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Cong X, Zhang T, Bian R, Li Y, Liu J, Zhang X. Prevalence and related factors of first-time suicide attempts in the past 14 days in Chinese adult patients with first-episode drug-naïve major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1366475. [PMID: 38585486 PMCID: PMC10995384 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1366475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to identify socio-demographic, physiologic, and psychologic related factors of the first-time suicide attempt (FSA) in the past 14 days in Chinese adult patients with first-episode drug-naïve (FEDN) major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods A total of 1718 adult patients with FEDN MDD were enrolled in this cross-sectional survey. Depression, anxiety symptoms, and suicide attempts were assessed. Additionally, biological samples were collected and measured, while Logistic regression analysis was employed to explore the risk factors for FSA in the past 14 days among FEDN MDD patients. Results Among suicide attempters, 12.11% (208 out of 1718) reported experiencing FSA in the past 14 days. Logistic regression analysis showed that the risk factors for FSA included more severe anxiety symptoms (OR=1.37, 95%CI: 1.28-1.48, p<0.001), higher levels of total cholesterol (TC) (OR=1.42, 95%CI: 1.13-1.77, p=0.003), and elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.03-1.25, p=0.01). The regression model exhibited good discriminatory power for FSA with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.82. Conclusion FEDN MDD patients with more severe anxiety and higher levels of TSH and TC are more likely to develop FSA in the past 14 days. These factors are risk factors for short-term (in the past 14 days) FSA and may serve as indicators for early intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Cong
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Tian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rongrong Bian
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Jiangsu Province Hospital and The First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junjun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanjing Meishan Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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2
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Mehdi SMA, Costa AP, Svob C, Pan L, Dartora WJ, Talati A, Gameroff MJ, Wickramaratne PJ, Weissman MM, McIntire LBJ. Depression and cognition are associated with lipid dysregulation in both a multigenerational study of depression and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Transl Psychiatry 2024; 14:142. [PMID: 38467624 PMCID: PMC10928164 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-024-02847-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic dysregulation of peripheral lipids has been found to be associated with depression and cognition, but their interaction has not been investigated. Growing evidence has highlighted the association between peripheral lipoprotein levels with depression and cognition with inconsistent results. We assessed the association between peripheral lipids, depression, and cognition while evaluating their potential interactions using robust clinically relevant predictors such as lipoprotein levels and chronic medical disorders that dysregulate lipoproteins. We report an association between peripheral lipids, depression, and cognition, suggesting a common underlying biological mechanism driven by lipid dysregulation in two independent studies. Analysis of a longitudinal study of a cohort at high or low familial risk for major depressive disorder (MDD) (n = 526) found metabolic diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, and other cardiovascular diseases, were associated with MDD and cognitive outcomes. Investigating a cross-sectional population survey of adults in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2014 (NHANES) (n = 2377), depression was found to be associated with high density lipoprotein (HDL) and cognitive assessments. In the familial risk study, medical conditions were found to be associated with chronic lipid dysregulation and were significantly associated with MDD using the structural equation model. A positive association between chronic lipid dysregulation and cognitive scores was found in an exploratory analysis of the familial risk study. In a complementary study, analysis of NHANES revealed a positive association of HDL levels with cognition. Further analysis of the NHANES cohort indicated that depression status mediated the interaction between HDL levels and cognitive tests. Importantly, the protective effect of HDL on cognition was absent in those with depressive symptoms, which may ultimately result in worse outcomes leading to cognitive decline. These findings highlight the potential for the early predictive value of medical conditions with chronic lipid dyshomeostasis for the risk of depression and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M A Mehdi
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - A P Costa
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - C Svob
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - L Pan
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - W J Dartora
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - A Talati
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M J Gameroff
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - P J Wickramaratne
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - M M Weissman
- Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Division of Translational Epidemiology and Mental Health Equity, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - L B J McIntire
- Department of Radiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Brain Health Imaging Institute, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Xu K, Ren Y, Fan L, Zhao S, Feng J, Zhong Q, Tu D, Wu W, Chen J, Xie P. TCF4 and RBFOX1 as peripheral biomarkers for the differential diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2024; 345:252-261. [PMID: 37890537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.10.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent genome-wide association studies on major depressive disorder (MDD) have indicated the involvement of LRFN5 and OLFM4; however, the expression levels and roles of these molecules in MDD remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine the serum levels of TCF4 and RBFOX1 in patients with MDD and to investigate whether these molecules could be used as biomarkers for MDD diagnosis. METHODS The study included 99 drug-naïve MDD patients, 90 drug-treated MDD patients, and 81 healthy controls (HCs). Serum TCF4 and RBFOX1 levels were measured by ELISA. Pearson's correlation analysis was conducted to determine the association between TCF4/RBFOX1 and clinical variables. Linear support vector machine classifier was used to evaluate the diagnostic capabilities of TCF4 and RBFOX1. RESULTS Serum TCF4 and RBFOX1 levels were substantially higher in MDD patients than in HCs and significantly lower in drug-treated MDD patients than in drug-naïve MDD patients. Moreover, serum TCF4 and RBFOX1 levels were associated with the Hamilton Depression Scale score, duration of illness, serum lipids levels, and hepatic function. Thus, both these molecules showed potential as biomarkers for MDD. TCF4 and RBFOX1 combination exhibited a higher diagnostic performance, with the mean area under the curve values of 0.9861 and 0.9936 in the training and testing sets, respectively. LIMITATIONS Small sample size and investigation of only the peripheral nervous system. CONCLUSIONS TCF4 and RBFOX1 may be involved in the pathogenesis of MDD, and their combination may serve as a diagnostic biomarker panel for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Li Fan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, China; Lab of Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Histology and Embryology, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinzhou Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Dianji Tu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400037, China
| | - Wentao Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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4
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Sadowska A, Osiński P, Roztocka A, Kaczmarz-Chojnacka K, Zapora E, Sawicka D, Car H. Statins-From Fungi to Pharmacy. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:466. [PMID: 38203637 PMCID: PMC10779115 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Statins have been used in the treatment of hyperlipidemia, both as monotherapy and in combination therapy. Natural fermentation processes of fungi such as Monascus spp., Penicillium spp., Aspergillus terreus, and Pleurotus ostreatus have given rise to natural statins. Compactin (mevastatin), the original naturally occurring statin, is the primary biotransformation substrate in the manufacturing process of marketed drugs. Statins are classified into natural, semi-synthetic derivatives of natural statins, and synthetic ones. Synthetic statins differ from natural statins in their structural composition, with the only common feature being the HMG-CoA-like moiety responsible for suppressing HMG-CoA reductase. Statins do not differ significantly regarding their pleiotropic and adverse effects, but their characteristics depend on their pharmacokinetic parameters and chemical properties. This paper focuses on describing the processes of obtaining natural statins, detailing the pharmacokinetics of available statins, divided into natural and synthetic, and indicating their pleiotropic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sadowska
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Patryk Osiński
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Alicja Roztocka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Karolina Kaczmarz-Chojnacka
- Student’s Pharmacological Club, Lazarski University, Świeradowska 43, 02-662 Warsaw, Poland; (P.O.); (A.R.); (K.K.-C.)
| | - Ewa Zapora
- Department of Silviculture and Forest Use, Institute of Forest Sciences, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15351 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Diana Sawicka
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
| | - Halina Car
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Medical University of Bialystok, Szpitalna 37, 15-295 Bialystok, Poland; (D.S.); (H.C.)
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Benachenhou S, Laroui A, Dionne O, Rojas D, Toupin A, Çaku A. Cholesterol alterations in fragile X syndrome, autism spectrum disorders and other neurodevelopmental disorders. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 173:115-139. [PMID: 37993175 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2023.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) are a group of etiologically diverse diseases primarily associated with abnormal brain development, impaired cognition, and various behavioral problems. The majority of NDDs present a wide range of clinical phenotypes while sharing distinct cellular and biochemical alterations. Low plasma cholesterol levels have been reported in a subset of NNDs including, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and fragile X syndrome (FXS). The present review focuses on cholesterol metabolism and discusses the current evidence of lipid disruption in ASD, FXS, and other genetically related NDDs. The characterization of these common deficits might provide valuable insights into their underlying physiopathology and help identify potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérine Benachenhou
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Asma Laroui
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Olivier Dionne
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Daniela Rojas
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Amanda Toupin
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Biochemistry and Functional Genomic Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
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6
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van der Heijden AR, Houben T. Lipids in major depressive disorder: new kids on the block or old friends revisited? Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1213011. [PMID: 37663599 PMCID: PMC10469871 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1213011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a psychiatric mood disorder that results in substantial functional impairment and is characterized by symptoms such as depressed mood, diminished interest, impaired cognitive function, and vegetative symptoms such as disturbed sleep. Although the exact etiology of MDD is unclear, several underlying mechanisms (disturbances in immune response and/or stress response) have been associated with its development, with no single mechanism able to account for all aspects of the disorder. Currently, about 1 in 3 patients are resistant to current antidepressant therapies. Providing an alternative perspective on MDD could therefore pave the way for new, unexplored diagnostic and therapeutic solutions. The central nervous system harbors an enormous pool of lipids and lipid intermediates that have been linked to a plethora of its physiological functions. The aim of this review is therefore to provide an overview of the implications of lipids in MDD and highlight certain MDD-related underlying mechanisms that involve lipids and/or their intermediates. Furthermore, we will also focus on the bidirectional relationship between MDD and the lipid-related disorders obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tom Houben
- Department of Genetics and Cell Biology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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7
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Xu K, Zheng P, Zhao S, Wang J, Feng J, Ren Y, Zhong Q, Zhang H, Chen X, Chen J, Xie P. LRFN5 and OLFM4 as novel potential biomarkers for major depressive disorder: a pilot study. Transl Psychiatry 2023; 13:188. [PMID: 37280213 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-023-02490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidences have shown that both LRFN5 and OLFM4 can regulate neural development and synaptic function. Recent genome-wide association studies on major depressive disorder (MDD) have implicated LRFN5 and OLFM4, but their expressions and roles in MDD are still completely unclear. Here, we examined serum concentrations of LRFN5 and OLFM4 in 99 drug-naive MDD patients, 90 drug-treatment MDD patients, and 81 healthy controls (HCs) using ELISA methods. The results showed that both LRFN5 and OLFM4 levels were considerably higher in MDD patients compared to HCs, and were significantly lower in drug-treatment MDD patients than in drug-naive MDD patients. However, there were no significant differences between MDD patients who received a single antidepressant and a combination of antidepressants. Pearson correlation analysis showed that they were associated with the clinical data, including Hamilton Depression Scale score, age, duration of illness, fasting blood glucose, serum lipids, and hepatic, renal, or thyroid function. Moreover, these two molecules both yielded fairly excellent diagnostic performance in diagnosing MDD. In addition, a combination of LRFN5 and OLFM4 demonstrated a better diagnostic effectiveness, with an area under curve of 0.974 in the training set and 0.975 in the testing set. Taken together, our data suggest that LRFN5 and OLFM4 may be implicated in the pathophysiology of MDD and the combination of LRFN5 and OLFM4 may offer a diagnostic biomarker panel for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Peng Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiubing Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Chongqing Mental Health Centre, Chongqing, China
| | - Jinzhou Feng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yi Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qi Zhong
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hanping Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiangyu Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Chen
- Institute of Life Sciences, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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8
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Wang Y, Shen R. Association of remnant cholesterol with depression among US adults. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:259. [PMID: 37069633 PMCID: PMC10108798 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-04770-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Remnant cholesterol is receiving increasing attention because of its association with various diseases. However, there have been no studies on remnant cholesterol levels and depression. METHODS A cross-sectional analysis was performed based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2016. Depression was assessed using a Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Fasting remnant cholesterol was calculated as the total cholesterol minus high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Logistic regression analysis with sampling weights was used to examine the association between remnant cholesterol concentration and depression. RESULTS Among 8,263 adults enrolled in this study (weighted mean age, 45.65 years), 5.88% (weighted percentage) had depression. Compared to the participants without depression, those with depression had higher concentration of remnant cholesterol (weighted mean, 26.13 vs. 23.05, P < 0.001). There was a significant positive relationship between remnant cholesterol concentration and depression and multivariable-adjusted OR with 95% CI was 1.49 (1.02-2.17). Among the subgroup analyses, remnant cholesterol concentration was positively associated with depression among participants less than 60 years (OR, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.09-2.42), male (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.01-4.05), BMI under 30 (OR, 1.83; 95% CI, 1.14-2.96), and those with diabetes (OR, 3.88; 95% CI, 1.43-10.49). CONCLUSIONS Remnant cholesterol concentration positively correlated with depression, suggesting that a focus on remnant cholesterol may be useful in the study of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Ruhua Shen
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.
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9
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Asami S, Tsutsui Y, Yamamoto S, Miyajima M. T-cell deficiency induces deficits in social behavior and dyslipidemia in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 648:81-86. [PMID: 36739817 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Patients with neuropsychiatric disorders often exhibit an altered metabolic status. However, the underlying factors that induce behavioral and metabolic dysfunctions remain poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated whether behavioral and metabolic alterations could be induced in immunodeficient conditions. We found that T-cell-deficient Cd3e-/- mice exhibit deficits in social behavior associated with dyslipidemia. Cd3e-/- mice exhibited abnormal social novelty preference, but normal anxiety-like behavior. We also detected decreases in the concentrations of plasma triglyceride and the lipid transporter molecule fatty acid-binding protein 2. Furthermore, the adoptive transfer of T-cells to Cd3e-/- mice ameliorated the deficits in social behavior and recovered plasma triglyceride concentration. Thus, we found that T-cell disruption can induce defects in social behavior and systemic lipid homeostasis in mice. Given these findings, we believe that Cd3e-/- mice represent a useful tool for investigating the mechanisms of causal relationships among immune dysfunction, behavior, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Asami
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan; Division for Molecular Biology, Research Institute for Biomedical Sciences (RIBS), Tokyo University of Science, 2669, Yamazaki, Noda, 278-0022, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsutsui
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Sachiko Yamamoto
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan
| | - Michio Miyajima
- Laboratory for Mucosal Immunity, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences (IMS), 1-7-22, Suehirocho, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama, 230-0045, Japan.
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10
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Gomes SRBS, von Schantz M, Leocadio-Miguel M. Predicting depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly adults using sleep data and clinical health markers: A machine learning approach. Sleep Med 2023; 102:123-131. [PMID: 36641929 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Comorbid depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition in middle-aged and elderly adults, particularly when associated with obesity, diabetes, and sleep disturbances. In this context, there is a growing need to develop efficient screening methods for cases based on clinical health markers for these comorbidities and sleep data. Thus, our objective was to detect depressive symptoms in these subjects, considering general biomarkers of obesity and diabetes and variables related to sleep and physical exercise through a machine learning approach. METHODS We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2015-2016 data. Eighteen variables on self-reported physical activity, self-reported sleep habits, sleep disturbance indicative, anthropometric measurements, sociodemographic characteristics and plasma biomarkers of obesity and diabetes were selected as predictors. A total of 2907 middle-aged and elderly subjects were eligible for the study. Supervised learning algorithms such as Lasso penalized Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF) and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) were implemented. RESULTS XGBoost provided greater accuracy and precision (87%), with a proportion of hits in cases with depressive symptoms above 80%. In addition, daytime sleepiness was the most significant predictor variable for predicting depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Sleep and physical activity variables, in addition to obesity and diabetes biomarkers, together assume significant importance to predict, with accuracy and precision of 87%, the occurrence of depressive symptoms in middle-aged and elderly individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mario Leocadio-Miguel
- Department of Physiology and Behavior, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Norte, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.
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11
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MANF/EWSR1/ANXA6 pathway might as the bridge between hypolipidemia and major depressive disorder. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:527. [PMID: 36585419 PMCID: PMC9803680 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-02287-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) involves changes in lipid metabolism, but previous findings are contradictory. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is considered to be a regulator of lipid metabolism. To date, the function of MANF has been studied in many brain disorders, but not in MDD. Therefore, to better understand the role of lipids in MDD, this study was conducted to examine lipid levels in the serum of MDD patients and to investigate the potential function of MANF in MDD. First, the data on total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) in serum from 354 MDD patients and 360 healthy controls (HCs) were collected and analyzed. The results showed that there were significantly lower concentrations of TC and LDL-C in MDD patients compared with HCs, and TC levels were positively correlated with LDL-C levels. Bioinformatics analysis indicated that MANF/EWSR1/ANXA6 pathway might serve as the connecting bridge through which hypolipidemia played a functional role in MDD. Second, to verify this hypothesis, serum samples were collected from 143 MDD patients, and 67 HCs to measure the levels of MANF, EWSR1, and ANXA6 using ELISA kits. The results showed that compared to HCs, MDD patients had a significantly lower level of MANF and higher levels of ANXA6 and EWSR1, and these molecules were significantly correlated with both TC level and Hamilton Depression Rating Scales (HDRS) score. In addition, a discriminative model consisting of MANF, EWSR1, and ANXA6 was identified. This model was capable of distinguishing MDD subjects from HCs, yielded an area under curve of 0.9994 in the training set and 0.9569 in the testing set. Taken together, our results suggested that MANF/EWSR1/ANXA6 pathway might act as the bridge between hypolipidemia and MDD, and these molecules held promise as potential biomarkers for MDD.
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12
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Grant CW, Wilton AR, Kaddurah-Daouk R, Skime M, Biernacka J, Mayes T, Carmody T, Wang L, Lazaridis K, Weinshilboum R, Bobo WV, Trivedi MH, Croarkin PE, Athreya AP. Network science approach elucidates integrative genomic-metabolomic signature of antidepressant response and lifetime history of attempted suicide in adults with major depressive disorder. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:984383. [PMID: 36263124 PMCID: PMC9573988 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.984383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) and a lifetime history of attempted suicide demonstrate lower antidepressant response rates than those without a prior suicide attempt. Identifying biomarkers of antidepressant response and lifetime history of attempted suicide may help augment pharmacotherapy selection and improve the objectivity of suicide risk assessments. Towards this goal, this study sought to use network science approaches to establish a multi-omics (genomic and metabolomic) signature of antidepressant response and lifetime history of attempted suicide in adults with MDD. Methods: Single nucleotide variants (SNVs) which associated with suicide attempt(s) in the literature were identified and then integrated with a) p180-assayed metabolites collected prior to antidepressant pharmacotherapy and b) a binary measure of antidepressant response at 8 weeks of treatment using penalized regression-based networks in 245 'Pharmacogenomics Research Network Antidepressant Medication Study (PGRN-AMPS)' and 103 'Combining Medications to Enhance Depression Outcomes (CO-MED)' patients with major depressive disorder. This approach enabled characterization and comparison of biological profiles and associated antidepressant treatment outcomes of those with (N = 46) and without (N = 302) a self-reported lifetime history of suicide attempt. Results: 351 SNVs were associated with suicide attempt(s) in the literature. Intronic SNVs in the circadian genes CLOCK and ARNTL (encoding the CLOCK:BMAL1 heterodimer) were amongst the top network analysis features to differentiate patients with and without a prior suicide attempt. CLOCK and ARNTL differed in their correlations with plasma phosphatidylcholines, kynurenine, amino acids, and carnitines between groups. CLOCK and ARNTL-associated phosphatidylcholines showed a positive correlation with antidepressant response in individuals without a prior suicide attempt which was not observed in the group with a prior suicide attempt. Conclusion: Results provide evidence for a disturbance between CLOCK:BMAL1 circadian processes and circulating phosphatidylcholines, kynurenine, amino acids, and carnitines in individuals with MDD who have attempted suicide. This disturbance may provide mechanistic insights for differential antidepressant pharmacotherapy outcomes between patients with MDD with versus without a lifetime history of attempted suicide. Future investigations of CLOCK:BMAL1 metabolic regulation in the context of suicide attempts may help move towards biologically-augmented pharmacotherapy selection and stratification of suicide risk for subgroups of patients with MDD and a lifetime history of attempted suicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline W. Grant
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Angelina R. Wilton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States
| | - Rima Kaddurah-Daouk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Department of Medicine, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Michelle Skime
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Joanna Biernacka
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Taryn Mayes
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Thomas Carmody
- Department Population and Data Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Liewei Wang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Konstantinos Lazaridis
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Richard Weinshilboum
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - William V. Bobo
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, United States
| | - Madhukar H. Trivedi
- Peter O’Donnell Jr. Brain Institute and the Department of Psychiatry at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, United States
| | - Paul E. Croarkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Arjun P. Athreya
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
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13
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Lee K, Kim S, Jo JK. The Relationships between Abnormal Serum Lipid Levels, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation According to Sex. J Clin Med 2022; 11:2119. [PMID: 35456212 PMCID: PMC9030552 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11082119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Serum lipid levels affect not only nutritional status but also emotional state. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of various socio-demographic characteristics, abnormal cholesterol levels, and BMI indicators on depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation in the Korean population. (2) Methods: A total of 23,692 people were surveyed using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES) 2014, 2016, and 2018. Data from 11,653 patients were analyzed. Age, sex, chronic disease, smoking, alcohol consumption, total cholesterol (HDL, triglycerides), BMI, depression, and suicidal ideation were measured. (3) Results: According to sex, low HDL, high triglycerides, and suicidal ideation were significant, along with low education level, smoking, binge drinking, and high BMI. High triglyceride level was shown to significantly increase the risk of depression in males (OR = 1.535, 95% CI = 1.098-2.147). Factors affecting suicidal ideation in males were age, binge drinking, and depression, while blood lipid factors were not significant. (4) Conclusions: Of the types of serum lipid factors affecting depression and suicidal ideation, high triglycerides were found to be a risk factor for depression in men. Serum lipids can be used as biomarkers to reflect depressive symptoms in men depending on cholesterol level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kounseok Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul 04763, Korea; (K.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Sunhae Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul 04763, Korea; (K.L.); (S.K.)
| | - Jung Ki Jo
- Department of Urology, Hanyang University Medical Center, Seoul 04763, Korea
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14
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Desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol concentrations in post mortem brains of depressed people: The role of trazodone. Transl Psychiatry 2022; 12:139. [PMID: 35379782 PMCID: PMC8980007 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-022-01903-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a common, disabling, and heterogeneous condition that responds unpredictably to current treatments. We previously showed an association between depressive symptoms and plasma concentrations of two cholesterol precursors, desmosterol and 7-dehydrocholesterol (7DHC). Here, we measured total cholesterol and sterol concentrations with mass spectrometry in postmortem brain samples from depressed and control subjects. Mean (±SEM) desmosterol concentration was 8.9 ± 0.97 ng/mg in the depressed versus 10.7 ± 0.72 ng/mg in the control group. The mean of the posterior probability distribution for the difference in desmosterol concentration between the two groups was 2.36 (95% highest density interval [HDI] 0.59-4.17). Mean 7DHC concentrations, 12.5 ± 4.1 ng/mg in the depressed versus 5.4 ± 0.74 ng/mg in the control group, were unlikely to be different (95% HDI, [-1.37-0.34]). We found that presence of trazodone in the peri-mortem toxicology screen accounted for the observed difference in desmosterol concentrations. We also observed extremely high 7DHC levels in all 4 subjects who had taken trazodone. Trazodone has been recently found to inhibit 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase and alter sterol concentrations in rodents, cell culture, human fibroblasts, and blood. In this study, we demonstrate for the first time that trazodone alters human brain sterol composition. Given congenital deficiency of 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase results in Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, our findings support the hypothesis that this commonly used medication may have previously unappreciated risks.
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15
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Zhang Q, Liu Z, Wang Q, Li X. Low cholesterol is not associated with depression: data from the 2005-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Lipids Health Dis 2022; 21:35. [PMID: 35369876 PMCID: PMC8978383 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-022-01645-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Although high serum cholesterol is widely recognized as a major risk factor for heart disease, the health effects of low cholesterol are less clear. Several studies have found a correlation between low cholesterol and depression, but the results are inconsistent.
Methods
Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2018 were utilized in this cross-sectional study. The analysis of the relationship between cholesterol and depression was performed at three levels: low total cholesterol, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) people with low (<4.14 mmol/L) or normal (4.14-5.16 mmol/L) total cholesterol for Sample 1; people with low (<1 mmol/L) or normal (≥1 mmol/L) HDL cholesterol levels for Sample 2; and people with low (<1.8 mmol/L) or normal (1.8-3.4 mmol/L) LDL cholesterol levels for Sample 3; and (2) people who completed the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 depression scale. Age, sex, educational level, race, marital status, self-rated health, alcohol status, smoking status, body mass index (BMI), poverty income ratio, physical function, comorbidities, and prescription use were considered potential confounders. The missing data were handled by multiple imputations of chained equations. Logistic regression was used to assess the relationship between low cholesterol and depression.
Results
After controlling for potential confounding factors in the multivariate logistic regression, no association was observed between depression and low total cholesterol (OR=1.0, 95% CI: 0.9-1.2), low LDL cholesterol (OR=1.0, 95% CI: 0.8-1.4), or low HDL cholesterol (OR=0.9, 95% CI: 0.8-1.1). The results stratified by sex also showed no association between low total cholesterol, low LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol and depression in either men or women.
Conclusion
This population-based study did not support the assumption that low cholesterol was related to a higher risk of depression. This information may contribute to the debate on how to manage people with low cholesterol in clinical practice.
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Yang R, Wang L, Cao S, Chen M, Wu CJ, Silva F, Shen MJ, Chen JD, Tang MM, Liu BL. Sex difference in lipid levels in first-diagnosed drug-naïve depression patients: A case-control and 12-weeks follow-up study. World J Biol Psychiatry 2022; 23:228-235. [PMID: 34320901 DOI: 10.1080/15622975.2021.1961500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM Patients with depression have a high prevalence of developing dyslipidemia. In this study, we aim to investigate the difference of serum lipids, including total cholesterol (TCH), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG), between the depressed patients and healthy controls. Sex differences in lipids and their psychological correlations were also included. METHODS The study included 56 healthy controls (males/females = 26/30) and 110 first-diagnosed drug-naïve outpatients (males/females = 35/75). A total of 42 patients (males/females = 14/28) were followed for 3 months. RESULTS A significant difference was found in TCH and LDL-C among healthy control and patients. Interestingly, female patients with first-diagnosed, drug-naïve depression had lower atherogenic indices than male patients. After 3 months of antidepressants therapy, female patients exhibited detrimental changes in serum lipids, namely increased TG and atherogenic index. Moreover, correlation analysis showed significant correlations between changes of depression inventory (HAMD and BDI) score and serum lipids (TCH, HDL-C) in depressed patients. CONCLUSION We found that dyslipidemia was more common in female patients with depression during therapy with antidepressants. Moreover, the altered serum lipids and atherogenic index might be a hallmark of female patients. Further investigation of sex differences in lipid metabolism of depression is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Song Cao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Chu-Jun Wu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Floyd Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Man-Jun Shen
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jin-Dong Chen
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mi-Mi Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Institute for Rational and Safe Medication Practices, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Bi-Lian Liu
- Department of Metabolism and Endocrinology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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17
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Jo SY, Kwon YJ, Cho AR. Serum Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Levels and Depressive Mood in Korean Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study. Korean J Fam Med 2022; 43:63-68. [PMID: 35130641 PMCID: PMC8820962 DOI: 10.4082/kjfm.21.0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The association between serum cholesterol levels and depression has been studied extensively; however, results are inconsistent. This study aimed to investigate the association between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and depressive symptoms among Korean adults. Methods This cross-sectional study used data obtained from the 2007–2015 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. In total, 40,904 adults were included in the final analysis. Participants were categorized into five groups according to their LDL-C levels, using the Korean guidelines for dyslipidemia. Symptoms of depression were evaluated using a self-reported questionnaire. Weighted logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between LDL-C levels and self-reported depressive symptoms. Results Compared with the intermediate category, the lowest (<70 mg/dL) and highest (≥160 mg/dL) LDL-C categories were associated with depressive symptoms, after adjusting for potential confounding factors (odds ratio [OR], 1.191; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.008–1.409; OR, 1.241; 95% CI, 1.073–1.435, respectively). The highest LDL-C category was positively associated with depressive symptoms in those who were middle-aged, female, had a low body mass index, and taking or not taking dyslipidemia medications. Conclusion A U-shaped association was identified between LDL-C categories and self-reported depressive symptoms. Our findings suggest that LDL-C levels that are too low or too high are associated with self-reported depressive symptoms. Further prospective studies are needed to determine the causal relationship of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seog-Young Jo
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Kwon
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
| | - A-Ra Cho
- Department of Family Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Korea
- *Corresponding Author: A-Ra Cho Tel: +82-31-5189-8777, Fax: +82-3462-8209, E-mail:
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18
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Tan J, Xu Z, He Y, Zhang L, Xiang S, Xu Q, Xu X, Gong J, Tan C, Tan L. A web-based novel prediction model for predicting depression in elderly patients with coronary heart disease: A multicenter retrospective, propensity-score matched study. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:949753. [PMID: 36329913 PMCID: PMC9624295 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.949753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Depression is associated with an increased risk of death in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD). This study aimed to explore the factors influencing depression in elderly patients with CHD and to construct a prediction model for early identification of depression in this patient population. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used propensity-score matching to identify 1,065 CHD patients aged ≥65 years from four hospitals in Chongqing between January 2015 and December 2021. The patients were divided into a training set (n = 880) and an external validation set (n = 185). Univariate logistic regression, multivariate logistic regression, and least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression were used to determine the factors influencing depression. A nomogram based on the multivariate logistic regression model was constructed using the selected influencing factors. The discrimination, calibration, and clinical utility of the nomogram were assessed by the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve, calibration curve, and decision curve analysis (DCA) and clinical impact curve (CIC), respectively. RESULTS The predictive factors in the multivariate model included the lymphocyte percentage and the blood urea nitrogen and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The AUC values of the nomogram in the training and external validation sets were 0.762 (95% CI = 0.722-0.803) and 0.679 (95% CI = 0.572-0.786), respectively. The calibration curves indicated that the nomogram had strong calibration. DCA and CIC indicated that the nomogram can be used as an effective tool in clinical practice. For the convenience of clinicians, we used the nomogram to develop a web-based calculator tool (https://cytjt007.shinyapps.io/dynnomapp_depression/). CONCLUSION Reductions in the lymphocyte percentage and blood urea nitrogen and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were reliable predictors of depression in elderly patients with CHD. The nomogram that we developed can help clinicians assess the risk of depression in elderly patients with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juntao Tan
- Operation Management Office, Affiliated Banan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhengguo Xu
- Department of Teaching and Research, Affiliated Banan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuxin He
- Department of Medical Administration, Affiliated Banan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lingqin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Equipment, People's Hospital of Chongqing Bishan District, Chongqing, China
| | - Shoushu Xiang
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Xu
- College of Medical Informatics, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Medical Data Science Academy, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Library, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chengdu, Chengdu, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Information Center, The University Town Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Department of Medical Record Management, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Langmin Tan
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Banan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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19
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Langford AT, Butler M, Booth JN, Jin P, Bress AP, Tanner RM, Kalinowski J, Blanc J, Seixas A, Shimbo D, Sims M, Ogedegbe G, Spruill TM. Stress and Depression Are Associated With Life's Simple 7 Among African Americans With Hypertension: Findings From the Jackson Heart Study. Am J Hypertens 2021; 34:1311-1321. [PMID: 34272853 PMCID: PMC8643585 DOI: 10.1093/ajh/hpab116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The American Heart Association created the Life's Simple 7 (LS7) metrics to promote cardiovascular health (CVH) by achieving optimal levels of blood pressure, cholesterol, blood sugar, physical activity, diet, weight, and smoking status. The degree to which psychosocial factors such as stress and depression impact one's ability to achieve optimal CVH is unclear, particularly among hypertensive African Americans. METHODS Cross-sectional analyses included 1,819 African Americans with hypertension participating in the Jackson Heart Study (2000-2004). Outcomes were LS7 composite and individual component scores (defined as poor, intermediate, ideal). High perceived chronic stress was defined as the top quartile of Weekly Stress Inventory scores. High depressive symptoms were defined as Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale scores of ≥16. We compared 4 groups: high stress alone; high depressive symptoms alone; high stress and high depressive symptoms; low stress and low depressive symptoms (reference) using linear regression for total LS7 scores and logistic regression for LS7 components. RESULTS Participants with both high stress and depressive symptoms had lower composite LS7 scores (B [95% confidence interval] = -0.34 [-0.65 to -0.02]) than those with low stress and depressive symptoms in unadjusted and age/sex-adjusted models. They also had poorer health status for smoking (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.52 [0.35-0.78]) and physical activity (odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 0.71 [0.52-0.95]) after full covariate adjustment. CONCLUSIONS The combination of high stress and high depressive symptoms was associated with poorer LS7 metrics in hypertensive African Americans. Psychosocial interventions may increase the likelihood of engaging in behaviors that promote optimal CVH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aisha T Langford
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mark Butler
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Institute of Health System Science, Feinstein Institutes for Medical Research, Northwell Health, Manhasset, New York, USA
| | - John N Booth
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
- Department of Real-World Evidence and Late Phase, CTI Clinical Trials and Consulting Services, Inc., Covington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam P Bress
- Department of Population Health Sciences, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Rikki M Tanner
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jolaade Kalinowski
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Human Development and Family Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Judite Blanc
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Azizi Seixas
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Daichi Shimbo
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Mario Sims
- Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Gbenga Ogedegbe
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Institute for Excellence in Health Equity, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tanya M Spruill
- Department of Population Health, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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20
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Mahdavifar B, Hosseinzadeh M, Salehi-Abargouei A, Mirzaei M, Vafa M. The association between dairy products and psychological disorders in a large sample of Iranian adults. Nutr Neurosci 2021; 25:2379-2389. [PMID: 34514970 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2021.1969065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dairy products contain certain nutrients that are useful in mental disorders. This study aimed to assess the associations between dairy products and psychological disorders in a large sample of Iran, a Middle Eastern country. METHODS This cross-sectional study was undertaken on 7387 adults. Data on dietary intakes were obtained using a validated Food Frequency Questionnaire. Psychological health was assessed by the Iranian validated version of depression, anxiety, and stress scale 21. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to analyze the association between dairy intake and psychological disorders. RESULTS After adjustment for potential confounders, total milk consumption (OR for the highest vs. lowest tertile: 0.73, 0.58-0.92) and total yogurt consumption (0.78, 0.62-0.97) were associated with decreased odds of depression. An inverse relationship was found between total dairy (0.73, 95% CI 0.590.91), total milk (0.72; 0.58-0.88), kashk (0.79, 0.65-0.96), and yogurt drink (0.80, 95% CI 0.65-0.98) consumption and anxiety symptoms. Higher intake of cheese was related to greater odds of stress (1.52, 1.02-2.26). No association was found between the consumption of high-fat dairy, low-fat dairy, low-fat milk, low-fat yogurt, high-fat yogurt, cheese, kashk, yogurt drink, and depression. Also, there is no association between dairy products and stress symptoms. This association was significant among men and women and high-fat and low-fat products in the total adjusted stratified analysis models. CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study revealed that both high-fat and low-fat dairy products are associated with a reduced prevalence of psychological disorders. Still, more prospective studies are required to confirm these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baharak Mahdavifar
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Hosseinzadeh
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Amin Salehi-Abargouei
- Nutrition and Food Security Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran.,Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Masoud Mirzaei
- Yazd Cardiovascular Research Center, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Vafa
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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21
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Xu E, Wang B, Lu S, Zhang C, Zhu L, Liu X, Bai M, Li Y. Tandem mass tag-based quantitative proteomic analysis of the liver reveals potential protein targets of Xiaochaihutang in CUMS model of depression. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2021; 1181:122898. [PMID: 34479180 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2021.122898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a global mental disorder disease and greatly threatened human health. Xiaochaihutang (XCHT) has been used successfully in treatment of depression for many years in China, but the mechanism is unclear. Using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mice model of depression, the present study aimed to reveal possible antidepressant mechanisms of XCHT from the perspective of liver by analyzing hepatic proteomics in mice. Bioinformatics analysis identified 31 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 5 upregulated and 26 downregulated proteins, between the CUMS model and XCHT groups. The bile secretion pathway was found by KEGG pathway analysis of these DEPs. Four of the 31 differentially expressed proteins, including 2 active proteins involved in bile secretion, carbonic anhydrase 2 (CA2) and cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), were selected to verify their genes. Four genes (Cyp7a1, Fxr, Shp and Ntcp) related to bile acid synthesis and transport were further investigated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Both biochemical tests and gene studies demonstrated that CUMS affected bile acid synthesis and transport, while XCHT regulated this pathway. The results indicated that there may be a potential relationship between CUMS induced depression and hepatic injury caused by increased bile acid, and also provide a novel insight to understand the underlying anti-depression mechanisms of XCHT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erping Xu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Baoying Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuaifei Lu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Changjing Zhang
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leilei Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China; School of Pharmacy, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xueying Liu
- Basic Medical School, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
| | - Yucheng Li
- Henan Key Laboratory for Modern Research on Zhongjing's Herbal Formulae, Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou, China.
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22
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Wang SN, Yao ZW, Zhao CB, Ding YS, Bian LH, Li QY, Wang XM, Shi JL, Guo JY, Wang CG. Discovery and proteomics analysis of effective compounds in Valeriana jatamansi jones for the treatment of anxiety. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2021; 265:113452. [PMID: 33069789 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2020.113452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Zhizhu Xiang (ZZX for short) is the root and rhizome of Valeriana jatamansi Jones, which is a Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) used to treat various mood disorders for more than 2000 years, especially anxiety. However, there have been few investigations to clarify the compounds in ZZX for the treatment of anxiety. AIM OF THE STUDY Our previous study has identified five anti-anxiety components, including hesperidin, isochlorogenic acid A, isochlorogenic acid B and isochlorogenic acid C and chlorogenic acid, from extract of ZZX. In order to find the optimal combination and the underlying mechanism of these five components in the treatment of anxiety disorder, researches were designed based on uniform design method and proteomic technology. MATERIALS AND METHODS The samples with different proportion and content of the five active components were arranged by uniform design method. Then a mathematical model was formulated using partial least square method and stepwise regression analysis. Moreover, the empty bottle stress-induced anxiety rat model was established, and the anti-anxiety effect was recorded by the unconditioned reflex elevated maze test and the open field test. In addition, the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique, along with the multidimensional liquid chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry were applied in proteomic study. At last, the result of proteomic analysis was further confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS The optimal combination of the components from the extract of ZZX was 1.153 mg/kg hesperidin, 2.197 mg/kg Isochlorogenic acid A, 0.699 mg/kg Isochlorogenic acid B and 1.249 mg/kg Chlorogenic acid. Total 6818 proteins were identified using proteomic analysis and 80 differentially expressed proteins were used for further bioinformatic analysis. These proteins were involved in the neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, protein digestion and absorption, cholesterol metabolism, Chagas disease, and AGE/RAGE signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The composition and proportion of anti-anxiety components in extract of ZZX was disclosed, and there was an anti-anxiety effect for the combined components of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Through proteomic analysis and Western blot, it was found that the effective components of extract of ZZX can exert synergistic anti-anxiety effects via the regulation of multi-signaling pathways. These findings could provide a preliminary research basis for the development of new low-toxic, efficient, stable and controllable anti-anxiety drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Nan Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China; School of Pharmacy, Hebei University of Chinese Medicine, 3 Xingyuan Road, Luquan District, Shijiazhuang City, Hebei, 050200, China.
| | - Zi-Wei Yao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Cheng-Bowen Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yong-Sheng Ding
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Li-Hua Bian
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Qiu-Yu Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Xiao-Mei Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jin-Li Shi
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Jian-You Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 4A DatunRoad, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Chun-Guo Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, 11A North Third Ring East Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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23
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Zhang C, Yang Y, Zhu DM, Zhao W, Zhang Y, Zhang B, Wang Y, Zhu J, Yu Y. Neural correlates of the association between depression and high density lipoprotein cholesterol change. J Psychiatr Res 2020; 130:9-18. [PMID: 32768711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2020.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
There is evidence that major depressive disorder (MDD) is related to serum lipid level alterations. However, the neural correlates underlying this association remain poorly understood. Forty-nine patients with MDD and fifty healthy controls (HCs) underwent structural, resting-state functional and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging scans. Voxel-based morphometry, functional connectivity (FC) and tract-based spatial statistics analyses were performed to assess brain structure and function, respectively. Blood samples were collected to measure serum levels of lipid variables including total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Correlation and mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the associations of serum lipid levels with brain imaging measures in MDD patients and HCs, respectively. We found that the serum HDL-C level in MDD patients was lower than that in HCs. The lower serum HDL-C level was associated with lower gray matter volume (GMV) in ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), higher within-network FC of the default mode network, and lower micro-structural integrity in multiple white matter regions in MDD patients. Moreover, the within-default mode network FC mediated the relationship between GMV in VMPFC and serum HDL-C level; white matter integrity in genu of corpus callosum mediated the relationship between serum HDL-C level and depressive symptom severity. However, we did not observe any correlations between serum lipids and brain imaging parameters in HCs. These findings help to identify neural correlates underlying the association between depression and serum HDL-C change, which may provide new insight into intervention, treatment and prevention of depression from the perspective of regulating serum lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cun Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Dao-Min Zhu
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Wenming Zhao
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Sleep Disorders, Affiliated Psychological Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China; Hefei Fourth People's Hospital, Hefei, 230022, China; Anhui Mental Health Center, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Yajun Wang
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Jiajia Zhu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
| | - Yongqiang Yu
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.
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24
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Low levels of cholesterol and the cholesterol type are not associated with depression: Results of a cross-sectional NHANES study. J Clin Lipidol 2020; 14:515-521. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jacl.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Beigel Y, Peleg A, Assali A, Nachshon I. Effects of hypocholesterolemic dietary and drug therapy on measures of dysphoric emotions. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 13:288-94. [DOI: 10.1016/s0924-9338(98)80046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/1997] [Revised: 02/12/1998] [Accepted: 03/24/1998] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
SummaryThe question of whether hypocholesterolemic treatment is associated with increased mortality due to suicide, violence and car accidents is controversial and of great importance. We investigated the effect of hypocholesterolemic dietary and drug therapy on dysphoric emotions. Twenty-five hypocholesterolemic men were started on a 3-month dietary modification plan; those who showed unsatisfactory cholesterol reduction were given, in addition, a hypocholesterolemic drug for up to 1 year. Lipid profile and change in dysphoric emotions were measured. During the whole period, a negative correlation was found between cholesterol level and depression. During the dietary period, a significant improvement in depression and guilt with no change in lipid profile was noted. Drug therapy significantly reduced cholesterol levels, with a trend toward increased depression (after 3 months) and a significant increase in aggression and guilt (after 1 year). We conclude that changes in dysphoric emotions occurring during hypocholesterolemic therapy cannot be completely explained by the changes in cholesterol levels.
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26
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Su M, Li E, Tang C, Zhao Y, Liu R, Gao K. Comparison of blood lipid profile/thyroid function markers between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients and in depressed patients with anhedonia or suicidal thoughts. Mol Med 2019; 25:51. [PMID: 31747876 PMCID: PMC6865003 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-019-0119-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the differences in the serum levels of glucose, lipid, and thyroid function markers between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients, as well as the effect of anhedonia and suicidal thoughts on the levels of these biochemical parameters. Methods A total of 287 unmedicated depressed patients from January 2016 to December 2017 were included in this study, including 92 bipolar depressions and 195 unipolar depressions. Anhedonia was determined using the item 32 of Symptom Checklist (SCL-90). Suicide ideation was assessed by item 15 of SCL-90. Results The bipolar group had significantly lower lipid levels (including triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [LDL], very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol [VLDL]) and insulin resistance index but higher levels of prolactin, low triiodothyronine (T3) and free T3 (FT3) as well as higher incidence of anhedonia as compared with the unipolar group. Depressed patients with anhedonia had significantly higher LDL level than those without anhedonia. Depressed patients with suicidal thoughts had cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) level. The above-mentioned differences were confirmed by logistic regression analysis. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed that the area under the ROC curve (AUC) ranged from 0.546 to 0.685. Conclusion Triglycerides, cholesterol, LDL, VLDL T3, FT3 levels were significantly different between unipolar and bipolar depressed patients, which might have the potential to be the markers for differential diagnosis. Patients with anhedonia had lower LDL level, while patients with suicidal thoughts had higher levels of cholesterol and HDL as compared with the corresponding control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilei Su
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Enze Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chong Tang
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhao
- Department of Psychiatry, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruqing Liu
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Keming Gao
- Mood and Anxiety Clinic in the Mood Disorders Program, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine/University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, USA
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27
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Benachenhou S, Etcheverry A, Galarneau L, Dubé J, Çaku A. Implication of hypocholesterolemia in autism spectrum disorder and its associated comorbidities: A retrospective case-control study. Autism Res 2019; 12:1860-1869. [PMID: 31385649 DOI: 10.1002/aur.2183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been associated with low cholesterol levels in a limited number of studies. However, the prevalence of hypocholesterolemia as well as the degree of association with ASD remains to be elucidated. We therefore sought to investigate the lipid profiles of a group of French-Canadian ASD individuals. The medical records of 79 ASD individuals and 79 age and gender-matched healthy controls were retrospectively reviewed. The fasting lipid profiles including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein were extracted for individuals of both groups along with the following clinical data: anthropometric measurements, medication use and associated disorders. Lipid parameters were compared to age and gender-based normative population and categorized in centile groups. The prevalence of hypocholesterolemia was revealed to be more than threefold higher in ASD individuals as compared to the general population (23%; P = 0.005). The 25th centile was determined as a potential TC threshold that could best predict the ASD (odds ratio [OR] = 3.04; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.58-6.65; P < 0.001). This study identified specific ASD comorbidities associated with hypocholesterolemia: TC levels below the 10th centile were associated with a higher rate of ASD-associated intellectual disability (OR = 3.33; 95% CI: 1.26-8.00) and anxiety/depression (OR = 4.74; 95% CI: 1.40-15.73). Overall, these results support a potential association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD occurrence. Application of this study to larger populations is urging to provide more extensive data that may further elucidate the association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD. Autism Res 2019, 12: 1860-1869. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY: Association of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with abnormally low levels of cholesterol (hypocholesterolemia) has been documented before. These studies were incomplete, and the conclusion remains speculative. Here, we reviewed the medical records of 79 French-Canadian ASD individuals and compared their total cholesterol (TC) levels to healthy individuals matched for age and gender. We observed four times more hypocholesterolemia in ASD than in the general population. Furthermore, low TC in ASD was associated with higher rates of ASD-associated intellectual disability and anxiety/depression. Our results support an association between hypocholesterolemia and ASD and open novel opportunities for the diagnosis and treatment of specific forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérine Benachenhou
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Antoine Etcheverry
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Galarneau
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean Dubé
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Artuela Çaku
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universite de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
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28
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Latest Updates on Lipid Management. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2019; 26:85-100. [PMID: 30877603 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-019-00306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the clinical long-term and near-term benefits of lowering cholesterol in, respectively, primary and secondary prevention of ASCVD, cholesterol levels remain under-treated, with many patients not achieving their recommended targets. The present article will review the latest updates on lipid management with emphases on the different classes of cholesterol-lowering agents and their clinical uses.
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29
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Cenik B, Cenik C, Snyder MP, Brown ES. Plasma sterols and depressive symptom severity in a population-based cohort. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184382. [PMID: 28886149 PMCID: PMC5590924 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Convergent evidence strongly suggests major depressive disorder is heterogeneous in its etiology and clinical characteristics. Depression biomarkers hold potential for identifying etiological subtypes, improving diagnostic accuracy, predicting treatment response, and personalization of treatment. Human plasma contains numerous sterols that have not been systematically studied. Changes in cholesterol concentrations have been implicated in suicide and depression, suggesting plasma sterols may be depression biomarkers. Here, we investigated associations between plasma levels of 34 sterols (measured by mass spectrometry) and scores on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR16) scale in 3117 adult participants in the Dallas Heart Study, an ethnically diverse, population-based cohort. We built a random forest model using feature selection from a pool of 43 variables including demographics, general health indicators, and sterol concentrations. This model comprised 19 variables, 13 of which were sterol concentrations, and explained 15.5% of the variation in depressive symptoms. Desmosterol concentrations below the fifth percentile (1.9 ng/mL, OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.2–2.9) were significantly associated with depressive symptoms of at least moderate severity (QIDS-SR16 score ≥10.5). This is the first study reporting a novel association between plasma concentrations cholesterol precursors and depressive symptom severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basar Cenik
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Can Cenik
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - E. Sherwood Brown
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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30
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Oh J, Kim TS. Serum lipid levels in depression and suicidality: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) 2014. J Affect Disord 2017; 213:51-58. [PMID: 28189965 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The level of serum lipids has been reported to be associated with depression and suicidality, but the exact relationship between these factors remains controversial. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between lipid levels and depression with suicidality in large sample. METHODS We examined the association between serum lipid levels and the existence of mild depression measured using Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9) in a national sample of Korean. The data of 2055 men and 2894 women who participated in the 6th Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHNES VI) were used. The serum concentration of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride, and total cholesterol were dichotomized and complex samples logistic regression was employed in the analysis. RESULTS There was a significant association between high level of HDL-C (≥40mg/dl) and depression in adult men, and between high level of triglyceride (≥150mg/dl) and depression in adult women. In middle-aged adults 45-64 year), increased level of depression and suicidality was related to high level of triglyceride, respectively. (depression, OR=2.20 (95% CI 1.26-3.85); suicidality, OR=3.66 (95% CI 1.41-9.51). Furthermore, we found that the increased number of abnormal lipids level was significantly associated with the increased prevalence of depression in women (OR =1.34, 95% CI =1.12-1.60) and in middle-aged adults (OR=1.43, 95% CI =1.12-1.82). LIMITATIONS As this study had a cross-sectional design, it was hard to investigate causation between lipid levels and depression, and the assessment of suicidality needs more validation. CONCLUSION Our findings support a significant association between the high level of HDL-C, triglyceride and depression in large sample data. Triglyceride was highly associated with suicidality in younger and middle-aged adults, but not in elderly adults. Further assessment could delineate relationship between serum lipid levels and depression with suicidality in other ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihoon Oh
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Suk Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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31
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Knowles EEM, Huynh K, Meikle PJ, Göring HHH, Olvera RL, Mathias SR, Duggirala R, Almasy L, Blangero J, Curran JE, Glahn DC. The lipidome in major depressive disorder: Shared genetic influence for ether-phosphatidylcholines, a plasma-based phenotype related to inflammation, and disease risk. Eur Psychiatry 2017; 43:44-50. [PMID: 28365467 DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The lipidome is rapidly garnering interest in the field of psychiatry. Recent studies have implicated lipidomic changes across numerous psychiatric disorders. In particular, there is growing evidence that the concentrations of several classes of lipids are altered in those diagnosed with MDD. However, for lipidomic abnormalities to be considered potential treatment targets for MDD (rather than secondary manifestations of the disease), a shared etiology between lipid concentrations and MDD should be demonstrated. METHODS In a sample of 567 individuals from 37 extended pedigrees (average size 13.57 people, range=3-80), we used mass spectrometry lipidomic measures to evaluate the genetic overlap between twenty-three biologically distinct lipid classes and a dimensional scale of MDD. RESULTS We found that the lipid class with the largest endophenotype ranking value (ERV, a standardized parametric measure of pleiotropy) were ether-phosphodatidylcholines (alkylphosphatidylcholine, PC(O) and alkenylphosphatidylcholine, PC(P) subclasses). Furthermore, we examined the cluster structure of the twenty-five species within the top-ranked lipid class, and the relationship of those clusters with MDD. This analysis revealed that species containing arachidonic acid generally exhibited the greatest degree of genetic overlap with MDD. CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to demonstrate a shared genetic etiology between MDD and ether-phosphatidylcholine species containing arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that is a precursor to inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins. The study highlights the potential utility of the well-characterized linoleic/arachidonic acid inflammation pathway as a diagnostic marker and/or treatment target for MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E E M Knowles
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | - K Huynh
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - P J Meikle
- Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - H H H Göring
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - R L Olvera
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - S R Mathias
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - R Duggirala
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - L Almasy
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - J Blangero
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - J E Curran
- South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Brownsville, TX, USA
| | - D C Glahn
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Olin Neuropsychiatric Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford Hospital, Hartford, CT, USA
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Du J, Zhu M, Bao H, Li B, Dong Y, Xiao C, Zhang GY, Henter I, Rudorfer M, Vitiello B. The Role of Nutrients in Protecting Mitochondrial Function and Neurotransmitter Signaling: Implications for the Treatment of Depression, PTSD, and Suicidal Behaviors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017; 56:2560-2578. [PMID: 25365455 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2013.876960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have linked severe stress to the development of major depressive disorder (MDD) and suicidal behaviors. Furthermore, recent preclinical studies from our laboratory and others have demonstrated that in rodents, chronic stress and the stress hormone cortisol cause oxidative damage to mitochondrial function and membrane lipids in the brain. Mitochondria play a key role in synaptic neurotransmitter signaling by providing adenosine triphosphate (ATP), mediating lipid and protein synthesis, buffering intracellular calcium, and regulating apoptotic and resilience pathways. Membrane lipids are similarly essential to central nervous system (CNS) function because cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and sphingolipids form a lipid raft region, a special lipid region on the membrane that mediates neurotransmitter signaling through G-protein-coupled receptors and ion channels. Low serum cholesterol levels, low antioxidant capacity, and abnormal early morning cortisol levels are biomarkers consistently associated with both depression and suicidal behaviors. In this review, we summarize the manner in which nutrients can protect against oxidative damage to mitochondria and lipids in the neuronal circuits associated with cognitive and affective behaviors. These nutrients include ω3 fatty acids, antioxidants (vitamin C and zinc), members of the vitamin B family (Vitamin B12 and folic acid), and magnesium. Accumulating data have shown that these nutrients can enhance neurocognitive function, and may have therapeutic benefits for depression and suicidal behaviors. A growing body of studies suggests the intriguing possibility that regular consumption of these nutrients may help prevent the onset of mood disorders and suicidal behaviors in vulnerable individuals, or significantly augment the therapeutic effect of available antidepressants. These findings have important implications for the health of both military and civilian populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China.,c Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Ming Zhu
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Hongkun Bao
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Bai Li
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Yilong Dong
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Chunjie Xiao
- a School of Medicine, Yunnan University , Kunming , Yunnan , China
| | - Grace Y Zhang
- c Laboratory of Molecular Pathophysiology, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Ioline Henter
- d Molecular Imaging Branch, Intramural Research Program, NIMH, NIH , Bethesda , Maryland , USA
| | - Matthew Rudorfer
- b Division of Service and Intervention Research, NIMH, NIH , Rockville , Maryland , USA
| | - Benedetto Vitiello
- b Division of Service and Intervention Research, NIMH, NIH , Rockville , Maryland , USA
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Ong KL, Morris MJ, McClelland RL, Maniam J, Allison MA, Rye KA. Lipids, lipoprotein distribution and depressive symptoms: the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e962. [PMID: 27898070 PMCID: PMC5290355 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest lower concentrations of total and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol to be predictive of depression. We therefore investigated the relationship of lipids and lipoprotein distribution with elevated depressive symptoms (EDS) in healthy men and women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Participants were followed up over a 9.5-year period. EDS were defined as a Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) score ⩾16 and/or use of antidepressant drugs. Lipoprotein distribution was determined from plasma using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Among 4938 MESA participants (mean age=62 years) without EDS at baseline, 1178 (23.9%) developed EDS during follow-up. In multivariable Cox regression analyses, lower total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and non-HDL cholesterol concentrations at baseline were associated with incident EDS over 9.5 years (hazards ratio (HR)=1.11-1.12 per s.d. decrease, all P<0.01), after adjusting for demographic factors, traditional risk factors including LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglycerides. Lipoprotein particle subclasses and sizes were not associated with incident EDS. Among participants without EDS at both baseline and visit 3, a smaller increase in total or non-HDL cholesterol between these visits was associated with lower risk of incident EDS after visit 3 (HR=0.88-0.90 per s.d. decrease, P<0.05). Lower baseline concentrations of total, LDL and non-HDL cholesterol were significantly associated with a higher risk of incident EDS. However, a short-term increase in cholesterol concentrations did not help to reduce the risk of EDS. Further studies are needed to replicate our findings in cohorts with younger participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Ong
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia,School of Medical Science, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia. E-mail:
| | - M J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - R L McClelland
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - J Maniam
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - M A Allison
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - K-A Rye
- School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Quantitative proteomics analysis of the liver reveals immune regulation and lipid metabolism dysregulation in a mouse model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2016; 311:330-339. [PMID: 27247144 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a highly prevalent and debilitating mental illness with substantial impairments in quality of life and functioning. However, the pathophysiology of major depression remains poorly understood. Combining the brain and body should provide a comprehensive understanding of the etiology of MDD. As the largest internal organ of the human body, the liver has an important function, yet no proteomic study has assessed liver protein expression in a preclinical model of depression. Using the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model of depression, differential protein expression between CUMS and control (CON) mice was examined in the liver proteome using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. More than 4000 proteins were identified and 66 most significantly differentiated proteins were used for further bioinformatic analysis. According to the ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA), we found that proteins related to the inflammation response, immune regulation, lipid metabolism and NFκB signaling network were altered by CUMS. Moreover, four proteins closely associated with these processes, hemopexin, haptoglobin, cytochrome P450 2A4 (CYP2A4) and bile salt sulfotransferase 1 (SULT2A1), were validated by western blotting. In conclusion, we report, for the first time, the liver protein expression profile in the CUMS mouse model of depression. Our findings provide novel insight (liver-brain axis) into the multifaceted mechanisms of major depressive disorder.
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Kim HS, Kim H, Lee H, Park B, Park S, Lee SH, Cho JH, Song H, Kim JH, Yoon KH, Choi IY. Analysis and comparison of statin prescription patterns and outcomes according to clinical department. J Clin Pharm Ther 2016; 41:70-7. [PMID: 26791968 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.12350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
WHAT IS KNOWN AND OBJECTIVE There is a disparity between the Korean treatment guidelines and actual clinical prescription habits. This study was designed to evaluate the department-specific disparities and achievement rates for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) targets, based on each department's specific statin prescription patterns. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated data from 31 718 patients who had been prescribed a statin at least once between January 2008 and June 2013 at our institution. Patients were classified into the high-risk (target LDL-C < 100 mg/dL) or moderate-risk (target LDL-C < 130 mg/dL) groups, according to the National Cholesterol Education Programme-Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Statins were most commonly prescribed in the cardiology (32·0%) and endocrinology (26·6%) departments. For the high-risk group, 70% of patients in the cardiology, endocrinology and cardiac surgery departments achieved their target LDL-C levels (<100 mg/dL). However, the target achievement rates in most other departments were <70%. For the moderate-risk group, 79·2% of patients achieved their target levels. Departments that prescribed a greater number of high- or intermediate-potency statins were more likely to achieve their target LDL-C levels. The group that achieved their target LDL-C levels (<100 mg/dL) exhibited a significant positive relationship (Spearman's correlation coefficient = 0·8571, P = 0·0065), from low to high potency. WHAT IS NEW AND CONCLUSION Some departments tend to undertreat when prescribing statins. However, to reach to the target LDL-C levels, physicians must overcome their tendency to undertreat with statins. We believe that the target achievement rate will increase if doctors are more actively aware of a patient's individual status and related risk factors before prescribing statins.
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Affiliation(s)
- H-S Kim
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Lee
- Department of Industrial and Management Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, Korea
| | - B Park
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Information System, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S Park
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Information System, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - S-H Lee
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Cho
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - H Song
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - J H Kim
- Division of Biomedical Informatics, Systems Biomedical Informatics Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - K-H Yoon
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - I Y Choi
- Department of Medical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Elevated blood lipids may be a major risk factor for CVD. Due to consistent and robust association of higher low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol levels with CVD across experimental and epidemiologic studies, therapeutic strategies to decrease risk have focused on LDL-cholesterol reduction as the primary goal. Current medication options for lipid-lowering therapy include statins, bile acid sequestrants, a cholesterol-absorption inhibitor, fibrates, nicotinic acid, and omega-3 fatty acids, which all have various mechanisms of action and pharmacokinetic properties. The most widely prescribed lipid-lowering agents are the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors, or statins. Since their introduction in the 1980s, statins have emerged as the one of the best-selling medication classes to date, with numerous trials demonstrating powerful efficacy in preventing cardiovascular outcomes (Kapur and Musunuru, 2008 [1]). The statins are commonly used in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia and mixed hyperlipidemia. This chapter focuses on the biochemistry of statins including their structures, pharmacokinetics, and mechanism of actions as well as the potential adverse reactions linked to their clinical uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Eroume A Egom
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity College Dublin/The University of Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Egom Clinical & Translational Research Services Ltd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.
| | - Hafsa Hafeez
- Egom Clinical & Translational Research Services Ltd, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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Beydoun MA, Beydoun HA, Dore GA, Fanelli-Kuczmarski MT, Evans MK, Zonderman AB. Total serum cholesterol, atherogenic indices and their longitudinal association with depressive symptoms among US adults. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e518. [PMID: 25734511 PMCID: PMC4354360 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Serum cholesterol, both total and lipoprotein fractions, has been associated with mid- and late-life depression. Using longitudinal data on a large and ethnically diverse sample of urban adults, the associations of serum lipid profile measured by high or low total cholesterol (TC; >200 mg dl(-1); <160 mg dl(-1)) and by atherogenic indices, namely high total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol relative to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, with change in total and domain-specific depressive symptoms over time were examined. Findings were compared by sex. (Hypothesis 1) In addition, baseline depressive symptoms as predictors for longitudinal change in lipid profile trajectory were tested. (Hypothesis 2) Mixed-effects regression analyses stratified by sex was used. Sample sizes of participants (n) and repeated observations (n') were: Hypothesis 1 (Men: n=826 ; n'=1319; Women: n=1099 ; n'=1817); Hypothesis 2 (Men: n=738; n'=1230; Women: n=964; n'=1678). As hypothesized, a higher level of atherogenic indices was linked to faster increase in depressive symptom scores, particularly depressed affect and interpersonal problems, though this relationship was found only among women. Among men a U-shaped relationship between baseline TC and longitudinal increase in somatic complaints and a direct link between low TC and longitudinal putative improvement in positive affect was found. On excluding statin users among women, low TC was associated with slower increase in depressed affect over time, whereas high TC was associated with faster increase in interpersonal problems. In summary, atherogenic indices were directly linked to faster increase in depressive symptoms among women only. More studies are needed to explain these sex-specific associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Beydoun
- NIH Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - H A Beydoun
- Graduate Program in Public Health, Eastern Virginia Medical School, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - G A Dore
- NIH Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M T Fanelli-Kuczmarski
- Department of Health, Nutrition and Exercise Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - M K Evans
- NIH Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A B Zonderman
- NIH Biomedical Research Center, National Institute on Aging, NIA/NIH/IRP, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Jani BD, Cavanagh J, Barry SJE, Der G, Sattar N, Mair FS. Revisiting the J shaped curve, exploring the association between cardiovascular risk factors and concurrent depressive symptoms in patients with cardiometabolic disease: Findings from a large cross-sectional study. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:139. [PMID: 25352020 PMCID: PMC4271339 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Depression is common in patients with cardiometabolic diseases but little is known about the relationship, if any, between cardiovascular risk factor values and depressive symptoms in patients with these conditions. The objective of this paper is to study the association between cardiovascular risk factors and concurrent depressive symptoms in patients with three common cardiometabolic conditions: coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and diabetes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed primary care data for N = 35537 with 1 of the above 3 conditions who underwent depression screening using the depressive subscale of hospital anxiety and depression score (HADS-D). We reviewed 4 cardiometabolic risk factors (Systolic Blood Pressure [SBP], Diastolic Blood Pressure [DBP], BMI and total cholesterol) recorded concurrently in all patients and HbA1c in patients with diabetes (n = 18453). We analysed the association between individual risk factor value and a positive HADS-D screening result (>7) using logistic regression. Results SBP and BMI were noted to have a non-linear “J-shaped” relationship with the probability of having a positive HADS-D and observed nadirs (levels with the lowest probability) of 148 mm Hg and 30.70 kg/m2, respectively. Total cholesterol and DBP found to have a weaker curvilinear association with concurrent depression symptoms and nadirs of 3.60 mmol/l and 74 mmHg. Among patients with Diabetes, HbA1c was also found to have a “J-shaped” relationship with probability of having a positive HADS-D with an observed nadir of 7.06% DCCT. The above relationships remain significant after adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status and number of co-morbid conditions. Conclusion In patients with cardiometabolic disease, cardiovascular risk factor values at both extremes were associated with higher positive depression screening after adjusting for confounders. These findings have potentially important implications for clinical practice in relation to both risk stratification for depression and approaches to secondary prevention in individuals with cardiometabolic disease and merit further investigation to determine the nature and direction of the observed association. Please see related article: http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/12/199. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2261-14-139) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Frances S Mair
- Professor of Primary Care Research, General Practice and Primary Care, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G112 9LX, UK.
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Larsen BA, Allison MA, Kang E, Saad S, Laughlin GA, Araneta MRG, Barrett-Connor E, Wassel CL. Associations of physical activity and sedentary behavior with regional fat deposition. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2014; 46:520-8. [PMID: 23924920 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e3182a77220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Increased sedentary behavior predicts greater cardiovascular morbidity and mortality and does so independently of physical activity (PA). This association is only partially explained by body mass index (BMI) and overall body fat, suggesting mechanisms besides general increased adiposity. The purpose of this study was to explore associations of self-reported leisure PA and sitting time with regional fat depositions and abdominal muscle among community-dwelling older adults. METHODS Participants were 539 diverse adults (mean age = 65 yr) who completed a study visit in 2001-2002. Areas of pericardial, intrathoracic, subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular fat, as well as abdominal muscle, were measured using computed tomography. Leisure PA and sitting hours were entered simultaneously into multivariate regression models to determine associations with muscle and fat areas. RESULTS After adjusting for demographics, smoking, diabetes, hypertension, triglycerides, and cholesterol, greater PA was associated with less intrathoracic, visceral, subcutaneous, and intermuscular fat (for all P < 0.05), while greater sedentary time was associated with greater pericardial and intrathoracic fat (for both P < 0.05). After further adjusting for BMI, each hour of weekly PA was associated with 1.85 cm less visceral fat (P < 0.01) but was not associated with other fat depositions. Conversely, each hour of daily sitting was associated with 2.39 cm more pericardial fat (P < 0.05) but was not associated with any other fat depositions. There were no associations with abdominal muscle area. Adjusting for common inflammatory markers had little effect. Associations between fat and PA were stronger for men. CONCLUSIONS Sitting and PA have distinct associations with regional fat deposition in older adults. The association between sitting and pericardial fat could partially explain the link between sitting and coronary heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britta A Larsen
- 1Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA; and 2Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Evidence for a possible association between a low level of cholesterol and increased suicidal behaviour has accumulated in the recent 3 decades. The present study investigates whether lipid levels can make state-dependent markers of suicidal behaviour in Polish patients with mood disorder recently admitted to a psychiatric hospital owing to an acute depressive episode. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was conducted on 223 patients (73 male and 150 female) with unipolar (n=171) and bipolar (n=52) depression. They were interviewed to assess any occurrence of suicidal thoughts, suicidal tendencies and/or suicidal attempts during the 3 months before admission. Laboratory measurements [total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipids] were obtained within 24-72 h after hospital admission. RESULTS Suicidal thoughts, tendencies, and attempts were associated with low total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total lipids in both male and female patients, in both diagnostic categories. Triglycerides were significantly lower in male and female patients with suicidal thoughts compared with their non-suicidal counterparts. No association with suicidality was found with HDL cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS The results of our study support a majority of research showing the association in depressed patients between suicidal behaviour and low levels of total and LDL cholesterol. In addition, the data suggest a similar association with low total lipids, and in some instances, with low triglycerides.
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Ainiyet B, Rybakowski JK. Suicidal behavior in schizophrenia may be related to low lipid levels. Med Sci Monit 2014; 20:1486-90. [PMID: 25141886 PMCID: PMC4148359 DOI: 10.12659/msm.890884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lifetime suicide mortality in people with schizophrenia is approximately 4–5%, which is higher than in the general population. In mood disorders, many studies and meta-analyses have shown a link between suicidal behavior and low lipid levels, especially that of cholesterol, and some studies have also suggested such a relationship in schizophrenia. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate a possible correlation between suicidal behavior and lipid levels in schizophrenia patients recently admitted to a psychiatric hospital. Material/Methods Our study included 148 (69 males, 79 females) schizophrenia patients with a mean age of 32±10 years, all recently admitted due to acute exacerbation of their mental illness. Psychometric and laboratory assessments were made within 24–72 hours after hospital admission. The main purpose of the interview was to assess occurrence of any suicidal thoughts, suicidal tendencies, and/or suicide attempts during the 3 months prior to admission. Serum total, LDL and HDL cholesterol, as well as triglycerides and total lipids were measured. Results A significant association was found between suicidal thoughts and attempts and low total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids, in both male and female patients. In male patients with suicidal tendencies, correlation with low LDL cholesterol and triglycerides did not reach statistical significance. No association with suicidality was found with HDL cholesterol in subjects studied. Conclusions The results obtained suggest that, similar to depressed patients, low total and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and total lipids can be state-dependent risk factors for suicidal behavior in Polish patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babajohn Ainiyet
- Department of Psychiatry, Akerhus Universytetssykehus, Oslo, Norway
| | - Janusz K Rybakowski
- Department of Adult Psychiatry, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Hu H, Xu Y, Liu C, Zhao H, Zhang H, Wang L. Changes in behavior and in brain glucose metabolism in rats after nine weeks on a high fat diet: a randomized controlled trial. SHANGHAI ARCHIVES OF PSYCHIATRY 2014; 26:129-37. [PMID: 25114487 PMCID: PMC4118009 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-0829.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background A high-fat diet (HFD) is a well-known risk factor for cardio-cerebrovascular disease but the relationship between a HFD and depressive symptoms remains unknown. Objective Compare changes in behavioral and measures of brain glucose metabolism in rats fed a HFD to those of rats fed a standard diet. Methods Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to a study group (n=10) that received a high fat diet for 9 weeks or a control group (n=10) that received a standard diet for 9 weeks. At baseline and at the end of the 9-week trial assessments included body weight, serum lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol), the sucrose preference test, and the open field test. The rate of brain glucose metabolism in different brain regions (assessed using micro-positron emission tomography) at the end of the trial was also compared between the two groups of rats. Results Nine weeks of a HFD in rats resulted in the expected increase in weight and changes in serum lipid levels, but it was also associated with a decreased preference for sucrose (which may be due to a loss of interest in pleasurable activities), increased weight-adjusted water intake, and a significant deactivation of the right thalamus and right striatum (based on decreased rates of glucose metabolism). In the HFD group the magnitude of the drop in the sucrose preference was strongly correlated to the magnitude of the deactivation of the right thalamus (r=0.78) and the right striatum (r=0.81). Conclusions These findings support hypotheses about the role of a HFD in the causal pathway for depressive symptoms. Further work is needed to clarify the underling mechanism, but it appears that the interaction between the content of the diet and the limbic system-striatum-thalamus circuit plays a role in both eating behavior and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Hu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China ; Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yeqing Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Heqing Zhao
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liwei Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Patra BN, Khandelwal SK, Chadda RK, Ramakrishnan L. A controlled study of serum lipid profiles in Indian patients with depressive episode. Indian J Psychol Med 2014; 36:129-33. [PMID: 24860211 PMCID: PMC4031578 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.130968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lower levels of circulating lipid fractions and cholesterol are risk factors for impulsivity and depressive disorder. A lower level of serum cholesterol is also associated with patients presenting with history of self-harm. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 30 depressive patients and 30 healthy matched control subjects were recruited from the department of Psychiatry of a tertiary care hospital. We measured serum total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglyceride levels of both patient and control group. RESULTS The serum TC and LDL-cholesterol levels were found to be significantly lower in study group than that of control group. CONCLUSION Lower levels of serum cholesterol are associated with depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bichitra Nanda Patra
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sudhir K Khandelwal
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh K Chadda
- Department of Psychiatry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Lakshmy Ramakrishnan
- Department of Cardiac Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Neuropsychiatric adverse events associated with statins: epidemiology, pathophysiology, prevention and management. CNS Drugs 2014; 28:249-72. [PMID: 24435290 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-013-0135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Statins, or 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors, such as lovastatin, atorvastatin, simvastatin, pravastatin, fluvastatin, rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, are cholesterol-lowering drugs used in clinical practice to prevent coronary heart disease. These drugs are generally well tolerated and have been rarely associated with severe adverse effects (e.g. rhabdomyolysis). Over the years, case series and data from national registries of spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports have demonstrated the occurrence of neuropsychiatric reactions associated with statin treatment. They include behavioural alterations (severe irritability, homicidal impulses, threats to others, road rage, depression and violence, paranoia, alienation, antisocial behaviour); cognitive and memory impairments; sleep disturbance (frequent awakenings, shorter sleep duration, early morning awakenings, nightmares, sleepwalking, night terrors); and sexual dysfunction (impotence and decreased libido). Studies designed to investigate specific neuropsychiatric endpoints have yielded conflicting results. Several mechanisms, mainly related to inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis, have been proposed to explain the detrimental effects of statins on the central nervous system. Approaches to prevent and manage such adverse effects may include drug discontinuation and introduction of dietary restrictions; maintenance of statin treatment for some weeks with close patient monitoring; switching to a different statin; dose reduction; use of ω-3 fatty acids or coenzyme Q10 supplements; and treatment with psychotropic drugs. The available information suggests that neuropsychiatric effects associated with statins are rare events that likely occur in sensitive patients. Additional data are required, and further clinical studies are needed.
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Abstract
Associations between serum cholesterol levels or lipid-lowering treatment and depression risk have been controversial. Associations between statin use and depression risk have been investigated in patients with coronary artery diseases but have not been examined after stroke. This study aimed to investigate whether statin use was associated with depression ascertained at 2 weeks and 1 year after stroke. A total of 423 patients were evaluated 2 weeks after stroke, and 288 (68%) were followed 1 year later. At the 2 examinations, depression (major or minor depressive disorder) was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria, and depression severity was assessed by the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression subscale and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Logistic regression and repeated-measures analyses of variance were carried out. Statins were used in 251 (59%) of 423 patients at baseline. Statin use was not associated with poststroke depression (PSD) status at baseline but was significantly associated with reduced risk of all PSD, and of major PSD specifically, at follow-up. Statin use was also associated with better trajectories of depression assessment scale scores over the 1-year follow-up. Statin use was associated with a reduced risk of depression at 1 year after stroke. Likely causality and underlying mechanisms need to be further clarified.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Use of high-dose statin therapy (HDST) in patients with stroke became standard clinical practice after the Stroke Prevention by Aggressive Reduction in Cholesterol Levels (SPARCL) study, in which the mean age of the study population was approximately 63 years. Little data are available on the adverse effects of statins when used in high doses in adults older than 65 years. The objective of this study was to assess the magnitude of adverse effects of HDST in geriatric patients. METHODS This single-center, retrospective, case-control study was conducted at Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York. All patients older than 65 years admitted between 2008 and 2011 to the hospital's Upstate Stroke Center with acute stroke were eligible. Electronic medical records of 200 eligible patients were reviewed to collect demographic, clinical, and laboratory data. Patients on HDST (cases) were compared with those on low doses (controls) using the χ, Fisher exact (two-sided), and Student t tests. RESULTS One hundred cases (mean age 80.5 ± 7.7 years) were compared with 100 controls (mean age 78.9 ± 6.4 years). Sixty-seven percent were taking simvastatin. Ninety percent of the cases compared with 81% of the controls had ischemic stroke. The prevalence of elevated alanine aminotransferase (13%) and myositis (4%) was significantly higher in the cases than in the controls. Fourteen percent of the cases reported myalgias, 9% had nausea, and 6% had diarrhea. Seventy-three cases had low-density lipoprotein levels <100 mg% and 41% of the cases had mean glycated hemoglobin levels ≥ 6.5%. CONCLUSIONS The use of HDST in older adult patients with acute stroke is associated with a significantly increased burden of liver enzyme elevation and myalgias.
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Kesmati M, Mard-Soltani M, Khajehpour L. Anxiogenic Effects of Acute Injection of Sesame oil May be Mediated by β-1 Adrenoceptors in the Basolateral Amygdala. Adv Pharm Bull 2013; 4:35-42. [PMID: 24409407 PMCID: PMC3885366 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2014.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE A few studies have indicates that the sesame oil influences anxiety, but many reports show that β-1 adrenoceptors (ARs) of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) plays a pivotal role in this regard. Therefore, in this study the effect of acute injection of sesame oil on anxiety-like behavior in the presence and absence of the BLA β-1 ARs in the male Wistar rats were investigated. METHODS Guide cannulas, for seven groups of rats, were implanted bilaterally into the BLA. Two weeks after the stereotaxic surgery, anxiety-like behaviors (the OAT%, OAE % and locomotor activity) were evaluated by Elevated Plus-Maze (EPM) for all groups. 3 groups received different volumes of sesame oil (i.p.) and they were compared with control group (received saline via i.p.), and the anxiogenic volume of sesame oil (1.5ml/kg) was determined. Then, 3 other groups received constant effective volume of sesame oil (1.5ml/kg) along with 3 different doses of betaxolol, selective β-1 ARs antagonist, intra BLA microinjection in order to be compared with sesame oil group (1.5 ml/kg). RESULTS The acute injection of sesame oil with the volume dependent manner showed an anxiogenic effect with reduction of the OAT% and OAE% which the maximum effect of sesame oil was observed in the dose of 1.5mg/kg. Also, betaxolol with dose dependent manner attenuated the anxiogenic effects of sesame oil (1.5mg/kg), but this reduction could not remove the anxiety effects completely. CONCLUSION It seems that the sesame oil acute (i.p.) injection induces anxiety, and this effect is attenuated by inhibition of β-1ARs in the BLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaz Kesmati
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Maysam Mard-Soltani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Lotfolah Khajehpour
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
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Liang Y, Yan Z, Cai C, Jiang H, Song A, Qiu C. Association Between Lipid Profile and Depressive Symptoms Among Chinese Older People: Mediation by Cardiovascular Diseases? Int J Behav Med 2013; 21:590-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s12529-013-9358-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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You H, Lu W, Zhao S, Hu Z, Zhang J. The relationship between statins and depression: a review of the literature. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013; 14:1467-76. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2013.803067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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