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Impact of stress on aged immune system compartments: Overview from fundamental to clinical data. Exp Gerontol 2018; 105:19-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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2
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Stewart-Ibarra AM, Hargrave A, Diaz A, Kenneson A, Madden D, Romero MM, Molina JP, Saltos DM. Psychological Distress and Zika, Dengue and Chikungunya Symptoms Following the 2016 Earthquake in Bahía de Caráquez, Ecuador. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1516. [PMID: 29206195 PMCID: PMC5750934 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14121516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
On 16 April 2016, a 7.8 magnitude earthquake struck coastal Ecuador, resulting in significant mortality and morbidity, damages to infrastructure, and psychological trauma. This event coincided with the first outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) and co-circulation with dengue virus (DENV) and chikungunya virus (CHIKV). We tested whether the degree of psychological distress was associated with the presence of suspected DENV, CHIKV, ZIKV (DCZ) infections three months after the earthquake. In July 2016, 601 household members from four communities in Bahía de Caráquez, Manabí Province, Ecuador, were surveyed in a post-disaster health evaluation. Information was collected on demographics, physical damages and injuries, chronic diseases, self-reported psychological distress, and DCZ symptoms. We calculated the prevalence of arbovirus and distress symptoms by community. ANOVA was used to compare the mean number of psychological distress symptoms between people with versus without suspected DCZ infections by age, gender, community and the need to sleep outside of the home due to damages. The prevalence of suspected DCZ infections was 9.7% and the prevalence of psychological distress was 58.1%. The average number of psychological distress symptoms was significantly higher among people with suspected DCZ infections in the periurban community of Bella Vista, in women, in adults 40-64 years of age and in individuals not sleeping at home (p < 0.05). The results of this study highlight the need to investigate the interactions between psychological distress and arboviral infections following natural disasters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Stewart-Ibarra
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - Anita Hargrave
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Avriel Diaz
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Conservation Biology at Columbia University, New York, NY 10025, USA.
| | - Aileen Kenneson
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
| | - David Madden
- Walking Palms Global Initiative, Bahía de Caráquez 131401, Manabí Province, Ecuador.
| | - Moory M Romero
- Center for Global Health and Translational Science, SUNY Upstate Medical University, 750 East Adams St., Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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Abstract
Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) emerged in the neurosciences in the late 1970s to early 1980s and has extended to influence the fields of psychology, psychiatry, endocrinology, physiology, and the biomedical research community. This review documents the journey of PNI from the early 1980s to the present. Today, we recognize that the highly complex immune system interacts with an equally complex nervous system in a bidirectional manner. Evolutionarily old signals continue to play a role in these communications, as do mechanisms for protection of the host. The disparity between physical and psychological stressors is only an illusion. Host defense mechanisms respond in adaptive and meaningful ways to both. The present review will describe a new way of thinking about evolutionarily old molecules, heat shock proteins, adding to a body of evidence suggesting that activation of the acute stress response is a double-edged sword that can both benefit and derail optimal immunity.
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Lee HA, Hong S, Lee YS, Kim DW, Kwon HY, Lee CY, Kim O. Effects of cold stress as a pathogenic factor on fatal disease progression of canine herpesvirusinfection. J Biomed Res 2014. [DOI: 10.12729/jbr.2014.15.3.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Yorty JL. Short-term corticosterone treatment decreases the early CD8+ T cell response to simian virus 40 tumor antigen but has no impact on the late CD8+ T cell response. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 28:139-48. [PMID: 23164951 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/09/2012] [Accepted: 11/09/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cells (T(CD8)) help control tumor growth in vivo through recognition of distinct tumor antigens and cytolysis of tumor cells. The T(CD8) immune response in C57BL/6 mice to the Simian Virus 40 oncoprotein, large tumor antigen (Tag), targets multiple epitopes and is well-characterized. Epitope IV, an H-2K(b)-restricted epitope, is immunodominant while epitope I, an H-2D(b)-restricted epitope is subdominant. GCs alter many aspects of T cell function. Indeed, the current studies demonstrate that exposure of mice to the immunosuppressive GC, corticosterone (CORT), over the entire course of the primary immune response limits activation of endogenous Tag-specific T(CD8). Even short-term CORT treatment from day -1 to day +2 post-immunization significantly reduced splenic size and the absolute number of Tag-specific T(CD8) on day 6 post-immunization. In vivo killing activity was also reduced. However, by day 10 post-immunization, the peak of the immune response, the absolute number of Tag-specific T(CD8) and their in vivo killing of epitope I or epitope IV-expressing target cells had recovered in CORT treated mice. Adoptive transfer of transgenic T cells post-CORT removal demonstrated that CORT decreased the ability of the endogenous antigen-presenting cells to induce proliferation of the exogenous transgenic T cells. Combined, these studies have implications about the timing of clinical steroid treatment relative to immunization or adoptive transfer for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodi L Yorty
- Department of Biology, Elizabethtown College, One Alpha Drive, Elizabethtown, PA 17022, United States.
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6
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Fleshner M. Stress-evoked sterile inflammation, danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), microbial associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) and the inflammasome. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 27:1-7. [PMID: 22964544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the inception of the field of psychoneuroimmunolology research, there has been an appreciation that the physiological response to stressors includes modulation of immune function. Investigators initially focused on the effect of stress on cellular migration and immunosuppression and the resultant decreases in tumor surveillance, anti-viral T cell immunity and antigen-specific antibody responses. More recently, it has become clear that exposure to stressors also potentiate innate immune processes. Stressor exposure, for example, can change the activation status of myeloid lineage cells such as monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, and microglia, leading to a primed state. In addition, stressor exposure increases the synthesis and release of a vast cadre' of inflammatory proteins both in the blood and within tissues (i.e., spleen, liver, adipose, vasculature and brain). The mechanisms for stress-evoked innate immune 'arousal' remain unknown. The goals of this presidential address are the following: (1) offer a personalized, brief overview of stress and immunity with a focus on 'aroused' innate immunity; (2) describe sterile inflammatory processes and the role of the inflammasome; and (3) suggest that these same processes likely contribute to primed myeloid cells and inflammatory protein responses (systemic and tissue) produced by stress in the absence of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Fleshner
- Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0354, United States.
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7
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Miller AH, Pearce BD, Ruzek MC, Biron CA. Interactions Between the Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis and Immune System During Viral Infection: Pathways for Environmental Effects on Disease Expression. Compr Physiol 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp070419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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8
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Social defeat differentially affects immune responses in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus). Physiol Behav 2010; 101:53-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Padwad YS, Mishra KP, Jain M, Chanda S, Karan D, Ganju L. RNA interference mediated silencing of Hsp60 gene in human monocytic myeloma cell line U937 revealed decreased dengue virus multiplication. Immunobiology 2009; 214:422-9. [PMID: 19261350 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2008.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2008] [Revised: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Heat shock proteins (Hsps) or stress proteins are highly conserved molecules and expressed in all cell types under stressful conditions like heat, cold, hypoxia and infections. The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of dengue virus infection on relative expression of stress proteins and their role in the progression of the infection. As macrophages are the primary host for dengue, human promonocytic myeloblastoma U937 cells were infected with dengue virus type 2 New Guinea C strain for the evaluation of Hsps expression. A significant expression of Hsp60 was observed in virally infected U937 cells as compared to controls. In order to determine the correlation between Hsp60 expression and viral multiplication in infected cells, expression of Hsp60 was down regulated by RNA interference. Viral multiplication was determined by quantification of viral RNA copy number using Real Time PCR and plaque formation assay in cellular supernatants of Hsp60 silenced cells. Intracellular quantification of viral load was also determined by flow cytometry. It was observed that down regulation of Hsp60 in virally infected cells resulted into decrease in viral RNA copy number, plaque forming units and intracellular viral load. At the same time down regulation also resulted in increased IFN-alpha level. These observations suggest that, elevated levels of Hsp60 expression in virally infected cells may help in viral multiplication and could be possible therapeutic targets for the management of dengue virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y S Padwad
- Immunomodulation Laboratory, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Timarpur, Delhi 110054, India
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10
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Small doses of morphine can enhance NK cell cytotoxicity in pigs. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:277-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2008.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2007] [Revised: 10/29/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Ashcraft KA, Hunzeker J, Bonneau RH. Psychological stress impairs the local CD8+ T cell response to mucosal HSV-1 infection and allows for increased pathogenicity via a glucocorticoid receptor-mediated mechanism. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:951-63. [PMID: 18657369 PMCID: PMC3721759 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2007] [Revised: 04/02/2008] [Accepted: 04/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress and its associated increases in corticosterone are generally immunosuppressive and contribute to increased herpes simplex virus (HSV)-associated pathogenicity. However, the impact of stress on local control of the initial mucosal-based HSV infection has not been elucidated, nor have the ramifications of such failures of the immune response in terms of viral spread. To address these gaps in knowledge, the studies described herein sought to determine how psychological stress and associated increases in corticosterone may increase susceptibility to HSV encephalitis by allowing for increased viral titers at the site of initial infection. We have shown that in mice intranasally infected with HSV-1, a cell-mediated immune response occurs in the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT), mediastinal lymph nodes (MLN), and superficial cervical lymph nodes (CLN). However, psychological stress induced by restraint decreased the number of lymphocytes in these tissues in HSV-infected mice. Surprisingly, the effects of this restraint stress on HSV-specific CTL function varied by immune tissue. Increased viral titers were found in the nasal cavity of stressed mice, an observation which correlated with an increased CD8+ cell response in the CLN. These findings led us to extend our studies to also determine the ramifications of decreased numbers of locally derived lymphocytes on viral titers following infection. Using an approach in which the NALT was surgically removed prior to infection, we confirmed that decreased numbers of NALT-derived lymphocytes at the time of infection allows for increased viral replication. We conclude that the increased viral titers observed in mice experiencing psychological stress are the consequence of a glucocorticoid-mediated reduction in the numbers of lymphocytes responsible for resolving the initial infection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/physiology
- Cells, Cultured
- Corticosterone/physiology
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/veterinary
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/pathogenicity
- Hormone Antagonists/pharmacology
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/physiology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Lymphocytes/drug effects
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/physiology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Ashcraft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - John Hunzeker
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Robert H. Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
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12
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Webster Marketon JI, Glaser R. Stress hormones and immune function. Cell Immunol 2008; 252:16-26. [PMID: 18279846 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2007.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 341] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years we have demonstrated both in animal models and in human studies that stress increases neuroendocrine hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and catecholamines but to some extent also prolactin, growth hormone and nerve growth factor. We have also shown that stress, through the action of these stress hormones, has detrimental effects on immune function, including reduced NK cell activity, lymphocyte populations, lymphocyte proliferation, antibody production and reactivation of latent viral infections. Such effects on the immune system have severe consequences on health which include, but are not limited to, delayed wound healing, impaired responses to vaccination and development and progression of cancer. These data provide scientific evidence of the effects of stress on immune function and implications for health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanette I Webster Marketon
- Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University Medical Center, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Cao L, Hudson CA, Moynihan JA. Chronic foot shock induces hyperactive behaviors and accompanying pro- and anti-inflammatory responses in mice. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 186:63-74. [PMID: 17408755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Revised: 02/04/2007] [Accepted: 03/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Behavioral and accompanying physiological and immunological changes were investigated at various times during chronic irregular mild foot shock (CMFS) in adult male BALB/c mice. CMFS induced a significant hyperlocomotor activity in a familiar environment as well as increased consumption of chocolate milk (a favored drink) throughout the 5-week stress period. Unlike other chronic stress models, CMFS did not induce depressive-like behaviors. Hyperactivity was associated with transient elevations of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFalpha and IL-1beta) and IL-2 and more sustained (IL-10) or later (arginase activity) elevations in anti-inflammatory mediators in the spleen (serum levels below levels of detection) suggesting a transition from a pro-inflammatory state to an anti-inflammatory state during CMFS. Similar increases in brain levels of IL-2 and arginase activity were also detected and may contribute to CMFS-induced hyperactivity as both of these mediators have been shown to induce hyperactivity. To our knowledge, this is the first time that increased arginase activity has been documented during a stress paradigm. Altogether, the data indicate that CMFS induces behavioral changes distinct from other chronic stress models. CMFS is associated with multiple dynamic immunological changes, suggesting involvement of multiple factors in chronic stress-induced behavioral changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Box PSYCH, Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester, 300 Crittenden Blvd, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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14
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Collado-Hidalgo A, Sung C, Cole S. Adrenergic inhibition of innate anti-viral response: PKA blockade of Type I interferon gene transcription mediates catecholamine support for HIV-1 replication. Brain Behav Immun 2006; 20:552-63. [PMID: 16504464 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2005] [Revised: 01/06/2006] [Accepted: 01/06/2006] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFN-alpha and -beta) play a key role in anti-viral immunity, and we sought to define the molecular mechanisms by which the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) inhibits their effects. In peripheral blood leukocytes and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC2), induction of interferon anti-viral activity by double-stranded RNA (poly-I:C) or CpG DNA was substantially inhibited by norepinephrine and by pharmacologic activation of the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway. This effect was specific to Type I interferons and driven by PKA-mediated repression of IFNA and IFNB gene transcription. Luciferase reporter analyses identified tandem interferon response factor-binding sites in positive regulatory domains I and III of the IFNB promoter as a key target of PKA inhibition. PKA suppression of Type I interferons was associated with impaired transcription of interferon response genes supporting the "anti-viral state", and was sufficient to account for norepinephrine-induced enhancement of HIV-1 replication. Given the ubiquitous role of Type I interferons in containing viral replication, PKA-mediated inhibition of IFN transcription could explain the stimulatory effects of catecholamines on a broad range of viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Collado-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry, David E. Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1678, USA
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15
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Li Q, Liang Z, Nakadai A, Kawada T. Effect of electric foot shock and psychological stress on activities of murine splenic natural killer and lymphokine-activated killer cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer receptors and mRNA transcripts for granzymes and perforin. Stress 2005; 8:107-16. [PMID: 16019602 DOI: 10.1080/10253890500140972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
To explore the mechanism of stress-induced inhibition of natural killer (NK) activity, female C57BL/6 mice were stimulated by electric foot shock and psychological stress for 7 days consecutively. The shocked mice received scrambled, uncontrollable, inescapable 0.6 mA electric shocks in a communication box 120 times during 60 min. The mice in the psychological stress group were put into the communication box without electric foot shock. The plasma corticosterone level in both stressed groups was significantly higher than that in controls on days 1, 3, 5 and 7 and showed the highest level on day 3 in the foot shock stress. According to these results, therefore, we investigated the effect of stress on immunological function on day 3, and measured body weight, weight of the spleen, number of splenocytes, splenic NK, lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) activities, NK receptors, and mRNA transcripts for granzymes A and B and perforin in splenocytes. The NK, LAK and CTL activities, and NK receptors in mice with both types of stress were significantly decreased compared to those of the control mice, but the decreases were greater in the foot-shocked mice than in the psychological-stress mice. The mRNA transcripts for granzyme A and perforin were significantly decreased only in the foot-shocked mice. On the other hand, the foot-shock stress increased granzyme B. The above findings suggest that stress induced inhibition of NK, LAK and CTL activities partially via affecting NK receptors, granzymes and perforin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, 1-1-5 Sendagi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8602, Japan.
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Glaser R, Kiecolt-Glaser JK. Stress-induced immune dysfunction: implications for health. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 5:243-51. [PMID: 15738954 DOI: 10.1038/nri1571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1271] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Folk wisdom has long suggested that stressful events take a toll on health. The field of psychoneuroimmunology (PNI) is now providing key mechanistic evidence about the ways in which stressors--and the negative emotions that they generate--can be translated into physiological changes. PNI researchers have used animal and human models to learn how the immune system communicates bidirectionally with the central nervous and endocrine systems and how these interactions impact on health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Glaser
- Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, College of Medicine and Public Health and Institute for Behavioral Medical Research, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Cao L, Martin A, Polakos N, Moynihan JA. Stress causes a further decrease in immunity to herpes simplex virus-1 in immunocompromised hosts. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 156:21-30. [PMID: 15465593 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 06/18/2004] [Accepted: 06/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Physical or psychological stress can modulate immune responses in normal subjects. The effects of stress on immunity in immunocompromised hosts, however, have not been extensively investigated. Here we assess relationships among footshock stress (FS), infection with herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1), and immunosuppression by cyclophosphamide (CY) during the active immune response to virus in BALB/c mice. Without FS, CY significantly decreased survival and body weight gain, splenic leukocyte numbers, in vivo serum cytokine level and in vitro splenocyte cytokine production during HSV-1 infection. FS alone also significantly inhibited cell mediated anti-viral responses to HSV-1. However, FS in combination with certain CY doses led to a further significant decrease in host responses compared to either CY or FS treatment alone, including decreased survival rate, increased weight loss, lowered leukocyte numbers, reduced cytokine production in vivo and in vitro, and decreased numbers of cytokine-producing cells (IL-12 and IFNgamma). In contrast, CY, but not FS, significantly reduced in vivo anti-HSV-1 antibody secretion. These data support the hypothesis that stress can further reduce host immune responses in immunocompromised individuals. Thus, stress levels of patients should be taken into consideration prior to clinical treatment with immunosuppressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Department of Psychiatry, The Center for Psychoneuroimmunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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18
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Mi W, Belyavskyi M, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Storts R, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Alterations in chemokine expression following Theiler's virus infection and restraint stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:103-15. [PMID: 15145609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress (RS) applied to mice during acute infection with Theiler's virus causes corticosterone-induced immunosuppression. This effect was further investigated by measuring chemokine changes in the spleen and central nervous system (CNS) using an RNase Protection Assay. mRNAs for lymphotactin (Ltn), interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10), MIP-1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TCA-3 were detected in the spleen at day 2 pi, but not in the brain of CBA mice infected with Theiler's virus. Ltn, IP-10 and RANTES were elevated in both the spleen and the brain at day 7 pi, and were significantly decreased by RS in the brain. RS also resulted in decreased inflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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19
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Aviles H, Johnson MT, Monroy FP. Effects of cold stress on spleen cell proliferation and cytokine production during chronic Toxoplasma gondii infection. Neuroimmunomodulation 2004; 11:93-102. [PMID: 14758055 DOI: 10.1159/000075318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2001] [Accepted: 04/08/2003] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell-mediated immunity is critical for controlling infection and preventing reactivation during the chronic phase of Toxoplasma gondii infection. In people suffering from AIDS, T. gondii is one of the major opportunistic infectious agents. Mechanisms regulating rapid development of clinical signs in previously asymptomatic patients remain unclear; however, cofactors such as stress are suspected to play a role in the susceptibility to opportunistic infections. OBJECTIVE This study examined the role of cold stress (CS) in splenocyte function during chronic T. gondii infection. METHODS Control mice and mice previously infected orally with T. gondii were subjected to CS during the chronic phase (CSchr), i.e. 90 days after infection, and in vitro cell proliferation and cytokine production were measured before (day 0) and 1, 15 and 25 days after CSchr. Splenocyte proliferation and cytokine production were measured after in vitro stimulation with concanavalin A (Con-A), anti-CD3 antibody (A-CD3) and Toxoplasma lysate antigen. RESULTS CSchr enhanced splenocyte proliferation in cells stimulated with Con-A and A-CD3, but it suppressed proliferation in cells stimulated with T. gondii antigens. Increased levels of interferon (IFN)-gamma were detected independent of the type of stimulation after CSchr and remained high throughout the experiment. CS had similar results in noninfected animals. CONCLUSION Although an overall increase in splenocyte function occurred after nonspecific stimulation, CS suppressed primed spleen cells from responding to T. gondii antigens which could lead to reactivation of latent infection. The increase in IFN-gamma after CSchr could be a result of spleen cells being primed by released parasites by this stressor. IFN-gamma is critical in the control of parasite reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Aviles
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Immunology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Ortiz GC, Sheridan JF, Marucha PT. Stress-induced changes in pathophysiology and interferon gene expression during primary HSV-1 infection. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17:329-38. [PMID: 12946655 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(03)00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex viruses (HSV) are the cause of the most common clinically recognized herpesvirus infections. The severity and duration of the primary HSV infection have been correlated with the frequency and severity of subsequent recurrences. Reactivation of latent HSV-1 can occur as a result of physical or emotional stress; however, the effects of stress on the modulation of the clinical pathophysiology of primary HSV-1 infections are not well understood. Although it is known that stress can be immunosuppresive, the immunological mechanisms by which stress modulates early immune responses, such as type I interferon gene expression during a primary HSV-1 infection are still not understood. It was hypothesized that due to suppressed early immune responses, stress would increase the severity of a cutaneous primary HSV-1 infection. In this investigation, a cutaneous HSV-1 model in the SKH-1 mouse was characterized and utilized to study the effect of restraint stress on the modulation of the clinical pathophysiology of primary HSV-1. Despite prolonged viral replication at the site of primary infection, restraint stress decreased the clinical severity of primary HSV-1 in the skin of SKH-1 mice. A decrease in type I and type II IFN expression was found in the skin of acutely infected restrained mice when compared to controls at day 3 post-infection using competitive RT-PCR. Using the glucocorticoid-receptor antagonist RU486, IFN-beta and INF-gamma expression were restored in restrained animals to control levels. Treatment with RU486 also increased the clinical severity of the cutaneous infection to control levels in restrained mice. Thus, RST masked the severity of an HSV-1 infection by decreasing its clinical signs while impairing the ability of the host to control viral replication prolonging the infectious period.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Herpes Simplex/immunology
- Herpes Simplex/physiopathology
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/drug effects
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Immunologic Deficiency Syndromes/etiology
- Interferons/drug effects
- Interferons/genetics
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mifepristone/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Receptors, Glucocorticoid/drug effects
- Skin Diseases, Viral/immunology
- Skin Diseases, Viral/physiopathology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Griselle C Ortiz
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Bailey M, Engler H, Hunzeker J, Sheridan JF. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and viral infection. Viral Immunol 2003; 16:141-57. [PMID: 12828866 DOI: 10.1089/088282403322017884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays an important immunomodulatory role during viral infection. Activation of the HPA axis ultimately leads to elevated plasma levels of glucocorticoid (GC) hormones with the ability to mediate adaptive behavioral, metabolic, cardiovascular and immune system effects. In this review, we focus on the modulation of anti-viral immunity and viral pathogenesis by the HPA axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Bailey
- Section of Oral Biology, Colleges of Dentistry, Medicine and Public Health, The Ohio University Health Sciences Center, Columbus, Ohio 43218-2357, USA
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22
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Palermo-Neto J, de Oliveira Massoco C, Robespierre de Souza W. Effects of physical and psychological stressors on behavior, macrophage activity, and Ehrlich tumor growth. Brain Behav Immun 2003; 17:43-54. [PMID: 12615049 DOI: 10.1016/s0889-1591(02)00057-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study analyzed the effects of physical and psychological stressors on behavior, immune function, and serum corticosterone in mice. Adult mice were submitted once daily, for 6 days to one of the following conditions: escapable (ES) or inescapable (IS) footshocks (0.2 mA) signaled by a tone cue or to a psychological stressor (PS) generated through the use of a communication box; in this box, mice received no footshock but were exposed to responses delivered by IS mice. Results showed that IS and PS: (1). decreased locomotor activity observed in an open-field; (2). decreased number of entries into the open arms and decreased time spent in the exploration of the open arms of the plus-maze; (3). decreased macrophage spreading and phagocytosis; (4). increased macrophage H(2)O(2) release; and (5). increased growth of the ascitic form of Ehrlich tumor. Behavioral and/or immunological changes were not observed after ES; this absence of effects, however, might not be attributed solely to footshock controllability since mice of groups ES and IS differed with respect to the psychological setting used and the amount of shock they received. An increase of serum corticosterone concentrations was also observed in the stressed mice of all groups; this increment was higher in animals of group IS. These data provide evidence that inescapable footshock and psychological stressors alter, at the same time and in mice, stress levels, macrophage activity, and Ehrlich tumor growth. They also show that ES and PS induced similarly elevated serum corticosterone concentrations, but significantly differ in the immunological and behavioral outcomes they produced in mice. These findings suggest that another factor besides HPA axis activation might be responsible for behavioral and immunological consequences of IS and PS in mice. It is proposed that the final neural link between behavioral and immunological changes observed after physical and psychological stressors might involve catecholaminergic systems within the central nervous system and/or sympathetic autonomic nerve fibers and also opioid peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Palermo-Neto
- Applied Pharmacology and Toxicology Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo SP, Brazil.
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23
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Moraska A, Fleshner M. Voluntary physical activity prevents stress-induced behavioral depression and anti-KLH antibody suppression. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2001; 281:R484-9. [PMID: 11448851 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2001.281.2.r484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The current study addressed whether physical activity can buffer stress-induced "behavioral depression" and immunosuppression. Adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats were housed with either a mobile (physically active) or immobile (sedentary) running wheel and exposed to either stress (inescapable tail shock) or no stress (home cage control). Voluntary wheel running began 4 wk before stressor exposure. Immediately before stress, all rats were administered an intraperitoneal injection of keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH; 200 microg), and anti-KLH Ig was measured weekly for 4 wk using ELISA. Prior physical activity reduced the stress-induced behavioral depression and prevented the stress-induced suppression of anti-KLH IgM and IgG(2a) antibodies. Anti-KLH IgG(1) was stress insensitive. These data suggest that physical activity can buffer the negative impact of stress on behavior and acquired immune function.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moraska
- University of Colorado at Boulder, Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
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24
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Mondal S, Rai U. In vitro effect of temperature on phagocytic and cytotoxic activities of splenic phagocytes of the wall lizard, Hemidactylus flaviviridis. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2001; 129:391-8. [PMID: 11423311 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(00)00356-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The in vitro effect of temperature on phagocytosis, nitric oxide production and interleukin-1 (IL-1) secretion by splenic phagocytes isolated from the wall lizard (Hemidactylus flaviviridis) demonstrated that changes in temperature altered non-specific defenses. The LPS-induced percentage phagocytosis and phagocytic index were recorded maximum at 25 degrees C. The phagocytic activity declined considerably when the phagocytes were incubated at low (7 and 15 degrees C) or high (37 degrees C) temperatures. The presence of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the incubation medium could considerably enhance the phagocytic activity of splenic phagocytes. A similar temperature-related effect was also observed on LPS-induced cytotoxic activity of phagocytes. LPS could stimulate the nitrite release indicating nitric oxide production only at 25 degrees C. Likewise, the proliferative responses of immature rat's thymocytes to LPS-induced phagocyte-conditioned medium suggest that IL-1 secretion was enhanced when phagocytes were cultured at 25 degrees C. This suggests that 25 degrees C is the optimal temperature for phagocyte functions in H. flaviviridis. The decrease or increase in temperature other than at 25 degrees C dramatically suppressed the phagocyte activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mondal
- Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi 110007, India.
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25
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Bousta D, Soulimani R, Jarmouni I, Belon P, Falla J, Froment N, Younos C. Neurotropic, immunological and gastric effects of low doses of Atropa belladonna L., Gelsemium sempervirens L. and Poumon histamine in stressed mice. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2001; 74:205-215. [PMID: 11274819 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(00)00346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies realized in the laboratory have indicated that application of experimental stress (such as unavoidable footshock) induced significant behavioral, gastric and immunological alterations in mice. The aim of this study was to evaluate effects of low doses of Atropa belladonna L., Gelsemium sempervirens L. and Poumon histamine on stress-induced behavioral, immunological and gastric alterations. Locomotor, postural and exploratory activities have been evaluated by two behavioral tests: light/dark box and staircase tests. Immunological studies were investigated to count white blood cells subpopulations (lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes and basophils) by coulter counter. The severity of gastric erosions was evaluated by microscopic technique in mice after experimental stress. The results have demonstrated that low doses of G. sempervirens L. and A. belladonna L. had a significant neurotropic and protective effects on behavioral and gastric alterations induced by experimental stress. The immunological protective effects observed were probably induced via their neurotropic effects. The P. histamine showed a significant immunoprotective and gastroprotective effect in mice exposed to experimental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bousta
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, University of Metz, 57000 Metz, France
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26
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Aviles H, Monroy FP. Immunomodulatory effects of cold stress on mice infected intraperitoneally with a 50% lethal dose of Toxoplasma gondii. Neuroimmunomodulation 2001; 9:6-12. [PMID: 11435747 DOI: 10.1159/000049002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cofactors such as stress have been suspected to play a role in the susceptibility to opportunistic infections. Toxoplasma gondii is one of the major opportunistic infectious agents in immunocompromised individuals, and infection can be modulated by external factors such as stress. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the in vivo and in vitro role of cold stress (CS) in the pathogenesis of T. gondii infection and its impact on regulatory cytokines in this model. METHODS Mice subjected to CS and control animals were infected intraperitoneally with an LD(50) of PD2 T. gondii tachyzoites, and the outcome of the infection was determined. In addition, peritoneal macrophages obtained from CS and non-stressed mice were infected in vitro with T. gondii. The number of infected macrophages, the number of intracellular parasites and the production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, interleukin (IL)-12, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were determined. RESULTS CS applied before intraperitoneal inoculation increased susceptibility against T. gondii infection. Peritoneal cells from CS mice contained significantly higher numbers of intracellular parasites and infected macrophages compared to those from non-stressed animals. IFN-gamma production was initially high in the CS group but decreased significantly after 36 h. Opposite results were found in the non-stressed group. Macrophages from CS mice persistently produced high levels of TNF-alpha and IL-12 and peaked after 36 h. Levels of these cytokines were lower or absent in the non-stressed group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that CS increased the host susceptibility to intraperitoneal T. gondii infection by modulating the function of macrophages and the production of cytokines (IFN-gamma) involved in the early control of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aviles
- Department of Life Sciences, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, Ind., USA
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27
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Moraska A, Deak T, Spencer RL, Roth D, Fleshner M. Treadmill running produces both positive and negative physiological adaptations in Sprague-Dawley rats. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2000; 279:R1321-9. [PMID: 11004000 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.2000.279.4.r1321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 226] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training produces a vast array of physiological adaptations, ranging from changes in metabolism to muscle mitochondrial biogenesis. Researchers studying the physiological effects of exercise often use animal models that employ forced exercise regimens that include aversive motivation, which could activate the stress response. This study examined the effect of forced treadmill running (8 wk) on several physiological systems that are sensitive to training and stress. Forced treadmill running produced both positive and negative physiological adaptations. Indicative of positive training adaptations, exercised male Sprague-Dawley rats had a decrease in body weight gain and an increase in muscle citrate synthase activity compared with sedentary controls. In contrast, treadmill running also resulted in the potentially negative adaptations of adrenal hypertrophy, thymic involution, decreased serum corticosteroid binding globulin, elevated lymphocyte nitrite concentrations, suppressed lymphocyte proliferation, and suppressed antigen-specific IgM. Such alterations in neuroendocrine tissues and immune responses are commonly associated with chronic stress. Thus treadmill running produces both positive training adaptations and potentially negative adaptations that are indicative of chronic stress. Researchers employing forced activity need to be aware that this type of exercise procedure also produces physiological adaptations indicative of chronic stress and that these changes could potentially impact other measures of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Moraska
- Departments of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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28
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de Groot J, van Milligen FJ, Moonen-Leusen BW, Thomas G, Koolhaas JM. A single social defeat transiently suppresses the anti-viral immune response in mice. J Neuroimmunol 1999; 95:143-51. [PMID: 10229124 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(99)00005-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Most of the studies dealing with effects of stress on anti-viral immunity have been carried out with stressors that are of long duration and that bear little relationship to the nature of the species. In this paper, we investigated the effect of a stressor mimicking real-life situations more closely, being social defeat of male mice, on anti-viral immunity. A single social defeat was applied at 3 or 6 days after inoculation with pseudorabies virus, a herpes virus. It appeared that lymph node cellularity, virus specific IL-2 and IFN-gamma production and lymphocyte proliferation were suppressed at 1 day after defeat, but these parameters restored to control values quickly thereafter. We conclude that the stress of a single social defeat evokes a transient immune suppression, which might have consequences if a pathogenic or lethal virus is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de Groot
- Department of Immunology, Pathobiology and Epidemiology, DLO-Institute for Animal Science and Health (ID-DLO), Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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29
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Zhang D, Kishihara K, Wang B, Mizobe K, Kubo C, Nomoto K. Restraint stress-induced immunosuppression by inhibiting leukocyte migration and Th1 cytokine expression during the intraperitoneal infection of Listeria monocytogenes. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 92:139-51. [PMID: 9916889 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(98)00197-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a murine model of Listeria monocytogenes infection was used to investigate effects of restraint stress (RST) on host defense. We observed that the L. monocytogenes infection as well as RST induced an elevation of endogenous corticosterone (CORT) levels and RST synergistically enhanced endogenous CORT levels during the listerial infection. RST suppressed the migration of leukocytes including macrophages, neutrophils, NK cells and lymphocytes into the peritoneal cavities after the intraperitoneal inoculation of L. monocytogenes. RST also suppressed the increase of the surface MHC class II antigen expression in both peritoneal macrophages and B cells during the listerial infection. Interestingly, gene expression of iNOS, MCP-1 (JE) and Th1-type cytokines including IFN-gamma and IL-12 was down-regulated but Th2-type cytokine (IL-4 and IL-6) gene expression in the PEC was rather up-regulated on day 7 after infection, indicating that Th2-type immune response is more resistant to the elevated endogenous CORT levels than Th1-type response. Treatment of mice with RU486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, restored the immune responses suppressed by RST to their normal levels in the infected mice, suggesting that the RST-induced elevation of endogenous corticosterone levels is mainly responsible for the induction of the immunosuppressive events during L. monocytogenes infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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30
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Kohut ML, Davis JM, Jackson DA, Jani P, Ghaffar A, Mayer EP, Essig DA. Exercise effects on IFN-beta expression and viral replication in lung macrophages after HSV-1 infection. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY 1998; 275:L1089-94. [PMID: 9843845 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.6.l1089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mice exercised to fatigue and exposed to herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) exhibit greater mortality than control mice. In this study, we examined lung macrophage resistance to HSV-1 after exercise in terms of both viral replication and interferon (IFN)-beta production. We utilized the reverse transcriptase-rapid polymerase chain reaction to measure the IFN-beta mRNA content in alveolar macrophages. IFN release was measured with a bioassay, and viral replication within the macrophage was assessed by plaque titration. Exercised (Ex) mice ran on a treadmill until fatigue while control (Con) mice remained in lanes above the treadmill. After exercise, alveolar macrophages were removed and incubated with HSV-1. Alveolar macrophage IFN-beta mRNA was greater in Ex than in Con mice. Culture supernatant from infected macrophages showed a higher degree of IFN release and a higher number of infectious viral particles in Ex vs. Con mice. It is likely that the increase in IFN-beta mRNA occurs in response to a higher degree of viral replication. These results suggest that macrophages from Ex mice are less resistant to infection with HSV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- M L Kohut
- Department of Exercise Science, School of Public Health, and Department of Microbiology/Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
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31
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Moynihan JA, Kruszewska B, Brenner GJ, Cohen N. Neural, endocrine, and immune system interactions. Relevance for health and disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1998; 438:541-9. [PMID: 9634935 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-5359-5_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J A Moynihan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA
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Abstract
Based on the extensive characterization of communication pathways between the nervous system and the immune system, there has been increasing interest in the impact of the nervous system on the development and expression of disorders involving the immune system and the contribution of the immune system to psychiatric disease. A vast literature has documented the impact of various stressors on a wide array of immune partners, and the specific neuroendocrine pathways involved have been elucidated. The impact of cytokines on neuroendocrine function and behavior has also been determined, and the relevance of cytokines to the pathophysiology of depression has become an exciting new research frontier. This article provides a foundation for integrating neuroendocrine-immune interactions into the formulation of neuropsychiatric and immunologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Miller
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Bonneau RH, Zimmerman KM, Ikeda SC, Jones BC. Differential effects of stress-induced adrenal function on components of the herpes simplex virus-specific memory cytotoxic T-lymphocyte response. J Neuroimmunol 1998; 82:191-9. [PMID: 9585816 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00200-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated in a murine model system that psychological stress, applied in the form of physical restraint, suppresses both the activation of splenic-derived, herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific memory cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLm) to the lytic phenotype and the production of cytokines associated with CTL activation and function. In the studies described herein, we investigated the hypothesis that an adrenal-dependent event is responsible, either in whole or in part, for these observations. While adrenalectomy was shown to abrogate stress-induced suppression of both HSV-specific CTLm activation and the production of IL-6 and IFN-gamma, the reduction in splenic cellularity associated with restraint stress remained, In addition, a role for adrenal function in the regulation of splenic cellularity and IFN-gamma production in non-stressed mice was observed. Together, these results indicate that both adrenal-dependent and adrenal-independent events, operative under both baseline and stress conditions, mediate control of the memory component of the cellular immune response to HSV infection. Overall, these studies provide insight into the mechanisms by which psychological stress modulates immune responsiveness to viral pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA.
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Kizaki T, Ookawara T, Izawa T, Nagasawa J, Haga S, Radák Z, Ohno H. Relationship between cold tolerance and generation of suppressor macrophages during acute cold stress. J Appl Physiol (1985) 1997; 83:1116-22. [PMID: 9338419 DOI: 10.1152/jappl.1997.83.4.1116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute cold stress induces suppressor macrophages expressing large numbers of receptors to the crystallizable fragment (Fc) portion of immunoglobulin G (MAC-1+ FcgammaRII/IIIbright cells), resulting in the immunosuppression of splenocyte mitogenesis. The generation of MAC-1+ FcgammaRII/IIIbright cells is mediated by the action of glucocorticoids (GCs) through the GC-receptor. In the present study, the generation of MAC-1+ FcgammaRII/IIIbright cells in peritoneal exudate cells was closely related to the decrease of rectal temperature during 3-day exposure to 5 degrees C. We next investigated the effects of improved cold tolerance on the generation of MAC-1+ FcgammaRII/IIIbright cells during acute cold stress. Mice were adapted to cold by exposure to 5 degrees C for 3 wk (cold-acclimated mice) and then reexposed to 5 degrees C for 3 h (acute cold stress) after living at 25 degrees C for 24 h. The rectal temperature of cold-acclimated mice was not decreased by the acute cold stress. In addition, the proportion of MAC-1+ FcgammaRII/IIIbright cells in peritoneal exudate cell population from cold-acclimated mice was unaffected by the acute cold stress. The cold acclimation significantly attenuated the increases in serum corticosterone levels and the expression of the GC-receptor mRNA on peritoneal exudate cells in response to acute cold stress. These results suggest that the altered GC response to acute cold stress by the improvement of cold tolerance inhibits the generation of suppressor macrophages during acute cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Kizaki
- Department of Hygiene, National Defense Medical College, Tokorozawa 359, Japan
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Bonneau RH, Brehm MA, Kern AM. The impact of psychological stress on the efficacy of anti-viral adoptive immunotherapy in an immunocompromised host. J Neuroimmunol 1997; 78:19-33. [PMID: 9307225 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(97)00079-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy represents a potentially effective approach by which to control the extent of viral infections in an immunocompromised host. However, the impact of psychological stress and its associated neuroendocrine components on the efficacy of such a treatment strategy has yet to be determined. In the studies described herein, we have developed and utilized a model of primary, local herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection in radiation-induced, immunosuppressed C57BL/6 mice to investigate the role of stress in altering the protective capacity of adoptively transferred lymphocytes that contribute to the resolution of primary HSV infection. The sublethal dose of irradiation chosen for this model was shown to abrogate the local, adaptive immune response to HSV infection as measured by the degree of in vivo lymphoproliferation, development of HSV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL), and production of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma). Both short- and long-term acute stress, applied in the form of physical restraint, diminished the effectiveness of adoptively transferred lymphocytes as was indicated by an enhancement of viral replication in the footpad tissue and an increased rate of mortality. A reduction in the levels of IFN-gamma at the site of primary HSV infection represented at least one mechanism underlying this suppression of anti-viral immunity. Furthermore, the time-dependent restoration of immune function following irradiation was shown to be compromised in mice subjected to the restraint stress procedure. Together, these findings emphasize the potential role of psychological stress in suppressing both the capability of adoptive immunotherapeutic procedures to combat viral infection and the reestablishment of immune function in individuals who have undergone immunosuppressive therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey 17033, USA.
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36
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McEwen BS, Biron CA, Brunson KW, Bulloch K, Chambers WH, Dhabhar FS, Goldfarb RH, Kitson RP, Miller AH, Spencer RL, Weiss JM. The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1997; 23:79-133. [PMID: 9063588 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Psychoneuroimmunology, which investigates the bidirectional communication between the central nervous system and the immune system, has been greatly advanced by the use of animal models. The objective of this paper is to describe animal models of disease that can or might be utilized to elucidate neural-immune interactions that alter pathogenesis. METHODS This paper reviews animal studies that have demonstrated a link among the brain, behavior, immunity, and disease, highlighting models in which the potential contribution of CNS-immune interactions has not yet been explored. RESULTS Animal studies allow for careful control of environmental stimuli, genetic background, and immunological challenge. As such, they are an important component of psychoneuroimmunology research. Models in which one might study the role of psychosocial factors in immunologically mediated disease processes, as in the case of other pathophysiologic processes, profit from an ability to manipulate both stressful events and the magnitude of the challenge to the immune system. CONCLUSIONS Animal studies in psychoneuroimmunology highlight the complexity of the interactions among behavior, the brain, the immune system, and pathogen. The genetic background of the animal (both in terms of central nervous and immune system responses), its previous history, the nature of the stressor, the nature of the pathogen and the type of immune response generated are some of the interacting factors that determine the magnitude and direction of stress-induced changes in disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Moynihan
- Center for Psychoneuroimmunology Research, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, New York, USA
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Line SW, Kaplan JR, Heise ER, Hilliard JK, Cohen S, Rabin BS, Manuck SB. Effects of social reorganization on cellular immunity in male cynomolgus monkeys. Am J Primatol 1996; 39:235-249. [PMID: 31918506 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)39:4<235::aid-ajp4>3.0.co;2-#] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/1993] [Accepted: 10/01/1994] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to acute stressors has been shown to impair cellular immunity in human beings and other animal species. Comparatively little is known, however, about the effects of long-term stressors on immune function and how individual behavioral characteristics may mediate differences in immune function and clinical disease susceptibility. To determine the effects of social stress on cellular immunity and reactivation of a latent herpesvirus, 20 Herpes B virus-positive male cynomolgus monkeys were exposed to four periodic reorganizations of social group memberships over 5 months. Observations were made to categorize individuals as high or low in expression of aggressive, fearful, and affiliative behaviors. Complete blood counts, lymphocyte proliferation tests, and natural killer cell cytotoxicity assays were performed immediately before and 4 days after reorganizations. Herpesvirus-specific immunoglobulin G antibody levels were measured, and oral and conjunctival swabs were cultured for virus. Reorganization was associated with increased lymphocyte counts (P = 0.0009) and decreased lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin (P < 0.005), particularly among monkeys showing high levels of fear (P = 0.0137). High-aggressive monkeys showed lower baseline natural killer cell activity (P = 0.0013) and higher lymphocyte counts (P = 0.013) than low-aggressive monkeys. Herpesvirus antibody titers decreased over time (P < 0.004) and no positive virus cultures were obtained. Measures of cellular immunity and behavior were unrelated to virus-specific antibody titers. These results suggest that repeated exposure to a social stressor alters several measures of cellular immunity, and that some of these changes may be predicted by individual differences in agonistic behavior. In contrast to human studies, the results suggest that some psychological stressors may not cause reactivation of a common herpesvirus in this species. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott W Line
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Jay R Kaplan
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Eugene R Heise
- Departments of Comparative Medicine and Microbiology/Immunology, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Julia K Hilliard
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Sheldon Cohen
- Department of Psychology, Carnegie-Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Bruce S Rabin
- Division of Clinical Immunopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen B Manuck
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Abstract
The aim of this clinical review is to highlight recent advances in immunology, as well as new information from selected other areas, which have led to a better appreciation of the neuroimmunologic mechanisms involved in Multiple sclerosis (MS). New data on immunopathology, the cytokine network, and the role of oligodendrocytes, lymphocytes, and endothelial cells in this disease, have produced novel therapeutic approaches. New information on clinical course and neuroimaging disease features, as well as the role of genetic factors and infectious agents, have also improved our understanding of the immune basis for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- P K Coyle
- Department of Neurology, Health Sciences Center, SUNY at Stony Brook 11794, USA
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Sheridan JF, Dobbs C, Brown D, Zwilling B. Psychoneuroimmunology: stress effects on pathogenesis and immunity during infection. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994; 7:200-12. [PMID: 8055468 PMCID: PMC358318 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.7.2.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian response to stress involves the release of soluble products from the sympathetic nervous system and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cells of the immune system respond to many of the hormones, neurotransmitters, and neuropeptides through specific receptors. The function of the immune system is critical in the mammalian response to infectious disease. A growing body of evidence identifies stress as a cofactor in infectious disease susceptibility and outcomes. It has been suggested that effects of stress on the immune system may mediate the relationship between stress and infectious disease. This article reviews recent psychoneuroimmunology literature exploring the effects of stress on the pathogenesis of, and immune response to, infectious disease in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Sheridan
- Section of Oral Biology, Colleges of Dentistry, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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