1
|
Sprent J, Boyman O. Optimising IL-2 for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e5. [PMID: 38455463 PMCID: PMC10917570 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The key role of T cells in cancer immunotherapy is well established and is highlighted by the remarkable capacity of Ab-mediated checkpoint blockade to overcome T-cell exhaustion and amplify anti-tumor responses. However, total or partial tumor remission following checkpoint blockade is still limited to only a few types of tumors. Hence, concerted attempts are being made to devise new methods for improving tumor immunity. Currently, much attention is being focused on therapy with IL-2. This cytokine is a powerful growth factor for T cells and optimises their effector functions. When used at therapeutic doses for cancer treatment, however, IL-2 is highly toxic. Nevertheless, recent work has shown that modifying the structure or presentation of IL-2 can reduce toxicity and lead to effective anti-tumor responses in synergy with checkpoint blockade. Here, we review the complex interaction of IL-2 with T cells: first during normal homeostasis, then during responses to pathogens, and finally in anti-tumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent’s Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney 1466, Australia
- Menzies Institute of Medical Research, Hobart 7000, Australia
| | - Onur Boyman
- Department of Immunology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich 8091, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Science, University of Zurich, Zurich 8057, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pilz M, Cavelius P, Qoura F, Awad D, Brück T. Lipopeptides development in cosmetics and pharmaceutical applications: A comprehensive review. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 67:108210. [PMID: 37460047 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Lipopeptides are surface active, natural products of bacteria, fungi and green-blue algae origin, having diverse structures and functionalities. In analogy, a number of chemical synthesis techniques generated new designer lipopeptides with desirable features and functions. Lipopetides are self-assembly guided, supramolecular compounds which have the capacity of high-density presentation of the functional epitopes at the surface of the nanostructures. This feature contributes to their successful application in several industry sectors, including food, feed, personal care, and pharmaceutics. In this comprehensive review, the novel class of ribosomally synthesized lipopeptides is introduced alongside the more commonly occuring non-ribosomal lipopeptides. We highlight key representatives of the most researched as well as recently described lipopeptide families, with emphasis on structural features, self-assembly and associated functions. The common biological, chemical and hybrid production routes of lipopeptides, including prominent analogues and derivatives are also discussed. Furthermore, genetic engineering strategies aimed at increasing lipopeptide yields, diversity and biological activity are summarized and exemplified. With respect to application, this work mainly details the potential of lipopeptides in personal care and cosmetics industry as cleansing agents, moisturizer, anti-aging/anti-wrinkling, skin whitening and preservative agents as well as the pharmaceutical industry as anitimicrobial agents, vaccines, immunotherapy, and cancer drugs. Given that this review addresses human applications, we conclude on the topic of safety of lipopeptide formulations and their sustainable production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melania Pilz
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Philipp Cavelius
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Farah Qoura
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Dania Awad
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
| | - Thomas Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), 85748 Garching, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Thura M, Sng J, Ang K, Li J, Gupta A, Hong J, Hong C, Zeng Q. Targeting intra-viral conserved nucleocapsid (N) proteins as novel vaccines against SARS-CoVs. Biosci Rep 2021; 41:BSR20211491. [PMID: 34519332 PMCID: PMC8463655 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20211491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused the global pandemic of the Coronavirus disease in late 2019 (COVID-19). Vaccine development efforts have predominantly been aimed at 'Extra-viral' Spike (S) protein as vaccine vehicles, but there are concerns regarding 'viral immune escape' since multiple mutations may enable the mutated virus strains to escape from immunity against S protein. The 'Intra-viral' Nucleocapsid (N-protein) is relatively conserved among mutant strains of coronaviruses during spread and evolution. Herein, we demonstrate novel vaccine candidates against SARS-CoV-2 by using the whole conserved N-protein or its fragment/peptides. Using ELISA assay, we showed that high titers of specific anti-N antibodies (IgG, IgG1, IgG2a, IgM) were maintained for a reasonably long duration (> 5 months), suggesting that N-protein is an excellent immunogen to stimulate host immune system and robust B-cell activation. We synthesized three peptides located at the conserved regions of N-protein among CoVs. One peptide showed as a good immunogen for vaccination as well. Cytokine arrays on post-vaccination mouse sera showed progressive up-regulation of various cytokines such as IFN-γ and CCL5, suggesting that TH1 associated responses are also stimulated. Furthermore, vaccinated mice exhibited an elevated memory T cells population. Here, we propose an unconventional vaccine strategy targeting the conserved N-protein as an alternative vaccine target for coronaviruses. Moreover, we generated a mouse monoclonal antibody specifically against an epitope shared between SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2, and we are currently developing the First-in-Class humanized anti-N-protein antibody to potentially treat patients infected by various CoVs in the future.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- COVID-19/immunology
- COVID-19/prevention & control
- COVID-19/virology
- COVID-19 Vaccines/administration & dosage
- COVID-19 Vaccines/genetics
- COVID-19 Vaccines/immunology
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/genetics
- Coronavirus Nucleocapsid Proteins/immunology
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Immune Evasion
- Immunogenicity, Vaccine
- Mice
- Models, Animal
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/genetics
- Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus/immunology
- SARS-CoV-2/genetics
- SARS-CoV-2/immunology
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Vaccines, Subunit/administration & dosage
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Thura
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Joel Xuan En Sng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Koon Hwee Ang
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Jie Li
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | - Abhishek Gupta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
| | | | - Cheng William Hong
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92103, USA
| | - Qi Zeng
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore 138673
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119260
- INTRA-ImmuSG Private Limited, Singapore 079903
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
Conventional CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes comprise a mixture of naive and memory cells. Generation and survival of these T-cell subsets is under strict homeostatic control and reflects contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and certain cytokines. Naive T cells arise in the thymus via T-cell receptor (TCR)-dependent positive selection to self-peptide/MHC complexes and are then maintained in the periphery through self-MHC interaction plus stimulation via interleukin-7 (IL-7). By contrast, memory T cells are largely MHC-independent for their survival but depend strongly on stimulation via cytokines. Whereas typical memory T cells are generated in response to foreign antigens, some arise spontaneously through contact of naive precursors with self-MHC ligands; we refer to these cells as memory-phenotype (MP) T cells. In this review, we discuss the generation and homeostasis of naive T cells and these two types of memory T cells, focusing on their relative interaction with MHC ligands and cytokines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Kawabe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Jaeu Yi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110, USA
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Immunology Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wang AA, Gommerman JL, Rojas OL. Plasma Cells: From Cytokine Production to Regulation in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. J Mol Biol 2020; 433:166655. [PMID: 32976908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
B cells are a critical arm of the adaptive immune system. After encounter with antigen, B cells are activated and differentiate into plasmablasts (PBs) and plasma cells (PCs). Although their frequency is low, PB/PCs can be found in all lymphoid organs including peripheral lymph nodes and spleen. Upon immunization, depending on the location of where B cells encounter their antigen, PB/PCs subsequently home to and accumuate in the bone marrow and the intestine where they can survive as long-lived plasma cells for years, continually producing antibody. Recent evidence has shown that, in addition to producing antibodies, PB/PCs can also produce cytokines such as IL-17, IL-10, and IL-35. In addition, PB/PCs that produce IL-10 have been shown to play a regulatory role during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of neuroinflammation. The purpose of this review is to describe the phenotype and function of regulatory PB/PCs in the context of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and in patients with multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angela A Wang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Olga L Rojas
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Pioli PD. Plasma Cells, the Next Generation: Beyond Antibody Secretion. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2768. [PMID: 31824518 PMCID: PMC6883717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma cells (PCs) represent the terminal differentiation step of mature B lymphocytes. These cells are most recognizable for their extended lifespan as well as their ability to secrete large amounts of antibodies (Abs) thus positioning this cell type as a key component of humoral immunity. However, it is now appreciated that PCs can have far reaching effects on pathologic as well as non-pathologic processes independent of Ab secretion. This is highlighted by recent studies showing that PCs function as key regulators of processes such as hematopoiesis as well as neuro-inflammation. In part, PCs accomplish this by integrating extrinsic signals from their environment which dictate their downstream functionality. Here we summarize the current understanding of PC biology focusing on their ever-growing functional repertoire independent of Ab production. Furthermore, we discuss potential applications of PC immunotherapy and its implementation for translational benefit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Pioli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Immunobiology, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker M.D. School of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Expression and detection of anti-HBs antibodies after hepatitis B virus infection or vaccination in the context of protective immunity. Arch Virol 2019; 164:2645-2658. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-019-04369-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
8
|
D'Errico G, Machado HL, Sainz B. A current perspective on cancer immune therapy: step-by-step approach to constructing the magic bullet. Clin Transl Med 2017; 6:3. [PMID: 28050779 PMCID: PMC5209322 DOI: 10.1186/s40169-016-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy is the new trend in cancer treatment due to the selectivity, long lasting effects, and demonstrated improved overall survival and tolerance, when compared to patients treated with conventional chemotherapy. Despite these positive results, immunotherapy is still far from becoming the perfect magic bullet to fight cancer, largely due to the facts that immunotherapy is not effective in all patients nor in all cancer types. How and when will immunotherapy overcome these hurdles? In this review we take a step back to walk side by side with the pioneers of immunotherapy in order to understand what steps need to be taken today to make immunotherapy effective across all cancers. While early scientists, such as Coley, elicited an unselective but effective response against cancer, the search for selectivity pushed immunotherapy to the side in favor of drugs focused on targeting cancer cells. Fortunately, the modern era would revive the importance of the immune system in battling cancer by releasing the brakes or checkpoints (anti-CTLA-4 and anti-PD-1/PD-L1) that have been holding the immune system at bay. However, there are still many hurdles to overcome before immunotherapy becomes a universal cancer therapy. For example, we discuss how the redundant and complex nature of the immune system can impede tumor elimination by teeter tottering between different polarization states: one eliciting anti-cancer effects while the other promoting cancer growth and invasion. In addition, we highlight the incapacity of the immune system to choose between a fight or repair action with respect to tumor growth. Finally we combine these concepts to present a new way to think about the immune system and immune tolerance, by introducing two new metaphors, the “push the accelerator” and “repair the car” metaphors, to explain the current limitations associated with cancer immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele D'Errico
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Autónoma University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Heather L Machado
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Ave, #8543, New Orleans, LA, 70112, USA.
| | - Bruno Sainz
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Autónoma University of Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 4, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain. .,Enfermedades Crónicas y Cáncer Area, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
CD45-mediated control of TCR tuning in naïve and memory CD8 + T cells. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13373. [PMID: 27841348 PMCID: PMC5114568 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous contact with self-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) ligands is essential for survival of naïve T cells but not memory cells. This surprising finding implies that T cell subsets may vary in their relative T-cell receptor (TCR) sensitivity. Here we show that in CD8+T cells TCR sensitivity correlates inversely with levels of CD5, a marker for strong self-MHC reactivity. We also show that TCR sensitivity is lower in memory CD8+ T cells than naïve cells. In both situations, TCR hypo-responsiveness applies only to short-term TCR signalling events and not to proliferation, and correlates directly with increased expression of a phosphatase, CD45 and reciprocal decreased expression of activated LCK. Inhibition by high CD45 on CD8+ T cells may protect against overt TCR auto-MHC reactivity, while enhanced sensitivity to cytokines ensures strong responses to foreign antigens. Naïve T cells establish self-tolerance via negative selection of cells with strong reactivity for self-peptide/MHC complexes, but undergo T-cell receptor (TCR) desensitisation when leaving the thymus. Here, Cho et al. show that TCR desensitisation correlates with cell-surface density of the phosphatase CD45.
Collapse
|
10
|
Fu H, Ward EJ, Marelli-Berg FM. Mechanisms of T cell organotropism. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3009-33. [PMID: 27038487 PMCID: PMC4951510 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2211-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protective immunity relies upon T cell differentiation and subsequent migration to target tissues. Similarly, immune homeostasis requires the localization of regulatory T cells (Tregs) to the sites where immunity takes place. While naïve T lymphocytes recirculate predominantly in secondary lymphoid tissue, primed T cells and activated Tregs must traffic to the antigen rich non-lymphoid tissue to exert effector and regulatory responses, respectively. Following priming in draining lymph nodes, T cells acquire the 'homing receptors' to facilitate their access to specific tissues and organs. An additional level of topographic specificity is provided by T cells receptor recognition of antigen displayed by the endothelium. Furthermore, co-stimulatory signals (such as those induced by CD28) have been shown not only to regulate T cell activation and differentiation, but also to orchestrate the anatomy of the ensuing T cell response. We here review the molecular mechanisms supporting trafficking of both effector and regulatory T cells to specific antigen-rich tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Fu
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Eleanor Jayne Ward
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Heart Centre, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lifespan of effector memory CD4+ T cells determined by replication-incompetent integrated HIV-1 provirus. AIDS 2014; 28:1091-9. [PMID: 24492253 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Determining the precise lifespan of human T-cell is challenging due to the inability of standard techniques to distinguish between dividing and dying cells. Here, we measured the lifespan of a pool of T cells that were derived from a single cell 'naturally' labelled with a single integrated clone of a replication-incompetent HIV-1 provirus. DESIGN/METHODS Utilizing a combination of techniques, we were able to sequence/map an integration site of a unique provirus with a stop codon at position 42 of the HIV-1 protease. In-vitro reconstruction of this provirus into an infectious clone confirmed its inability to replicate. By combining cell separation and integration site-specific PCR, we were able to follow the fate of this single provirus in multiple T-cell subsets over a 20-year period. As controls, a number of additional integrated proviruses were also sequenced. RESULTS The replication-incompetent HIV-1 provirus was solely contained in the pool of effector memory CD4 T cells for 17 years. The percentage of the total effector memory CD4 T cells containing the replication-incompetent provirus peaked at 1% with a functional half-life of 11.1 months. In the process of sequencing multiple proviruses, we also observed high levels of lethal mutations in the peripheral blood pool of proviruses. CONCLUSION These data indicate that human effector memory CD4 T cells are able to persist in vivo for more than 17 years without detectably reverting to a central memory phenotype. A secondary observation is that the fraction of the pool of integrated HIV-1 proviruses capable of replicating may be considerably less than the 12% currently noted in the literature.
Collapse
|
12
|
Gold M, Pul R, Bach JP, Stangel M, Dodel R. Pathogenic and physiological autoantibodies in the central nervous system. Immunol Rev 2012; 248:68-86. [PMID: 22725955 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2012.01128.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this article, we review the current knowledge on pathological and physiological autoantibodies directed toward structures in the central nervous system (CNS) with an emphasis on their regulation and origin. Pathological autoantibodies in the CNS that are associated with autoimmunity often lead to severe neurological deficits via inflammatory processes such as encephalitis. In some instances, however, autoantibodies function as a marker for diagnostic purposes without contributing to the pathological process and/or disease progression. The existence of naturally occurring physiological autoantibodies has been known for a long time, and their role in maintaining homeostasis is well established. Within the brain, naturally occurring autoantibodies targeting aggregated proteins have been detected and might be promising candidates for new therapeutic approaches for neurodegenerative disorders. Further evidence has demonstrated the existence of naturally occurring antibodies targeting antigens on neurons and oligodendrocytes that promote axonal outgrowth and remyelination. The numerous actions of physiological autoantibodies as well as their regulation and origin are summarized in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maike Gold
- Department of Neurology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tada M, de Tribolet N. Immunobiology of malignant gliomas. J Clin Neurosci 2012; 3:102-13. [PMID: 18638850 DOI: 10.1016/s0967-5868(96)90001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/1995] [Accepted: 05/25/1995] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immune system of patients with malignant gliomas is profoundly suppressed. The suppression involves both the cellular and humoral immunity and it is mainly attributable to selective depletion and malfunction of helper T cells. Malignant glioma cells express potent immunosuppressive factors such as transforming growth factor-beta(2), inteleukin-10 and prostaglandin E(2). Malignant glioma cells also produce chemoattractants and immunostimulatory cytokines which may activate the immune cells. However, the production of these stimulatory cytokines is not self-destructive to glioma cells because of the immunosuppression. Rather, the tumour cells use them to gain a growth advantage. Indeed the cytokines may act as a growth stimulator of the tumour cells themselves (autocrine mechanism), they may act as angiogenic factors to endothelial cells (paracrine mechanism) or induce the attracted immune cells to secrete angiogenic factors. Some cytokines produced by malignant glioma cells are known to be growth inhibitory to normal astrocytes. Recent studies on tumour suppressor genes suggest a close link between the aberrant genes and the immunobiologic features of malignant glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Tada
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Antibody Response Against Betaferon® in Immune Tolerant Mice: Involvement of Marginal Zone B-cells and CD4+ T-cells and Apparent Lack of Immunological Memory. J Clin Immunol 2012; 33:255-63. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-012-9783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
15
|
Gene expression profiling of hybridoma cells after bursal-derived bioactive factor BP5 treatment. Amino Acids 2012; 43:2443-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-012-1323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
16
|
Hamza SA, Mousa SM, Taha SE, Adel LA, Samaha HE, Hussein DA. Immune response of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccinated elderly and its relation to frailty indices, nutritional status, and serum zinc levels. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2011; 12:223-9. [PMID: 21951819 DOI: 10.1111/j.1447-0594.2011.00749.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM To detect the immunoglobulin M memory B cell population response following vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine and determine its relation to frailty indices, nutritional status, and serum zinc levels. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out in the outpatient geriatric clinic, Ain Shams University Hospital. It included 80 community-dwelling elderly, 32 male and 48 female. Each participant underwent vaccination with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine, comprehensive geriatric assessment, nutritional assessment with the DETERMINE check list, frailty indices assessment, and serum zinc level measurement. The percentage of immunoglobulin M memory B cells was evaluated before and 4 weeks after vaccination. Immune response was calculated as the difference between cell percentage before and after vaccination. RESULTS Before the vaccination, the immunoglobulin M memory B cell percentage was significantly lower among those eating fewer than two meals a day and taking three or more drugs a day; after vaccination significance was observed among those with tooth or mouth problems that make eating difficult. Immune response was significantly lower among those with tooth or mouth problems (P < 0.001), weight loss (P < 0.001), shrinking (P = 0.001), poor endurance (P = 0.04), multiple comorbidities (P = 0.013), and cognitive impairment (P = 0.001). Participants with immune response ≥10% showed significantly higher serum zinc levels compared to those with immune response <10% of increase in cell percentage. CONCLUSION Poor nutritional status, frailty and a lower zinc level impair the immunological response of elderly individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Hamza
- Department of Geriatrics and Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Leite RP, Carmo-Fonseca M, Cabeçadas J, Parreira A, Parreira L. Differential expression of cell adhesion molecules in the functional compartments of lymph nodes and tonsils. Mol Pathol 2010; 48:M93-M100. [PMID: 16695989 PMCID: PMC407932 DOI: 10.1136/mp.48.2.m93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aims-To analyse the topographical distribution of adhesion molecules involved in lymphocyte recirculation in human lymph nodes and tonsils. The study focused on the expression of LECAM-1 (CD62L), VLA-alpha4 (CD49d), VLA-beta1 (CD29), LFA-1 alphaL (CD11a), LFA-beta2 (CD18), VCAM-1 (CD106), ICAM-1 (CD54), and H-CAM (CD44).Methods-Reactive lymph nodes and palatine tonsils were studied using immunofluorescence methods with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labelled monoclonal antibodies directed against cell adhesion molecules. To investigate the expression patterns of these molecules in the T and B cell populations, double labelling experiments were performed using Texas Red labelled antibodies against CD2 or CD19, respectively. The images from each fluorochrome were then simultaneously analysed using a laser scanning confocal microscope.Results-LECAM-1, VLA-alpha4 and H-CAM were predominantly expressed by mantle zone B cells, VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 by germinal centre cells, most of which exhibited a reticular staining pattern suggestive of follicular dendritic cells, whereas LFA-1 alphaL and LFA-beta2 were mainly found in extrafollicular and germinal centre T cells. All high endothelial venules expressed VLA-beta1 and ICAM-1, whereas VCAM-1 was present in only a few, with variable intensity.Conclusions-The data show that all of these adhesion molecules are differentially distributed within the distinct functional microenvironments of both organs. The differences observed in the expression patterns among the B and T cells belonging to different compartments probably depend on the momentum of cell traffic, the stage of maturation/activation, as well as on their functional role in the immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Leite
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1699 Lisboa Codex, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pratt JP, Zeng Q, Ravnic D, Huss H, Rawn J, Mentzer SJ. Hierarchical clustering of monoclonal antibody reactivity patterns in nonhuman species. Cytometry A 2009; 75:734-42. [PMID: 19639632 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (Mab) are an important resource for defining molecular expression and probing molecular function. The characterization of Mab reactivity patterns, however, can be costly and inefficient in nonhuman experimental systems. To develop a computational approach to the pattern analysis of Mab reactivity, we analyzed a panel of 128 Mab recognizing sheep antigens. Quantitative single parameter flow cytometry histograms were obtained from five cell types isolated from normal animals. The resulting 640 histograms were smoothed using a Gaussian kernel over a range of bandwidths. Histogram features were selected by SiZer--an analytic tool that identifies statistically significant features. The extracted histogram features were compared and grouped using hierarchical clustering. The validity of the clustering was indicated by the accurate pairing of externally verified molecular reactivity. We conclude that our computational algorithm is a potentially useful tool for both Mab classification and molecular taxonomy in nonhuman experimental systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Pratt
- Laboratory of Immunophysiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
MacLeod MKL, Clambey ET, Kappler JW, Marrack P. CD4 memory T cells: what are they and what can they do? Semin Immunol 2009; 21:53-61. [PMID: 19269850 PMCID: PMC2679806 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2009.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunological memory provides the basis for successful vaccines. It is important to understand the properties of memory cells. There is much known about the phenotype and functions of memory CD8 T cells, less about memory B cells, while CD4 memory T cells have proved difficult to study. Differences in the types of memory CD4 cells studied and the difficulties of tracking the small number of cells have led to conflicting and unclear results. Here we discuss the different systems used to study CD4 memory cells and ask whether, and in what circumstances, memory CD4 cells could provide protection against infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Megan K L MacLeod
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hikida M, Casola S, Takahashi N, Kaji T, Takemori T, Rajewsky K, Kurosaki T. PLC-gamma2 is essential for formation and maintenance of memory B cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 206:681-9. [PMID: 19273623 PMCID: PMC2699133 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20082100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Resting antigen-experienced memory B cells are thought to be responsible for the more rapid and robust antibody responses after antigen reencounter, which are the hallmark of memory humoral responses. The molecular basis for the development and survival of memory B cells remains largely unknown. We report that phospholipase C (PLC) γ2 is required for efficient formation of germinal center (GC) and memory B cells. Moreover, memory B cell homeostasis is severely hampered by inducible loss of PLC-γ2. Accordingly, mice with a conditional deletion of PLC-γ2 in post-GC B cells had an almost complete abrogation of the secondary antibody response. Collectively, our data suggest that PLC-γ2 conveys a survival signal to GC and memory B cells and that this signal is required for a productive secondary immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Hikida
- Laboratory for Lymphocyte Differentiation, Research Center for Allergy and Immunology, RIKEN, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
|
22
|
Chen BJ, Deoliveira D, Cui X, Le NT, Son J, Whitesides JF, Chao NJ. Inability of memory T cells to induce graft-versus-host disease is a result of an abortive alloresponse. Blood 2007; 109:3115-23. [PMID: 17148592 PMCID: PMC1852216 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-04-016410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several groups, including our own, have independently demonstrated that effector memory T cells from non-alloantigen-primed donors do not cause graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). In the current study, we further investigated whether this approach could be extended to all memory T cells, and we studied the underlying mechanisms. Neither total memory T cells nor purified central memory T cells were able to induce GVHD. Memory T cells were at least 3-log less potent than bulk T cells in mediating GVHD. As expected, memory T cells failed to elicit cytotoxicity and proliferated poorly against alloantigens in standard 5-day mixed-lymphocyte cultures. However, the proliferative responses of memory T cells were more comparable with those of bulk and naive T cells when the culture time was shortened. Moreover, the frequencies of IL-2-secreting cells measured by 42-hour enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISPOT) assay were similar among naive, memory, and bulk T cells. These data indicated that memory T cells are able to respond to alloantigens initially but fail to develop to full potential. The abortive immune response, which was mediated by non-alloantigen-specific memory T cells in response to alloantigens, may explain why memory T cells from unprimed and non-alloantigen-primed donors could not induce GVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny J Chen
- Division of Cellular Therapy/Bone Marrow Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Korbelik M, Sun J, Posakony JJ. Interaction Between Photodynamic Therapy and BCG Immunotherapy Responsible for the Reduced Recurrence of Treated Mouse Tumors¶. Photochem Photobiol 2007. [DOI: 10.1562/0031-8655(2001)0730403ibptab2.0.co2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
24
|
Takizawa M, Sugane K, Agematsu K. Role of Tonsillar IgD+CD27+ Memory B Cells in Humoral Immunity Against Pneumococcal Infection. Hum Immunol 2006; 67:966-75. [PMID: 17174745 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2006.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2006] [Revised: 09/25/2006] [Accepted: 10/02/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
IgD+CD27+ memory B cells are a major compartment of circulating memory B cells. However, the characteristics of these cells in the tonsils have been unclear. In this study, IgD+CD27+ memory B cells residing in the tonsillar marginal zone were found to exhibit similar characteristics as IgD+CD27+ memory B cells in the periphery, namely large morphology, expression of surface molecules, and hypermutated Ig variable region genes. Furthermore, these IgD+CD27+ memory B cells predominantly produced IgM, including IgM specific against pneumococcal polysaccharides. Taken together, these results provide convincing evidence that tonsillar IgD+CD27+ memory B cells impart protective humoral immunity against pneumococcal infection by producing high-affinity IgM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Takizawa
- Department of Infectious Immunology and Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Khaidukov SV, Litvinov IS. Calcium homeostasis change in CD4+ T lymphocytes from human peripheral blood during differentiation in vivo. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2005; 70:692-702. [PMID: 16038612 DOI: 10.1007/s10541-005-0170-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Resting naïve CD4+(CD45R0-)CD45RA+ T cells are sensitive to ionomycin. In contrast, resting CD4+(CD45RA-)CD45R0+ memory T cells show resistance to this Ca2+ ionophore. In the present study, the ability of activated T lymphocytes to respond to ionomycin during the transition from naïve precursors into memory T cells has been analyzed. Activated CD4+(CD45RA+)CD45R0+ T cells are always present both in human peripheral blood (HPB) and in the ionomycin-resistant (IR) fraction. Therefore, some activated T cells are resistant toward the Ca2+ ionophore. CD69 molecules are markers of the very early stage of T cell activation. However, CD4+CD69+ T cells have never been found in the IR fraction. Thus, the majority of CD4+ T lymphocytes at the early stage of activation are ionomycin-sensitive cells. The proportion of CD4+CD25+ T cells did not differ significantly in HPB and in the IR fraction. The presence of CD4+CD25+ T lymphocytes in the IR fraction reflects changes in the Ca2+-signaling pathway at this differentiation step of activated cells. Depending on the expression level of CD25 molecules, the population of CD4+CD25+ cells is divided in T-regulatory (CD25high) and proliferating (CD25low) subpopulations. The action of ionomycin results in a decrease in the portion of the CD4+CD25low T-cells, but it leads to an increase in the proportion of the CD4+CD25high T lymphocytes. Consequently, greater portion of CD4+CD25high T lymphocytes and smaller portion of CD4+CD25low T cells are IR cells. Expression of HLA-DR molecules can be used as the marker for the late activation step. The IR fraction is significantly rich in CD4+HLA-DR+ T lymphocytes in comparison to the blood of the same donor. The link between different differentiation steps of CD4+ T-lymphocytes and alterations in calcium ion homeostasis is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S V Khaidukov
- Shemyakin and Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Miklukho-Maklaya 16/10, 117997 Moscow, Russia
| | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
|
27
|
Kawakami N, Odoardi F, Ziemssen T, Bradl M, Ritter T, Neuhaus O, Lassmann H, Wekerle H, Flügel A. Autoimmune CD4+ T cell memory: lifelong persistence of encephalitogenic T cell clones in healthy immune repertoires. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:69-81. [PMID: 15972633 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.1.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We embedded green fluorescent CD4(+) T cells specific for myelin basic protein (MBP) (T(MBP-GFP) cells) in the immune system of syngeneic neonatal rats. These cells persisted in the animals for the entire observation period spanning >2 years without affecting the health of the hosts. They maintained a memory phenotype with low levels of L-selectin and CD45RC, but high CD44. Although persisting in low numbers (0.01-0.1% of lymph node cells) they were sufficient to raise susceptibility toward clinical autoimmune disease. Immunization with MBP in IFA induced CNS inflammation and overt clinical disease in animals carrying neonatally transferred T(MBP-GFP) cells, but not in controls. The onset of the clinical disease coincided with mass infiltration of T(MBP-GFP) cells into the CNS. In the periphery, following the amplification phase a rapid contraction of the T cell population was observed. However, elevated numbers of fully reactive T(MBP-GFP) cells remained in the peripheral immune system after acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis mediating reimmunization-induced disease relapses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Naoto Kawakami
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Shi Y, Yamazaki T, Okubo Y, Uehara Y, Sugane K, Agematsu K. Regulation of Aged Humoral Immune Defense against Pneumococcal Bacteria by IgM Memory B Cell. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:3262-7. [PMID: 16116217 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Elderly persons have a high incidence of lethal infections by encapsulated bacteria. However, mechanisms involved in their poor defense and maintenance of immunological memory have been poorly understood. The present study characterized the population of B cells known as IgM memory B cell compartment and their response by pneumococcal vaccine in elderly people. CD27+ memory B cells, particularly IgD+IgM+CD27+ IgM memory B cells, had dramatically declined in the aged. Their Ig syntheses by B cells and the differentiation into plasma cells were diminished in vitro compared with those in adults. A rise of anti-pneumococcal IgM in sera of elderly persons was found with lower levels compared with those in adults after pneumococcal vaccination. Although diminished function itself of aged B cells surely exist, decline of the IgM memory B cell pool is expected to result in a poor humoral immunity against pneumococcal infection in elderly people.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Shi
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Shinshu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi, Matusmoto, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Morrison J, Palmer DB, Cobbold S, Partridge T, Bou-Gharios G. Effects of T-lymphocyte depletion on muscle fibrosis in the mdx mouse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2005; 166:1701-10. [PMID: 15920155 PMCID: PMC1602408 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9440(10)62480-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Duchenne muscular dystrophy was initially described as a myosclerosis because of the conspicuous progression of interstitial fibrosis. Using the mdx mouse homologue, we have shown previously that the accumulation of intramuscular collagen is profoundly influenced by the presence or absence of T lymphocytes. Here we have used thymectomy and antibody depletion to examine the effect of ablating CD4 or CD8 or both subsets of T lymphocytes on skeletal muscle fibrosis in mdx and C57BL10 (wild-type) mice. Depletion of either or both subsets at 4 weeks of age did not influence fibrosis in mdx mice, as determined by measuring hydroxyproline levels and collagen deposition in diaphragm. Additionally, expression of transforming growth factor-beta1, which is implicated in collagen deposition, either decreased (mdx mice) or increased (C57BL/10 mice) after double CD4/8 depletion. Our data suggest that depletion of lymphoid cells may affect the tight regulatory control of transforming growth factor-beta1, with possible pleiotropic effects, and more importantly, that the fibrotic process is self-sustaining from a very early stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie Morrison
- Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College School of Medicine, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Aronica MA, Swaidani S, Zhang YH, Mitchell D, Mora AL, McCarthy S, O'Neal J, Topham D, Sheller JR, Boothby M. Susceptibility to allergic lung disease regulated by recall responses of dual-receptor memory T cells. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2005; 114:1441-8. [PMID: 15577850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2004.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbial infections are associated with the initial susceptibility to and flares of asthma. However, immunologic mechanisms whereby infections might alter the asthmatic phenotype are lacking. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that memory T cells specific both for a viral antigen and an allergen could influence the pathogenesis of allergic disease in vivo . METHODS We developed a system in which 2 distinct T-cell receptors coexist on the T-cell surface, 1 specific for a virus and the other for an inhaled antigen. RESULTS We show that a population of dual-receptor T cells, polarized through a virus-specific T-cell receptor to contain T(H)1 or T(H)2 cells, can be reactivated through an unrelated T-cell receptor in recall responses in vivo . Quiescent memory cells derived from a T(H)1-polarized effector population blocked the development of airway hyperreactivity in a model of allergic lung disease, in association with decreased induction of chemokines and eosinophil recruitment. Conversely, reactivation of quiescent T(H)2 cells after inhalation of antigen or virus infection was sufficient to lead to the development of airway hyperresponsiveness and allergic pulmonary inflammation in mice whose lungs were previously normal. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence that dual-receptor memory T cells can regulate allergic disease susceptibility and suggest that they may play a role in mediating the influence of microbes on asthma pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
31
|
Díaz-Alderete A, Crispin JC, Vargas-Rojas MI, Alcocer-Varela J. IL-10 production in B cells is confined to CD154+ cells in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Autoimmun 2004; 23:379-83. [PMID: 15571932 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2004] [Revised: 09/28/2004] [Accepted: 10/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The immunological hallmark of SLE is B cell hyperactivity. CD154 (CD40-L) is normally expressed in activated T cells, and plays an important role in T-B interactions. Its expression is increased in SLE T cells. Additionally, its expression on B cells leads to the development of SLE-like disease in a transgenic model. IL-10 is a key cytokine in the disturbed SLE immune system. The aim of this work was to explore the relation between IL-10 and CD154 expression in SLE B cells. We studied 11 SLE patients and 10 healthy volunteers. Mononuclear cells were isolated from peripheral blood and cultured in the presence or absence of Cowan I Strain Staphylococcus (CSS). Surface CD154 and intracytoplasmic IL-10 expression were quantified with flow cytometry. In basal conditions, CD154 expression was not different in patients and controls. B cell stimulation did not cause a significant increase in CD154 expression in control B cells. However, its expression increased 2 times in B cells obtained from SLE patients. IL-10 expression was confined to CD154(+) cells. Our results show that IL-10 production is intimately linked to CD154 expression in B cells, and that the IL-10(+)CD154(+) B cell subset increases abnormally when SLE-derived cells are stimulated with CSS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Díaz-Alderete
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Vasco de Quiroga 15, Tlalpan 14000, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Rochford R, Riggs JE, Clavo A, Ernst DN, Hobbs MV. Differential effects of CD28 costimulation upon cytokine production by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Immunobiology 2004; 209:513-22. [PMID: 15568615 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2004.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The impact of CD28 ligation upon CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocyte proliferation and cytokine production was assessed. Although costimulation increased the proliferative response of both T cell subsets, cytokine production was most markedly increased in the CD4+ subset, as evidenced by a 40-fold increase in interleukin-2 (IL-2), a 14-fold increase in interleukin-3 (IL-3) and 5-fold increases in interferon gamma and GM-colony-stimulating factor (CSF) production. The CD8+ T cell response to CD28 ligation was less marked, maxima being a 5-fold increase in IL-2 production and 2-fold increases in IL-3 and GM-CSF production. Resolution of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells into their CD44lo (naïve) and CD44hi (memory/effector) subsets revealed that naive CD4+ T cells were the most CD28-responsive subsets. CD28-mediated costimulation promotes distinct differentiation programs in CD4+ versus CD8+ T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Rochford
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Bouts AHM, Davin JC, Krediet RT, Monnens LAH, Nauta J, Schröder CH, van Lier RAW, Out TA. Children with chronic renal failure have reduced numbers of memory B cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2004; 137:589-94. [PMID: 15320911 PMCID: PMC1809136 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2004.02571.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Reduced serum IgG and subclass levels have been demonstrated in children with chronic renal failure. To study possible causes of this reduction, we analysed B cell subset composition, T helper cell frequencies and immunoglobulin (Ig) production capacity in vitro in children with chronic renal failure, with or without dialysis treatment. B cell subsets were characterized by determining CD27, IgM, IgD and CD5 expression within the CD19(+) population. Intracellular expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2 and IL-4 in PMA/ionomycin-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) was used to evaluate T helper frequencies. The capacity of B cells to secrete Ig in vitro was determined by measuring IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgM in culture supernatants of anti-CD2/CD28 monoclonal antibody (MoAb)- or SAC/IL-2-stimulated PBMC. Memory B cell numbers (identified as percentage or absolute number of CD19(+) IgM-IgD- or CD19(+)CD27(+) lymphocytes) were lower in children treated with haemodialysis (HD), peritoneal dialysis (PD) and children with chronic renal failure before starting dialysis treatment (CRF) compared to healthy controls (HC) (P < 0.05). Compared with HC, CD5(+) (naive) B cells were reduced in HD-treated patients but not for PD or for children with chronic renal failure before starting dialysis treatment (CRF). No significant differences in CD4(+) T helper cell subsets were found between the groups. However, CRF children had a higher percentage of IFN-gamma producing CD8(+) T lymphocytes compared to HC (P = 0.02). Finally, IgG(1), IgG(2) and IgM production in vitro was similar in the four groups. In conclusion, significantly lower numbers of memory type B cells were found in children with chronic renal failure compared to healthy controls. This reduction may contribute to the low Ig levels found in these children.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A H M Bouts
- Emma Children's Hospital, Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
De Castro LN. Dynamics of an artificial immune network. J EXP THEOR ARTIF IN 2004. [DOI: 10.1080/09528130310001659683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
35
|
Abstract
Memory B cells, which carry immunoglobulin somatic hypermutations, generate immunoglobulins rapidly and vigorously in the secondary immune response. We recently highlighted studies confirming that CD27 surface antigen is a memory B-cell marker. By using the memory B-cell marker, peripheral blood B cells were clearly distinguished into naive and memory B cells. The B cells are further separated to three populations by the expressions of CD27 and IgD: IgD+CD27- naive B cells (circulating B cell 1: cB1), IgD+CD27+ unclass-switched memory B cells (cB2, so-called IgM memory B cells) and IgD-CD27+ class-switched memory B cells (cB3, switched memory B cells). Here we show molecules which are involved in characteristics of naive/memory B cells and their functions. This functionally distinct B cell subset and molecules involved in the subset may represent an important mechanism by which quiescent human B cells can initiate and propagate rapid and vigorous immune memory responses, and regulate the synthesis of low/high affinity antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunaga Agematsu
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine Shinshu University
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Gao JX, Liu X, Wen J, Caligiuri MA, Stroynowski I, Zheng P, Liu Y. Two-signal requirement for activation and effector function of natural killer cell response to allogeneic tumor cells. Blood 2003; 102:4456-63. [PMID: 12933569 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-07-2480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Optimal activation of T cells requires delivery of both antigenic and costimulatory signals. It is unclear, however, if the function of the natural killer (NK) cells is also modulated by these 2 signals. Here we report that efficient control of solid allogeneic tumors by NK cells depends on codelivery of both B7-1 and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I on the tumor cells. The codelivery is required for optimal expansion and effector function of NK cells in response to both melanoma and plasmocytoma that expressed allogeneic MHC class I. Our results demonstrate that the 2 signals required for T-cell function also can regulate NK immunity and reveal an important similarity between the innate NK response and the adaptive T-cell response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 3
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics
- ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/immunology
- Animals
- Antigens, Ly/analysis
- B7-1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-1 Antigen/immunology
- Cell Cycle
- Cell Line, Tumor/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Killer Cells, Natural/classification
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/pathology
- Receptors, NK Cell Lectin-Like
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Transfection
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University Medical Center, 129 Hamilton Hall, 1645 Neil Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Chen BJ, Cui X, Sempowski GD, Liu C, Chao NJ. Transfer of allogeneic CD62L- memory T cells without graft-versus-host disease. Blood 2003; 103:1534-41. [PMID: 14551132 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2003-08-2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The major challenge in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation is how to transfer allogeneic T-cell immunity without causing graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Here we report a novel strategy to selectively prevent GVHD by depleting CD62L(+) T cells (naive and a subset of memory T cells). In unprimed mice, CD62L(-) T cells (a subset of memory T cells) failed to proliferate in response to alloantigens (which the mice have never previously encountered) and were unable to induce GVHD in allogeneic hosts. CD62L(-) T cells contributed to T-cell reconstitution by peripheral expansion as well as by promoting T-cell regeneration from bone marrow stem/progenitor cells. CD62L(-) T cells from the animals previously primed with a tumor cell line (BCL1) were able to inhibit the tumor growth in vivo but were unable to induce GVHD in the third-party recipients. This novel technology may allow transfer of allogeneic recall antitumor and antimicrobial immunity without causing GVHD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benny J Chen
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Program, Department of Medicine, Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, 2400 Pratt St, Ste 1100, Box 3961, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Mduluza T, Ndhlovu PD, Midzi N, Scott JT, Mutapi F, Mary C, Couissinier-Paris P, Turner CMR, Chandiwana SK, Woolhouse MEJ, Dessein AJ, Hagan P. Contrasting cellular responses in Schistosoma haematobium infected and exposed individuals from areas of high and low transmission in Zimbabwe. Immunol Lett 2003; 88:249-56. [PMID: 12941484 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-2478(03)00088-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The study compared cytokine profiles of individuals from two areas with different transmission patterns for Schistosoma haematobium. One area was a high transmission (HT) while the other was a low transmission (LT) area for S. haematobium. Observations on cellular immune responses were made on stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), which were collected pre-treatment, then at 12 and 18 months post treatment. Stimulation was with schistosome worm and egg antigens and a mitogen, phaetohaemaglutinin (PHA). Observations were made on PBMC proliferation and the profiles of cytokine produced over a 5-day incubation period. The two distinct areas showed significant differences on both levels of proliferation and cytokine production for all the measured classes (IL-4, IL-5, IL-10 and IFN-gamma). PBMC from individuals from the LT area had high levels of proliferation but low cytokine production to both antigen stimulants while PBMC from individuals from the HT area showed low levels of proliferation but high cytokine production levels. Prior to treatment, individuals not excreting schistosome ova in the HT area had higher levels of proliferation to the stimulants, than the infected individuals. However, after treatment re-infected individuals showed high levels of proliferation. Before treatment, both infected and uninfected groups showed low and similar ratios, respectively, of IL-4:IFN-gamma, IL-5:IFN-gamma and IL-10:IFN-gamma, while IFN-gamma was high in the infected individuals. After treatment the non re-infected had higher levels of IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, with the infected having high levels of IFN-gamma. Th1-like response dominated during infection with the Th2-like responses dominating post treatment and in uninfected individuals. The results indicated that the cytokine balance determines, in part, susceptibility or resistance to S. haematobium infection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Mduluza
- Biochemistry Department, University of Zimbabwe, Box MP 167, Mount Pleasant, Harare, Zimbabwe.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Shi Y, Agematsu K, Ochs HD, Sugane K. Functional analysis of human memory B-cell subpopulations: IgD+CD27+ B cells are crucial in secondary immune response by producing high affinity IgM. Clin Immunol 2003; 108:128-37. [PMID: 12921759 DOI: 10.1016/s1521-6616(03)00092-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The number of memory B cells in peripheral blood has been assayed in various diseases by using CD27 as a memory B-cell marker. However, the defining differences of characteristic and function between the two memory B-cell subpopulations separated by immunoglobulin (Ig)D expression remain to be clearly elucidated. We analyzed here IgD(+)CD27(+) B cells (circulating B cells 2, cB2) and IgD(-)CD27(+) memory B cells (cB3) in comparison with IgD(+)CD27(-) naive B cells (cB1). cB2 were found to be morphologically similar to cB3 with abundant cytoplasm, whereas cB3 expressed CD80, CD86, and CD95 on their surface more predominantly than cB2. A majority of cB2 expressed both IgD and IgM, and cB3 expressed IgA or IgG. Mature gamma1 and gamma2 transcripts were found in cB3, but at very low levels in cB2, and activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) mRNA expression was recognized only in cB3. The frequencies of somatic hypermutation in cB2 and cB3 were comparable levels studied by VH5. cB2 did not shift to cB3 in vitro by the stimuli such as via B-cell receptor or CD40. cB2 produced large amounts of IgM predominantly and promptly, which is in accordance with the known characteristics of memory B cells. Taken together, although cB2 are unclass-switched, cB2 have the functions of memory B cells and are not in the process of transition from naive to switched memory B cells, playing a crucial role in secondary immune response by producing high-affinity IgM in the early phase of infections.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Shi
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Shinshu University, Graduate School of Medicine, Asahi 3-1-1, 390-8621, Matsumoto, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Seddon B, Tomlinson P, Zamoyska R. Interleukin 7 and T cell receptor signals regulate homeostasis of CD4 memory cells. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:680-6. [PMID: 12808452 DOI: 10.1038/ni946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2003] [Accepted: 05/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immunological memory depends on the long-term maintenance of memory T cells. Although the factors that maintain CD8 T cell memory are well understood, those responsible for CD4 memory are not well defined. We have shown here that interleukin 7 (IL-7) was an important survival factor for CD4 memory T cells that together with T cell receptor (TCR) signals regulated homeostasis of the CD4 memory population in lymphopenic conditions and in the intact immune system. Thus, IL-7 contributes to the maintenance of all naive and memory T cell subsets, and therefore controls the overall size of the T cell pool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benedict Seddon
- Division of Molecular Immunology, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Kubo S, Nakayama T, Matsuoka K, Yonekawa H, Karasuyama H. Long term maintenance of IgE-mediated memory in mast cells in the absence of detectable serum IgE. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2003; 170:775-80. [PMID: 12517940 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.170.2.775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cells and basophils involved in allergic responses do not have clonotypic Ag receptors. However, they can acquire Ag specificity through binding of Ag-specific IgE to FcepsilonRI expressed on their surface. Previous studies demonstrated that IgE binding induced the stabilization and accumulation of FcepsilonRI on the cell surface and resulted in up-regulation of FcepsilonRI. In this study we have further analyzed the maintenance of IgE-mediated memory in mast cells and basophils in vivo by comparing kinetics of serum IgE levels, FcepsilonRI expression, and ability to induce systemic anaphylaxis. A single i.v. injection of trinitrophenyl-specific IgE induced 8-fold up-regulation of FcepsilonRI expression on peritoneal mast cells in B cell-deficient (micro m(-/-)) mice. Serum IgE levels became undetectable by day 6, but the treatment of mice with anti-IgE mAb induced a significant drop in body temperature on days 14, 28, and 42. The administration of trinitrophenyl -BSA, but not BSA, in place of anti-IgE mAb gave similar results, indicating the Ag specificity of the allergic response. This long term maintenance of Ag-specific reactivity in the allergic response was also observed in normal mice passively sensitized with IgE even though the duration was shorter than that in B cell-deficient mice. The appearance of IgE with a different specificity did not interfere with the maintenance of IgE-mediated memory of mast cells and basophils. These results suggest that IgE-mediated stabilization and up-regulation of FcepsilonRI enables mast cells and basophils not only to acquire Ag specificity, but also to maintain memory in vivo for lengthy periods of time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuichi Kubo
- Department of Laboratory Animal Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Science, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Ahmed S, Siddiqui AK, Rai KR. Low-grade B-cell bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma. Cancer Invest 2002; 20:1059-68. [PMID: 12449739 DOI: 10.1081/cnv-120005924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Low-grade B-cell bronchial associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) lymphoma is a distinct subgroup of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Chronic antigen stimulation, triggered by autoimmune process or persistent infection may precede the development of BALT lymphoma. The lymphoma cells originate from the marginal zone and by invading the bronchial epithelial tissue, give rise to the lymphoepithelial lesion. BALT lymphoma shares the morphologic, immunophenotypic, and cytogenetic characteristics of other mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas. A majority of the patients are asymptomatic and pulmonary lesions are incidentally discovered on a routine chest radiograph. However, the clinical and radiographic features of BALT lymphoma are nonspecific. The disease is often localized at the time of diagnosis and responds favorably to local treatment, but the optimal management is not clearly defined. Overall, BALT lymphoma has a favorable prognosis and is associated with long-term survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shahid Ahmed
- Long Island Campus for the Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Swanson BJ, Murakami M, Mitchell TC, Kappler J, Marrack P. RANTES production by memory phenotype T cells is controlled by a posttranscriptional, TCR-dependent process. Immunity 2002; 17:605-15. [PMID: 12433367 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(02)00456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An examination of differences in gene expression between memory and naive phenotype T cells revealed elevated levels of mRNA for several chemokines, especially RANTES, in memory phenotype T cells. Although RANTES mRNA is spliced and cytoplasmic, these cells do not contain or secrete significant amounts of RANTES protein without TCR stimulation. This secretion is independent of transcription, but requires translation. In vivo, CD8+ memory T cells proliferate continuously and slowly in response to IL-15; however, IL-15 does not stimulate RANTES secretion. These results show that memory phenotype CD8+ T cells use preexisting mRNA to produce and secrete RANTES rapidly following TCR stimulation. Such storage of preformed mRNAs for important inflammatory mediators may contribute to the speed of secondary immune responses.
Collapse
|
44
|
Breitbart E, Wang X, Leka LS, Dallal GE, Meydani SN, Stollar BD. Altered memory B-cell homeostasis in human aging. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2002; 57:B304-11. [PMID: 12145356 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/57.8.b304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of age-associated immune system changes revealed alterations in expressed immunoglobulin heavy chain variable domain repertoires, and variability in the fraction of expressed heavy chain variable domain genes with mutations. To test whether the latter finding reflected a variation in memory B-cell numbers, we measured circulating memory B cells of 11 healthy elderly subjects, 173 nursing-home residents, and 34 healthy young adults. A large fraction of old adults have low values for memory cells both as a percentage of all B cells and as an absolute memory B-cell concentration. The range of both values is much wider in old adults than in young adults, and it is much wider than the range of T-cell concentrations. Memory B-cell concentration, which was positively correlated with memory T-cell concentrations but inversely related to in vitro T-cell responses to mitogens, may reflect highly individual rates of immune senescence, and it may serve as an amplified marker of underlying T-cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Breitbart
- Department of Biochemistry, Tufts University School of Medicine, and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Jameson
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota at Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
Typical immune responses lead to prominent clonal expansion of antigen-specific T and B cells followed by differentiation into effector cells. Most effector cells die at the end of the immune response but some of these cells survive and form long-lived memory cells. The factors controlling the formation and survival of memory T cells are reviewed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Sprent
- Department of Immunology, IMM4, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Kelso A, Costelloe EO, Johnson BJ, Groves P, Buttigieg K, Fitzpatrick DR. The genes for perforin, granzymes A-C and IFN-gamma are differentially expressed in single CD8(+) T cells during primary activation. Int Immunol 2002; 14:605-13. [PMID: 12039912 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxf028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we show that the genes for perforin, the three major T cell granzymes (A-C) and IFN-gamma are differentially expressed during primary activation of naive CD8(+) T cells, kinetically and at the single-cell level. When CD44(low)CD62L(high)CD8(+) lymph node T cells were activated with IL-2 and immobilized antibodies to CD3, CD8 and CD11a, expression of perforin, granzyme B and IFN-gamma mRNAs was induced by day 2, and increased in parallel with perforin-dependent cytolytic activity. Granzyme C and A transcripts were not detected until 1 and 3 days later respectively. Single-cell PCR showed that expression frequencies rose in parallel with total levels of each mRNA, but that individual cells expressed diverse combinations of perforin, granzyme A-C and IFN-gamma mRNAs. These expression patterns indicated that the delayed expression of granzymes A and C was not due to late activation of distinct cell subpopulations. Statistical analysis of the data suggested that each gene was differentially regulated at the single-cell level. Individual naive CD8(+) T cells gave rise over 7 days to clones that expressed all five products at the clonal level, but also expressed diverse combinations at the single-cell level. We conclude that, during primary activation, CD8(+) T cells progressively acquired the ability to express most or all of these genes, and that the variable expression patterns observed among single cells within clones and populations reflected transient rather than heritable differences in expression profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kelso
- The Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Maxwell JR, Ruby C, Kerkvliet NI, Vella AT. Contrasting the roles of costimulation and the natural adjuvant lipopolysaccharide during the induction of T cell immunity. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:4372-81. [PMID: 11970979 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.9.4372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The requirements for circumventing tolerance induction in favor of memory T cell development are poorly understood. Although two signals (Ag and costimulation) are necessary to drive effective T cell clonal expansion, few memory T cells remain after the response wanes. The adjuvant LPS can increase numbers of long-lived Ag-specific T cells, but its mechanism of action is not understood. In this report, it is shown that LPS, when combined with two-signal stimulation, profoundly enhances T cell survival in vivo. This survival does not appear to be dependent on the cytokines TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IFN-gamma, nor is it dependent on the transcription factor NF-kappa B. However, in vivo proliferation of NF-kappa B-deficient T cells was comparable to that of wild-type T cells, yet their early accumulation in the lymph nodes was severely reduced unless the mice were treated with LPS and an agonistic CD40 mAb. Most importantly, we found that activation of two different costimulatory signals, CD40 and OX40, could not substitute for LPS in rescuing T cells from peripheral deletion. Perhaps surprisingly, these data show that LPS delivers a qualitatively different signal than multiple costimulatory signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R Maxwell
- Division of Immunology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Agematsu K, Futatani T, Hokibara S, Kobayashi N, Takamoto M, Tsukada S, Suzuki H, Koyasu S, Miyawaki T, Sugane K, Komiyama A, Ochs HD. Absence of memory B cells in patients with common variable immunodeficiency. Clin Immunol 2002; 103:34-42. [PMID: 11987983 DOI: 10.1006/clim.2001.5197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is unknown. To assess humoral immunity in CVID, we selected 24 patients with early or late onset of disease. X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA), X-linked hyper-IgM syndrome (XHIM), and non-XHIM were excluded based on clinical phenotype, assessment of the immune response, presence of Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk) in monocytes or platelets, and normal expression of CD40 ligand by activated T cells. The number of circulating B cells was within the normal range or reduced. IgD(-) CD27(+) memory B cells were markedly reduced or absent in all 24 patients and IgD(+) CD27(+) B cells were diminished in 8 patients. Circulating B cells from all 6 patients examined, including CVID patients with IgD(+) CD27(+) cells, failed to undergo somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin-variable (V)-region genes, similar to cord blood B cells. B cells from CVID patients produced IgM and IgG, but not IgA upon the engagement of Ig receptor and CD40 in the presence of IL-2 and IL-10. B cells from all but 5 patients secreted IgE when stimulated by CD40 crosslinking in the presence of IL-4. The observation of defective memory B cells with abnormal cell marker expression and function demonstrates that naive CVID B cells including those expressing IgD(+) CD27(+), in analogy to cord blood and hyper-IgM syndrome B cells, may be responsible for their failure to differentiate into plasma cells and to produce high-affinity antibodies of different isotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazunaga Agematsu
- Department of Infectious Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Matsumoto, Shinshu University, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Kassiotis G, Garcia S, Simpson E, Stockinger B. Impairment of immunological memory in the absence of MHC despite survival of memory T cells. Nat Immunol 2002; 3:244-50. [PMID: 11836529 DOI: 10.1038/ni766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which immunological memory is maintained after infection or vaccination are still a matter of debate. Long-term survival of memory T cells does not require major histocompatibility complex (MHC) contact. We show here that compared with memory CD4+ T cells that maintain contact with MHC class II, memory CD4+ T cells deprived of MHC class II contact show distinct functional defects upon antigen re-encounter. Thus, in contrast to their survival, maintenance of the typical quality of memory T cells crucially depends on MHC-derived signals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Kassiotis
- Division of Molecular Immunology, The National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|