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Fontana R, Mattioli LB, Biotti G, Budriesi R, Gotti R, Micucci M, Corazza I, Marconi P, Frosini M, Manfredini S, Buzzi R, Vertuani S. Magnolia officinalis L. bark extract and respiratory diseases: From traditional Chinese medicine to western medicine via network target. Phytother Res 2023. [PMID: 36879409 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of the use of Magnolia officinalis L. (Magnoliaceae) as a possible dietary supplement for supporting the treatment of airway pathologies might be of clinical interest. Two commercially available bark extracts (M. officinalis extract [MOE]) were characterized by quantitation in honokiol and magnolol content by means of high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection. MOE effects, as well as those of the reference compounds per se, on some targets connected to airway pathologies (antibacterial- and lung and trachea relaxing- activities) were investigated. Results showed that MOE possessed interesting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Streptococcus pneumoniae. This was accompanied by a spasmolytic and antispasmodic activity, possibly owing to its ability to concurrently modulate different targets such as H1 -, β2 - and muscarinic receptors and l-type calcium channels involved in bronchodilation. All these effects were directly related to the MOE content in honokiol and magnolol. In conclusion, the properties of MOE highlighted here strongly encourage its application as dietary supplement in the treatment of airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Fontana
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Beatrice Mattioli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Biotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Food Chemistry and Nutraceutical Lab, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Roberto Gotti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matteo Micucci
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino "Carlo Bo", Urbino, Italy.,UniCamillus - Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Ivan Corazza
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences - DIMEC, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Peggy Marconi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Maria Frosini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Manfredini
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Raissa Buzzi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Silvia Vertuani
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy and Heath Products, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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Grim TW, Morales AJ, Thomas BF, Wiley JL, Endres GW, Negus SS, Lichtman AH. Apparent CB 1 Receptor Rimonabant Affinity Estimates: Combination with THC and Synthetic Cannabinoids in the Mouse In Vivo Triad Model. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:210-218. [PMID: 28442584 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.240192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) represent an emerging class of abused drugs associated with psychiatric complications and other substantial health risks. These ligands are largely sold over the internet for human consumption, presumably because of their high cannabinoid 1 receptor (CB1R) affinity and their potency in eliciting pharmacological effects similar to Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), as well as circumventing laws illegalizing this plant. Factors potentially contributing to the increased prevalence of SC abuse and related hospitalizations, such as increased CB1R efficacy and non-CB1R targets, highlight the need for quantitative pharmacological analyses to determine receptor mediation of the pharmacological effects of cannabinoids. Accordingly, the present study used pA2 and pKB analyses for quantitative determination of CB1R mediation in which we utilized the CB1R-selective inverse agonist/antagonist rimonabant to elicit rightward shifts in the dose-response curves of five SCs (i.e., A-834,735D; WIN55,212-2; CP55,950; JWH-073; and CP47,497) and THC in producing common cannabimimetic effects (i.e., catalepsy, antinociception, and hypothermia). The results revealed overall similarity of pA2 and pKB values for these compounds and suggest that CB1Rs, and not other pharmacological targets, largely mediated the central pharmacological effects of SCs. More generally, affinity estimation offers a powerful pharmacological approach to assess potential receptor heterogeneity subserving in vivo pharmacological effects of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Grim
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
| | - A J Morales
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
| | - B F Thomas
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
| | - J L Wiley
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
| | - G W Endres
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
| | - S S Negus
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
| | - A H Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia (T.W.G., A.J.M., S.S.N., A.H.L.); RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (B.F.T., J.L.W.); and PinPoint Testing, LLC, AR (G.W.E.)
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Ytterberg H, Edvinsson L. Characterisation of angiotensin II receptors in isolated human subcutaneous resistance arteries. J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst 2016; 2:S37-S41. [DOI: 10.1177/14703203010020010601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Subcutaneous arteries have been used as a model for resistance arteries, which are potentially involved in enhanced blood pressure (BP) regulation in man. Angiotensin II (Ang II) is an important regulator of tone, acting via type 1 (AT1-) and type 2 (AT2-) receptor subtypes. The aim of this study was to characterise the Ang II receptors in isolated human subcutaneous arteries, using pharmacological and molecular methods. Subcutaneous arteries were obtained from patients undergoing elective gut surgery and were carefully dissected from the abdominal wall. Cylindrical segments were mounted on two L-shaped metal prongs, one of which was connected to a force-displacement transducer for continuous recording of isometric tension. Concentration-response curves to Ang II were constructed in the presence and absence of various selective AT1-receptor antagonists, candesartan, EXP3174, irbesartan and losartan, and the AT2-receptor antagonist, PD 123319. Responses to Ang II were measured as increases in force (mN) and expressed as a percentage of the response to 60 mM of KCl. Ang II caused a concentration-dependent contraction (pEC50=9.45±0.48, Emax=120±13%). Candesartan and EXP3174 caused concentration-dependent depression of the Emax of Ang II without any major shift of pEC50. Losartan and irbesartan caused a significant, dose-dependent rightward shift of the Ang II contraction-response curve in human subcutaneous arteries. The results show that contractile responses of human subcutaneous arteries are mediated via the AT1-receptor. The AT1-receptor antagonists, candesartan and EXP3174, acted in an insurmountable manner, while losartan and irbesartan were surmountable AT1-receptor antagonists. The AT2-receptor antagonist, PD 123319, (10, 100 nM) had no effect on Ang II-induced contraction. This is supported by the positive identification of mRNA for the human AT 1-receptor by RT-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoa Ytterberg
- Department of Experimental Vascular Research, Department
of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden,
| | - Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Experimental Vascular Research, Department
of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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Huang JJ, Cai Y, Yi YZ, Huang MY, Zhu L, He F, Liu XW, Huang BY, Yuan M. Pharmaceutical evaluation of naftopidil enantiomers: Rat functional assays in vitro and estrogen/androgen induced rat benign prostatic hyperplasia model in vivo. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 791:473-481. [PMID: 27615445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Naftopidil (NAF) is a α1D/1A adrenoceptor selective drug used for the treatment of both benign prostatic hyperplasia and lower urinary tract symptoms (BPH/LUTS). However, NAF is used as a racemate in clinic. To compare the differences and similarities among two enantiomers and racemate, pharmacological activities were evaluated through rat functional assays in vitro and estrogen/androgen (E/T) induced rat BPH model in vivo. NAF and the two enantiomers showed similar blocking activity on α1 receptor. S-NAF exhibited more α1D/1A adrenoceptor subtype selectivity than R-NAF and the racemate. The selectivity ratios pA2 (α1D)/pA2 (α1B) and pA2 (α1A)/pA2 (α1B) were 40.7- and 16.2-fold, respectively. NAF and its enantiomers effectively prevented the development of rat prostatic hyperplasia via suppressing the increase of the prostatic wet weight, visually. The quantitative analysis of the relative acinus volume, relative stroma volume, relative epithelial volume, epithelial height and expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were carried out. S-NAF showed an advantage on the effect of inhibiting prostate wet weight and stroma volume over R-NAF and racemate NAF (P<0.05). Nevertheless, no other significant difference was observed between these two enantiomers. In conclusion, both R-NAF and S-NAF not only relax prostate muscle but also inhibit the prostate growth, thus relieve BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Jun Huang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, PR China.
| | - Yi Cai
- Center of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, PR China
| | - Yan-Zhen Yi
- Guangdong PeiZheng College, Guangzhou 510830, PR China
| | - Min-Yi Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510260, PR China
| | - Liu Zhu
- Center of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, PR China
| | - Fei He
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, Department of Plant Pathology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, PR China
| | - Xia-Wen Liu
- Center of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, PR China
| | - Bi-Yun Huang
- Center of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, PR China
| | - Mu Yuan
- Center of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 511400, PR China.
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Modulation of food consumption and sleep-wake cycle in mice by the neutral CB1 antagonist ABD459. Behav Pharmacol 2015; 26:289-303. [PMID: 25356730 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The brain endocannabinoid system is a potential target for the treatment of psychiatric and metabolic conditions. Here, a novel CB1 receptor antagonist (ABD459) was synthesized and assayed for pharmacological efficacy in vitro and for modulation of food consumption, vigilance staging and cortical electroencephalography in the mouse. ABD459 completely displaced the CB1 agonist CP99540 at a Ki of 8.6 nmol/l, and did not affect basal, but antagonized CP55940-induced GTPγS binding with a KB of 7.7 nmol/l. Acute ABD459 (3-20 mg/kg) reliably inhibited food consumption in nonfasted mice, without affecting motor activity. Active food seeking was reduced for 5-6 h postdrug, with no rebound after washout. Epidural recording of electroencephalogram confirmed that ABD459 (3 mg/kg) robustly reduced rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, with no alterations of wakefulness or non-REM sleep. Effects were strongest during 3 h postdrug, followed by a progressive washout period. The CB1 antagonist AM251 (3 mg/kg) and agonist WIN-55,212-2 (WIN-2: 3 mg/kg) also reduced REM, but variously affected other vigilance stages. WIN-2 caused a global suppression of normalized spectral power. AM251 and ABD459 lowered delta power and increased power in the theta band in the hippocampus, but not the prefrontal cortex. The neutral antagonist ABD459 thus showed a specific role of endocannabinoid release in attention and arousal, possibly through modulation of cholinergic activity.
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Fumagalli L, Pallavicini M, Budriesi R, Bolchi C, Canovi M, Chiarini A, Chiodini G, Gobbi M, Laurino P, Micucci M, Straniero V, Valoti E. 6-methoxy-7-benzofuranoxy and 6-methoxy-7-indolyloxy analogues of 2-[2-(2,6-Dimethoxyphenoxy)ethyl]aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane (WB4101):1 discovery of a potent and selective α1D-adrenoceptor antagonist. J Med Chem 2013; 56:6402-12. [PMID: 23902232 DOI: 10.1021/jm400867d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Previous results have shown that replacement of one of the two o-methoxy groups at the phenoxy residue of the potent, but not subtype-selective, α1-AR antagonist (S)-WB4101 [(S)-1] by phenyl, or by ortho,meta-fused cyclohexane, or especially by ortho,meta-fused benzene preferentially elicits α1D-AR antagonist affinity. Such observations inspired the design of four new analogues of 1 bearing, in lieu of the 2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy residue, a 6-methoxy-substituted 7-benzofuranoxy or 7-indolyloxy group or, alternatively, their corresponding 2,3-dihydro form. Of these new compounds, which maintain, rigidified, the characteristic ortho heterodisubstituted phenoxy substructure of 1, the S enantiomer of the dihydrobenzofuranoxy derivative exhibited the highest α1D-AR antagonist affinity (pA2 9.58) with significant α1D/α1A and α1D/α1B selectivity. In addition, compared both to α1D-AR antagonists structurally related to 1 and to the well-known α1D-AR antagonist BMY7378, this derivative had modest 5-HT1A affinity and neutral α1-AR antagonist behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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Fumagalli L, Pallavicini M, Budriesi R, Gobbi M, Straniero V, Zagami M, Chiodini G, Bolchi C, Chiarini A, Micucci M, Valoti E. Affinity and activity profiling of unichiral 8-substituted 1,4-benzodioxane analogues of WB4101 reveals a potent and selective α1B-adrenoceptor antagonist. Eur J Med Chem 2012; 58:184-91. [PMID: 23124215 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2012.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Revised: 09/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unichiral 8-substituted analogues of 2-[(2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxy)ethyl)aminomethyl]-1,4-benzodioxane (WB4101) were synthesized and tested for binding affinity at cloned human α(1a)-, α(1b)-and α(1d)-adrenoreceptor (α(1a)-, α(1b)-and α(1d)-AR) and at native rat 5-HT(1A) receptor and for antagonist affinity at α(1A)-, α(1B)-and α(1D)-AR and at α(2A/D)-AR. Among the selected 8-substituents, namely fluorine, chlorine, methoxyl and hydroxyl, only the last caused significant decrease of α(1) binding affinity in comparison with the lead compound. Functional tests on the S isomers confirmed the detrimental effect of OH positioned in proximity to benzodioxane O(1). For the other three substituents (F, Cl, OMe), the α(1A) and the α(1D) antagonist affinities were generally lower than the α(1a) and α(1d) binding affinities, but not the α(1B) antagonist affinity, which was similar and sensibly higher compared to α(1b) binding affinity in the case of F and OMe respectively. This trend confers significant α(1B)-AR selectivity, in particular, to the 8-methoxy analogue of (S)-WB4101, a new potent (pA(2) 9.58) α(1B)-AR antagonist. The S enantiomers of all the tested compounds were proved to act as α(1)-AR inverse agonists in a vascular model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Milano, via Mangiagalli 25, I-20133 Milano, Italy
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Raffa RB, Ward SJ. CB1-independent mechanisms of Δ9-THCV, AM251 and SR141716 (rimonabant). J Clin Pharm Ther 2011; 37:260-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2011.01284.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kumar R, Salehi A, Rehfeld JF, Höglund P, Lindström E, Håkanson R. Proghrelin peptides: Desacyl ghrelin is a powerful inhibitor of acylated ghrelin, likely to impair physiological effects of acyl ghrelin but not of obestatin A study of pancreatic polypeptide secretion from mouse islets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 164:65-70. [PMID: 20619300 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2010.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2009] [Revised: 06/01/2010] [Accepted: 06/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Proghrelin, produced by the ghrelin (A-like) cells of the gastric mucosa, gives rise to cleavage products, including desacyl ghrelin, acyl ghrelin and obestatin. The products are thought to be secreted concomitantly. In an earlier study we found acyl ghrelin and obestatin, but not desacyl ghrelin, to suppress the release of hormones from isolated islets of mouse and rat pancreas. RESULTS Using isolated mouse pancreatic islets to study the suppression of the spontaneous secretion of pancreatic polypeptide (PP) by acyl ghrelin and obestatin, we determined the EC(50) values for the two peptides. For acyl ghrelin it was 2 x 10(-13)M (ranging from 1.7 to 2.8 x 10(-13)M), for obestatin it was 10(-13)M (ranging from 0.3 to 1.1 x 10(-13)M). The Hill coefficient (i.e. the midpoint slope) for the acyl ghrelin dose-response curve was 0.30 (ranging from 0.21 to 0.35); the corresponding value for obestatin was 0.35 (ranging from 0.21 to 0.35). The PP-releasing effect of acyl ghrelin, but not that of obestatin, was counteracted by desacyl ghrelin. The acyl ghrelin dose-response curve was shifted to the right in a parallel manner by increasing concentrations of desacyl ghrelin. A Schild plot was constructed with a slope of 0.78, giving an apparent pA(2) value of 14. CONCLUSIONS The results favour the view that acyl ghrelin and obestatin suppress spontaneous PP secretion at physiologically relevant concentrations and that they act on separate receptors. However, we conclude also that desacyl ghrelin acts as a competitive, surmountable (and quite potent) inhibitor of acyl ghrelin. In view of the allegedly high circulating concentrations of desacyl ghrelin it is to be expected that the effect of acyl ghrelin - but not that of obestatin - will be impaired, in fact probably severely blunted by desacyl ghrelin, thereby compromising the functional significance of circulating acyl ghrelin. In addition, we suggest that isolated pancreatic islets are well suited for studies of receptors to acyl ghrelin and obestatin, and that suppression of PP secretion represents a convenient way to measure the effect of both these peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Clinical Science, Malmö University Hospital, UMAS, SE-205 02 Malmö, Sweden
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Cascio MG, Gauson LA, Stevenson LA, Ross RA, Pertwee RG. Evidence that the plant cannabinoid cannabigerol is a highly potent alpha2-adrenoceptor agonist and moderately potent 5HT1A receptor antagonist. Br J Pharmacol 2009; 159:129-41. [PMID: 20002104 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00515.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Cannabis is the source of at least seventy phytocannabinoids. The pharmacology of most of these has been little investigated, three notable exceptions being Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiol and Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabivarin. This investigation addressed the question of whether the little-studied phytocannabinoid, cannabigerol, can activate or block any G protein-coupled receptor. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay, performed with mouse brain membranes, was used to test the ability of cannabigerol to produce G protein-coupled receptor activation or blockade. Its ability to displace [(3)H]CP55940 from mouse CB(1) and human CB(2) cannabinoid receptors and to inhibit electrically evoked contractions of the mouse isolated vas deferens was also investigated. KEY RESULTS In the brain membrane experiments, cannabigerol behaved as a potent alpha(2)-adrenoceptor agonist (EC(50)= 0.2 nM) and antagonized the 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist, R-(+)-8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (apparent K(B)= 51.9 nM). At 10 microM, it also behaved as a CB(1) receptor competitive antagonist. Additionally, cannabigerol inhibited evoked contractions of the vas deferens in a manner that appeared to be alpha(2)-adrenoceptor-mediated (EC(50)= 72.8 nM) and displayed significant affinity for mouse CB(1) and human CB(2) receptors. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS This investigation has provided the first evidence that cannabigerol can activate alpha(2)-adrenoceptors, bind to cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors and block CB(1) and 5-HT(1A) receptors. It will now be important to investigate why cannabigerol produced signs of agonism more potently in the [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding assay than in the vas deferens and also whether it can inhibit noradrenaline uptake in this isolated tissue and in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Cascio
- School of Medical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, UK
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Behavioral effects of a synthetic agonist selective for nociceptin/orphanin FQ peptide receptors in monkeys. Neuropsychopharmacology 2009; 34:2088-96. [PMID: 19279568 PMCID: PMC2804925 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral effects of a nonpeptidic NOP (nociceptin/orphanin FQ Peptide) receptor agonist, Ro 64-6198, have not been studied in primate species. The aim of the study was to verify the receptor mechanism underlying the behavioral effects of Ro 64-6198 and to systematically compare behavioral effects of Ro 64-6198 with those of a mu-opioid receptor agonist, alfentanil, in monkeys. Both Ro 64-6198 (0.001-0.06 mg/kg, s.c.) and alfentanil (0.001-0.06 mg/kg, s.c.) produced antinociception against an acute noxious stimulus (50 degrees C water) and capsaicin-induced allodynia. An NOP receptor antagonist, J-113397 (0.01-0.1 mg/kg, s.c.), dose-dependently produced rightward shifts of the dose-response curve of Ro 64-6198-induced antinociception. The apparent pA(2) value of J-113397 was 8.0. Antagonist studies using J-113397 and naltrexone revealed that Ro 64-6198 produced NOP receptor-mediated antinociception independent of mu-opioid receptors. In addition, alfentanil dose-dependently produced respiratory depression and itch/scratching responses, but antinociceptive doses of Ro 64-6198 did not produce such effects. More important, Ro 64-6198 did not produce reinforcing effects comparable with those of alfentanil, cocaine, or methohexital under self-administration procedures in monkeys. These results provide the first functional evidence that the activation of NOP receptors produces antinociception without reinforcing effects in primates. Non-peptidic NOP receptor agonists may have therapeutic value as novel analgesics without abuse liability in humans.
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Wan Z, Laine DI, Yan H, Zhu C, Widdowson KL, Buckley PT, Burman M, Foley JJ, Sarau HM, Schmidt DB, Webb EF, Belmonte KE, Palovich M. Discovery of (3-endo)-3-(2-cyano-2,2-diphenylethyl)-8,8-dimethyl-8-azoniabicyclo[3.2.1]octane bromide as an efficacious inhaled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist for the treatment of COPD. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:4560-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2009] [Revised: 06/26/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Helms CM, Rogers LSM, Grant KA. Antagonism of the ethanol-like discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol, pentobarbital, and midazolam in cynomolgus monkeys reveals involvement of specific GABA(A) receptor subtypes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2009; 331:142-52. [PMID: 19641166 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.109.156810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol were studied by comparing the potency of ethyl-8-azido-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazol(1,5-a)benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (Ro15-4513) and ethyl 8-fluoro-5,6-dihydro-5-methyl-6-oxo-4H-imidazol(1,5-a)-benzodiazepine-3-carboxylate (flumazenil, Ro15-1788) to antagonize ethanol, pentobarbital (PB), and midazolam substitution for ethanol. Ro15-4513 has high affinity for receptors containing alpha(4/6) and alpha(5) subunits and lower affinity for alpha(1), alpha(2), and alpha(3) subunits. Flumazenil is nonselective for GABA(A) receptors containing alpha(1), alpha(2), alpha(3), and alpha(5) subunits and has low affinity for alpha(4/6)-containing receptors. Male (n = 9) and female (n = 8) cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) were trained to discriminate ethanol (1.0 or 2.0 g/kg i.g., 30-min pretreatment) from water. Ethanol, PB, and midazolam dose-dependently substituted for ethanol (80% ethanol-appropriate responding). Ro15-4513 (0.003-0.56 mg/kg i.m., 5-min pretreatment) shifted the ethanol, PB, and midazolam dose-response functions rightward in a vast majority of monkeys tested (15/15, 16/17, and 11/12, respectively). In contrast, flumazenil (0.30-10.0 mg/kg i.m., 5-min pretreatment) shifted the ethanol, PB, and midazolam dose-response functions rightward in 9 of 16, 12 of 16, and 7 of 9 monkeys tested, respectively. In the monkeys showing antagonism with both Ro15-4513 and flumazenil, ethanol and PB substitution were antagonized more potently by Ro15-4513 than by flumazenil, whereas midazolam substitution was antagonized with similar potency. There were no sex or training dose differences, with the exception that flumazenil failed to antagonize ethanol substitution in males trained to discriminate 2.0 g/kg ethanol. GABA(A) receptors with high affinity for Ro15-4513 (i.e., containing alpha(4/6) and alpha(5) subunits) may be particularly important mediators of the multiple discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol through GABA(A) receptor systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M Helms
- Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, 97006-6448, USA.
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14
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Morelli E, Gemma S, Budriesi R, Campiani G, Novellino E, Fattorusso C, Catalanotti B, Coccone SS, Ros S, Borrelli G, Persico M, Fiorini I, Nacci V, Ioan P, Chiarini A, Hamon M, Cagnotto A, Mennini T, Fracasso C, Colovic M, Caccia S, Butini S. Specific Targeting of Peripheral Serotonin 5-HT3 Receptors. Synthesis, Biological Investigation, and Structure−Activity Relationships. J Med Chem 2009; 52:3548-62. [DOI: 10.1021/jm900018b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Morelli
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Sandra Gemma
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Roberta Budriesi
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Giuseppe Campiani
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Ettore Novellino
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Caterina Fattorusso
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Bruno Catalanotti
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Salvatore Sanna Coccone
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Sindu Ros
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Giuseppe Borrelli
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Marco Persico
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Isabella Fiorini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Vito Nacci
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Pierfranco Ioan
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Alberto Chiarini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Michel Hamon
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Alfredo Cagnotto
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Tiziana Mennini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Claudia Fracasso
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Milena Colovic
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Silvio Caccia
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
| | - Stefania Butini
- European Research Centre for Drug Discovery and Development, Banchi di Sotto 55, 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento Farmaco Chimico Tecnologico, Università di Siena, Via Aldo Moro 53100 Siena, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica delle Sostanze Naturali (DCSN) e Dipartimento di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica (DCFT), Università di Napoli “Federico II”, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy, Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy, Neurobiologie
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Buccioni M, Kandhavelu M, Angeli P, Cristalli G, Dal Ben D, Giardinà D, Lambertucci C, Lammi C, Volpini R, Marucci G. Identification of α1-adrenoceptor subtypes involved in contraction of young CD rat epididymal vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 602:388-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2008.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 10/14/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Fluoxetine inhibition of glycine receptor activity in rat hippocampal neurons. Brain Res 2008; 1239:77-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2008.08.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2008] [Revised: 08/14/2008] [Accepted: 08/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Helms CM, Rogers LSM, Waters CA, Grant KA. Zolpidem generalization and antagonism in male and female cynomolgus monkeys trained to discriminate 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2008; 32:1197-206. [PMID: 18482161 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00674.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)(A) receptors mediating the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol in nonhuman primates are not completely identified. The GABA(A) receptor positive modulator zolpidem has high, intermediate, and low activity at receptors containing alpha(1), alpha(2/3), and alpha(5) subunits, respectively, and partially generalizes from ethanol in several species. The partial inverse agonist Ro15-4513 has the greatest affinity for alpha(4/6)-containing receptors, higher affinity for alpha(5)- and lower, but equal, affinity for alpha(1)- and alpha(2/3)-, containing GABA(A) receptors, and antagonizes the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol. METHODS This study assessed Ro15-4513 antagonism of the generalization of zolpidem from ethanol in male (n = 9) and female (n = 8) cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg (n = 10) or 2.0 g/kg (n = 7) ethanol (i.g.) from water with a 30-minute pretreatment interval. RESULTS Zolpidem (0.017 to 5.6 mg/kg, i.m.) completely generalized from ethanol (>or=80% of total session responses on the ethanol-appropriate lever) for 6/7 monkeys trained to discriminate 2.0 g/kg and 4/10 monkeys trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol. Zolpidem partially generalized from 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg ethanol in 6/7 remaining monkeys. Ro15-4513 (0.003 to 0.30 mg/kg, i.m., 5-minute pretreatment) shifted the zolpidem dose-response curve to the right in all monkeys showing generalization. Analysis of apparent pK(B) from antagonism tests suggested that the discriminative stimulus effects of ethanol common with zolpidem are mediated by low-affinity Ro15-4513 binding sites. Main effects of sex and training dose indicated greater potency of Ro15-4513 in males and in monkeys trained to discriminate 1.0 g/kg ethanol. CONCLUSIONS Ethanol and zolpidem share similar discriminative stimulus effects most likely through GABA(A) receptors that contain alpha(1) subunits, however, antagonism by Ro15-4513 of zolpidem generalization from the lower training dose of ethanol (1.0 g/kg) may involve additional zolpidem-sensitive GABA(A) receptor subtypes (e.g., alpha(2/3) and alpha(5)).
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa M Helms
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, Oregon 97006-6448, USA
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18
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Minarini A, Marucci G, Bellucci C, Giorgi G, Tumiatti V, Bolognesi ML, Matera R, Rosini M, Melchiorre C. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pirenzepine analogs bearing a 1,2-cyclohexanediamine and perhydroquinoxaline units in exchange for the piperazine ring as antimuscarinics. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:7311-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 06/13/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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19
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Dei S, Bellucci C, Buccioni M, Ferraroni M, Guandalini L, Manetti D, Marucci G, Matucci R, Nesi M, Romanelli MN, Scapecchi S, Teodori E. Muscarinic antagonists with multiple stereocenters: Synthesis, affinity profile and functional activity of isomeric 1-methyl-2-(2,2-alkylaryl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine sulfoxide derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:5490-500. [PMID: 18455407 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Completing a long-lasting research on 1,3-oxathiolane muscarinic ligands, we have synthesized a set of isomeric 1-methyl-2-(2,2-alkylaryl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine 3-sulfoxide derivatives, containing three or four stereogenic centers. In general the compounds are very potent antagonists even if, unlike the corresponding agonists, they show modest subtype selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei
- Laboratorio di Progettazione, Sintesi e Studio di Eterocicli Biologicamente Attivi (HeteroBioLab), Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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20
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Li JX, McMahon LR, France CP. Comparison of naltrexone, 6alpha-naltrexol, and 6beta-naltrexol in morphine-dependent and in nondependent rhesus monkeys. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 195:479-86. [PMID: 17874317 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0914-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Some opioid receptor ligands that appear to be neutral antagonists can have inverse agonist activity under conditions of increased constitutive activity (e.g., agonist treatment). OBJECTIVES This study compared the opioid receptor antagonist naltrexone and its metabolites 6alpha-naltrexol and 6beta-naltrexol in nondependent and morphine-dependent monkeys to see whether their potencies varied according to drug treatment and, presumably, to differences in constitutive activity of mu opioid receptors. RESULTS In monkeys (n = 4) receiving 3.2 mg/kg per day of morphine and discriminating 0.0178 mg/kg naltrexone, naltrexone and each metabolite increased responding on the naltrexone lever in a dose-related manner with naltrexone being 8- and 71-fold more potent than 6alpha- and 6beta-naltrexol, respectively. After 27 h of no-morphine treatment, monkeys responded on the naltrexone lever, and this effect was reversed by morphine. Naltrexone and each metabolite prevented morphine reversal of naltrexone-lever responding, and their rank order potency was the same as their substitution for naltrexone; however, the potency between naltrexone and each metabolite was slightly greater in morphine-dependent as compared to morphine-deprived monkeys. In a separate group (n = 3) of nondependent monkeys discriminating 1.78 mg/kg of morphine, all three compounds antagonized morphine with the same potency as in the reversal study (morphine-dependent monkeys), with Schild analyses showing no difference in apparent affinities (pA (2)) between nondependent and morphine-dependent monkeys. CONCLUSION Naltrexone and 6alpha- and 6beta-naltrexol have qualitatively similar effects, and their potencies do not vary markedly with opioid treatment, suggesting that under these conditions, they do not vary with regard to inverse agonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Xu Li
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, USA
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21
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Dei S, Bellucci C, Buccioni M, Ferraroni M, Guandalini L, Manetti D, Martini E, Marucci G, Matucci R, Nesi M, Romanelli MN, Scapecchi S, Teodori E. Synthesis, Affinity Profile, and Functional Activity of Muscarinic Antagonists with a 1-Methyl-2-(2,2-alkylaryl-1,3-oxathiolan-5-yl)pyrrolidine Structure. J Med Chem 2007; 50:1409-13. [PMID: 17305327 DOI: 10.1021/jm061374r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Starting from a previously studied muscarinic ligand, characterized by a 1,3-oxathiolane nucleus, a new series of muscarinic antagonists were designed by increasing the stereochemical complexity of the molecules. A small library of enantiomeric and diastereomeric 2,2-diphenyl- and 2-cyclohexyl-2-phenyl substituted compounds was thus obtained. All the tested compounds show a high affinity toward cloned human muscarinic hm1-hm5 receptors expressed in CHO cells and a good antagonistic activity on functional assays, with a modest selectivity on rabbit vas deferens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, Via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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22
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Boido A, Budriesi R, Boido CC, Ioan P, Terranova E, Chiarini A, Sparatore F. Alpha1- and alpha2-adrenoreceptor antagonist profiles of 1- and 2-[omega-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)alkyl]-1,2,3-benzotriazoles. Chem Biodivers 2006; 2:1290-304. [PMID: 17191929 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200590100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of pharmacologically interesting 1- and 2-[omega-(4-arylpiperazin-1-yl)alkyl]-1,2,3-benzotriazoles, compounds 1-27, were synthesized (Scheme) and subjected to various biological studies to identify structure-activity relationships (SAR). The new compounds were found to exhibit good non-selective binding affinity towards the alpha1-adrenoreceptor (Table 1). In several cases, high functional antagonism was observed towards the alpha1A-, alpha1B-, and alpha1D-adrenoreceptor subtypes (Table 2). The selectivity for these three subtypes was comparable with or superior to that displayed by the standard drug prazosin. The most-common selectivity rank order was alpha1D > alpha1B > alpha1A, followed by alpha1B > alpha1D > alpha1A. In functional experiments, antagonism towards the alpha2-adrenoreceptor was generally low; however, a few compounds were endowed with significant antagonist properties (pA2 values of up to 7.87).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Boido
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Genova, Viale Benedetto XV, 3, I-16132 Genova
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McMahon LR, France CP. Differential behavioral effects of low efficacy positive GABAA modulators in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid in rhesus monkeys. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:260-8. [PMID: 16331290 PMCID: PMC1751295 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In the clinic, low efficacy positive GABAA modulators might be preferred to high efficacy positive modulators insofar as low efficacy modulators might have comparatively less abuse and dependence liability. Drug discrimination was used to examine the behavioral effects of L-838,417 and bretazenil, two low efficacy positive GABAA modulators that act at benzodiazepine sites, alone and in combination with benzodiazepines and a neuroactive steroid (alfaxolone). In rhesus monkeys (n = 5) discriminating midazolam, alfaxolone substituted for midazolam. In four monkeys, L-838,417 and bretazenil did not substitute for, but rather dose-dependently antagonized, midazolam; L-838-417 and bretazenil, as well as flumazenil, enhanced the midazolam-like effects of alfaxolone. L-838,417 and bretazenil substituted for midazolam in a fifth monkey. In a separate group of rhesus monkeys (n = 3) that received 5.6 mg kg(-1) per day of diazepam and that discriminated flumazenil, L-838,417 and bretazenil substituted for flumazenil. These results demonstrate that L-838,417, bretazenil, and flumazenil can have agonist or antagonist actions in the same animal depending upon whether they are studied in combination with a higher efficacy positive GABAA modulator acting at the same (benzodiazepine) or a different (neuroactive steroid) site. Thus, combinations of low efficacy positive modulators acting at different sites on the GABAA receptor complex could yield drug mixtures with significant therapeutic effects and with reduced abuse and dependence liability, as compared to higher efficacy positive modulators such as currently available benzodiazepines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance R McMahon
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, U.S.A
| | - Charles P France
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, U.S.A
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX 78229-3900, U.S.A
- Author for correspondence:
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Pallavicini M, Budriesi R, Fumagalli L, Ioan P, Chiarini A, Bolchi C, Ugenti MP, Colleoni S, Gobbi M, Valoti E. WB4101-Related Compounds: New, Subtype-Selective α1-Adrenoreceptor Antagonists (or Inverse Agonists?). J Med Chem 2006; 49:7140-9. [PMID: 17125266 DOI: 10.1021/jm060358r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our previous structure-affinity relationship study had considered the enantiomers of the naphthodioxane, tetrahydronaphthodioxane, and 2-methoxy-1-naphthoxy analogues (compounds 1, 3, and 2, respectively) of 2-(2,6-dimethoxyphenoxyethylaminomethyl)-1,4-benzodioxane, the well-known alpha1-adrenoceptor (alpha1-AR) antagonist WB4101, showing that such modifications significantly modulate the affinity and selectivity profile for alpha1-AR subtypes and 5-HT1A receptor. Here, we extend investigations to antagonist activity enclosing new enantiomeric pairs, namely those of the methoxytetrahydronaphthoxy and methoxybiphenyloxy WB4101 analogues (4 and 5-7, respectively) and of a double-modified WB4101 derivative (8) resulting from hybridization between 2 and 3. We found that (S)-2 is a very potent (pA2 10.68) and moderately selective alpha1D-AR antagonist and the hybrid (S)-8 is a potent (pA2 7.98) and highly selective alpha1A-AR antagonist. Both of these compounds and (S)-WB4101 seem to act as inverse agonists in a vascular model. The results, which generally validate the logic we followed in designing these eight compounds, are acceptably rationalized by comparative SAR analysis of binding and functional affinities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pallavicini
- Istituto di Chimica Farmaceutica e Tossicologica, Università degli Studi di Milano, viale Abruzzi 42, I-20131 Milano, Italy
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25
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Walker EA. In vivo pharmacological resultant analysis reveals noncompetitive interactions between opioid antagonists in the rat tail-withdrawal assay. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:1071-82. [PMID: 17075571 PMCID: PMC2014630 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Pharmacological resultant analysis is a technique that can detect secondary effects of competitive antagonists in vitro. The utility of pharmacological resultant analysis as a potential tool for the investigation of antagonist interactions in vivo was examined in the present study using two opioid antagonists, naltrexone and CTAP. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Using the experimental design of pharmacological resultant analysis, the well-characterized opioid antagonist naltrexone was examined in the presence of multiple doses of CTAP to block the antinociceptive effects of morphine in the rat warm-water (55(o)C), tail-withdrawal assay. KEY RESULTS Alone, all doses of naltrexone, CTAP, and CTOP examined blocked the antinociceptive effects of morphine. In the presence of fixed doses of 1 or 10 microg CTAP, increasing doses of naltrexone produced dose-dependent shifts to the right in the morphine dose-response curve. However, a lower dose of naltrexone in combination with 1 or 10 mug CTAP failed to alter the morphine dose-response curve. In the presence of a fixed dose of 0.1 mg kg(-1) naltrexone, CTAP doses produced irregular shifts to the right in the morphine dose-response curves. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Resultant analysis was applied and an apparent pK(C) value for CTAP was found to be one log unit higher than the apparent pA(2) value for CTAP, evidence that CTAP may have secondary actions or that a signal transducer function may be altered by the combinations of these antagonists. Taken together, these data suggest pharmacological resultant analysis can reveal novel interactions between antagonists in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Walker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Tallarida RJ. Interactions between drugs and occupied receptors. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 113:197-209. [PMID: 17079019 PMCID: PMC2045509 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This review has 2 parts. Part I deals with isobolographic procedures that are traditionally applied to the joint action of agonists that individually produce overtly similar effects. Special attention is directed to newer computational procedures that apply to agonists with dissimilar concentration-effect curves. These newer procedures are consistent with the isobolographic methods introduced and used by Loewe, however, the present communications provides the needed graphical and mathematical detail. A major aim is distinguishing super and sub-addictive interactions from those that are simply additive. The detection and measurement of an interaction is an important step in exploring drug mechanism and is also important clinically. Part II discusses a new use of isoboles that is applicable to a single drug or chemical whose effect is mediated by 2 or more receptor subtypes. This application produces a metric that characterizes the interaction between the receptor subtypes. The expansion of traditional isobolographic theory to this multi-receptor situation follows from the newer approaches for 2-drug combination analysis in Part I. This topic leads naturally to a re-examination of competitive antagonism and the classic Schild plot. In particular, it is shown here that the Schild plot in the multi-receptor case is not necessarily linear with unit slope. Both parts of this review emphasize the quantitative aspects rather than the many drugs that have been analyzed with isobolographic methods. The mathematical exposition is rather elementary and is further aided by several graphs. An appendix is included for the reader interested in the mathematical details.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Tallarida
- Department of Pharmacology, and Center on Substance Research, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19149, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Drugs given in combination may produce effects that are greater than or less than the effect predicted from their individual potencies. The historical basis for predicting the effect of a combination is based on the concept of dose equivalence; i.e., an equally effective dose (a) of one will add to the dose (b) of the other in the combination situation. For drugs with a constant relative potency, this leads to linear additive isoboles (a-b curves of constant effect), whereas a varying potency ratio produces nonlinear additive isoboles. Determination of the additive isobole is a necessary procedure for assessing both synergistic and antagonistic interactions of the combination. This review discusses both variable and constant relative potency situations and provides the mathematical formulas needed to distinguish these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald J Tallarida
- Temple University School of Medicine, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA.
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Hosoda C, Tanoue A, Shibano M, Tanaka Y, Hiroyama M, Koshimizu TA, Cotecchia S, Kitamura T, Tsujimoto G, Koike K. Correlation between vasoconstrictor roles and mRNA expression of alpha1-adrenoceptor subtypes in blood vessels of genetically engineered mice. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 146:456-66. [PMID: 16113694 PMCID: PMC1576278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the contribution of each alpha(1)-adrenoceptor (AR) subtype in noradrenaline (NAd)-evoked contraction in the thoracic aortas and mesenteric arteries of mice. Compared with the concentration-response curves (CRCs) for NAd in the thoracic aortas of wild-type (WT) mice, the CRCs of mutant mice showed a significantly lower sensitivity. The pD(2) value in rank order is as follows: WT mice (8.21) > alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor knockout (alpha(1B)-KO) (7.77) > alpha(1D)-AR knockout (alpha(1D)-KO) (6.44) > alpha(1B)- and alpha(1D)-AR double knockout (alpha(1BD)-KO) (5.15). In the mesenteric artery, CRCs for NAd did not differ significantly between either WT (6.52) and alpha(1B)-KO mice (7.12) or alpha(1D)-KO (6.19) and alpha(1BD)-KO (6.29) mice. However, the CRC maximum responses to NAd in alpha(1D)- and alpha(1BD)-KO mice were significantly lower than those in WT and alpha(1B)-KO mice. Except in the thoracic aortas of alpha(1BD)-KO mice, the competitive antagonist prazosin inhibited the contraction response to NAd with high affinity. However, prazosin produced shallow Schild slopes in the vessels of mice lacking the alpha(1D)-AR gene. In the thoracic aorta, pA(2) values in WT mice for KMD-3213 and BMY7378 were 8.25 and 8.46, respectively, and in alpha(1B)-KO mice they were 8.49 and 9.13, respectively. In the mesenteric artery, pA(2) values in WT mice for KMD-3213 and BMY7378 were 8.34 and 7.47, respectively, and in alpha(1B)-KO mice they were 8.11 and 7.82, respectively. These pharmacological findings were in fairly good agreement with findings from comparison of CRCs, with the exception of the mesenteric arteries of WT and alpha(1B)-KO mice, which showed low affinities to BMY7378. We performed a quantitative analysis of the mRNA expression of each alpha(1)-AR subtype in these vessels in order to examine the correlation between mRNA expression level and the predominance of each alpha(1)-AR subtype in mediating vascular contraction. The rank order of each alpha(1)-AR subtype in terms of its vasoconstrictor role was in fairly good agreement with the level of expression of mRNA of each subtype, that is, alpha(1D)-AR > alpha(1B)-AR > alpha(1A)-AR in the thoracic aorta and alpha(1D)-AR > alpha(1A)-AR > alpha(1B)-AR in the mesenteric artery. No dramatic compensatory change of alpha(1)-AR subtype in mutant mice was observed in pharmacological or quantitative mRNA expression analysis.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/metabolism
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- In Vitro Techniques
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Male
- Mesenteric Arteries/drug effects
- Mesenteric Arteries/metabolism
- Mesenteric Arteries/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Norepinephrine/pharmacology
- Piperazines/pharmacology
- Prazosin/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/physiology
- Vasoconstriction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Chihiro Hosoda
- Department of Pharmacology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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29
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Tacke R, Linoh H, Ernst L, Moser U, Lambrecht G, Mutschler E, Sarge S, Cammenga HK. Sila-Pharmaka, 371)Darstellung und Eigenschaften der Enantiomere der Antimuskarinika Sila-Procyclidin und Sila-Tricyclamol-iodid: Optisch aktive Silanole mit Silicium als Chiralitätszentrum2). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/cber.19871200719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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30
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Ko MCH, Divin MF, Lee H, Woods JH, Traynor JR. Differential in Vivo Potencies of Naltrexone and 6β-Naltrexol in the Monkey. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:772-9. [PMID: 16258020 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.094409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
6beta-Naltrexol is the major metabolite of the opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, in humans. However, there are no functional studies of 6beta-naltrexol in primates. The aim of this study was to compare the in vitro and in vivo potencies of naltrexone and 6beta-naltrexol in rhesus monkeys. Affinity and potency were determined using radioligand displacement and stimulation of 5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding in monkey brain membranes. In vivo apparent pA(2) analysis was applied to compare the mu-opioid receptor (MOR) antagonist potency of both compounds in nondependent monkeys. In addition, the potencies of both compounds were determined in precipitating withdrawal manifested by increased respiratory parameters in acute morphine-dependent monkeys. In vitro assays revealed that naltrexone displayed 2-fold higher affinity and potency than 6beta-naltrexol for the MOR binding site and for MOR agonist-stimulated [(35)S]GTPgammaS binding, respectively. 6beta-Naltrexol (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) dose-dependently produced parallel rightward shifts of the dose-response curve of alfentanil-induced antinociception. Nevertheless, the apparent pA(2) value of 6beta-naltrexol (6.5) was 100-fold less potent than that of naltrexone (8.5) determined previously. 6beta-Naltrexol was also less potent than naltrexone in antagonizing other MOR-mediated effects including respiratory depression and itch/scratching. Naltrexone (0.0032-0.032 mg/kg) and 6beta-naltrexol (0.32-3.2 mg/kg) retained the same potency difference in precipitating withdrawal to a similar degree. Furthermore, 6beta-naltrexol failed to block naltrexone-precipitated withdrawal in morphine-dependent monkeys. These results indicate that naltrexone and 6beta-naltrexol display similar pharmacological actions with a large in vivo potency difference in monkeys such that 6beta-naltrexol may play a minimal role in the therapeutic or antagonist effects of naltrexone in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Holden Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 48109-0632, USA.
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31
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McHugh D, McMaster RS, Pertwee RG, Roy S, Mahadevan A, Razdan RK, Ross RA. Novel compounds that interact with both leukotriene B4 receptors and vanilloid TRPV1 receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2005; 316:955-65. [PMID: 16207832 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.105.095992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction of a series of novel compounds with leukotriene B(4) receptors (BLT) and vanilloid receptor (TRPV1). First, we characterized leukotriene B(4) (LTB(4)) ethanolamide. In guinea pig isolated lung parenchyma, LTB(4) ethanolamide antagonized the contractile action of LTB(4) with an apparent K(B) value of 7.28 nM. Using a Boyden chamber assay, we demonstrated that this compound stimulated human neutrophil migration in a similar manner to LTB(4) but with lower efficacy. In rat TRPV1 (rTRPV1)-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, LTB(4) and LTB(4) ethanolamide acted as low-efficacy agonists, increasing intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) in a capsazepine-sensitive manner. These results prompted us to hypothesize that a molecule may possess pharmacophores such that it is capable of dual antagonism of BLT and TRPV1 receptors. Two novel compounds, N-[2-fluoro-4-[3-(11 hydroxyheptadec-8-enyl)-thioureiomethyl]-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (O-3367) and N-[4-[3-(11 hydroxyheptadec-8-enyl)-thioureio-methyl]-phenyl]-methanesulfonamide (O-3383), were synthesized. In human neutrophils, both compounds acted as antagonists, significantly attenuating the BLT receptor-mediated ability of LTB(4) to induce migration, with pIC(50) values of 7.22 +/- 0.17 and 5.95 +/- 0.16, respectively. In rTRPV1-expressing CHO cells, they caused a significant rightward shift in the log concentration-response curve for the TRPV1 receptor agonist capsaicin (3-methoxy-4-hydroxy)benzyl-8-methyl-6-nonenamide). In DRG neurons O-3367 significantly attenuated the capsaicin-induced increases in [Ca(2+)](i) with a pIC(50) value of 5.94 +/- 0.004. O-3367 and O-3383 represent novel structural templates for generating compounds possessing dual antagonism at BLT and TRPV1 receptors. In view of the crucial role of both TRPV1 and BLT receptors in the pathophysiology of inflammatory conditions, such compounds may betoken a novel class of highly effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas McHugh
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Scotland
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32
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Dei S, Budriesi R, Sudwan P, Ferraroni M, Chiarini A, Garnier-Suillerot A, Manetti D, Martelli C, Scapecchi S, Teodori E. Diphenylcyclohexylamine derivatives as new potent multidrug resistance (MDR) modulators. Bioorg Med Chem 2005; 13:985-98. [PMID: 15670906 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2004.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A series of compounds with a diphenylmethyl cyclohexyl skeleton, loosely related to verapamil, has been synthesized and tested as MDR modulators on anthracycline-resistant erythroleukemia K 562 cells. Their residual cardiovascular action (negative inotropic and chronotropic activity as well as vasorelaxant activity) was evaluated on guinea-pig isolated atria preparations and on guinea-pig aortic strip preparations. Most compounds of the series possess a good MDR-reverting activity together with a low cardiovascular action. Among them, compounds 3a1, 7a, and 8a are more potent than verapamil as MDR reverters and lack any cardiovascular action; they can represent useful leads for the development of new safe MDR reversing drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Dei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Firenze, via U. Schiff 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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Abstract
Receptors of the of seven transmembrane spanning, heterotrimeric G protein coupled family (GPCR) play crucial roles in regulating physiological functions and consequently are targets for the action of many classes of drugs. Activation of receptor by agonist leads to the dissociation of GDP from Galpha of the Galphabetagamma heterotrimer, followed by the binding of GTP to Galpha and subsequent modulation of downstream effectors. The G protein heterotrimer is reformed by GTPase activity of the Galpha subunit, forming Galpha-GDP and so allowing Galpha and Gbetagamma to recombine. The [35S]GTPgammaS assay measures the level of G protein activation following agonist occupation of a GPCR, by determining the binding of the non-hydrolyzable analog [35S]GTPgammaS to Galpha subunits. Thus, the assay measures a functional consequence of receptor occupancy at one of the earliest receptor-mediated events. The assay allows for traditional pharmacological parameters of potency, efficacy and antagonist affinity, with the advantage that agonist measures are not subjected to amplification or other modulation that may occur when analyzing parameters further downstream of the receptor. In general the assay is experimentally more feasible for receptors coupled to the abundant G(i/o) proteins. Nevertheless, [35S]GTPgammaS binding assays are used with GPCRs that couple to the G(s) and G(q) families of G proteins, especially in artificial expression systems, or using receptor-Galpha constructs or immunoprecipitation of [35S]GTPgammaS-labeled Galpha. The relative simplicity of the assay has made it very popular and its use is providing insights into contemporary pharmacological topics including the roles of accessory proteins in signaling, constitutive activity of receptors and agonist specific signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Harrison
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1301 MSRB III, West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0632, USA
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34
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Piergentili A, Gentili F, Ghelfi F, Marucci G, Pigini M, Quaglia W, Giannella M. Muscarinic subtypes profile modulation within a series of new antagonists, bridged bicyclic derivatives of 2,2-diphenyl-[1,3]-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl-dimethylamine. Bioorg Med Chem 2003; 11:3901-11. [PMID: 12927850 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(03)00431-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A set of new muscarinic antagonists, bridged bicyclic derivatives of 2,2-diphenyl-[1,3]-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl-dimethylamine (1), was synthesized and tested to evaluate their affinity and selectivity for M(1), M(2), M(3) and M(4) receptor subtypes. The conformational constraint of 1 in a bicyclic structure, and the variation in distance and stereochemistry of the active functions allowed us to modulate the selectivity of interaction with the M(1)-M(3) receptor subtypes. The most interesting compound was (cis,trans)-2-(2,2-diphenylethyl)-5-methyl-tetrahydro-[1,3]dioxolo[4,5-c]pyrrole oxalate (6), which is equipotent with Pirenzepine on rabbit vas deferens (M(1)-putative) but shows a better selectivity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Piergentili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Camerino, Via S. Agostino, 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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35
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Giardinà D, Polimanti O, Sagratini G, Angeli P, Gulini U, Marucci G, Melchiorre C, Poggesi E, Leonardi A. Searching for cyclazosin analogues as alpha(1B)-adrenoceptor antagonists. FARMACO (SOCIETA CHIMICA ITALIANA : 1989) 2003; 58:477-87. [PMID: 12818686 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-827x(02)00025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of quinazoline derivatives, 2-20, structurally related to the racemic alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist cyclazosin (1), were synthesized and evaluated for their functional antagonism at alpha(1)- and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors and for their binding affinity at human cloned alpha(1a)-, alpha(1b)- and alpha(1d)-adrenoceptor subtypes. They displayed, like 1, preferential antagonism and selectivity for alpha(1) versus alpha(2)-adrenoceptors. Compounds 10, 13, and 18 showed high potency at alpha(1)-adrenoceptors similar to that of 1 (pK(B) values 8.47-8.89 versus 8.67), whereas 13 and 15 were endowed with the highest alpha(1)-adrenoceptor selectivity, only 3- to 4-fold lower than that of 1. In binding experiments, all of the compounds displayed an affinity practically similar to that found for 1, with the exception of 19 and 20 that were definitely less potent. The s-triazine analogue 18 was the most potent of the series with pK(i) values of 10.15 (alpha(1a)), 10.22 (alpha(1b)) and 10.40 (alpha(1d)), resulting 77-fold more potent than 1 at alpha(1a)-adrenoceptors. In addition, the majority of compounds, like prototype 1, showed the same trend of preferential affinity for alpha(1d)- and alpha(1b)-adrenoceptors that alpha(1a)-subtype. In conclusion, we identified compounds 2-5, 10, 12 and 13, bearing either an aliphatic- or an arylalkyl- or aryloxyalkyl-acyl function, with an interesting subtype-selectivity profile, which makes them suitable candidates for their resolution as enantiomers structurally related to (+)-cyclazosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Giardinà
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via S Agostino, 1 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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36
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Mérial-Kieny C, Lonchampt M, Cogé F, Verwaerde P, Galizzi JP, Boutin JA, Lafontan M, Levens N, Galitzky J, Félétou M. Endothelin-1 inhibits TNF alpha-induced iNOS expression in 3T3-F442A adipocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2003; 139:935-44. [PMID: 12839867 PMCID: PMC1573919 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0705325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2003] [Revised: 04/01/2003] [Accepted: 04/10/2003] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
1. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) by their action on adipocytes have been independently linked to the pathogenesis of insulino-resistance. In isolated adipocytes, TNFalpha induces the expression of the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). The purpose of the present work was, in the 3T3-F442A adipocyte cell line, to characterise TNFalpha-induced iNOS expression and to determine whether or not ET-1 could influence TNFalpha-induced iNOS expression and NO production. 2. In differentiated 3T3-F442A, treatment with TNFalpha (20 ng ml(-1)) induced the expression of a functional iNOS as demonstrated by nitrite assay, Western blot, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis. TNFalpha-induced iNOS expression requires nuclear factor kappaB activation, but does not necessitate the activation of the PI-3 kinase/Akt and P38-MAP kinase pathways. 3. ET-1, but not ET-3, inhibited the TNFalpha-induced expression of iNOS protein and mRNA as well as nitrite production. The effects of ET-1 were blocked by a specific ETA (BQ123, pA(2) 7.4) but not by a specific ETB receptor antagonist (BQ788). 3T3-F442A adipocytes express the mRNAs for prepro-ET-1 and the ET-A receptor subtype, but not for the ET-B subtype. 4. The inhibitory effect of ET-1 was not affected by bisindolylmaleimide, SB 203580 or indomethacin, inhibitors of protein kinase C, p38-MAP kinase and cyclooxygenase, respectively, and was not associated with cAMP production. However, the effect of ET-1 was partially reversed by wortmannin, suggesting the involvement of PI3 kinase in the transduction signal of ET-1. 5. Differentiated 3T3-F442A adipocytes did not release ET-1 with or without exposure to TNFalpha, although the mRNA for preproET-1 was detected in both pre- and differentiated adipocytes. 6. Thus, these results confirm that adipocytes are a target for circulating ET-1 and demonstrate that the activation of the ETA receptor subtype can prevent TNFalpha-induced iNOS expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christelle Mérial-Kieny
- Département Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Suresnes 92150, France
- INSERM U317, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Lonchampt
- Département Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Suresnes 92150, France
| | - Francis Cogé
- Département de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Croissy, France
| | - Patrick Verwaerde
- INSERM U317, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Galizzi
- Département de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Croissy, France
| | - Jean A Boutin
- Département de Pharmacologie Cellulaire et Moléculaire, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Croissy, France
| | - Max Lafontan
- INSERM U317, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Toulouse, France
| | - Nigel Levens
- Département Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Suresnes 92150, France
| | - Jean Galitzky
- INSERM U317, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale et Clinique, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Félétou
- Département Diabète et Maladies Métaboliques, Institut de Recherche SERVIER, Suresnes 92150, France
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Brasili L, Sorbi C, Franchini S, Manicardi M, Angeli P, Marucci G, Leonardi A, Poggesi E. 1,3-dioxolane-based ligands as a novel class of alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonists. J Med Chem 2003; 46:1504-11. [PMID: 12672251 DOI: 10.1021/jm021078o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Dioxolane-based compounds (2-14) were synthesized, and the pharmacological profiles at alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes were assessed by functional experiments in isolated rat vas deferens (alpha(1A)), spleen (alpha(1B)), and aorta (alpha(1D)). Compound 9, with a pA(2) of 7.53, 7.36, and 8.65 at alpha(1A), alpha(1B), and alpha(1D), respectively, is the most potent antagonist of the series, while compound 10 with a pA(2) of 8.37 at alpha(1D) subtype and selectivity ratios of 162 (alpha(1D)/alpha(1A)) and 324 (alpha(1D)/alpha(1B)) is the most selective. Binding assays in CHO cell membranes expressing human cloned alpha(1)-adrenoceptor subtypes confirm the pharmacological profiles derived from functional experiments, although the selectivity values are somewhat lower. Therefore, it is concluded that 1,3-dioxolane-based ligands are a new class of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Livio Brasili
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Via Campi 183, Italy.
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38
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Akimoto Y, Horinouchi T, Tanaka Y, Koike K. The .BETA.3-Adrenoceptor-Mediated Relaxation Induced by Dopamine in Guinea Pig Taenia Caecum. J Smooth Muscle Res 2003; 39:39-45. [PMID: 14572171 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.39.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms of the beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation induced by dopamine in guinea pig taenia caecum were examined. The relaxant response to dopamine was unaffected by propranolol (10(-8)-10(-5) M) or phentolamine (10(-8)-10(-5) M). Atenolol (3 x 10(-7)-3 x 10(-4) M), butoxamine (10(-7)-10(-4) M), prazosin (10(-8)-10(-5) M), yohimbine (10(-8)-10(-5) M), SCH 23390 (10(-8)-10(-5) M) and haloperidol (10(-8)-10(-5) M) had no effect on the potency of dopamine. The response to dopamine was antagonized in a concentration-dependent manner by bupranolol (3 x 10(-6)-3 x 10(-5) M), and Schild plot of the data revealed the pA2 value of 5.55 and the slope of the regression line was 1.13. These results suggest that the relaxant response to dopamine in the guinea pig taenia caecum is mainly mediated by the beta3-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Akimoto
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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39
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Shibano M, Yamamoto Y, Horinouchi T, Tanaka Y, Koike K. Pharmacological characterization of alpha1-adrenoceptor in mouse iliac artery. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 456:77-9. [PMID: 12450572 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02649-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Subtypes of alpha(1)-adrenoceptor-mediated contraction to noradrenaline in the mouse iliac artery were determined (pharmaco-mechanically). Prazosin, 2-[2,6-dimethoxyphenoxyethyl]aminomethyl-1,4-benzodioxane hydrochloride (WB 4101) and 5-methylurapidil shifted the concentration-response curve for noradrenaline to the right, giving the pA(2) values of 9.30, 9.55 and 8.71, respectively. 8-[2-[4-(2-Methoxyphenyl)-1-piperazinyl]-ethyl]-8-azaspiro[4,5]decane-7,9-dione dihydrochloride (BMY 7378) shifted the concentration-response curve for noradrenaline to the right and the pA(2) value was 6.62. These results indicate that the contractile response to noradrenaline in the mouse iliac artery is predominantly mediated by the alpha(1A) -adrenoceptor subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Shibano
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba, Japan
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40
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Pertwee RG, Ross RA, Craib SJ, Thomas A. (-)-Cannabidiol antagonizes cannabinoid receptor agonists and noradrenaline in the mouse vas deferens. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 456:99-106. [PMID: 12450575 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(02)02624-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The nonpsychoactive plant cannabinoid, (-)-cannabidiol, modulates in vivo responses to Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol. We have found that cannabidiol can also interact with cannabinoid CB(1) receptor agonists in the mouse vas deferens, a tissue in which prejunctional cannabinoid CB(1) receptors mediate inhibition of electrically evoked contractions by suppressing noradrenaline and/or ATP release. Cannabidiol (0.316-10 microM) attenuated the ability of (R)-(+)-[2,3-dihydro-5-methyl-3-(4-morpholinylmethyl)pyrrolo-[1,2,3-de]-1,4-benzoxazin-6-yl]-1-naphthalenylmethanone (R-(+)-WIN55212) to inhibit contractions in a concentration-related, surmountable manner with a K(B) value (120.3 nM) well below its reported cannabinoid receptor CB(1)/CB(2) K(i) values. Cannabidiol (10 microM) also antagonized (-)-cis-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-trans-4-(3-hydroxypropyl)cyclohexanol (CP55940; K(B)=34 nM) and [D-Ala(2), NMePhe(4), Gly-ol]enkephalin (DAMGO; K(B)=5.6 microM) and attenuated contractile responses to noradrenaline, phenylephrine and methoxamine but not to beta, gamma-methyleneadenosine 5'-triphosphate. At 3.16-10 microM, it increased the amplitude of evoked contractions, probably by enhancing contractile neurotransmitter release. We conclude that cannabidiol antagonizes R-(+)-WIN55212 and CP55940 by acting at prejunctional sites that are unlikely to be cannabinoid CB(1) or CB(2) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G Pertwee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Scotland, UK.
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41
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Akimoto Y, Horinouchi T, Tanaka Y, Koike K. The beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation induced by fenoterol in guinea pig taenia caecum. J Smooth Muscle Res 2002; 38:145-51. [PMID: 12596892 DOI: 10.1540/jsmr.38.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fenoterol, a beta2-adrenoceptor selective agonist, belongs to the arylethanolamine class. To understand the receptor subtypes responsible for beta-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation of guinea pig taenia caecum, we investigated the effect of fenoterol. Fenoterol caused concentration-dependent relaxation of the guinea pig taenia caecum. Propranolol, bupranolol and butoxamine produced shifts of the concentration-response curve for fenoterol. Schild regression analyses carried out for propranolol, butoxamine and bupranolol against fenoterol gave pA2 values of 8.41, 6.33 and 8.44, respectively. However, in the presence of 3 x 10(-4) M atenolol, 10(-4) M butoxamine and 10(-6) M phentolamine to block the beta1-, beta2- and a-adrenoceptor effects, respectively, Schild regression analysis carried out for bupranolol against fenoterol gave pA2 values of 5.80. These results suggest that the relaxant response to fenoterol in the guinea pig taenia caecum is mediated by both the beta2- and the beta3-adrenoceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurie Akimoto
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1, Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan.
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42
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Altamura M, Canfarini F, Catalioto RM, Guidi A, Pasqui F, Renzetti AR, Triolo A, Maggi CA. Successful bridging from a peptide to a non peptide antagonist at the human tachykinin NK-2 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2002; 12:2945-8. [PMID: 12270180 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(02)00539-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non peptide products have been found to show nanomolar binding and functional affinities at the human tachykinin NK-2 receptor. The new antagonists do not possess stereogenic centers and their thermal behaviour in solution is featured by a peculiar set of conformational stereoisomers. A macroscopic viewpoint is preferentially adopted to rationalize the obtained results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Altamura
- Menarini Ricerche S.p.A., Via dei Sette Santi 3, Florence, Italy
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43
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Francisco MEY, Seltzman HH, Gilliam AF, Mitchell RA, Rider SL, Pertwee RG, Stevenson LA, Thomas BF. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of amide and hydrazide analogues of the cannabinoid CB(1) receptor antagonist N-(piperidinyl)- 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716). J Med Chem 2002; 45:2708-19. [PMID: 12061874 DOI: 10.1021/jm010498v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Analogues of the biaryl pyrazole N-(piperidinyl)-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-methyl-1H-pyrazole-3-carboxamide (SR141716; 5) were synthesized to investigate the structure-activity relationship (SAR) of the aminopiperidine region. The structural modifications include the substitution of alkyl hydrazines, amines, and hydroxyalkylamines of varying lengths for the aminopiperidinyl moiety. Proximity and steric requirements at the aminopiperidine region were probed by the synthesis of analogues that substitute alkyl hydrazines of increasing chain length and branching. The corresponding amide analogues were compared to the hydrazides to determine the effect of the second nitrogen on receptor binding affinity. The N-cyclohexyl amide 14 represents a direct methine for nitrogen substitution for 5, reducing the potential for heteroatom interaction, while the morpholino analogue 15 adds the potential for an additional heteroatom interaction. The series of hydroxyalkyl amides of increasing chain length was synthesized to investigate the existence of additional receptor hydrogen binding sites. In displacement assays using the cannabinoid agonist [(3)H](1R,3R,4R)-3-[2-hydroxy-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-(3-hydroxypropyl) cyclohexan-1-ol (CP 55 940; 2) or the antagonist [(3)H]5, 14 exhibited the highest CB(1) affinity. In general, increasing the length and bulk of the substituent was associated with increased receptor affinity and efficacy (as measured in a guanosine 5'-triphosphate-gamma-[(35)S] assay). However, in most instances, receptor affinity and efficacy increases were no longer observed after a certain chain length was reached. A quantitative SAR study was carried out to characterize the pharmacophoric requirements of the aminopiperidine region. This model indicates that ligands that exceed 3 A in length would have reduced potency and affinity with respect to 5 and that substituents with a positive charge density in the aminopiperidine region would be predicted to possess increased pharmacological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elena Y Francisco
- Chemistry and Life Sciences, Research Triangle Institute, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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44
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Quaglia W, Pigini M, Piergentili A, Giannella M, Gentili F, Marucci G, Carrieri A, Carotti A, Poggesi E, Leonardi A, Melchiorre C. Structure-activity relationships in 1,4-benzodioxan-related compounds. 7. Selectivity of 4-phenylchroman analogues for alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor subtypes. J Med Chem 2002; 45:1633-43. [PMID: 11931617 DOI: 10.1021/jm011066n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
WB4101 (1)-related compounds 5-10 were synthesized, and their biological profile at alpha(1)-adrenoreceptor (AR) subtypes and 5-HT(1A) serotoninergic receptors was assessed by binding assays in Chinese hamster ovary and HeLa cell membranes expressing the human cloned receptors. Moreover, their receptor selectivity was further determined in functional experiments in isolated rat prostate (alpha(1A)), vas deferens (alpha(1A)), aorta (alpha(1D)), and spleen (alpha(1B)). In functional assays, compound 5 was the most potent at alpha(1D)-ARs with a reversed selectivity profile (alpha(1D) > alpha(1A) > alpha(1B)) relative to both prototype 1 and phendioxan (2) (alpha(1A) > alpha(1D) > alpha(1B)), whereas compound 8, bearing a carbonyl moiety at position 1, was the most potent at alpha(1A)-ARs with a selectivity profile similar to that of prototypes. The least potent of the series was the trans isomer 6, suggesting that optimum alpha(1)-AR blocking activity in this series is associated with a cis relationship between the 2-side chain and the 4-phenyl ring rather than a trans relationship as previously observed for the 2-side chain and the 3-phenyl ring in 2 and related compounds. Binding affinity results were not in complete agreement with the selectivity profiles deriving from functional experiments. Although a firm explanation was not available, neutral and negative antagonism and receptor dimerization were considered as two possibilities to account for the difference between binding and functional affinities. Finally, compound 5 was selected for a modeling study in comparison with 1, mephendioxan (3), and open phendioxan (4) to achieve information on the physicochemical interactions that account for its high affinity toward alpha(1d/D)-ARs.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/chemical synthesis
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/chemistry
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Aorta, Thoracic/drug effects
- Aorta, Thoracic/physiology
- CHO Cells
- Chromans/chemical synthesis
- Chromans/chemistry
- Chromans/pharmacology
- Cricetinae
- Dioxanes/chemical synthesis
- Dioxanes/chemistry
- Dioxanes/pharmacology
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Male
- Models, Molecular
- Muscle Contraction/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth/physiology
- Prostate/drug effects
- Prostate/physiology
- Radioligand Assay
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/drug effects
- Receptors, Adrenergic, alpha-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin/metabolism
- Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1
- Spleen/drug effects
- Spleen/physiology
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- Vas Deferens/drug effects
- Vas Deferens/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilma Quaglia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino (MC), Italy
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45
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Horinouchi T, Asai S, Fukushima M, Koike K. Partial agonistic activity of labetalol, the arylethanolamine, on beta 3-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig gastric fundus. AUTONOMIC & AUTACOID PHARMACOLOGY 2002; 22:29-35. [PMID: 12423424 DOI: 10.1046/j.1474-8673.2002.00239.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
1. The agonistic and antagonistic effects of labetalol, the alpha1- and beta-adrenoceptor antagonist, were studied on beta3-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig gastric fundus. 2. Labetalol caused a concentration-dependent relaxation with a pD2 value of 5.58 +/- 0.09 and an intrinsic activity of 0.64 +/- 0.06, which was not affected by pretreatment with both the selective beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist, (+/-)-atenolol (100 microM), and the selective beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist, (+/-)-butoxamine (100 microM). 3. However, the non-selective beta1-, beta2- and beta3-adrenoceptor antagonist, (+/-)-bupranolol (3-30 microM), shifted the concentration-response curve of labetalol to the right (pA2 value=5.97 +/- 0.08). 4. In the presence of (+/-)-atenolol (100 microM) and (+/-)-butoxamine (100 microM), relaxations to catecholamines [(-)-isoprenaline, (-)-noradrenaline and (-)-adrenaline], to the selective beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, BRL37344, and to the non-conventional partial beta3-adrenoceptor agonist, (+/-)-CGP12177A, were weakly antagonized by labetalol (10 microM). 5. These results indicate that labetalol, the arylethanolamine, acts as a partial agonist on beta3-adrenoceptors in the guinea-pig gastric fundus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Horinouchi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-2-1 Miyama, Funabashi, Chiba 274-8510, Japan
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46
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Horinouchi T, Koike K. Partial agonistic properties of (+/-)-pindolol at atypical beta-adrenoceptors in the guinea pig gastric fundus. Pharmacology 2002; 63:197-202. [PMID: 11729357 DOI: 10.1159/000056134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
(+/-)-Pindolol ([1-(1H-indol-4-yloxy)-3-[(1-methylethyl)- amino]-2-propanol)]) is a partial agonist at atypical beta-adrenoceptors in the guinea pig gastric fundus. (+/-)-Pindolol induced concentration-dependent relaxation in this tissue. However, the relaxant responses of (+/-)-pindolol were not antagonized by a combination of the selective beta(1)-adrenoceptor antagonist atenolol (10(-4) mol/l) and the selective beta(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist butoxamine (10(-4) mol/l). In the presence of both atenolol and butoxamine, the nonselective beta(1)-, beta(2)- and beta(3)-adrenoceptor antagonist (+/-)-bupranolol (10(-5)-10(-4) mol/l) caused a concentration-dependent rightward shift of the concentration-response curves for (+/-)-pindolol. Schild plot analyses of (+/-)-bupranolol against (+/-)-pindolol gave the pA(2) value of 5.46 +/- 0.03 and Schild slope was not significantly different from unity. Furthermore, (+/-)-pindolol (10(-5) mol/l) weakly but significantly antagonized the relaxant responses to catecholamines ((-)-isoprenaline, (-)-noradrenaline and (-)-adrenaline), a selective beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist BRL37344 ((R*,R*)-(+/-)-4-[2-[(2-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl)amino]propyl]phenoxyacetic acid sodium salt) and a nonconventional partial beta(3)-adrenoceptor agonist (+/-)-CGP12177A ([4-[3-[(1,1-dimethylethyl)amino]-2-hydroxypropoxy]-1,3-dihydro-2H-benzimidazol-2-one] hydrochloride). These results suggest that (+/-)-pindolol acts as a partial agonist at atypical beta-adrenoceptors in the guinea pig gastric fundus.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Horinouchi
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Toho University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba, Japan
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47
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Edvinsson L, Alm R, Shaw D, Rutledge RZ, Koblan KS, Longmore J, Kane SA. Effect of the CGRP receptor antagonist BIBN4096BS in human cerebral, coronary and omental arteries and in SK-N-MC cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2002; 434:49-53. [PMID: 11755165 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Several lines of evidence suggest that a calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) receptor antagonist may serve as a novel abortive migraine treatment. Here we present data on a human cell line and isolated human vessels for such an antagonist, BIBN4096BS. On SK-N-MC membranes, radiolabelled CGRP was displaced by both CGRP-(8-37) and BIBN4096BS, yielding pK(i) values of 8.5 and 11.4, respectively. Functional studies with SK-N-MC cells demonstrated that CGRP-induced cAMP production was antagonised by both CGRP-(8-37) and BIBN4096BS with pA(2) values of 7.8 and 11.2, respectively. Isolated human cerebral, coronary, and omental arteries were studied with a sensitive myograph technique. CGRP induced a concentration-dependent relaxation that was antagonized by both CGRP-(8-37) and BIBN4096BS in a competitive manner. CGRP was a weaker agonist on coronary arteries as compared to intracranial arteries; however, BIBN4096BS was an equally effective antagonist. In human omental arteries, CGRP did not induce relaxation. BIBN4096 had a pA(2) value of 10.1 in cerebral and 10.4 in coronary arteries. The results of clinical trials with BIBN4096BS for acute migraine attacks are awaited with great interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Edvinsson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lund University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
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48
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Hansen-Schwartz J, Nordström CH, Edvinsson L. Human endothelin subtype A receptor enhancement during tissue culture via de novo transcription. Neurosurgery 2002; 50:127-33; discussion 133-5. [PMID: 11844243 DOI: 10.1097/00006123-200201000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2001] [Accepted: 07/26/2001] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelin (ET) has, since its discovery, increasingly been considered a key player in the pathophysiological processes of cerebral vasospasm in the course of subarachnoid hemorrhage, although it remains unclear how ET is involved. We present data that indicate an inherent capacity of human cerebral arteries to change their sensitivity to ET. METHODS Human cerebral arteries were obtained from patients undergoing intracranial tumor surgery. The vessels were divided into segments and subjected to organ culture for 48 hours. The vessels were then examined by using in vitro pharmacological methods and molecular biological techniques. RESULTS After organ culture of the cerebral arteries, both the sensitivity to and potency of ET were enhanced (maximal response, 152 +/- 9%; -log (50% effective concentration), 10.3 +/- 0.3), in comparison with data for fresh cerebral arteries. Contractions were inhibited by both FR139317 (a specific ET(A) receptor antagonist) and bosentan (a mixed ET(A) and ET(B) receptor antagonist), in a manner indicating the sole presence of contractile ET(A) receptors. An inconsistent dilative response to the selective ET(B) receptor agonist sarafotoxin 6c was observed; the response was preserved in some segments and abolished in others, and potentiation of the precontraction was observed in yet other segments. No isolated contractile response to sarafotoxin 6c was observed, however. In reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays, both ET(A) and ET(B) receptor messenger ribonucleic acid was detected. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that human cerebral arteries are capable of enhancing the function of ET(A) receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Hansen-Schwartz
- Department of Clinical Experimental Research, Glostrup Hospital, DK-2600 Glostrup, Denmark.
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Hansen-Schwartz J, Nordström CH, Edvinsson L. Human Endothelin Subtype A Receptor Enhancement during Tissue Culture via de Novo Transcription. Neurosurgery 2002. [DOI: 10.1227/00006123-200201000-00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Casasola C, Bargas J, Arias-Montaño JA, Calixto E, Montiel T, Galarraga E, Brailowsky S. Hippocampal hyperexcitability induced by GABA withdrawal is due to down-regulation of GABA(A) receptors. Epilepsy Res 2001; 47:257-71. [PMID: 11738933 DOI: 10.1016/s0920-1211(01)00314-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The sudden interruption of an intracortical instillation of exogenous gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) generates an epileptic focus in mammals. Seizures elicited by GABA withdrawal (GW) last for weeks. A similar withdrawal-induced hyperexcitability is also produced by several GABA(A) receptor agonists. This work reports a quantitative analysis of GW-induced hyperexcitability produced in the hippocampus in vitro. GW produced a left-ward displacement of the input/output (I/O) function, suggesting that the postsynaptic component is predominant to explain the hyperexcitability. A decrease in the inhibitory efficacy of the GABA(A) receptor agonist, muscimol, confirmed that inhibition was impaired. Binding saturation experiments demonstrated a decrease in [(3)H]-muscimol binding after GABA withdrawal showing a close correlation with the development of hyperexcitability. All these modifications coursed without changes in receptor affinity (K(D)) for muscimol or bicuculline as demonstrated by both binding studies and Schild analysis. It is concluded that, in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, it is the number of functional GABA(A) receptors, and not the affinity of the receptor, what is decreased during GW-induced hyperexcitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Casasola
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, P.O. Box 70-253, Mexico City DF 04510, Mexico
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