1
|
Hansson LS, Tognetti A, Sigurjónsson P, Brück E, Wåhlén K, Jensen K, Olsson MJ, Toll John R, Wilhelms DB, Lekander M, Lasselin J. Perception of unfamiliar caregivers during sickness - Using the new Caregiver Perception Task (CgPT) during experimental endotoxemia. Brain Behav Immun 2024; 119:741-749. [PMID: 38670241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2024.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Social withdrawal is a well-established part of sickness behavior, but in some contexts sick animals might gain from keeping close instead of keeping away. For instance, sick individuals are more willing to be near known individuals who can provide care and safety (close others) compared to when healthy. Yet, interactions with some strangers might also be beneficial (i.e., healthcare professionals), but it is not known how sickness interplay with social behavior towards such individuals. Here, we assessed if sickness affects perception of caregivers, and developed a new task, the Caregiver Perception Task (CgPT). Twenty-six participants performed the CgPT, once after an injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.8 ng/kg body weight, n = 24), and once after an injection of saline (n = 25), one hour and forty-five minutes post-injection. During the task, participants watched short video clips of three types of caregivers: a healthcare professional taking care of a sick individual, a healthcare professional not taking care of a sick individual, and a non-healthcare professional taking care of their sick adult child or partner. After each video clip, the likability, trustworthiness, professionalism, and willingness to interact with and receive care from the caregiver were rated on visual analogue scales. Results showed that participants injected with saline rated healthcare professionals who did not take care of a sick individual less positively on all aspects compared to healthcare professionals who took care of a sick individual. Moreover, compared to saline, LPS increased the participants' willingness to receive care from healthcare professionals and non-healthcare professionals providing care, but not from healthcare professionals not providing care. Thus, our results indicate that sick individuals may approach unknown individuals with potential to provide care and support.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L S Hansson
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Health, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Tognetti
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; CEE-M, CNRS, INRAE, Institut Agro, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - E Brück
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - K Wåhlén
- Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - K Jensen
- Osher Center for Integrative Health, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Neuro, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M J Olsson
- Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - R Toll John
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Emergency Medicine in Linköping, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Region Östergötland
| | - D B Wilhelms
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Sweden; Department of Emergency Medicine in Linköping, Local Health Care Services in Central Östergötland, Region Östergötland
| | - M Lekander
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Health, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - J Lasselin
- Stress Research Institute, Department of Psychology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden; Division of Psychology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Osher Center for Integrative Health, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hodes GE, Bangasser D, Sotiropoulos I, Kokras N, Dalla C. Sex Differences in Stress Response: Classical Mechanisms and Beyond. Curr Neuropharmacol 2024; 22:475-494. [PMID: 37855285 PMCID: PMC10845083 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x22666231005090134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropsychiatric disorders, which are associated with stress hormone dysregulation, occur at different rates in men and women. Moreover, nowadays, preclinical and clinical evidence demonstrates that sex and gender can lead to differences in stress responses that predispose males and females to different expressions of similar pathologies. In this curated review, we focus on what is known about sex differences in classic mechanisms of stress response, such as glucocorticoid hormones and corticotrophin-releasing factor (CRF), which are components of the hypothalamicpituitary- adrenal (HPA) axis. Then, we present sex differences in neurotransmitter levels, such as serotonin, dopamine, glutamate and GABA, as well as indices of neurodegeneration, such as amyloid β and Tau. Gonadal hormone effects, such as estrogens and testosterone, are also discussed throughout the review. We also review in detail preclinical data investigating sex differences caused by recentlyrecognized regulators of stress and disease, such as the immune system, genetic and epigenetic mechanisms, as well neurosteroids. Finally, we discuss how understanding sex differences in stress responses, as well as in pharmacology, can be leveraged into novel, more efficacious therapeutics for all. Based on the supporting evidence, it is obvious that incorporating sex as a biological variable into preclinical research is imperative for the understanding and treatment of stress-related neuropsychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety and Alzheimer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Debra Bangasser
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Ioannis Sotiropoulos
- Institute of Biosciences & Applications NCSR “Demokritos”, Athens, Greece
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Nikolaos Kokras
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
- First Department of Psychiatry, Eginition Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ali MA, Abu Damir H, Adem MA, Ali OM, Amir N, Shah AAM, Al Muhairi SSM, Al Abdouli KOS, Khawaja JR, Fagieri TA, Adam A, Elkhouly AA, Al Marri ZJ, Jamali M, Murphy D, Adem A. Effects of long-term dehydration on stress markers, blood parameters, and tissue morphology in the dromedary camel ( Camelus dromedarius). Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1236425. [PMID: 38116506 PMCID: PMC10728728 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1236425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Dromedary camels robustly withstand dehydration, and the rough desert environment but the adaptation mechanisms are not well understood. One of these mechanisms is that the dromedary camel increases its body temperature to reduce the process of evaporative cooling during the hot weather. Stress in general, has deleterious effects in the body. In this study, we sought to determine the effects of dehydration and rehydration on stress parameters in the dromedary camels and how it pacifies these effects. Methods Nineteen male camels were randomly divided into control, dehydrated and rehydrated groups, and fed alfalfa hay ad-libitum. The dehydrated and rehydrated groups were water-restricted for 20 days after which the rehydrated camels were provided with water for 72 h. The control and dehydrated camels were slaughtered at day 20 from the start of experiment whereas the rehydrated group was killed 72 h later. Many biochemical, hematological histopathological parameters and gene analysis were performed in relevant tissues collected including blood, plasma, and tissues. Results and discussion It was observed that severely dehydrated camels lost body weight, passed very hard feces, few drops of concentrated urine, and were slightly stressed as reflected behaviorally by loss of appetite. Physiologically, the stress of dehydration elicited modulation of plasma stress hormones for water preservation and energy supply. Our results showed significant increase in cortisol, norepinephrine and dopamine, and significant decrease in epinephrine and serotonin. The significant increase in malondialdehyde was accompanied with significant increase in antioxidants (glutathione, retinol, thiamin, tocopherol) to provide tissue protection from oxidative stress. The physiological blood changes observed during dehydration serve different purposes and were quickly restored to normality by rehydration. The dehydrated/rehydrated camels showed reduced hump size and serous atrophy of perirenal and epicardial fat. The latter changes were accompanied by significantly increased expression of genes encoding proteins for energy production (ANGPTL4, ACSBG1) from fat and significantly decreased expression of genes (THRSP; FADS 1&2) encoding proteins enhancing energy expenditure. This process is vital for camel survival in the desert. Dehydration induced no major effects in the vital organs. Only minor degenerative changes were observed in hepatic and renal cells, physiological cardiomyocyte hypertrophy in heart and follicular hyperplasia in splenic but lipidosis was not depicted in liver hepatocytes. Ketone bodies were not smelled in urine, sweat and breathing of dehydrated animals supporting the previous finding that the ß hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, a key enzyme in ketone body formation, is low in the camel liver and rumen. Rehydration restored most of blood and tissues to normal or near normal. In conclusion, camels are adapted to combat dehydration stress and anorexia by increasing anti-stressors and modulating genes involved in fat metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hassan Abu Damir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muna A Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Osman M Ali
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Naheed Amir
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asma A M Shah
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Salama S M Al Muhairi
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled O S Al Abdouli
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Javed R Khawaja
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tareq A Fagieri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdelnasir Adam
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Aboubakr A Elkhouly
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Zhaya J Al Marri
- Veterinary Laboratory Division, Animal Wealth Sector, Abu Dhabi Food Control Authority, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Jamali
- Department of Biochemistry, Khawarizmi College, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - David Murphy
- Molecular Neuroendocrinology Research Group, Bristol Medical School: Translational Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Abdu Adem
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hall CV, Radford-Smith G, Savage E, Robinson C, Cocchi L, Moran RJ. Brain signatures of chronic gut inflammation. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1250268. [PMID: 38025434 PMCID: PMC10661239 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1250268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut inflammation is thought to modify brain activity and behaviour via modulation of the gut-brain axis. However, how relapsing and remitting exposure to peripheral inflammation over the natural history of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) contributes to altered brain dynamics is poorly understood. Here, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to characterise changes in spontaneous spatiotemporal brain states in Crohn's Disease (CD) (n = 40) and Ulcerative Colitis (UC) (n = 30), compared to healthy individuals (n = 28). We first provide evidence of a significantly perturbed and heterogeneous microbial profile in CD, consistent with previous work showing enduring and long-standing dysbiosis in clinical remission. Results from our brain state assessment show that CD and UC exhibit alterations in the temporal properties of states implicating default-mode network, parietal, and visual regions, reflecting a shift in the predominance from externally to internally-oriented attentional modes. We investigated these dynamics at a finer sub-network resolution, showing a CD-specific and highly selective enhancement of connectivity between the insula and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), regions implicated in cognitive-interoceptive appraisal mechanisms. Alongside overall higher anxiety scores in CD, we also provide preliminary support to suggest that the strength of chronic interoceptive hyper-signalling in the brain co-occurs with disease duration. Together, our results demonstrate that a long-standing diagnosis of CD is, in itself, a key factor in determining the risk of developing altered brain network signatures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin V. Hall
- Clinical Brain Networks Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Graham Radford-Smith
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Gut Health Research Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma Savage
- Clinical Brain Networks Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Conor Robinson
- Clinical Brain Networks Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Luca Cocchi
- Clinical Brain Networks Group, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Rosalyn J. Moran
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brás JP, Pinto S, von Doellinger O, Prata J, Coelho R, Barbosa MA, Almeida MI, Santos SG. Combining inflammatory miRNA molecules as diagnostic biomarkers for depression: a clinical study. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1227618. [PMID: 37575572 PMCID: PMC10413105 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1227618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation has been implicated in core features of depression pathophysiology and treatment resistance. Therefore, new challenges in the discovery of inflammatory mediators implicated in depression have emerged. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been found aberrantly expressed in several pathologies, increasing their potential as biomarkers and therapeutical targets. In this study, the aim was to assess the changes and biomarker potential of inflammation-related miRNAs in depression patients. Methods Depression diagnosis was performed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). 40 healthy controls and 32 depression patients were included in the study. The levels of inflammatory cytokines were measured in plasma, and expression levels of cytokines and inflammation-related miRNAs were evaluated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Results Depression patients were found to have a pro-inflammatory profile in plasma, with significantly higher levels of TNF-α and CCL2 compared with controls. In PBMCs of depression patients, TNF-α and IL-6 expression levels were significantly up and downregulated, respectively. Moreover, miR-342 levels were found upregulated, while miR-146a and miR-155 were significantly downregulated. miR-342 expression levels were positively correlated with TNF-α. Importantly, when analyzed as a diagnostic panel, receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis of miR-342, miR-146a, miR-155 in combination, showed to be highly specific and sensitive in distinguishing between depression patients and healthy controls. Conclusion In summary, these findings suggest that inflammation-related miRNAs are aberrantly expressed in depression patients. Moreover, we show evidences on the potential of the combination of dysregulated miRNAs as a powerful diagnostic tool for depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo Brás
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sara Pinto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Orlando von Doellinger
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departmento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - Joana Prata
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - Rui Coelho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Departmento de Neurociências Clínicas e Saúde Mental, Centro Hospitalar São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Adolfo Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Inês Almeida
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Susana Gomes Santos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pavlova IV, Broshevitskaya ND, Zaichenko MI, Grigoryan GA. The influence of long-term housing in enriched environment on behavior of normal rats and subjected to neonatal pro-inflammatory challenge. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 30:100639. [PMID: 37274935 PMCID: PMC10236189 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well known that neonatal pro-inflammatory challenge (NPC) acquire a predisposition to the development of a number of neuropsychiatric diseases: depression, anxiety disorders, autism, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Symptoms of these diseases can manifest themselves in adulthood and adolescent after repeated exposure to negative influences. Preventing the development of the negative consequences of NPC is one of the main tasks for researchers. The exposure to an enriched environment (EE) was shown to have anxiolytic, anti-depressive, and pro-cognitive effects. The present work was aimed to investigate the effects of the long-term EE on anxious-depressive and conditioned fear behavior in normal male and female rats and subjected to NPC. The NPC was induced by subcutaneous administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 50 μg/kg) on 3d and 5th PNDs. The control animals received saline (SAL). The rats were placed in the EE from 25 to 120 PND. Animals housed in the standard conditions (STAND) served as controls. In adult female and male rats of the STAND groups, LPS did not affect the anxiety, depressive-like behavior and conditioned fear. The EE increased motor and search activity in males and females. In the open field, the EE reduced anxiety in males of the SAL and LPS groups and in females of SAL groups compared to the STAND housed animals. In the elevated plus maze, the EE decreased anxiety only in males of the SAL group. In the sucrose preference test, the EE did not change sucrose consumption in males and females of SAL and LPS groups, while, in the forced swimming test, the EE reduced depressive-like behavior in females of both SAL and LPS groups. The enrichment decreased the contextual conditioned fear in male and female of SAL groups, but not of the LPS group, and did not affect the cue conditioned fear. The corticosterone reactivity to the forced swimming stress increased in males of the EE groups. The basal level of IL-1beta in blood serum decreased in males of the SAL-EE group. Thus, the EE reduced anxiety in males, depressive-like behavior in females, and contextual conditioned fear in males and females compared to the STAND housed animals. Although the NPC did not affect these behaviors in the STAND groups, LPS prevented the beneficial EE effects on anxiety and conditioned fear. The opposing effects of LPS were dependent on sex and type of testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V. Pavlova
- Corresponding author. Department of Conditioned Reflexes and Physiology of Emotions, Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117485, 5a Butlerov street, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Sickness behavior was conceptualized initially as the behavioral counterpart of the fever response to infectious pathogens. It helps to raise body temperature to its higher setpoint and to maintain it at this new level and it has the additional benefit of enabling a weakened organism to protect itself from other dangers. The discovery of the behavioral effects of proinflammatory cytokines produced by activated immune cells provided a cellular and molecular basis to this phenomenon. The administration of cytokines or cytokine inducers like lipopolysaccharide to healthy rodents allowed to reveal the similarities and differences between inflammation-induced sickness behavior and the fever response. It also led to the understanding of how the inflammatory response that is triggered at the periphery can propagate into the brain and induce the behavioral manifestations of sickness. At the behavioral level, the demonstration that sickness behavior is the expression of a motivational state that reorganizes perception and action in face of a microbial pathogen just like fear in face of a predator appeared at first glance to strengthen the adaptive value of this behavior. However, all aspects of sickness behavior are not always favorable for the organism. This is the case for anorexia that is beneficial in the context of bacterial infection but detrimental in the context of viral infection. In addition, studies of sickness behavior in natural conditions revealed that like any other defensive behavior, sickness behavior requires trade-offs between its survival benefits for the sick individual and the costs incurred especially in the context of gregarious groups. Thanks to these studies, evidence is emerging that sickness behavior is much more variable in its expression than initially thought, and that part of this variability depends not only on the pathogen and the social context in which the infection develops but also on individual factors including species, sex, age, nutrition, and physiological status.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- Department of Symptom Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Infection, Learning, and Memory: Focus on Immune Activation and Aversive Conditioning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 142:104898. [PMID: 36183862 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we review the effects of immune activation primarily via lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a cell wall component of Gram-negative bacteria, on hippocampal and non-hippocampal-dependent learning and memory. Rodent studies have found that LPS alters both the acquisition and consolidation of aversive learning and memory, such as those evoking evolutionarily adaptive responses like fear and disgust. The inhibitory effects of LPS on the acquisition and consolidation of contextual fear memory are discussed. LPS-induced alterations in the acquisition of taste and place-related conditioned disgust memory within bottle preference tasks and taste reactivity tests (taste-related), in addition to conditioned context avoidance tasks and the anticipatory nausea paradigm (place-related), are highlighted. Further, conditioned disgust memory consolidation may also be influenced by LPS-induced effects. Growing evidence suggests a central role of immune activation, especially pro-inflammatory cytokine activity, in eliciting the effects described here. Understanding how infection-induced immune activation alters learning and memory is increasingly important as bacterial and viral infections are found to present a risk of learning and memory impairment.
Collapse
|
9
|
Hine BC, Acton GA, Elks DJ, Niemeyer DDO, Bell AM, Colditz IG, Ingham AB, Smith JL. Targeting improved resilience in Merino sheep - Correlations between immune competence and health and fitness traits. Animal 2022; 16:100544. [PMID: 35777298 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2022.100544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience can be defined as the ability of an animal to remain productive in the face of diverse environmental challenges. Several factors contribute to an animal's resilience including its ability to resist disease, cope with climatic extremes and respond to stressors. Immune competence, a proxy trait for general disease resistance, is expected to contribute to an animal's resilience. This research aimed to develop a practical method to assess immune competence in Merino sheep which would not restrict the future sale of tested animals, and to estimate genetic parameters associated with the novel trait. We also aimed to explore associations between immune competence and other industry-relevant disease resistance and fitness-related traits and to assess the ability of immune competence phenotypes to predict health outcomes. Here, the ability of Merino wethers (n = 1 339) to mount both an antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune response was used to define their immune competence phenotype. For that purpose, antigens in a commercial vaccine were administered at the commencement of weaning and their responses were assessed. Univariate sire models were used to estimate variance components and heritabilities for immune competence and its component traits. Bivariate sire models were used to estimate genetic correlations between immune competence and a range of disease resistance and fitness-related traits. The heritability of immune competence and its component traits, antibody-mediated immune response and cell-mediated immune response were estimated at 0.49 ± 0.14, 0.52 ± 0.14 and 0.36 ± 0.11, respectively. Immune competence was favourably genetically correlated with breech flystrike incidence (-0.44 ± 0.39), worm egg count (-0.19 ± 0.23), dag score (-0.26 ± 0.31) and fitness compromise (-0.35 ± 0.24) but not fleece rot (0.17 ± 0.23). Results suggest that selection for immune competence has the potential to improve the resilience of Merino sheep; however, due to the large standard errors associated with correlation estimates reported here, further studies will be required in larger populations to validate associations between immune competence and disease resistance and fitness traits in Australian Merino sheep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B C Hine
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia.
| | - G A Acton
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - D J Elks
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - D D O Niemeyer
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - A M Bell
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - I G Colditz
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| | - A B Ingham
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, 306 Carmody Rd., St. Lucia, Brisbane, QLD 4067, Australia
| | - J L Smith
- CSIRO Agriculture & Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Chiswick, New England Highway, Armidale, NSW 2350, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Yang T, Feng F, Zhan K, Ma X, Jiang M, Datsomor O, Zhu X, Huo Y, Zhao G. Effect of the Tea Tree Oil on Growth Performance, Meat Quality, Serum Biochemical Indices, and Antioxidant Capacity in Finishing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:916625. [PMID: 35812866 PMCID: PMC9263609 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.916625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The increased use of antibiotics continues to pose a threat to public health because of the increasing concern of antibiotic residue. Tea tree oil (TTO) is an extract of the Australian plant Melaleuca alternifolia with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. However, there is little information on TTO supplementation in the diet of finishing pigs. Hence, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of TTO supplemented diets on the growth performance, meat quality, serum biochemical indices, and antioxidant capacity of the finishing pigs. Our results showed that TTO supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the mRNA expression of insulin-like growth factors -I (IGFs-I), growth acceleration hormone (GH), and heart fatty acid-binding protein (H-FABP), while the mRNA expression of myostatin gene (MSTN), and calpain-1 (CAST) decreased by the TTO supplementation, compared with the control group. In addition, TTO supplementation increased (P < 0.05) serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP), immunoglobulin G (IgG), and IgM levels but decreased (P < 0.05) serum aspartate transaminase (AST) concentration, relative to the control group. In addition, we found that the live weight and intramuscular fat enhanced (P < 0.05) significantly, and muscle pH 24 min value, cooking loss, and shear force decreased (P < 0.05) dramatically in the TTO group. The TTO supplementation increased (P < 0.05) C18:2n6t concentration and decreased (P < 0.05) C12:0 and C16:0 concentration, relative to the control group. Dietary supplementation with TTO decreased (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased (P < 0.05) glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in serum. These results indicated that TTO supplementation could improve immunity and antioxidant, carcass traits, the nutritional value of pork, and the antioxidant capacity of finishing pigs. Therefore, TTO has potential positive effects as a feed additive in the pig industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Yang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Feifei Feng
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Kang Zhan
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Maocheng Jiang
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Osmond Datsomor
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xinyu Zhu
- Wuxi Chenfang Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuxi, China
| | - Yongjiu Huo
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guoqi Zhao
- Institute of Animal Culture Collection and Application, College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guoqi Zhao
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood platelets, due to shared biochemical and functional properties with presynaptic serotonergic neurons, constituted, over the years, an attractive peripheral biomarker of neuronal activity. Therefore, the literature strongly focused on the investigation of eventual structural and functional platelet abnormalities in neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly in depressive disorder. Given their impact in biological psychiatry, the goal of the present paper was to review and critically analyze studies exploring platelet activity, functionality, and morpho-structure in subjects with depressive disorder. METHODS According to the PRISMA guidelines, we performed a systematic review through the PubMed database up to March 2020 with the search terms: (1) platelets in depression [Title/Abstract]"; (2) "(platelets[Title]) AND depressive disorder[Title/Abstract]"; (3) "(Platelet[Title]) AND major depressive disorder[Title]"; (4) (platelets[Title]) AND depressed[Title]"; (5) (platelets[Title]) AND depressive episode[Title]"; (6) (platelets[Title]) AND major depression[Title]"; (7) platelet activation in depression[All fields]"; and (8) platelet reactivity in depression[All fields]." RESULTS After a detailed screening analysis and the application of specific selection criteria, we included in our review a total of 106 for qualitative synthesis. The studies were classified into various subparagraphs according to platelet characteristics analyzed: serotonergic system (5-HT2A receptors, SERT activity, and 5-HT content), adrenergic system, MAO activity, biomarkers of activation, responsivity, morphological changes, and other molecular pathways. CONCLUSIONS Despite the large amount of the literature examined, nonunivocal and, occasionally, conflicting results emerged. However, the findings on structural and metabolic alterations, modifications in the expression of specific proteins, changes in the aggregability, or in the responsivity to different pro-activating stimuli, may be suggestive of potential platelet dysfunctions in depressed subjects, which would result in a kind of hyperreactive state. This condition could potentially lead to an increased cardiovascular risk. In line with this hypothesis, we speculated that antidepressant treatments would seem to reduce this hyperreactivity while representing a potential tool for reducing cardiovascular risk in depressed patients and, maybe, in other neuropsychiatric conditions. However, the problem of the specificity of platelet biomarkers is still at issue and would deserve to be deepened in future studies.
Collapse
|
12
|
Theorell T. Links Between Arts and Health, Examples From Quantitative Intervention Evaluations. Front Psychol 2022; 12:742032. [PMID: 34970185 PMCID: PMC8713437 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.742032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The author presents eight of his own group’s studies. They have been published from early 1980s until 2016. Each study will be placed in its scientific context and discussed in relation to possible progress in arts and health research. In these examples, statistical methods with longitudinal designs and mostly control groups have been used. Some of them are randomized controlled trials. Physiological and endocrinological variables have been assessed in some of these studies in efforts to increase our understanding of how music experiences and other kinds of arts experiences interact with bodily reactions of relevance for health development. Although some of the studies have suffered from low statistical power and other methodological weaknesses, they show that it is possible to do statistical evaluations of arts interventions aiming at improved health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Töres Theorell
- Karolinska Institutet, previous director of the National Institute for Psychosocial Factors and Health, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Devlin BA, Smith CJ, Bilbo SD. Sickness and the social brain: How the immune system regulates behavior across species. BRAIN, BEHAVIOR AND EVOLUTION 2021; 97:197-210. [PMID: 34915474 DOI: 10.1159/000521476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Many instances of sickness critically involve the immune system. The immune system talks to the brain in a bi-directional loop. This discourse affords the immune system immense control, such that it can influence behavior and optimize recovery from illness. These behavioral responses to infection are called sickness behaviors and can manifest in many ways, including changes in mood, motivation, or energy. Fascinatingly, most of these changes are conserved across species, and most organisms demonstrate some form of sickness behaviors. One of the most interesting sickness behaviors, and not immediately obvious, is altered sociability. Here, we discuss how the immune system impacts social behavior, by examining the brain regions and immune mediators involved in this process. We first outline how social behavior changes in response to infection in various species. Next, we explore which brain regions control social behavior and their evolutionary origins. Finally, we describe which immune mediators establish the link between illness and social behavior, in the context of both normal development and infection. Overall, we hope to make clear the striking similarities between the mechanisms that facilitate changes in sociability in derived and ancestral vertebrate, as well as invertebrate, species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Devlin
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Caroline J Smith
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Staci D Bilbo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Denman S, Tellam R, Vuocolo T, Ingham A, Wijffels G, James P, Colditz I. Fleece rot and dermatophilosis (lumpy wool) in sheep: opportunities and challenges for new vaccines. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an21120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
During prolonged wetting of the fleece, proliferation of bacterial flora often dominated by Pseudomonas aeruginosa or Dermatophilus congolensis can induce dermatitis and fleece damage termed fleece rot and dermatophilosis respectively, which predispose sheep to blowfly strike. A large research effort in the 1980s and 1990s on vaccines to control fleece rot and dermatophilosis met with limited success. This review examines theoretical and technological advances in microbial ecology, pathogenesis, immunology, vaccine development and the characterisation of microbial virulence factors that create new opportunities for development of vaccines against these diseases. Genomic technologies have now created new opportunities for examining microbial dynamics and pathogen virulence in dermatitis. An effective vaccine requires the combination of appropriate antigens with an adjuvant that elicits a protective immune response that ideally provides long-lasting protection in the field. A clinical goal informed by epidemiological, economic and animal welfare values is needed as a measure of vaccine efficacy. Due to dependence of fleece rot and dermatophilosis on sporadic wet conditions for their expression, vaccine development would be expedited by in vitro correlates of immune protection. The efficacy of vaccines is influenced by genetic and phenotypic characteristics of the animal. Advances in understanding vaccine responsiveness, immune defence in skin and immune competence in sheep should also inform any renewed efforts to develop new fleece rot and dermatophilosis vaccines. The commercial imperatives for new vaccines are likely to continue to increase as the animal welfare expectations of society intensify and reliance on pharmacotherapeutics decrease due to chemical resistance, market pressures and societal influences. Vaccines should be considered part of an integrated disease control strategy, in combination with genetic selection for general immune competence and resistance to specific diseases, as well as management practices that minimise stress and opportunities for disease transmission. The strategy could help preserve the efficacy of pharmacotherapeutics as tactical interventions to alleviate compromised welfare when adverse environmental conditions lead to a break down in integrated strategic disease control. P. aeruginosa and D. congolensis are formidable pathogens and development of effective vaccines remains a substantial challenge.
Collapse
|
15
|
Bou Zerdan M, Moussa S, Atoui A, Assi HI. Mechanisms of Immunotoxicity: Stressors and Evaluators. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:8242. [PMID: 34361007 PMCID: PMC8348050 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system defends the body against certain tumor cells and against foreign agents such as fungi, parasites, bacteria, and viruses. One of its main roles is to distinguish endogenous components from non-self-components. An unproperly functioning immune system is prone to primary immune deficiencies caused by either primary immune deficiencies such as genetic defects or secondary immune deficiencies such as physical, chemical, and in some instances, psychological stressors. In the manuscript, we will provide a brief overview of the immune system and immunotoxicology. We will also describe the biochemical mechanisms of immunotoxicants and how to evaluate immunotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maroun Bou Zerdan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Sara Moussa
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, 1100 Beirut, Lebanon;
| | - Ali Atoui
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| | - Hazem I. Assi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Naef K. Basile Cancer Institute, American University of Beirut Medical Center, 1107 2020 Beirut, Lebanon; (M.B.Z.); (A.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Reginald K, Wong YR, Shah SMR, Teh KF, Freddy Jalin EJ, Khan NA. Investigating immune responses of the house cricket, Acheta domesticus to pathogenic Eschericia coli K1. Microbes Infect 2021; 23:104876. [PMID: 34332091 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2021.104876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insects models are excellent models of the innate immune system, as they are free from the influences of the vertebrate adaptive immunity. Crickets are hemimetabolous insects belonging to the order Orthopteran order that have not been as extensively characterized as other holometabolous insects, and may provide new insights to the insect immune responses. In this study, we aim to characterize the innate immune responses of the common house cricket, Acheta domesticus in response to a human pathogenic bacterium E. coli K1. METHODS Crickets were injected with sterile buffer, live E. coli K1 or heat-killed E. coli K1. Physiological effects such as mortality and weight change of the crickets were determined 24-, 48 and 72-hours post injection while immunological effects such as hemocyte counts, bacteremia, phenoloxidase and lysozyme activity of the crickets were measured at 2- and 24-hours post-injection. RESULTS The injection of E. coli K1 in crickets resulted in >85% mortality 3-days post injection, accompanied by significant weight loss. E. coli K1 injection caused a significant increase in both phenoloxidase and lysozyme activities in cricket hemolymphs 24-hours post injection. Live E. coli K1 injected crickets resulted in a significant reduction in circulating hemocytes 24-hours post injection which was not observed in other treatment groups. This was consistent with the resolution of bacteremia observed 24-hours post infection in live E. coli K1 injected crickets. CONCLUSION Our study provides new insights on the innate immune response to pathogenic E. coli K1 in a cricket model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kavita Reginald
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Yi Ru Wong
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Smyrna Moti Rawanan Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Keng Foo Teh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Eunice Jalin Freddy Jalin
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Naveed Ahmed Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia; Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Reyes-Ramírez A, Rocha-Ortega M, Córdoba-Aguilar A. Feeding and condition shifts after encountering a pathogen. BEHAVIOUR 2021. [DOI: 10.1163/1568539x-bja10095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Feeding behaviour is a dynamic process, especially if an individual is dealing with an infection. Here, we used Tenebrio molitor beetles to evaluate the effects of changes in diet macronutrients (protein:carbohydrate) on: (i) feeding behaviour before and after infection (using the entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium robertsii) in males; and (ii) body condition, measured as the amount of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids in the body, in males and females. Given that females also depend on the nutrients from the spermatophore, we also addressed the impact on female condition of using spermatophores from males whose diets differed in macronutrients whether they were confronting an infection. We found that males with different diets and regardless of their infection status, and females with different diets, all consumed less of the protein-rich diet but more of the carbohydrate-rich diet. In addition, infection in males produced anorexia. The infection resulted in males and the females they mated with, with fewer body proteins and lipids. This suggests that unlike studies in other insects, T. molitor does not consume large amounts of protein during the adult stage, even during an infection. Females’ condition depended strongly on that of their mates, improving even when paired with infected males. This implies that females may be using the nutrients that the males transfer during mating for maintenance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Reyes-Ramírez
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Maya Rocha-Ortega
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| | - Alex Córdoba-Aguilar
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Instituto de Ecología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apdo. P. 70-275, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Coyoacán, Distrito Federal, México
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Santana TP, Gasparino E, de Souza Khatlab A, Brito CO, Barbosa LT, Lamont SJ, Del Vesco AP. Effect of prenatal ambient temperature on the performance physiological parameters, and oxidative metabolism of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) layers exposed to heat stress during growth. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9809. [PMID: 33963276 PMCID: PMC8105354 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89306-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A strategy to mitigate the negative effects of stress on animals is to enhance their ability to beneficially respond to stressful conditions. This study aimed to assess whether prenatal ambient temperature influences the response of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) chicks to environmental challenges during growth. The experiment was conducted in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: two temperature conditions for the mothers (thermoneutral and heat stress by continuous exposure to 32 °C) and two offspring ambient temperature conditions (thermoneutral and heat stress by intermittent exposure to 34 °C for 6 h/day from 15 to 35 days of age). Heat stress in mothers led to lower laying rate, egg mass, expression of methionine sulfoxide reductase A (MSRA) gene, and antioxidant capacity as well as higher chick mortality rate (1-15 days of age). Maternal heat stress led to lower weight gain and total antioxidant capacity and higher feed conversion ratio. Maternal temperature × Offspring temperature interaction effects were observed on carbonylated protein content and HSP70, GSS, and MSRA gene expression. It was observed that, for chicks hatched from heat-stressed mothers, exposure to heat stress led to higher carbonylated protein content and HSP70 expression than exposure to thermoneutral conditions. Maternal heat stress was also responsible for increasing GSS expression in chicks grown under thermoneutral conditions. Chicks hatched from non-stressed mothers and subjected to heat stress had higher MSRA expression compared to chicks maintained in a thermoneutral environment. Our results show that, although maternal heat stress had no negative effects on performance or oxidative metabolism of offspring grown under thermoneutral conditions, it was associated with lower performance and higher protein oxidation in offspring exposed to heat stress during growth. These results could be due in part to alterations in the expression of genes related to antioxidant capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Pacheco Santana
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Eliane Gasparino
- grid.271762.70000 0001 2116 9989Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Angélica de Souza Khatlab
- grid.271762.70000 0001 2116 9989Department of Animal Science, State University of Maringá, Maringá, Brazil
| | - Claudson Oliveira Brito
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Leandro Teixeira Barbosa
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| | - Susan J. Lamont
- grid.34421.300000 0004 1936 7312Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, USA
| | - Ana Paula Del Vesco
- grid.411252.10000 0001 2285 6801Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mangold CA, Hughes DP. Insect Behavioral Change and the Potential Contributions of Neuroinflammation-A Call for Future Research. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:465. [PMID: 33805190 PMCID: PMC8064348 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Many organisms are able to elicit behavioral change in other organisms. Examples include different microbes (e.g., viruses and fungi), parasites (e.g., hairworms and trematodes), and parasitoid wasps. In most cases, the mechanisms underlying host behavioral change remain relatively unclear. There is a growing body of literature linking alterations in immune signaling with neuron health, communication, and function; however, there is a paucity of data detailing the effects of altered neuroimmune signaling on insect neuron function and how glial cells may contribute toward neuron dysregulation. It is important to consider the potential impacts of altered neuroimmune communication on host behavior and reflect on its potential role as an important tool in the "neuro-engineer" toolkit. In this review, we examine what is known about the relationships between the insect immune and nervous systems. We highlight organisms that are able to influence insect behavior and discuss possible mechanisms of behavioral manipulation, including potentially dysregulated neuroimmune communication. We close by identifying opportunities for integrating research in insect innate immunity, glial cell physiology, and neurobiology in the investigation of behavioral manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colleen A. Mangold
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| | - David P. Hughes
- Department of Entomology, College of Agricultural Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA;
- Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
- Department of Biology, Eberly College of Science, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, PA 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Quispe-Ccasa HA, Aguilar-Yoplac J, C Valdivia-Gallardo J, Segura G, Emilio Milla Pino M, Cayo-Colca IS. Effect of Photoperiod with Sunlight at Thermal Stress and Sperm Parameters in Guinea Pigs. Pak J Biol Sci 2021; 24:1297-1308. [PMID: 34989206 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2021.1297.1308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Photoperiod can regulate reproductive physiological processes in mammals, in which improvements in testosterone concentration, testicular volume and seminal quality have been reported. The aim was to evaluate the influence of photoperiod treatments on guinea pigs' spermatic parameters. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> Thirty guinea pigs, between males and females, were distributed in two rooms with the photoperiodic treatment of 10 hrs light and 14 hrs dark (PT<sub>1</sub> with artificial photoperiod and PT<sub>2</sub> photoperiod with sunlight by opening windows from 08:00-18:00) and one without any direct light stimulus (PT<sub>0</sub>) for 78 days. The temperature and humidity were recorded and the TH index was calculated for each room. The sperms were recovered in Tris base medium from the epididymis of 16 males to determine sperm concentration, motility, kinetic parameters, vitality, HOST, acrosomal integrity and DNA fragmentation. <b>Results:</b> Sperm values in PT<sub>1</sub> and PT<sub>0</sub> were similar but PT<sub>2</sub> obtained values lower in sperm concentration, non-progressive motility, total motility, VCL, ALH, vitality, HOST+, acrosomal integrity, sperm with non-fragmented DNA and no pregnancies were reported (0/5). A 100% pregnancy was observed in PT<sub>0</sub> (4/4) and 50% in PT<sub>1</sub> (2/4). However, precocity was evidenced in PT<sub>1</sub> compared to PT<sub>0</sub>. PT<sub>2</sub> recorded higher peaks in temperature (33.8°C, THI 81, considered as thermal stress) compared to PT<sub>0</sub> (32.65°C, THI 81.8) and PT<sub>1</sub> (32.75°C, THI 81.6). <b>Conclusion:</b> An artificial photoperiod can improve sperm characteristics and reproductive precociousness of guinea pigs, unlike the photoperiod with sunlight, which generated low spermiogram values and absence of pregnancy due to thermal stress.
Collapse
|
21
|
McCormick CM, Smith K, Baumbach JL, de Lima APN, Shaver M, Hodges TE, Marcolin ML, Ismail N. Adolescent social instability stress leads to immediate and lasting sex-specific changes in the neuroendocrine-immune-gut axis in rats. Horm Behav 2020; 126:104845. [PMID: 32846188 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2020.104845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Social instability stress (SS; daily 1 h isolation and change of cage partner from postnatal day (P) 30-45) in adolescence produces elevations in corticosterone during the procedure in male and female rats, but no lasting changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) responses to psychological stressors, although deficits in social and cognitive function are evident in adulthood. Here we investigated the effects of SS in corticosterone response to an immune challenge (lipopolysaccharide, LPS, 0.1 mg/kg), on gene expression in the hippocampus, and on gut microbiota, when tested soon- (P46) or long- (P70) after SS. The temporal pattern of corticosterone release after LPS differed between SS and control rats irrespective of the time since SS exposure in females, whereas in males, SS did not alter corticosterone release after LPS. Expression of genes in the hippocampus relevant to immune and HPA function differed between saline-treated SS and control rats depending on sex and time tested, but with lasting consequences of SS in both sexes. LPS-treatment altered hippocampal gene expression, with bigger effects of LPS evident in control than in SS female rats, and the opposite in male rats. Further, effects sometimes depended on the age at time of LPS treatment. SS and control rats differed in both fecal and colon microbiome composition in all but P46 males, and stress history, sex, and age influenced the effects of an immune challenge on the gut microbiome. In sum, adolescent stress history has consequences for immune function into adulthood that may involve effects on the gut microbiome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl M McCormick
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada; Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.
| | - Kevin Smith
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Jennet L Baumbach
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | | | - Madeleine Shaver
- Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Travis E Hodges
- Department of Psychology, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Marina L Marcolin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Nafissa Ismail
- Department of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kelly CD, Mc Cabe Leroux J. No evidence of sickness behavior in immune-challenged field crickets. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:6049-6058. [PMID: 32607212 PMCID: PMC7319135 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Sickness behavior is a taxonomically widespread coordinated set of behavioral changes that increases shelter-seeking while reducing levels of general activity, as well as food (anorexia) and water (adipsia) consumption, when fighting infection by pathogens and disease. The leading hypothesis explaining such sickness-related shifts in behavior is the energy conservation hypothesis. This hypothesis argues that sick (i.e., immune-challenged) animals reduce energetic expenditure in order have more energy to fuel an immune response, which in some vertebrates, also includes producing an energetically expensive physiological fever. We experimentally tested the hypothesis that an immune challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) will cause Gryllus firmus field crickets to reduce their activity, increase shelter use and avoid foods that interfere with an immune response (i.e., fat) while preferring a diet that fuels an immune response (i.e., protein). We found little evidence of sickness behavior in Gryllus firmus as immune-challenged individuals did not reduce their activity or increase their shelter-seeking. Neither did we observe changes in feeding or drinking behavior nor a preference for protein or avoidance of lipids. Males tended to use shelters less than females but no other behaviors differed between the sexes. The lack of sickness behavior in our study might reflect the fact that invertebrates do not possess energetically expensive physiological fever as part of their immune response. Therefore, there is little reason to conserve energy via reduced activity or increased shelter use when immune-challenged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clint D. Kelly
- Département des Sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealQCCanada
| | - Jules Mc Cabe Leroux
- Département des Sciences biologiquesUniversité du Québec à MontréalMontrealQCCanada
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
de Gomes MG, Teixeira FEG, de Carvalho FB, Pacheco CO, da Silva Neto MR, Giacomeli R, Ramalho JB, Dos Santos RB, Domingues WB, Campos VF, Haas SE. Curcumin-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules attenuates the immune challenge LPS-induced in rats: Neuroinflammatory and behavioral response in sickness behavior. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 345:577270. [PMID: 32480241 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of current study was to evaluate the effect of curcumin (CUR) loaded lipid-core nanocapsules (CUR-LNC) treatment on neuroinflammatory and behavioral alterations in a model of sickness behavior induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Rats were treated with CUR-LNC and CUR daily for 14 days. After the last treatments, sickness behavior was induced with LPS. Sickness behavior LPS-induced was confirmed by behavioral tests, an increase in levels of proinflammatory cytokines, decrease in levels of IL-10, overexpression of IDO-1 and IDO-2. In conclusion, CUR-LNC treatment attenuated the neuroinflammatory and behavioral changes caused in sickness behavior model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Flavia Elizabete Guerra Teixeira
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Felipe Barbosa de Carvalho
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Camila Oliveira Pacheco
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Manoel Rodrigues da Silva Neto
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Giacomeli
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliana Bernera Ramalho
- Postgraduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa, UNIPAMPA, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Renata Bem Dos Santos
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - William Borges Domingues
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Vinicius Farias Campos
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Center for Technological Development, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Sandra Elisa Haas
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana, BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970 Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Systemic infections of all types lead to a syndrome known as sickness behaviors. Changes in the behavior of febrile humans and animals formed the original basis for this concept. Body temperature is behaviorally regulated in both endotherms and ectotherms. However, infections cause other changes in body functions, including sleep disruption, anorexia, cognitive and memory deficits and disorientation. The brain mediates this entire cluster of symptoms, even though most major infections occur outside the brain. The true importance of sickness behaviors is not the numerous discoveries of symptoms that affect all of us when we get sick. Instead, the legacy of 30 years of research in sickness behaviors is that it established the physiologic importance of reciprocal communication systems between the immune system and the brain. This conceptual advance remains in its infancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith W Kelley
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Urbana, IL, United States.,Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural, Consumer & Environmental Sciences (ACES), University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.,School of Psychology and Public Health, University of Illinois in Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Stephen Kent
- School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Dean and Head of School of Psychology & Public Health, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hine BC, Bell AM, Niemeyer DDO, Duff CJ, Butcher NM, Dominik S, Ingham AB, Colditz IG. Immune competence traits assessed during the stress of weaning are heritable and favorably genetically correlated with temperament traits in Angus cattle1. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:4053-4065. [PMID: 31581299 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skz260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Selection for production traits with little or no emphasis on health-related traits has the potential to increase susceptibility to disease in food-producing animals. A possible genetic strategy to mitigate such effects is to include both production and health traits in the breeding objective when selecting animals. For this to occur, reliable methodologies are required to assess beneficial health traits, such as the immune capacity of animals. We describe here a methodology to assess the immune competence of beef cattle which is both practical to apply on farm and does not restrict the future sale of tested animals. The methodology also accommodates variation in prior vaccination history of cohorts of animals being tested. In the present study, the immune competence phenotype of 1,100 Angus calves was assessed during yard weaning. Genetic parameters associated with immune competence traits were estimated and associations between immune competence, temperament, and stress-coping ability traits were investigated. Results suggested that immune competence traits, related to an animal's ability to mount both antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, are moderately heritable (h2 = 0.32 ± 0.09 and 0.27 ± 0.08, respectively) and favorably genetically correlated with the temperament trait, flight time (r = 0.63 ± 0.31 and 0.60 ± 0.29 with antibody and cell-mediated immune responses, respectively). Development of methodologies to assess the immune competence phenotype of beef cattle is a critical first step in the establishment of genetic selection strategies aimed at improving the general disease resistance of beef herds. Strategies aimed at reducing the incidence of disease in beef cattle are expected to significantly improve animal health and welfare, reduce reliance on the use of antibiotics to treat disease, and reduce disease-associated costs incurred by producers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brad C Hine
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Amy M Bell
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Sonja Dominik
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Aaron B Ingham
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ian G Colditz
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, F.D. McMaster Laboratory, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Affiliation(s)
- David S Jessop
- a Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bristol , Bristol , UK
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nasr MAF, Mohammed H, Hassan RA, Swelum AA, Saadeldin IM. Does light intensity affect the behavior, welfare, performance, meat quality, amino acid profile, and egg quality of Japanese quails? Poult Sci 2019; 98:3093-3102. [PMID: 30839083 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the impact of different light intensities on behavior, welfare, performance, meat quality, amino acid content, and egg quality of Japanese quails. A total of 600 1-day-old Japanese quail chicks were used (300/batch). Chicks were homogeneously classified into 3 groups (each of 100); low (10 lux), moderate (50 lux). and high light intensity (250 lux) groups. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of light intensity in most of the Japanese quails' behaviors. Quails reared on low light intensity showed the lowest behavior of feeding, drinking, flying, and feather picking, while the highest behaviors were preening, dust bathing, leg and wing stretching, and body shaking when compared with the other groups. Moreover, they had the better welfare (lowest H/L ratio and corticosterone levels). Quails of low light intensity groups possessed the heaviest body weight (145.17 g, P = 0.000) with the lowest daily feed intake (14.17 g) but with the best feed conversion ratio (3.39%, P = 0.000). Moreover, they had the heaviest slaughter (132.47 g, P = 0.000) and carcass weight (109.29 g, P = 0.000) and carcass yield (75.37%, P = 0.000) when compared with the others groups. Muscles of quails (both of pectoral and thigh) kept under low light intensity revealed the highest percentage of lightness, yellowness, and water-holding capacity with the lowest percentage of cooking loss, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and some amino acids. They also had the heaviest egg weight (11.24 g, P = 0.000) with the best external and internal egg-quality grades (P < 0.05). Consequently, low light intensity is suggested for improving quail's welfare, performance, and reproduction, while the high light intensity had a detrimental effect on both welfare and performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A F Nasr
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| | - Hesham Mohammed
- Department of Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| | - Rania A Hassan
- Animal Wealth Development Department, Animal Production Division, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Swelum
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| | - Islam M Saadeldin
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, PO Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44511, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dundar S, Bozoglan A, Yaman F, Kirtay M, Bulmus O, Sahin Aydinyurt H, Solmaz MY, Yanen C. An experimental investigation of the effects of chronic stress on bone-to-implant contact. J Korean Assoc Oral Maxillofac Surg 2019; 45:91-96. [PMID: 31106137 PMCID: PMC6502755 DOI: 10.5125/jkaoms.2019.45.2.91] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate the effects of chronic restraint stress on the osseointegration of titanium implants. Materials and Methods Twenty adult male Wistar albino rats were used in the study. After surgical insertion of titanium implants into the metaphyseal part of the tibial bone, rats were randomly divided into two groups: a control group (CNT group) and an experimental restraint stress group (RS group). In the CNT group, titanium implants were inserted surgically, and rats received no further treatment during the 47-day experimental period. In the RS group, restraint stress was applied for 3 hours per day for 45 days, beginning 2 days after implant surgery. Weight of the rats was measured prior to surgery and at the end of the study to analyze the effects of stress. At the end of the experimental period, rats were euthanized, and implants and surrounding bone tissues were used for undecalcified histological analysis. Serum cortisol levels were assessed in cardiac blood samples from the rats following centrifugation. Results Average weight of rats in the RS group was lower than that of rats in the CNT group after the experimental protocol had been completed (P<0.05). Further, serum cortisol levels were higher in the RS group than in the CNT group (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in bone-implant connection levels between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion The data analyzed in this study suggest that chronic restraint stress did not adversely affect rats during a 45-day osseointegration period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Dundar
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Alihan Bozoglan
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Ferhan Yaman
- Private Practice, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Diyarbakir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kirtay
- Private Practice, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ozgur Bulmus
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Hacer Sahin Aydinyurt
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Yüzüncü Yıl University, Van, Turkey
| | - Murat Yavuz Solmaz
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Cenk Yanen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Firat University, Elazig, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Ernstgård L, Bottai M, Johanson G, Sjögren B. Down-regulation of the inflammatory response after short-term exposure to low levels of chemical vapours. Occup Environ Med 2019; 76:482-487. [PMID: 30852491 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2018-105537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relation between signs and symptoms of irritation and biomarkers of inflammatory markers in blood in healthy volunteers exposed to different chemical vapours for 2 or 4 hours in an exposure chamber. METHODS The investigated chemicals were: acetic acid (5 and 10 ppm), acrolein (0.05 and 0.1 ppm), 1,4-dioxane (20 ppm), n-hexanal (2 and 10 ppm), hydrogen peroxide (0.5 and 2.2 ppm), 2-propanol (150 ppm), m-xylene (50 ppm), standard and dearomatised white spirit (100 and 300 mg/m3). C reactive protein (CRP), serum amyloid A protein and interleukin 6 were measured in plasma immediately before and 2 or 4 hours after the exposures. Symptoms were rated from 0 to 100 mm in Visual Analogue Scales and covered 10 questions whereof four related to irritation: discomfort in the eyes, nose and throat and dyspnoea. The effect measurements included blink frequency by electromyography, nasal swelling by acoustic rhinometry and lung function by spirometry. RESULTS Logistic quantile regression analyses revealed no significant associations except a negative relation between ratings of irritation and CRP. CONCLUSION The results suggest a down-regulation of CRP after short-term exposure to low levels of vapours of irritating chemicals. This response might be mediated by the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway and further studies are recommended in order to refute or confirm this hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lena Ernstgård
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matteo Bottai
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bengt Sjögren
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Brás JP, Pinto S, Almeida MI, Prata J, von Doellinger O, Coelho R, Barbosa MA, Santos SG. Peripheral Biomarkers of Inflammation in Depression: Evidence from Animal Models and Clinical Studies. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2011:467-492. [PMID: 31273717 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9554-7_28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychiatric condition, with over 300 million sufferers, and is an important comorbidity for other conditions, like cardiovascular disorders or diabetes. Therapy is largely based on psychotherapy and/or pharmacological intervention, particularly aimed at altering neurotransmitter levels in the central nervous system, but inadequate response to treatment remains a significant clinical problem. Herein, evidence supporting a molecular link between inflammation and depression will be discussed, particularly the increased prevalence of depression in chronic inflammatory diseases and the evidence on the use of anti-inflammatory drugs to treat depression. Moreover, the potential for the levels of peripheral inflammatory molecules to act as depression biomarkers, in the diagnosis and monitoring of depression will be examined, considering clinical- and animal model-based evidence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J P Brás
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S Pinto
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - M I Almeida
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Prata
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Vila Nova de Gaia/Espinho, Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal
| | - O von Doellinger
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar do Tâmega e Sousa, Penafiel, Portugal
| | - R Coelho
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- FMUP-Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - M A Barbosa
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - S G Santos
- i3S-Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- INEB-Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
- ICBAS-Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Guignet M, Lein PJ. Neuroinflammation in organophosphate-induced neurotoxicity. ROLE OF INFLAMMATION IN ENVIRONMENTAL NEUROTOXICITY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ant.2018.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
32
|
A Brief History of Immunological Research into Psychosis and Pathways for Immune Influence of the Brain. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2019; 44:1-8. [PMID: 30779049 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2018_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Infection and inflammation resulting from a malfunctioning of the immune system have been discussed as pathological factors in psychosis for more than 130 years. The first immune-modulating therapeutic approaches for psychosis were developed more than 100 years ago, but the breakthrough of antipsychotic treatment in the 1950s shifted the emphasis of research to catecholaminergic neurotransmission. In the 1990s, however, the unsatisfactory therapeutic effects of antipsychotics, and the fact that the pathological mechanisms of psychosis were still unknown, reignited the scientific interest in other topics, including inflammation. In parallel, the further development of immunological methods enabled a more sophisticated examination of immunological and inflammatory mechanisms. Psychiatrists' interest in this interdisciplinary field increased as a consequence of encouraging results of psychoneuroimmunological research and broader funding of the field. In the meantime, the benefits of anti-inflammatory treatment in psychosis have been demonstrated in clinical studies and meta-analyses. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the exact immunological mechanisms in the pathophysiology of the disease, optimize the anti-inflammatory treatment approach and develop more targeted, personalized therapies in psychosis.
Collapse
|
33
|
Heat stress in poultry production: Mitigation strategies to overcome the future challenges facing the global poultry industry. J Therm Biol 2018; 78:131-139. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
34
|
Dantzer R, Cohen S, Russo SJ, Dinan TG. Resilience and immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 74:28-42. [PMID: 30102966 PMCID: PMC6545920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience is the process that allows individuals to adapt to adverse conditions and recover from them. This process is favored by individual qualities that have been amply studied in the field of stress such as personal control, positive affect, optimism, and social support. Biopsychosocial studies on the individual qualities that promote resilience show that these factors help protect against the deleterious influences of stressors on physiology in general and immunity in particular. The reverse is also true as there is evidence that immune processes influence resilience. Most of the data supporting this relationship comes from animal studies on individual differences in the ability to resist situations of chronic stress. These data build on the knowledge that has accumulated on the influence of immune factors on brain and behavior in both animal and human studies. In general, resilient individuals have a different immunophenotype from that of stress susceptible individuals. It is possible to render susceptible individuals resilient and vice versa by changing their inflammatory phenotype. The adaptive immune phenotype also influences the ability to recover from inflammation-induced symptoms. The modulation of these bidirectional relationships between resilience and immunity by the gut microbiota opens the possibility to influence them by probiotics and prebiotics. However, more focused studies on the reciprocal relationship between resilience and immunity will be necessary before this can be put into practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Dantzer
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Scott J Russo
- Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustav L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Timothy G Dinan
- APC Microbiome Ireland and Dept. of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Williams AC, Hill LJ. Nicotinamide's Ups and Downs: Consequences for Fertility, Development, Longevity and Diseases of Poverty and Affluence. Int J Tryptophan Res 2018; 11:1178646918802289. [PMID: 30327578 PMCID: PMC6178124 DOI: 10.1177/1178646918802289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
To further explore the role of dietary nicotinamide in both brain development and diseases, particularly those of ageing. Articles cover neurodegenerative disease and cancer. Also discussed are the effects of nicotinamide, contained in meat and supplements and derived from symbionts, on the major transitions of disease and fertility from ancient times up to the present day. A key role for the tryptophan - NAD 'de novo' and immune tolerance pathway are discussed at length in the context of fertility and longevity and the transitions from immune paresis to Treg-mediated immune tolerance and then finally to intolerance and their associated diseases. Abstract: Nicotinamide in human evolution increased cognitive power in a positive feedback loop originally involving hunting. As the precursor to metabolic master molecule NAD it is, as vitamin B3, vital for health. Paradoxically, a lower dose on a diverse plant then cereal-based diet fuelled population booms from the Mesolithic onwards, by upping immune tolerance of the foetus. Increased tolerance of risky symbionts, whether in the gut or TB, that excrete nicotinamide co-evolved as buffers for when diet was inadequate. High biological fertility, despite disease trade-offs, avoided the extinction of Homo sapiens and heralded the dawn of a conscious, creative, and pro-fertility culture. Nicotinamide equity now would stabilise populations and prevent NAD-based diseases of poverty and affluence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian C Williams
- Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Lisa J Hill
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Trifunovic N, Jatic Z, Kulenovic AD. Identification of Causes of the Occupational Stress for Health Providers at Different Levels of Health Care. Med Arch 2018; 71:169-172. [PMID: 28974827 PMCID: PMC5585796 DOI: 10.5455/medarh.2017.71.169-172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To identify and compare the stressors in the work environment experienced by employees in primary health care and secondary health care, amongphysiciansand nurses. Patients and methods: The survey was conducted to identify types of stressors by assessing health care workers employed in the primary and secondary health care services of the Public Institution, the Health Centre of the Sarajevo Canton, using a questionnaire about stress in the workplace. Results: Among all study participants stressors connected to the organization of work, finance and communication were found to affect their mental health most strongly. The results show a significant difference between primary and secondary health care in experience of stressors related to the organization of work, communication, and stressors related to the emotional and physical risks. Primary health care physicians report a significantly higher experience of stress and impact on mental health compared with other physicians related to emotional difficulties when working in the field of palliative care. Our results also indicate a significant difference between primary and secondary health providers in experiencing stressors related to the organization of work, such as: on-call duty shifts, an inadequate working environment and in the assessment of administrative work overload. Conclusion: The survey identified the most intense stressors for doctors and nurses at primary and secondary levels of health care services. The results of the study indicate that doctors and nurses have a different hierarchy of stressors, as well as subjects at Primary and Secondary Health Care. The results of the study indicate that subjects et Primary Health Care perceive more stressful organizational, emotional and communicational problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Trifunovic
- Department of Family Medicine of Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Public Institution Health Center of Canton Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Zaim Jatic
- Department of Family Medicine of Faculty of Medicine University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.,Public Institution Health Center of Canton Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Alma Dzubur Kulenovic
- Department of Psychiatry, University Clinical Center, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Sarapultsev AP, Vassiliev PM, Sarapultsev PA, Chupakhin ON, Ianalieva LR, Sidorova LP. Immunomodulatory Action of Substituted 1,3,4-Thiadiazines on the Course of Myocardial Infarction. Molecules 2018; 23:E1611. [PMID: 30004445 PMCID: PMC6099947 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the biological action of the compounds from the group of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines on stress response and myocardial infarction. The aim of this review is to propose the possible mechanisms of action of 1,3,4-thiadiazines and offer prospectives in the development of new derivatives as therapeutic agents. It is known, that compounds that have biological effects similar to those used as antidepressants can down-regulate the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, up-regulate the release of anti-inflammatory ones and affect cell recruitment, which allows them to be considered immunomodulators as well. The results of pharmacological evaluation, in silico studies, and in vivo experiments of several compounds from the group of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines with antidepressant properties are presented. It is proposed that the cardioprotective effects of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines might be explained by the peculiarities of their multi-target action: the ability of the compounds to interact with various types of receptors and transporters of dopaminergic, serotonergic and acetylcholinergic systems and to block the kinase signal pathway PI3K-AKT. The described effects of substituted 1,3,4-thiadiazines suggest that it is necessary to search for a new agents for limiting the peripheral inflammatory/ischemic damage through the entral mechanisms of stress reaction and modifying pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways in the brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey P Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of RAS, Pervomayskaya 106, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia.
| | - Pavel M Vassiliev
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Square 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia.
| | - Petr A Sarapultsev
- Institute of Immunology and Physiology of the Ural Branch of RAS, Pervomayskaya 106, Ekaterinburg 620049, Russia.
| | - Oleg N Chupakhin
- The IJ Postovsky Institute of Organic Synthesis of the Ural Branch of RAS, Akademicheskaya/S. Kovalevskoi, 22/20, Ekaterinburg 620990, Russia.
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| | - Laura R Ianalieva
- Department of Pharmacology and Bioinformatics, Volgograd State Medical University, Pavshikh Bortsov Square 1, Volgograd 400131, Russia.
| | - Larisa P Sidorova
- Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B. N. Yeltsin, 19 Mira Street, Ekaterinburg 620002, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
de Gomes MG, Souza LC, Goes AR, Del Fabbro L, Filho CB, Donato F, Prigol M, Luchese C, Roman SS, Puntel RL, Boeira SP, Jesse CR. Fish oil ameliorates sickness behavior induced by lipopolysaccharide in aged mice through the modulation of kynurenine pathway. J Nutr Biochem 2018; 58:37-48. [PMID: 29870875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sickness behavior is an expression of a central motivational state triggered by activation of the immune system, being considered a strategy of the organism to fight infection. Sickness behavior is induced by peripheral administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). LPS can increase the levels of proinflammatory cytokines, which induce the activation of the kynurenine pathway (KP) and behavioral alterations. Previous studies have shown that omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) has anti-inflammatory properties. Because of this, the purpose of the present study was to evaluate the protective effect of fish oil (FO) supplementation against LPS-induced sickness behavior in aged mice with respect to anhedonia, locomotor activity and body weight. Moreover, we evaluated the ability of FO treatment on the regulation of neuroinflammation (levels of interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, tumor factor necrosis-α and interferon-γ), KP biomarkers (levels of tryptophan, kynurenine, kynurenic acid, 3-hydroxykynurenine and quinolinic acid and activities of indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase, kynurenine monooxygenase and kynurenine aminotransferase) and serotonergic system (levels of serotonin and 5-hydroxyindoleactic acid) in the hippocampus, striatum and prefrontal cortex of LPS-treated mice. We found that FO prevented the LPS-mediated body weight loss, anhedonic behavior, reduction of locomotor activity, up-regulation of the proinflammatory cytokines and serotoninergic alterations. We also found that FO was effective in modulating the KP biomarkers, inhibiting or attenuating KP dysregulation induced by LPS. Together, our results indicated that FO may have beneficial effects on LPS induced sickness-behavior in aged mice either by modulating central inflammation, KP and serotonergic signaling (indirectly effect) or by fatty acids incorporation into neuronal membranes (direct effect).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Gomes de Gomes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil; Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Cattelan Souza
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - André Rossito Goes
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Lucian Del Fabbro
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Borges Filho
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Franciele Donato
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Prigol
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Luchese
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Campus Universitário, s/n, 96160-000, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Robson Luiz Puntel
- Universidade Federal do Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana BR 472, Km 7, 97500-970, Uruguaiana, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvana Peterini Boeira
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiano Ricardo Jesse
- Laboratório de Avaliações Farmacológicas e Toxicológicas Aplicadas às Moléculas Bioativas-LaftamBio Pampa-Universidade Federal do Pampa, Itaqui, RS, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Macht VA, Reagan LP. Chronic stress from adolescence to aging in the prefrontal cortex: A neuroimmune perspective. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 49:31-42. [PMID: 29258741 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The development of the organism is a critical variable which influences the magnitude, duration, and reversibility of the effects of chronic stress. Such factors are relevant to the prefrontal cortex (PFC), as this brain region is the last to mature, the first to decline, and is highly stress-sensitive. Therefore, this review will examine the intersection between the nervous system and immune system at glutamatergic synapses in the PFC across three developmental periods: adolescence, adulthood, and aging. Glutamatergic synapses are tightly juxtaposed with microglia and astrocytes, and each of these cell types exhibits their own developmental trajectory. Not only does chronic stress differentially impact each of these cell types across development, but chronic stress also alters intercellular communication within this quad-partite synapse. These observations suggest that developmental shifts in both neural and immune function across neurons, microglia, and astrocytes mediate shifting effects of chronic stress on glutamatergic transmission.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A Macht
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, United States; University of South Carolina, Department of Psychology, Columbia, SC, United States.
| | - Lawrence P Reagan
- University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Neuroscience, Columbia, SC, United States; Wm. Jennings Bryan Dorn VA Medical Center, Columbia, SC, United States
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Yaribeygi H, Panahi Y, Sahraei H, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The impact of stress on body function: A review. EXCLI JOURNAL 2017; 16:1057-1072. [PMID: 28900385 PMCID: PMC5579396 DOI: 10.17179/excli2017-480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Any intrinsic or extrinsic stimulus that evokes a biological response is known as stress. The compensatory responses to these stresses are known as stress responses. Based on the type, timing and severity of the applied stimulus, stress can exert various actions on the body ranging from alterations in homeostasis to life-threatening effects and death. In many cases, the pathophysiological complications of disease arise from stress and the subjects exposed to stress, e.g. those that work or live in stressful environments, have a higher likelihood of many disorders. Stress can be either a triggering or aggravating factor for many diseases and pathological conditions. In this study, we have reviewed some of the major effects of stress on the primary physiological systems of humans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Yunes Panahi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hedayat Sahraei
- Neurosciences Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Ngoula F, Guemdjo Tekam M, Kenfack A, Tadondjou Tchingo CD, Nouboudem S, Ngoumtsop H, Tsafack B, Teguia A, Kamtchouing P, Galeotti M, Tchoumboue J. Effects of heat stress on some reproductive parameters of male cavie (Cavia porcellus) and mitigation strategies using guava (Psidium guajava) leaves essential oil. J Therm Biol 2017; 64:67-72. [PMID: 28166947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Climate changes, particularly the increase of temperature are among the main causes behind the decline of fertility in humans as well as animals. In this study, the effects of heat stress on some reproductive parameters of male cavies and mitigation strategies using guava leaves essential oil (GLEO) were studied. For this purpose, 40 male cavies aged 2.5-3 months and weighing between 348 and 446g were divided into 4 groups of 10 animals each and subjected to the following temperatures: Ambient temperature (20-25°C) for the control group, 35°C for group 1, 45°C for group 2 and 45°C+100µl GLEO/kg body weight, administered by gavage to animals for group 3. Exposure time of heat was 7h per day for 60 days. Results reveal that the relative weights of testes, epididymis, vas deferens and seminal vesicles were hardly affected by the temperature levels considered (P>0.05). The mass and individual sperm motility was significantly lower (P<0.05) in cavies exposed to the temperature of 35 and 45°C as compared with those which received GLEO and controls. The percentages of abnormal sperm and altered sperm DNA were higher in animals exposed to temperature of 35 and 45°C as compared with the controls. The activity of superoxide dismutase significantly increased (P<0.05) in animals exposed to temperature of 45°C and in those of 45°C and orally treated with GLEO, compared with cavies exposed to temperature of 45°C without receiving GLEO. The level of malondialdehyde was significantly increased (P<0.05) in animals exposed to temperature of 35 and 45°C, whereas the level of nitric oxide was significantly lower (P<0.05) in exposed animals as compared with controls. It was concluded that the exposure of male cavies at 35 and 45°C for 60 days induce heat stress that causes deterioration of sperm characteristics. These effects that can be mitigated by the administration of guava leaves essential oil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Ngoula
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon.
| | - Maryvonne Guemdjo Tekam
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Augustave Kenfack
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | | | - Sandrine Nouboudem
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Herman Ngoumtsop
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Borice Tsafack
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Alexis Teguia
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| | - Pierre Kamtchouing
- Department of Animal Biology and Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Yaounde I Cameroon
| | - Marco Galeotti
- Sezionedi Patologia Veterinaria, Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti, Università degli Studi di Udine, Via Sondrio, 233100 Udine, Italy
| | - Joseph Tchoumboue
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agronomy and Agricultural Sciences, University of Dschang, Cameroon
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Harris S, Gilbert M, Beasant L, Linney C, Broughton J, Crawley E. A qualitative investigation of eating difficulties in adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis. Clin Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 22:128-139. [PMID: 27215228 PMCID: PMC5207298 DOI: 10.1177/1359104516646813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An estimated 10% of children and adolescents with chronic fatigue syndrome/myalgic encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME) experience eating difficulties; however, little is known about why these difficulties develop, what the impact is or how to manage them. METHODS Semi-structured interviews were conducted with adolescents (aged 12-17 years) attending a specialist service who have a primary diagnosis of CFS/ME and experience nausea, abdominal pain and/or eating difficulties. A total of 11 adolescents were interviewed (eight female, mean age: 15 years). Transcripts were analysed thematically using techniques of constant comparison which commenced soon after data collection and informed further interview protocols. RESULTS Adolescents perceived their eating difficulties were caused by abdominal symptoms, being too fatigued to eat and changes to their senses of taste and smell. Some of the adolescents recognised how their eating difficulties were exacerbated and maintained by psychological factors of low mood and anxiety. The adolescents eating difficulties had a negative impact on their weight, fatigue, socialising and family life. They perceived helpful interventions to include modifying their diets, families adjusting and also medical interventions (e.g. medication). Adolescents identified that early education and support about diet and eating habits would have been helpful. CONCLUSIONS If adolescents diagnosed with CFS/ME develop eating difficulties, this has a significant impact on their quality of life, illness and on their families. Not eating increases fatigue, low mood and anxiety which further exacerbates the eating difficulties. Clinicians should screen for eating difficulties in those with symptoms of nausea and abdominal pain, warn adolescents and their families of the risk of developing eating difficulties and provide interventions and support as early as possible.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Harris
- 1 South Wales Doctoral Programme in Clinical Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
| | - Matthew Gilbert
- 2 Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Lucy Beasant
- 2 Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | | | - Jessica Broughton
- 2 Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| | - Esther Crawley
- 2 Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, UK
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Myalgic encephalomyelitis, chronic fatigue syndrome: An infectious disease. Med Hypotheses 2016; 85:765-73. [PMID: 26604026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Revised: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The etiology of myalgic encephalomyelitis also known as chronic fatigue syndrome or ME/CFS has not been established. Controversies exist over whether it is an organic disease or a psychological disorder and even the existence of ME/CFS as a disease entity is sometimes denied. Suggested causal hypotheses have included psychosomatic disorders, infectious agents, immune dysfunctions, autoimmunity, metabolic disturbances, toxins and inherited genetic factors. Clinical, immunological and epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that: ME/CFS is an infectious disease; the causal pathogen persists in patients; the pathogen can be transmitted by casual contact; host factors determine susceptibility to the illness; and there is a population of healthy carriers, who may be able to shed the pathogen. ME/CFS is endemic globally as sporadic cases and occasional cluster outbreaks (epidemics). Cluster outbreaks imply an infectious agent. An abrupt flu-like onset resembling an infectious illness occurs in outbreak patients and many sporadic patients. Immune responses in sporadic patients resemble immune responses in other infectious diseases. Contagion is shown by finding secondary cases in outbreaks, and suggested by a higher prevalence of ME/CFS in sporadic patients' genetically unrelated close contacts (spouses/partners) than the community. Abortive cases, sub-clinical cases, and carrier state individuals were found in outbreaks. The chronic phase of ME/CFS does not appear to be particularly infective. Some healthy patient-contacts show immune responses similar to patients' immune responses, suggesting exposure to the same antigen (a pathogen). The chronicity of symptoms and of immune system changes and the occurrence of secondary cases suggest persistence of a causal pathogen. Risk factors which predispose to developing ME/CFS are: a close family member with ME/CFS; inherited genetic factors; female gender; age; rest/activity; previous exposure to stress or toxins; various infectious diseases preceding the onset of ME/CFS; and occupational exposure of health care professionals. The hypothesis implies that ME/CFS patients should not donate blood or tissue and usual precautions should be taken when handling patients' blood and tissue. No known pathogen has been shown to cause ME/CFS. Confirmation of the hypothesis requires identification of a causal pathogen. Research should focus on a search for unknown and known pathogens. Finding a causal pathogen could assist with diagnosis; help find a biomarker; enable the development of anti-microbial treatments; suggest preventive measures; explain pathophysiological findings; and reassure patients about the validity of their symptoms.
Collapse
|
44
|
Cannas S, Berteselli GV, Piotti P, Talamonti Z, Scaglia E, Stefanello D, Minero M, Palestrini C. Stress and Cancer in Dogs: Comparison Between a Population of Dogs Diagnosed with Cancer and a Control Population - A Pilot Study. MACEDONIAN VETERINARY REVIEW 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/macvetrev-2016-0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractIt is widely accepted that psychological stress and mental illness can compromise the function of the immune system. Clinical and epidemiological studies on humans recognized that specific psychosocial factors, such as stress, chronic depression and lack of social support are risk factors for the development and progression of cancer. Unfortunately, most of the animals studies on this subject are based on laboratory tests performed on mice. This retrospective cohort study aims to analyze the relation between stress and tumor in pet dogs, by evaluating and comparing the stress level in two groups of 69 dogs each, balanced for sex and age: the oncologic group consists of dogs diagnosed with cancer and the control group consists of healthy dogs. Our results show that, before the cancer diagnosis, more dogs in the oncologic group faced changes in their household and routine as opposed to the control group (p<0.05). More dogs of the oncologic group than the control group also showed signs of stress and anxiety, before the cancer diagnosis (p<0.05). As reported by their owners, these included attention seeking, hiding without a specific reason, following the owner around the house, hyper-vigilance, fear of fireworks and gunshots, biting, aggression towards other dogs, licking and chewing excessively parts of their body. Our results are aligned with the evidence from human research, indicating that dogs with cancer are significantly more likely to have shown signs of stress compared to the control dogs during their life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Cannas
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano , Italy
| | | | - Patrizia Piotti
- Department of Psychology , University of Portsmouth , King Henry Building, King Henry 1 st Street, Portsmouth, PO1 2DY , United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Zita Talamonti
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Elisabetta Scaglia
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Damiano Stefanello
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Michela Minero
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Clara Palestrini
- Dipartimento Medicina Veterinaria (DIMEVET) , Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Celoria 10, 20133 Milano , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
van Dixhoorn IDE, Reimert I, Middelkoop J, Bolhuis JE, Wisselink HJ, Groot Koerkamp PWG, Kemp B, Stockhofe-Zurwieden N. Enriched Housing Reduces Disease Susceptibility to Co-Infection with Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Virus (PRRSV) and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (A. pleuropneumoniae) in Young Pigs. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161832. [PMID: 27606818 PMCID: PMC5015855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Until today, anti-microbial drugs have been the therapy of choice to combat bacterial diseases. Resistance against antibiotics is of growing concern in man and animals. Stress, caused by demanding environmental conditions, can reduce immune protection in the host, influencing the onset and outcome of infectious diseases. Therefore psychoneuro-immunological intervention may prove to be a successful approach to diminish the impact of diseases and antibiotics use. This study was designed to investigate the effect of social and environmental enrichment on the impact of disease, referred to as "disease susceptibility", in pigs using a co-infection model of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae. Twenty-eight pigs were raised in four pens under barren conditions and twenty-eight other pigs were raised in four pens under enriched conditions. In the enriched pens a combination of established social and environmental enrichment factors were introduced. Two pens of the barren (BH) and two pens of the enriched housed (EH) pigs were infected with PRRSV followed by A. pleuropneumoniae, the other two pens in each housing treatment served as control groups. We tested if differences in disease susceptibility in terms of pathological and clinical outcome were related to the different housing regimes and if this was reflected in differences in behavioural and immunological states of the animals. Enriched housed pigs showed a faster clearance of viral PRRSV RNA in blood serum (p = 0.014) and histologically 2.8 fold less interstitial pneumonia signs in the lungs (p = 0.014). More barren housed than enriched housed pigs developed lesions in the lungs (OR = 19.2, p = 0.048) and the lesions in the barren housed pigs showed a higher total pathologic tissue damage score (p<0.001) than those in enriched housed pigs. EH pigs showed less stress-related behaviour and differed immunologically and clinically from BH pigs. We conclude that enriched housing management reduces disease susceptibility to co-infection of PRRSV and A. pleuropneumoniae in pigs. Enrichment positively influences behavioural state, immunological response and clinical outcome in pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Inonge Reimert
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Jenny Middelkoop
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - J. Elizabeth Bolhuis
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Henk J. Wisselink
- Central Veterinary Institute, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | | | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research Centre, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Limb injuries, immune response and growth performance of early-weaned pigs in different housing systems. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800051614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe welfare of early-weaned pigs in different housing systems was examined using a range of indicators. Three replicates of 20 pigs were weaned at 6·4 kg live weight into either: (a) deep-straw; (b) Straw-Flow®; (c) large flatdeck; (d) small flatdeck. A kenneled lying area was provided in (a) and (b). The floor in (c) and (d) was expanded metal. Stocking densities were 0·23 m2 per pig in (a), (b) and (c) and 0·17 m2 per pig in (d). After 4 to 5 weeks (19·6 kg live weight), 16 pigs from each pen were moved into Straw-Flow grower pens (0·68 m2 per pig) and observed until slaughter at 90·6 kg. The remaining pigs were grouped together to examine the effects of mixing. At weaning, 24·1% of pigs had foot injuries. Pigs with foot injuries recovered quickly on deep-straw but the injuries increased in flatdecks immediately after weaning (Straw-Flow was intermediate). Injuries were more persistent in the small flatdeck. Deep-straw prevented adventitious bursitis of the hock. After 1 month in the grower pens, there was no residual treatment effect. Antibody response was examined by immune challenge with keyhole limpet haemocyanin (KLH). Immunoglobulin (Ig) response was greater in straw pens. Pigs mixed at 20 kg showed a decreased immune response to KLH challenge. Growth and food intake showed no treatment effects; food conversion ratio was poorer in (c) than in (b) or (d).
Collapse
|
47
|
The effect of stocking density and social regrouping stressors on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and physiological stress responses in pigs. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800054588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA 2 ✕ 2 factorial arrangement of treatments used 280 growing pigs and 240 finishing pigs to examine the main effects and interactions between two levels of stocking density (0·75 m2 v. 0·45 m2 per growing pig and 0·88 m2 v. 0·53 m2 per finishing pig) and grouping (static groups v. regrouped) on pig growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility and measurements of physiological indicators of stress responses. Regrouping was achieved by moving four unfamiliar pigs between replicate groups every 14 days. Average daily gain (ADG) and average daily food intake (ADFI) were reduced by an additive interaction between high density and regrouping in growing pigs (P < 0·01). In finishing pigs, regrouping reduced ADG (P 0·05) and carcass weight (P 0·05). Regrouping reduced apparent dry matter and gross energy digestibility in finishing pigs (P 0·05). Rectal temperature increased 3 h after mixing finishing pigs (P 0·05), but not growing pigs. In growing pigs, the neutrophil: lymphocyte ratio tended to increase (P 0·1) after regrouping, although plasma cortisol concentration was unaffected. In finishing pigs, the response to a Newcastle disease virus antigen challenge tended to decrease at high stocking density (P 0·1), although total IgG concentration was unaffected. In conclusion, the growth performance of growing and finishing pigs was affected by social stressors. However, effects on the physiological measurements did not concur with effects on growth performance.
Collapse
|
48
|
Cabanac M, Michel C, Gosselin C. Corticotropin Releasing Hormone and Body Weight Regulation: The Behavioral Approach. Nutr Neurosci 2016; 2:385-401. [DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.1999.11747293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
49
|
Dahl J, Ormstad H, Aass HCD, Sandvik L, Malt UF, Andreassen OA. Recovery from major depressive disorder episode after non-pharmacological treatment is associated with normalized cytokine levels. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2016; 134:40-7. [PMID: 27028967 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence show that the immune system is implicated in the pathophysiology of major depressive disorder (MDD) and that treatment with antidepressants affects cytokine and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Few studies have investigated immune markers during non-pharmacological treatment. In this follow-up study, we investigated whether CRP and elevated plasma cytokine levels observed before treatment of an acute episode of MDD are normalized during non-pharmacological treatment. METHODS We obtained clinical assessments and blood for CRP and cytokine analysis from 50 unmedicated MDD patients, and cytokine levels from healthy controls. The patients received 'therapy as usual' for 12 weeks, and the assessments were then repeated. Of the 43 completers, 29 patients did not receive medication. RESULTS In the patients receiving treatment without antidepressants, the depressive symptoms and the plasma levels of eight cytokines (interleukin (IL)-1Ra, IL-5,-6,-8,-10, G-CSF, IFN-γ, and TNF-α) were significantly reduced (P = 0.002-0.048). The cytokine levels were no longer different from the controls. The plasma CRP level did not change. CONCLUSION Cytokine plasma levels normalized during recovery from an acute depressive episode in MDD without antidepressant treatment. These findings may have implications for the understanding of the role of the immune system in depression and recovery from depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Dahl
- Ringerike Psychiatric Center, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Hoenefoss, Norway
| | - H Ormstad
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Buskerud University College, Drammen, Norway
| | - H C D Aass
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - L Sandvik
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - U F Malt
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Norwegian Research Network on Mood Disorders (Normood), Oslo, Norway.,Department of Research and Education, Division of Surgery and Neuroscience, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - O A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
El-Tarabany MS. Impact of temperature-humidity index on egg-laying characteristics and related stress and immunity parameters of Japanese quails. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:957-964. [PMID: 26489416 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-015-1088-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of temperature-humidity index (THI) level on productive parameters, welfare, and immunity in Japanese quails. One hundred and eighty (180) birds of Japanese quail, 14 weeks old, were used. Birds were divided randomly into three equal groups, control (at low THI, less than 70), H1 (at moderate THI, 70-75), and H2 (at high THI, 76-80). Birds in the control group had higher body weight (281.2 g, p = 0.001), egg mass (745 g, p = 0.001), fertility (85.4 %, p = 0.039), hatchability (80.4 %, p = 0.001), and immune response titer to Newcastle disease virus (p = 0.031), compared with H2 group. Furthermore, the thermoneutral group had higher internal egg quality score [albumen height (5.14 mm, p = 0.001), yolk height (10.88 mm, p = 0.015), yolk index (42.32 %, p = 0.039), and Haugh unit (92.67, p = 0.001)]. Nevertheless, there were no significant differences in fertility percentage, immune response, and corticosterone concentration between control and H1 group. Birds in the H2 group had the lowest total leucocytic count and lymphocyte percentage (p = 0.001 and 0.020, respectively) but the highest H/L ratio (0.83, p = 0.001). Corticosterone concentration was lower in control and H1 groups (5.49 and 6.41 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.024) than that in H2 group. Japanese quail exposed to heat stress revealed drop in production and immunological parameters, as well as a detrimental effects on welfare. Thus, practical approaches might be used to reduce the detrimental effects of greater THI level.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Salah El-Tarabany
- Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, El-Zeraa Str. 114, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|