetic background factors appear to influence the susceptibility to cuprizone-induced demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qili Yu
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Ryan Hui
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Jiyoung Park
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Yangyang Huang
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Alexander W Kusnecov
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Renping Zhou
- Department of Chemical Biology, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA.,School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, 529020 China.,International Healthcare Innovation Institute (Jiangmen), Jiangmen, 529000 China
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16
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Taraboletti A, Walker T, Avila R, Huang H, Caporoso J, Manandhar E, Leeper TC, Modarelli DA, Medicetty S, Shriver LP. Cuprizone Intoxication Induces Cell Intrinsic Alterations in Oligodendrocyte Metabolism Independent of Copper Chelation. Biochemistry 2017; 56:1518-1528. [PMID: 28186720 PMCID: PMC6145805 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cuprizone intoxication is a common animal model used to test myelin regenerative therapies for the treatment of diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Mice fed this copper chelator develop reversible, region-specific oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination. While the cellular changes influencing the demyelinating process have been explored in this model, there is no consensus about the biochemical mechanisms of toxicity in oligodendrocytes and about whether this damage arises from the chelation of copper in vivo. Here we have identified an oligodendroglial cell line that displays sensitivity to cuprizone toxicity and performed global metabolomic profiling to determine biochemical pathways altered by this treatment. We link these changes with alterations in brain metabolism in mice fed cuprizone for 2 and 6 weeks. We find that cuprizone induces widespread changes in one-carbon and amino acid metabolism as well as alterations in small molecules that are important for energy generation. We used mass spectrometry to examine chemical interactions that are important for copper chelation and toxicity. Our results indicate that cuprizone induces global perturbations in cellular metabolism that may be independent of its copper chelating ability and potentially related to its interactions with pyridoxal 5'-phosphate, a coenzyme essential for amino acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tia Walker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University Northwest, Gary, Indiana 46408, United States
| | - Robin Avila
- Renovo Neural, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - He Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Joel Caporoso
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Erendra Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | - Thomas C. Leeper
- Department of Chemistry, College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691, United States
| | - David A. Modarelli
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
| | | | - Leah P. Shriver
- Department of Chemistry, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
- Department of Biology, University of Akron, Akron, Ohio 44325, United States
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17
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Granados-Durán P, López-Ávalos MD, Cifuentes M, Pérez-Martín M, Fernández-Arjona MDM, Hughes TR, Johnson K, Morgan BP, Fernández-Llebrez P, Grondona JM. Microbial Neuraminidase Induces a Moderate and Transient Myelin Vacuolation Independent of Complement System Activation. Front Neurol 2017; 8:78. [PMID: 28326060 PMCID: PMC5339270 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Some central nervous system pathogens express neuraminidase (NA) on their surfaces. In the rat brain, a single intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of NA induces myelin vacuolation in axonal tracts. Here, we explore the nature, the time course, and the role of the complement system in this damage. METHODS The spatiotemporal analysis of myelin vacuolation was performed by optical and electron microscopy. Myelin basic protein-positive area and oligodendrocyte transcription factor (Olig2)-positive cells were quantified in the damaged bundles. Neuronal death in the affected axonal tracts was assessed by Fluoro-Jade B and anti-caspase-3 staining. To evaluate the role of the complement, membrane attack complex (MAC) deposition on damaged bundles was analyzed using anti-C5b9. Rats ICV injected with the anaphylatoxin C5a were studied for myelin damage. In addition, NA-induced vacuolation was studied in rats with different degrees of complement inhibition: normal rats treated with anti-C5-blocking antibody and C6-deficient rats. RESULTS The stria medullaris, the optic chiasm, and the fimbria were the most consistently damaged axonal tracts. Vacuolation peaked 7 days after NA injection and reverted by day 15. Olig2+ cell number in the damaged tracts was unaltered, and neurodegeneration associated with myelin alterations was not detected. MAC was absent on damaged axonal tracts, as revealed by C5b9 immunostaining. Rats ICV injected with the anaphylatoxin C5a displayed no myelin injury. When the complement system was experimentally or constitutively inhibited, NA-induced myelin vacuolation was similar to that observed in normal rats. CONCLUSION Microbial NA induces a moderate and transient myelin vacuolation that is not caused either by neuroinflammation or complement system activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Granados-Durán
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Ávalos
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Manuel Cifuentes
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain; Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, CIBER BBN, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - María Del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Timothy R Hughes
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | | | - B Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llebrez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
| | - Jesús M Grondona
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga (IBIMA), Universidad de Málaga , Málaga , Spain
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18
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Ornelas IM, McLane LE, Saliu A, Evangelou AV, Khandker L, Wood TL. Heterogeneity in oligodendroglia: Is it relevant to mouse models and human disease? J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:1421-1433. [PMID: 27557736 PMCID: PMC5513674 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
There are many lines of evidence indicating that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and oligodendrocyte populations in the central nervous system (CNS) are heterogeneous based on their developmental origins as well as from morphological and molecular criteria. Whether these distinctions reflect functional heterogeneity is less clear and has been the subject of considerable debate. Recent findings, particularly from knockout mouse models, have provided new evidence for regional variations in myelination phenotypes, particularly between brain and spinal cord. These data raise the possibility that oligodendrocytes in these regions have different functional capacities and/or ability to compensate for loss of a specific gene. The goal of this review is to briefly revisit the evidence for oligodendrocyte heterogeneity and then to present data from transgenic and demyelinating mouse models suggesting functional heterogeneity in myelination, demyelination, and remyelination in the CNS and, finally, to discuss the implications of these findings for human diseases. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis M Ornelas
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Lauren E McLane
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Aminat Saliu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Angelina V Evangelou
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Luipa Khandker
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey
| | - Teresa L Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey.
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19
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Abstract
The diverse, structurally unrelated chemicals that cause toxic myelinopathies have been investigated and can be categorized into two types of primary demyelinators. Some demyelinating chemicals seem to leave intact the myeli-nating cells (oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system and Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system), while others damage the myelinating cells as well as the myelin. The significance between the two is that with the myelinating cells still in tact, repair of the myelin sheath can occur. However, if the myelinating cells are destroyed, repair and reversal of the neuropathy may not occur. Histologically, these chemicals produce an edema of the white matter of the brain, and in some cases the peripheral nervous system, that appears spongy by light microscopy. By electron microscopy, vacuoles can be seen in the myelin surrounding axons. These vacuoles are characterized as fluid-filled separations (splitting) of myelin lamellae at the intraperiod line. In some cases these vacuoles can degenerate further to full demyelination, affecting conduction through those axons. Regeneration of the myelin layers can occur, and in some cases occurs at the same time other axons are undergoing toxic demyelination. Several of these chemicals, however, have been shown to increase cerebrospinal fluid pressure in the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord, and/or intraneuronal pressure in the perineurium surrounding the axons in the peripheral nervous system. This increased pressure has been correlated with decreased conduction capacity through the axon, ischemia to the neuronal tissue from decreased blood flow because of pressure against the blood vessels, and, if unrelieved, permanent axonal damage. Several of these chemicals havebeen shown to inhibit oxidative phosphorylation, while others uncouple oxidative phosphorylation. One chemical appears to inhibit an enzyme critical to cholesterol synthesis, thus destabilizing myelin. Another hypothesis for a mechanism of action may be in the ability of these compounds to alter membrane permeability.
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20
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Franco PG, Pasquini LA, Pérez MJ, Rosato-Siri MV, Silvestroff L, Pasquini JM. Paving the way for adequate myelination: The contribution of galectin-3, transferrin and iron. FEBS Lett 2015; 589:3388-95. [PMID: 26296311 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Considering the worldwide incidence of well characterized demyelinating disorders such as Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and the increasing number of pathologies recently found to involve hypomyelinating factors such as micronutrient deficits, elucidating the molecular basis of central nervous system (CNS) demyelination, remyelination and hypomyelination becomes essential to the development of future neuroregenerative therapies. In this context, this review discusses novel findings on the contribution of galectin-3 (Gal-3), transferrin (Tf) and iron to the processes of myelination and remyelination and their potentially positive regulation of oligodendroglial precursor cell (OPC) differentiation. Studies were conducted in cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination and iron deficiency (ID)-induced hypomyelination, and the participation of glial and neural stem cells (NSC) in the remyelination process was evaluated by means of both in vivo and in vitro assays on primary cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula G Franco
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Laura A Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María J Pérez
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María V Rosato-Siri
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Silvestroff
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juana M Pasquini
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, IQUIFIB-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Praet J, Guglielmetti C, Berneman Z, Van der Linden A, Ponsaerts P. Cellular and molecular neuropathology of the cuprizone mouse model: clinical relevance for multiple sclerosis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 47:485-505. [PMID: 25445182 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 277] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Revised: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The cuprizone mouse model allows the investigation of the complex molecular mechanisms behind nonautoimmune-mediated demyelination and spontaneous remyelination. While it is generally accepted that oligodendrocytes are specifically vulnerable to cuprizone intoxication due to their high metabolic demands, a comprehensive overview of the etiology of cuprizone-induced pathology is still missing to date. In this review we extensively describe the physico-chemical mode of action of cuprizone and discuss the molecular and enzymatic mechanisms by which cuprizone induces metabolic stress, oligodendrocyte apoptosis, myelin degeneration and eventually axonal and neuronal pathology. In addition, we describe the dual effector function of the immune system which tightly controls demyelination by effective induction of oligodendrocyte apoptosis, but in contrast also paves the way for fast and efficient remyelination by the secretion of neurotrophic factors and the clearance of cellular and myelinic debris. Finally, we discuss the many clinical symptoms that can be observed following cuprizone treatment, and how these strengthened the cuprizone model as a useful tool to study human multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia and epilepsy.
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Di Biase A, Salvati S, Di Benedetto R, Attorri L, Martinelli A, Malchiodi F. Eicosapentaenoic acid pre-treatment reduces biochemical changes induced in total brain and myelin of weanling Wistar rats by cuprizone feeding. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2014; 90:99-104. [PMID: 24360206 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we investigated the effects of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), a fatty acid which modulates immune response and stimulates myelin gene expression, in an established model of multiple sclerosis (MS): the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in Dark Agouti rats. As scientific evidences and our previous studies have suggested that EPA could directly affect oligodendrocytes, we have now evaluated the effects of EPA in the non-immune mediate MS model characterized by selective oligodendrocytes damage induced by cuprizone (CPZ). We found that feeding weanling rats diets containing 0.6% CPZ for 2 weeks induced variation of whole brain and myelin biochemical composition representative of a severe myelin damage. We thus administered daily and by gavage EPA or PBS to 2-day old rats up to 21 days. Afterwards, rats were fed CPZ diet for 9 days. The results show that compared to PBS/CPZ fed rats, the whole brain cerebroside content in EPA pre-treated rats was statistically increased as well as there was an overall trend of increase of all other biochemical components.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Di Biase
- Department of Public Veterinary Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
| | - S Salvati
- Department of Public Veterinary Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - R Di Benedetto
- Department of Public Veterinary Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - L Attorri
- Department of Public Veterinary Health & Food Safety, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - A Martinelli
- Experimental Animal Welfare Sector, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - F Malchiodi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Gudi V, Gingele S, Skripuletz T, Stangel M. Glial response during cuprizone-induced de- and remyelination in the CNS: lessons learned. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:73. [PMID: 24659953 PMCID: PMC3952085 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although astrogliosis and microglia activation are characteristic features of multiple sclerosis (MS) and other central nervous system (CNS) lesions the exact functions of these events are not fully understood. Animal models help to understand the complex interplay between the different cell types of the CNS and uncover general mechanisms of damage and repair of myelin sheaths. The so called cuprizone model is a toxic model of demyelination in the CNS white and gray matter, which lacks an autoimmune component. Cuprizone induces apoptosis of mature oligodendrocytes that leads to a robust demyelination and profound activation of both astrocytes and microglia with regional heterogeneity between different white and gray matter regions. Although not suitable to study autoimmune mediated demyelination, this model is extremely helpful to elucidate basic cellular and molecular mechanisms during de- and particularly remyelination independently of interactions with peripheral immune cells. Phagocytosis and removal of damaged myelin seems to be one of the major roles of microglia in this model and it is well known that removal of myelin debris is a prerequisite of successful remyelination. Furthermore, microglia provide several signals that support remyelination. The role of astrocytes during de- and remyelination is not well defined. Both supportive and destructive functions have been suggested. Using the cuprizone model we could demonstrate that there is an important crosstalk between astrocytes and microglia. In this review we focus on the role of glial reactions and interaction in the cuprizone model. Advantages and limitations of as well as its potential therapeutic relevance for the human disease MS are critically discussed in comparison to other animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoria Gudi
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Gingele
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
| | | | - Martin Stangel
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical SchoolHannover, Germany
- Center for Systems NeuroscienceHannover, Germany
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24
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Kanno T, Sasaki S, Yamada N, Kawasako K, Tsuchitani M. Hexachlorophene and cuprizone induce the spongy change of the developing rat brain by different mechanisms: the role of 2', 3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase). J Vet Med Sci 2012; 74:837-43. [PMID: 22313968 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this research was to identify mechanisms responsible for the spongy change induced in rats after repeated hexachlorophene (HCP) or cuprizone (CPZ) dosing. Rats were dosed with 35 mg/kg HCP for 5 days followed by drug withdrawal for 7 days suffered spongy changes to the white matter of the cerebrum, cerebellum, medulla oblongata, and spinal cord that were accompanied by degeneration of oligodendroglia. The severity of both lesions increased prominently on day 5; however, the spongy change decreased and degeneration of oligodendroglia reversed on day 12 (7 days after dosing ceased). On day 12, cerebral cortex oligodendroglia were stained strongly by anti-CNPase. Other rats were fed for 8 days with powdered chow containing 1% (w/w) CPZ, which was then withdrawn for 16 days. The rats exhibited the spongy change in the white matter of the cerebrum and cerebellum as well as oligodendroglial cell death from day 3. The severity of both lesions increased prominently on day 8. Cerebral cortex oligodendroglia were stained strongly by anti-CNPase on days 3 to 8 and decreased to the control levels by day 24 (16 days after dosing ceased). Electron microscopy revealed that oligodendroglia frequently displayed apoptotic morphology. These findings suggest that CNPase expression was induced in the course of restoration following HCP-induced insults to oligodendroglia and the myelin sheath, and in the course of demyelination by CPZ-induced damage to oligodendroglia. However, the role of CNPase on both courses is unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kanno
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp., 14 Sunayama, Kamisu, Ibaraki 314-0255, Japan.
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25
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Silvestroff L, Bartucci S, Pasquini J, Franco P. Cuprizone-induced demyelination in the rat cerebral cortex and thyroid hormone effects on cortical remyelination. Exp Neurol 2012; 235:357-67. [PMID: 22421533 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 01/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the Central Nervous System which is characterized by multifocal demyelinated lesions dispersed throughout the brain. Although white matter lesions have been the most extensively studied, cortical demyelinaton lesions are also detected in MS brains. Cuprizone (CPZ)-induced demyelination in rodents has been widely used as a model for MS. Most of these studies focus on oligodendrocyte-rich structures, such as the corpus callosum (CC) and the cerebellar peduncles. However, it has been recently described that CPZ administration in mice also produces cortical demyelination, resembling some of the lesions found in MS patients. In this work we used CPZ-demyelinating model in Wistar rats to study demyelination in cortical forebrain areas. At the ultrastructural level, demyelination in the cortex was observed before detectable myelin loss in the subcortical white matter. During the course of CPZ intoxication Myelin Basic Protein immunodetection was decreased in cortical layers I-III due to a reduction in the number of cortical oligodendrocytes (OL). Oligodendroglial loss in CPZ-intoxicated rats correlated with an increase in the number of Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein positive astrocytes and a shift in the location of Carbonic Anhydrase II from OL to astrocytes. After removal of CPZ from the diet, we evaluate intranasal Thyroid hormone (TH) effects on the progression of cortical lesions. As previously reported in the CC, TH treatment also accelerates remyelination rate in the cortex compared to rats undergoing spontaneous remyelination. Our results suggest that manipulation of TH levels could be considered as a strategy to promote remyelination process in the cortex and to prevent neuronal irreversible damage in patients suffering from MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Silvestroff
- Departamento de Química Biológica e Instituto de Química y Fisicoquímica Biológicas (IQUIFIB-CONICET) Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA. Junín 956, CABA (C1113AAD), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Denic A, Johnson AJ, Bieber AJ, Warrington AE, Rodriguez M, Pirko I. The relevance of animal models in multiple sclerosis research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 18:21-9. [PMID: 20537877 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2010.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with an unknown etiology and no effective cure, despite decades of extensive research that led to the development of several partially effective treatments. Researchers have only limited access to early and immunologically active MS tissue samples, and the modification of experimental circumstances is much more restricted in human studies compared to studies in animal models. For these reasons, animal models are needed to clarify the underlying immune-pathological mechanisms and test novel therapeutic and reparative approaches. It is not possible for a single mouse model to capture and adequately incorporate all clinical, radiological, pathological and genetic features of MS. The three most commonly studied major categories of animal models of MS include: (1) the purely autoimmune experimental autoimmune/allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE); (2) the virally induced chronic demyelinating disease models, with the main model of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) infection and (3) toxin-induced models of demyelination, including the cuprizone model and focal demyelination induced by lyso-phosphatidyl choline (lyso-lecithine). EAE has been enormously helpful over the past several decades in our overall understanding of CNS inflammation, immune surveillance and immune-mediated tissue injury. Furthermore, EAE has directly led to the development of three approved medications for treatment in multiple sclerosis, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone and natalizumab. On the other hand, numerous therapeutical approaches that showed promising results in EAE turned out to be either ineffective or in some cases harmful in MS. The TMEV model features a chronic-progressive disease course that lasts for the entire lifespan in susceptible mice. Several features of MS, including the role and significance of axonal injury and repair, the partial independence of disability from demyelination, epitope spread from viral to myelin epitopes, the significance of remyelination has all been demonstrated in this model. TMEV based MS models also feature several MRI findings of the human disease. Toxin-induced demyelination models has been mainly used to study focal demyelination and remyelination. None of the three main animal models described in this review can be considered superior; rather, they are best viewed as complementary to one another. Despite their limitations, the rational utilization and application of these models to address specific research questions will remain one of the most useful tools in studies of human demyelinating diseases.
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Werner SR, Saha JK, Broderick CL, Zhen EY, Higgs RE, Duffin KL, Smith RC. Proteomic analysis of demyelinated and remyelinating brain tissue following dietary cuprizone administration. J Mol Neurosci 2010; 42:210-25. [PMID: 20401640 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-010-9354-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cuprizone intoxication is a commonly used model of demyelination that allows the temporal separation of demyelination and remyelination. The underlying biochemical alterations leading to demyelination, using this model, remain unclear and may be multifold. Analysis of proteomic changes within the brains of cuprizone-exposed animals may help elucidate key cellular processes. In the current study, we report the results of the liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry analysis of total protein from the brain hemispheres of control and toxin-exposed mice at 6 weeks of exposure and after 3 and 6 weeks of recovery to identify protein changes during the remyelination phase. We found that at 6 weeks of cuprizone exposure, myelin proteins were reduced compared to controls and increased throughout the course of recovery, as expected. In contrast, other protein groups, such as proteins related to mitochondrial function, were increased at 6 weeks of treatment compared to untreated controls and returned toward control levels following withdrawal of toxin. These results suggest that a global proteomic analysis of the brain tissue of cuprizone-treated mice can identify changes related to the demyelination/remyelination process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean R Werner
- Biotechnology Discovery Research, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Research Laboratories, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Kanno T, Kurotaki T, Yamada N, Yamashita K, Wako Y, Tsuchitani M. Activity of 2′, 3′-Cyclic Nucleotide 3′-Phosphodiesterase (CNPase) in Spinal Cord with Spongy Change Induced by a Single Oral Dose of Aniline in Rats. Toxicol Pathol 2010; 38:359-65. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623310362245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A spongy change in the spinal cord white matter was observed in four-week-old rats treated with aniline. Although this change was found to be a result of the myelin sheath splitting at the ultrastructural level, the mechanism is unknown. This study was conducted to identify the mechanism of the spongy change in aniline-treated rats. The spongy change in the spinal cord white matter was first detected on day 5 in the histopathologic examination. The incidence and severity of the lesions, especially in the lateral and ventral funiculi of the thoracic spinal cord white matter, increased prominently from day 8 to day 10. In all rats, immunohistochemical staining by anti-2′, 3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) occurred along the cytoplasmic boundaries of the normal oligodendroglia. However, mild to moderate anti-CNPase staining extended to the swollen cytoplasm of the oligodendroglia in the aniline-treated rats from day 2 to day 4. In the electron microscopic examination, free ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticula in the cytoplasm of the oligodendroglia increased on days 3 and 4. These changes were considered to be related to CNPase expression. However, CNPase expression decreased, whereas the spongy changes were detected from day 5. The reduction in CNPase expression may contribute to the changes in the myelin morphology observed in aniline intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kanno
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp., Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Kurotaki
- Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA
| | - Naoaki Yamada
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp., Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Kotaro Yamashita
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp., Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Yumi Wako
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp., Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
| | - Minoru Tsuchitani
- Kashima Laboratory, Mitsubishi Chemical Medience Corp., Kamisu-shi, Ibaraki-ken, Japan
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Gregg JR, Herring NR, Naydenov AV, Hanlin RP, Konradi C. Downregulation of oligodendrocyte transcripts is associated with impaired prefrontal cortex function in rats. Schizophr Res 2009; 113:277-87. [PMID: 19570651 PMCID: PMC2768476 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2009.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities of brain white matter and oligodendroglia are among the most consistent findings in schizophrenia (Sz) research. Various gene expression microarray studies of post-mortem Sz brains showed a downregulation of myelin transcripts, while imaging and microscopy studies demonstrated decreases in prefrontal cortical (PFC) white matter volume and oligodendroglia density. Currently, the extent to which reduced oligodendrocyte markers contribute to pathophysiological domains of Sz is unknown. We exposed adolescent rats to cuprizone (CPZ), a copper chelator known to cause demyelination in mice, and examined expression of oligodendrocyte mRNA transcripts and PFC-mediated behavior. Rats on the CPZ diet showed decreased expression of mRNA transcripts encoding oligodendroglial proteins within the medial PFC, but not in the hippocampus or the striatum. These rats also displayed a specific deficit in the ability to shift between perceptual dimensions in the attentional set-shifting task, a PFC-mediated behavioral paradigm modeled after the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). The inability to shift strategies corresponds to the deficits exhibited by Sz patients in the WCST. The results demonstrate that a reduction in oligodendrocyte markers is associated with impaired PFC-mediated behaviors. Thus, CPZ exposure of rats can serve as a model to examine the contribution of oligodendrocyte perturbation to cognitive deficits observed in Sz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. Gregg
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Nicole R. Herring
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Alipi V. Naydenov
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Ryan P. Hanlin
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
| | - Christine Konradi
- Departments of Pharmacology and Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
- Center for Molecular Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37232
- Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, 37203
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Franco PG, Silvestroff L, Soto EF, Pasquini JM. Thyroid hormones promote differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and improve remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination. Exp Neurol 2008; 212:458-67. [PMID: 18572165 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2008.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 04/16/2008] [Accepted: 04/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
In the present work we analyzed the capacity of thyroid hormones (THs) to improve remyelination using a rat model of cuprizone-induced demyelination previously described in our laboratories. Twenty one days old Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 0.6% cuprizone for two weeks to induce demyelination. After cuprizone withdrawal, rats were injected with triiodothyronine (T3). Histological studies carried out in these animals revealed that remyelination in the corpus callosum (CC) of T3-treated rats improved markedly when compared to saline treated animals. The cellular events occurring in the CC and in the subventricular zone (SVZ) during the first week of remyelination were analyzed using specific oligodendroglial cell (OLGc) markers. In the CC of saline treated demyelinated animals, mature OLGcs decreased and oligodendroglial precursor cells (OPCs) increased after one week of spontaneous remyelination. Furthermore, the SVZ of these animals showed an increase in early progenitor cell numbers, dispersion of OPCs and inhibition of Olig and Shh expression compared to non-demyelinated animals. The changes triggered by demyelination were reverted after T3 administration, suggesting that THs could be regulating the emergence of remyelinating oligodendrocytes from the pool of proliferating cells residing in the SVZ. Our results also suggest that THs receptor beta mediates T3 effects on remyelination. These results support a potential role for THs in the remyelination process that could be used to develop new therapeutic approaches for demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Franco
- Departamento de Química Biológica, IQUIFIB and IIMHNO, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, UBA-CONICET, Junín 956, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Matsushima GK, Morell P. The neurotoxicant, cuprizone, as a model to study demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system. Brain Pathol 2006; 11:107-16. [PMID: 11145196 PMCID: PMC8098267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1750-3639.2001.tb00385.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 706] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelin of the adult CNS is vulnerable to a variety of metabolic, toxic, and autoimmune insults. That remyelination can ensue, following demyelinating insult, has been well demonstrated. Details of the process of remyelination are, however difficult to ascertain since in most experimental models of demyelination/remyelination the severity, localization of lesion site, or time course of the pathophysiology is variable from animal to animal. In contrast, an experimental model in which massive demyelination can be reproducibly induced in large areas of mouse brain is exposure to the copper chelator, cuprizone, in the diet. We review work from several laboratories over the past 3 decades, with emphasis on our own recent studies, which suggest an overall picture of cellular events involved in demyelination/remyelination. When 8 week old C57BL/6 mice are fed 0.2% cuprizone in the diet, mature olidgodendroglia are specifically insulted (cannot fulfill the metabolic demand of support of vast amounts of myelin) and go through apoptosis. This is closely followed by recruitment of microglia and phagoctytosis of myelin. Studies of myelin gene expression, coordinated with morphological studies, indicate that even in the face of continued metabolic challenge, oligodendroglial progenitor cells proliferate and invade demyelinated areas. If the cuprizone challenge is terminated, an almost complete remyelination takes place in a matter of weeks. Communication between different cell types by soluble factors may be inferred. This material is presented in the context of a model compatible with present data -- and which can be tested more rigorously with the cuprizone model. The reproducibility of the model indicates that it may allow for testing of manipulations (e.g. available knockouts or transgenics on the common genetic background, or pharmacological treatments) which may accelerate or repress the process of demyelination and or remyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Matsushima
- UNC Neuroscience Center, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 27599, USA.
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Adamo AM, Paez PM, Escobar Cabrera OE, Wolfson M, Franco PG, Pasquini JM, Soto EF. Remyelination after cuprizone-induced demyelination in the rat is stimulated by apotransferrin. Exp Neurol 2006; 198:519-29. [PMID: 16480980 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2005.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 12/23/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Twenty-one-day-old Wistar rats were fed a diet containing 0.6% cuprizone for 2 weeks. Studies carried out after withdrawal of cuprizone showed histological evidences of marked demyelination in the corpus callosum. Biochemical studies of isolated myelin showed a marked decrease in myelin proteins, phospholipids, and galactocerebrosides as well as a marked decrease in myelin yield. Treatment of these animals with a single intracranial injection of 350 ng of apotransferrin at the time of withdrawal of cuprizone induced a marked increase in myelin deposition resulting in a significantly improved remyelination, evaluated by histological, immunocytochemical, and biochemical parameters, in comparison to what was observed in spontaneous recovery. Immunocytochemical studies of cryotome sections to analyze developmental parameters of the oligodendroglial cell population at the time of termination of cuprizone and at different times thereafter showed that in the untreated animals, there was a marked increase in the number of NG2-BrdU-positive precursor cells together with a marked decrease in MBP expression at the peak of cuprizone-induced demyelination. As expected, the amount of precursor cells decreased markedly during spontaneous remyelination and was accompanied by an increase in MBP reactivity. In the apotransferrin-treated animals, these phenomena occurred much faster, and remyelination was much more efficient than in the untreated controls. The results of this study suggest that apotransferrin is a very active promyelinating agent which could be important for the treatment of certain demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Adamo
- Instituto de Química y Físicoquímica Biológica (IQUIFIB), UBA-CONICET and Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Junín 956, Buenos Aires C1113AAD, Argentina
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Environmental Influences in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. EXPERIMENTAL MODELS OF MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS 2005. [PMCID: PMC7122179 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-25518-4_25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors, in particular infectious agents, are thought to have a major influence on the development and course of MS. Some of these influences are also reflected in the animal model, EAE. In this chapter, the role of infectious agents in the development and course of autoimmunity in EAE is discussed. Other environmental agents including trauma, solar radiation exposure, temperature, stress, toxins, are discussed in terms of their relevance to MS and EAE.
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Okazaki Y, Yamashita K, Sudo M, Tsuchitani M, Narama I, Yamaguchi R, Tateyama S. Neurotoxicity induced by a single oral dose of aniline in rats. J Vet Med Sci 2001; 63:539-46. [PMID: 11411500 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.63.539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotoxicity of aniline and its age-dependent responses were investigated in male rats. Groups of 6 rats, 4-week-old, were treated once with aniline (500, 750 or 1,000 mg/kg) or olive oil by gavage. Additional groups of 6 rats, 7- or 10-week-old, were treated once with 800 mg/kg of aniline or olive oil. Paralytic gait or hindlimb paralysis was observed between post-treatment days 8 and 15 in two out of six rats receiving 1,000 mg/kg of aniline at 4 weeks of age. On post-treatment day 15, spongy change in the white matter of the spinal cord was observed in all rats receiving 750 or 1,000 mg/kg of aniline at 4 weeks of age. The lateral and ventral columns of the thoracic spinal cord were the most severely affected. Spongy change in the facial nerve and spinal trigeminal tracts of pons and medulla oblongata, and mild degeneration of the peripheral nerves was found in 3 out of 6 rats receiving 1,000 mg/kg of aniline. At the ultrastructural level, the spongy change was due to distention of the myelin sheath and splitting of the intraperiod line. Axons were well preserved in the affected nerve fibers. No abnormalities were seen in the neuronal cell bodies. Although transient cyanosis was observed in all rats receiving 800 mg/kg of aniline at 7- or 10-week-old, as well as in rats receiving 750 or 1,000 mg/kg of aniline at 4-week-old, no treatment-related neurobehavioral or morphologic abnormalities were found in the former. These findings demonstrate the neurotoxicity of orally administered aniline for rats, depending upon the age of the animal at the time of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Okazaki
- Mitsubishi Chemical Safety Institute Ltd., Kashima, Ibaraki, Japan
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Abstract
Neurotoxic injury to the nervous system produces neuronal death or distal axonal degeneration. Neurotoxin-induced demyelination is relatively rare in the peripheral and central nervous systems. Major advances have occurred in our understanding of the mechanisms of apoptotic cell death. The pathways leading to apoptosis offer many new approaches to neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S McDonald
- Graduate Student, Molecular Neuroscience Program, Mayo Graduate School, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Purves DC, Garrod IJ, Dayan AD. A comparison of spongiosis induced in the brain by hexachlorophene, cuprizone and triethyl tin in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Hum Exp Toxicol 1991; 10:439-44. [PMID: 1687857 DOI: 10.1177/096032719101000613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of hexachlorophene (HCP; 2,2'-methylenebis(3,4,6-trichlorophenol), cuprizone (CPZ; bicyclohexone oxaldihydrazone) and triethyl tin (TET; triethyl tin sulphate) in producing vacuoles in the brain of the Sprague-Dawley rat has been quantified by image analysis of the extent of the spongy change in the white matter. The state of the astrocytes was assessed by immunocytochemical staining for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). HCP and TET caused a dose-related spongiosis, but cuprizone had no significant effect on the brain. With chronic HCP treatment, the spongiosis was accompanied by astrocyte hypertrophy and proliferation, and the extent of the gliotic reaction was related to the dose of HCP. The results demonstrate that HCP can produce and maintain astrocyte proliferation in the rat brain. Such an agent was required for use in an investigation of a putative tumour promoter in the rat.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Purves
- DH Department of Toxicology, St Bartholomew's Hospital Medical College, London, UK
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