1
|
Balla H, Borsodi K, Őrsy P, Horváth B, Molnár PJ, Lénárt Á, Kosztelnik M, Ruisanchez É, Wess J, Offermanns S, Nyirády P, Benyó Z. Intracellular signaling pathways of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-mediated detrusor muscle contractions. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2023; 325:F618-F628. [PMID: 37675459 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00261.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine plays an essential role in the regulation of detrusor muscle contractions, and antimuscarinics are widely used in the management of overactive bladder syndrome. However, several adverse effects limit their application and patients' compliance. Thus, this study aimed to further analyze the signal transduction of M2 and M3 receptors in the murine urinary bladder to eventually find more specific therapeutic targets. Experiments were performed on adult male wild-type, M2, M3, M2/M3, or Gαq/11 knockout (KO), and pertussis toxin (PTX)-treated mice. Contraction force and RhoA activity were measured in the urinary bladder smooth muscle (UBSM). Our results indicate that carbamoylcholine (CCh)-induced contractions were associated with increased activity of RhoA and were reduced in the presence of the Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) inhibitor Y-27632 in UBSM. CCh-evoked contractile responses and RhoA activation were markedly reduced in detrusor strips lacking either M2 or M3 receptors and abolished in M2/M3 KO mice. Inhibition of Gαi-coupled signaling by PTX treatment shifted the concentration-response curve of CCh to the right and diminished RhoA activation. CCh-induced contractile responses were markedly decreased in Gαq/11 KO mice; however, RhoA activation was unaffected. In conclusion, cholinergic detrusor contraction and RhoA activation are mediated by both M2 and M3 receptors. Furthermore, whereas both Gαi and Gαq/11 proteins mediate UBSM contraction, the activation at the RhoA-ROCK pathway appears to be linked specifically to Gαi. These findings may aid the identification of more specific therapeutic targets for bladder dysfunctions.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are of utmost importance in physiological regulation of micturition and also in the development of voiding disorders. We demonstrate that the RhoA-Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) pathway plays a crucial role in contractions induced by cholinergic stimulation in detrusor muscle. Activation of RhoA is mediated by both M2 and M3 receptors as well as by Gi but not Gq/11 proteins. The Gi-RhoA-ROCK pathway may provide a novel therapeutic target for overactive voiding disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helga Balla
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kinga Borsodi
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petra Őrsy
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Horváth
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter József Molnár
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ádám Lénárt
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Mónika Kosztelnik
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Ruisanchez
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Stefan Offermanns
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Péter Nyirády
- Department of Urology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltán Benyó
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- HUN-REN-SE Cerebrosvascular and Neurodegenerative Disease Research Group, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chen J, Lin KC, Prasad S, Schmidtke DW. Label free impedance based acetylcholinesterase enzymatic biosensors for the detection of acetylcholine. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 235:115340. [PMID: 37216844 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Realtime monitoring of neurotransmitters is of great interest for understanding their fundamental role in a wide range of biological processes in the central and peripheral nervous system, as well as their role, in several degenerative brain diseases. The measurement of acetylcholine in the brain is particularly challenging due to the complex environment of the brain and the low concentration and short lifetime of acetylcholine. In this paper, we demonstrated a novel, label-free biosensor for the detection of Ach using a single enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (ACHE), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Acetylcholinesterase was covalently immobilized onto the surface of gold microelectrodes through an amine-reactive crosslinker dithiobis(succinimidyl propionate) (DSP). Passivation of the gold electrode with SuperBlock eliminated or reduced any non-specific response to other major interfering neurotransmitter molecules such as dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (EH). The sensors were able to detect acetylcholine over a wide concentration range (5.5-550 μM) in sample volumes as small as 300 μL by applying a 10 mV AC voltage at a frequency of 500 Hz. The sensors showed a linear relationship between Ach concentration and ΔZmod(R2 = 0.99) in PBS. The sensor responded to acetylcholine not only when evaluated in a simple buffer (PBS buffer) but in several more complex environments such as rat brain slurry and rat whole blood. The sensor remained responsive to acetylcholine after being implanted ex vivo in rat brain tissue. These results bode well for the future application of these novel sensors for real time in vivo monitoring of acetylcholine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75083, USA
| | - Kai-Chun Lin
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75083, USA
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75083, USA.
| | - David W Schmidtke
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Rd, Richardson, TX, 75083, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lee JM, Choi YJ, Yoo MC, Yeo SG. Central Facial Nervous System Biomolecules Involved in Peripheral Facial Nerve Injury Responses and Potential Therapeutic Strategies. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12051036. [PMID: 37237902 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12051036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Peripheral facial nerve injury leads to changes in the expression of various neuroactive substances that affect nerve cell damage, survival, growth, and regeneration. In the case of peripheral facial nerve damage, the injury directly affects the peripheral nerves and induces changes in the central nervous system (CNS) through various factors, but the substances involved in these changes in the CNS are not well understood. The objective of this review is to investigate the biomolecules involved in peripheral facial nerve damage so as to gain insight into the mechanisms and limitations of targeting the CNS after such damage and identify potential facial nerve treatment strategies. To this end, we searched PubMed using keywords and exclusion criteria and selected 29 eligible experimental studies. Our analysis summarizes basic experimental studies on changes in the CNS following peripheral facial nerve damage, focusing on biomolecules that increase or decrease in the CNS and/or those involved in the damage, and reviews various approaches for treating facial nerve injury. By establishing the biomolecules in the CNS that change after peripheral nerve damage, we can expect to identify factors that play an important role in functional recovery from facial nerve damage. Accordingly, this review could represent a significant step toward developing treatment strategies for peripheral facial palsy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Min Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - You Jung Choi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Chul Yoo
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geun Yeo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Storr M, Weigmann H, Landes S, Michel MC. Self-Medication for the Treatment of Abdominal Cramps and Pain-A Real-Life Comparison of Three Frequently Used Preparations. J Clin Med 2022; 11:6361. [PMID: 36362589 PMCID: PMC9657472 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), are frequently handled by self-management with over-the-counter (OTC) products such as hyoscine butylbromide (HBB), alone or in combination with paracetamol, and natural products such as peppermint oil. To obtain real-world information, we have performed an anonymous pharmacy-based patient survey among 1686 users of HBB, HBB + paracetamol, and peppermint oil. Based on the distinct but overlapping indications for the three OTC products, multiple logistic regression was applied to compare them in users reporting gastrointestinal cramps and pain, bloating, flatulence, or IBS as cardinal symptoms. All three treatments reduced symptoms and associated impairments of work/daily chores, leisure activities, and sleep by approximately 50%. Based on the four cardinal symptoms and the four dependent continuous variables of interest (change in intensity of symptoms and of the three impairment domains) a total of 16 logistic regression models were applied. HBB, HBB + paracetamol, and peppermint oil had similar reported overall effectiveness in those models. Gender, age, baseline symptom severity, and impairment in one of three domains had small and inconsistent effects on perceived treatment success. We provide evidence that HBB, HBB + paracetamol, and peppermint oil have comparable effectiveness in their approved indications under real-world conditions in an OTC setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Storr
- Center of Endoscopy, 82319 Starnberg, Germany
- Medical Clinic II, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Weigmann
- Consumer Health Care, Sanofi Germany, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sabine Landes
- Consumer Health Care, Sanofi Germany, 65926 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Proskocil BJ, Calco GN, Nie Z. Insulin acutely increases agonist-induced airway smooth muscle contraction in humans and rats. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 320:L545-L556. [PMID: 33501891 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00232.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity increases incidence and severity of asthma but the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood. Hyperinsulinemia potentiates vagally induced bronchoconstriction in obese rats. Since bronchoconstriction results from airway smooth muscle contraction, we tested whether insulin changed agonist-induced airway smooth muscle contraction. Obesity-prone and resistant rats were fed a low-fat diet for 5 wk and treated with insulin (Lantus, 3 units/rat sc) 16 h before vagally induced bronchoconstriction was measured. Ex vivo, contractile responses to methacholine were measured in isolated rat tracheal rings and human airway smooth muscle strips before and after incubation (0.5-2 h) with 100 nM insulin or 13.1 nM insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). M2 and M3 muscarinic receptor mRNA expression was quantified by qRT-PCR and changes in intracellular calcium were measured in response to methacholine or serotonin in isolated rat tracheal smooth muscle cells treated with 1 µM insulin. Insulin, administered to animals 16 h prior, potentiated vagally induced bronchoconstriction in both obese-prone and resistant rats. Insulin, not IGF-1, significantly increased methacholine-induced contraction of rat and human isolated airway smooth muscle. In cultured rat tracheal smooth muscle cells, insulin significantly increased M2, not M3, mRNA expression and enhanced methacholine- and serotonin-induced increase in intracellular calcium. Insulin alone did not cause an immediate increase in intracellular calcium. Thus, insulin acutely potentiated agonist-induced increase in intracellular calcium and airway smooth muscle contraction. These findings may explain why obese individuals with hyperinsulinemia are prone to airway hyperreactivity and give insights into future targets for asthma treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Becky J Proskocil
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Gina N Calco
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Zhenying Nie
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Calizo RC, Bell MK, Ron A, Hu M, Bhattacharya S, Wong NJ, Janssen WGM, Perumal G, Pederson P, Scarlata S, Hone J, Azeloglu EU, Rangamani P, Iyengar R. Cell shape regulates subcellular organelle location to control early Ca 2+ signal dynamics in vascular smooth muscle cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17866. [PMID: 33082406 PMCID: PMC7576209 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape of the cell is connected to its function; however, we do not fully understand underlying mechanisms by which global shape regulates a cell's functional capabilities. Using theory, experiments and simulation, we investigated how physiologically relevant cell shape changes affect subcellular organization, and consequently intracellular signaling, to control information flow needed for phenotypic function. Vascular smooth muscle cells going from a proliferative and motile circular shape to a contractile fusiform shape show changes in the location of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, inter-organelle distances, and differential distribution of receptors in the plasma membrane. These factors together lead to the modulation of signals transduced by the M3 muscarinic receptor/Gq/PLCβ pathway at the plasma membrane, amplifying Ca2+ dynamics in the cytoplasm, and the nucleus resulting in phenotypic changes, as determined by increased activity of myosin light chain kinase in the cytoplasm and enhanced nuclear localization of the transcription factor NFAT. Taken together, our observations show a systems level phenomenon whereby global cell shape affects subcellular organization to modulate signaling that enables phenotypic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R C Calizo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - M K Bell
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - A Ron
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - M Hu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - S Bhattacharya
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - N J Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - W G M Janssen
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - G Perumal
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC, White Plains, NY, 10601, USA
| | - P Pederson
- Carl Zeiss Microscopy LLC, White Plains, NY, 10601, USA
| | - S Scarlata
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA, 01609, USA
| | - J Hone
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA
| | - E U Azeloglu
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - P Rangamani
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - R Iyengar
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Institute for Systems Biomedicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1215, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bath MF, Hosgood SA, Nicholson ML. Vasoreactivity to Acetylcholine During Porcine Kidney Perfusion for the Assessment of Ischemic Injury. J Surg Res 2019; 238:96-101. [PMID: 30769250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2019.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effects of renal allograft ischemic injury on vascular endothelial function have not been clearly established. The aim of this study was to examine vascular reactivity to acetylcholine (ACh) in kidneys subjected to ischemic injury and reperfusion. METHODS Porcine kidneys were exposed to different combinations of warm ischemic time (WIT) and cold ischemic time (CIT) as follows: 15 min (n = 7), 60 min (n = 6), 90 min (n = 6), or 120 min (n = 4) WIT + 2 h CIT or 15 min WIT + 16 h CIT (n = 8). Kidneys were reperfused at 38°C for 3 h. After reperfusion, ACh was infused into the circuit to assess endothelium-dependent vascular reactivity. RESULTS The dose-response relationships between renal blood flow and ACh demonstrated that ACh doses of 10-10 to 10-7 mmol/L caused vasodilatation, whereas doses in the range 10-6 to 10-4 mmol/L led to vasoconstriction. For kidneys exposed to 15-90 min WIT, there was a clear relationship between increasing ischemic injury and reduced vasodilatation to ACh. In contrast, kidneys subjected to 120 min WIT completely lost vasoreactivity. The vasodilatory response to ACh was diminished, but not lost, when CIT was increased from 2 h to 16 h. Peak renal blood flow after ACh infusion correlated with the functional parameters in kidneys with 2 h CIT (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The loss of renal vascular reactivity after 120 min WIT suggests endothelial dysfunction leading to loss of nitric oxide synthesis/release. Measurement of vasoreactivity to ACh in an isolated organ perfusion system has the potential to be developed as a marker of ischemic renal injury before transplantation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael F Bath
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah A Hosgood
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Therapeutic effect and mechanism of polysaccharide from Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus on urinary incontinence. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 128:804-813. [PMID: 30708017 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effects and mechanism of polysaccharide (PAOF) from Alpiniae oxyphyllae fructus on urinary incontinence (UI) in old-age hydruric model rats (OHMR). Results suggested that PAOF can significantly reduce the urination volume, Na+, Cl- emission and increase K+ excretion of OHMR. In addition, PAOF can increase the content of aldosterone (ALD) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) in blood of OHMR. The coefficients of spleen, thymus and adrenal of OHMR were improved by PAOF. Furthermore, PAOF can not only elevate significantly the expression of β3-adrenoceptor mRNA in bladder detrusor of OHMR, but also increase the content of adenylate cyclase (AC), cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and protein kinase A (PKA) in bladder detrusor of OHMR. Meanwhile, PAOF can elevate significantly the expression of PKA protein in bladder detrusor of rats with polyuria. The data implied that PAOF may offer therapeutic potential against UI.
Collapse
|
9
|
Bork NI, Nikolaev VO. cGMP Signaling in the Cardiovascular System-The Role of Compartmentation and Its Live Cell Imaging. Int J Mol Sci 2018. [PMID: 29534460 PMCID: PMC5877662 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19030801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous second messenger 3′,5′-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) regulates multiple physiologic processes in the cardiovascular system. Its intracellular effects are mediated by stringently controlled subcellular microdomains. In this review, we will illustrate the current techniques available for real-time cGMP measurements with a specific focus on live cell imaging methods. We will also discuss currently accepted and emerging mechanisms of cGMP compartmentation in the cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadja I Bork
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| | - Viacheslav O Nikolaev
- Institute of Experimental Cardiovascular Research, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, University of Hamburg, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg 20246, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Nakato J, Ho YY, Omae R, Mizushige T, Uchida K, Tominaga M, Kim M, Goto T, Takahashi N, Kawada T, Akiduki S, Kanamoto R, Ohinata K. l-Ornithine and l-lysine stimulate gastrointestinal motility via transient receptor potential vanilloid 1. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 61. [PMID: 28722259 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE The gastrointestinal (GI) tract senses and responds to intraluminal nutrients and these interactions often affect GI functions. We found that, among basic amino acids, l-ornithine (Orn) and l-lysine (Lys) stimulated but l-arginine (Arg) suppressed GI motility after oral administration (24 mmol/kg) in mice (Orn and Lys, 14.3 and 26.4% promotion; Arg, 7.7% suppression). We investigated the mechanism of the action of Orn and Lys on GI motility. METHODS AND RESULTS Orn-induced promotion of small intestinal transit was significantly inhibited (p<0.05) by oral administration of capsazepine, a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist. Moreover, the stimulatory effect of Orn and Lys was abolished in TRPV1-knockout mice. In TRPV1-transfected HEK293 cells, Orn and Lys (10 mM) evoked Ca2+ influx, which was blocked by ruthenium red, a TRP channel antagonist. These results suggest that Orn and Lys promote GI motility via activation of TRPV1. The GI motility stimulation by Orn and Lys was also blocked by atropine, a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) antagonist, or NG -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester, a nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor. CONCLUSION Orally administered Orn and Lys stimulate GI motility via TRPV1, mAChR and NO synthase in mice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junya Nakato
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yee Yin Ho
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Omae
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takafumi Mizushige
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, C-PIER, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kunitoshi Uchida
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Makoto Tominaga
- Division of Cell Signaling, Okazaki Institute for Integrative Bioscience (National Institute for Physiological Sciences), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan.,Department of Physiological Sciences, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Aichi, Japan
| | - Minji Kim
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Goto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, C-PIER, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Takahashi
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, C-PIER, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Teruo Kawada
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan.,Research Unit for Physiological Chemistry, C-PIER, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Saori Akiduki
- Healthcare Products Development Center, KYOWA HAKKO BIO CO., LTD., Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ryuhei Kanamoto
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kousaku Ohinata
- Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Blais CM, Davis BE, Cockcroft DW. The effect of glycopyrronium and indacaterol, as monotherapy and in combination, on the methacholine dose-response curve of mild asthmatics: a randomized three-way crossover study. Respir Res 2017; 18:146. [PMID: 28768531 PMCID: PMC5541419 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-017-0628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methacholine dose-response curves illustrate pharmacologic bronchoprotection against methacholine-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and can be used to quantitate changes in airway sensitivity (position), reactivity (slope), and maximal responsiveness following drug administration. Our objective was to determine the influence of single-dose glycopyrronium (long-acting muscarinic antagonist) and indacaterol (ultra-long acting β2 agonist), as monotherapy and in combination, on the methacholine dose-response curve of mild asthmatics and to compare these findings with a non-asthmatic control curve. METHODS This was a randomized, double blind, double dummy, three-way crossover study. For asthmatic participants (n = 14), each treatment arm included a baseline methacholine challenge, drug administration, and repeat methacholine challenges at 1, 24, and 48 h. Non-asthmatic control participants (n = 15) underwent a single methacholine challenge and did not receive any study treatment. Methacholine dose-response curves were graphed as the percent fall in forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) for each methacholine concentration administered. Best-fit curves were then generated. Differences in airway reactivity were calculated through linear regression. Changes in airway sensitivity were assessed as the shift in the provocative concentration of methacholine causing a 20% fall in FEV1. RESULTS Compared to baseline, all treatments significantly reduced airway sensitivity to methacholine at 1 h post-dose (indacaterol ~1.5 doubling concentrations; glycopyrronium ~5 doubling concentrations; combination ~5 doubling concentrations). Bronchoprotection at 24 and 48 h remained significant with glycopyrronium and combination therapy only. Airway reactivity was not influenced by indacaterol whereas glycopyrronium significantly reduced airway reactivity at all time-points (p = 0.003-0.027). The combination significantly decreased slope at 1 (p = 0.021) and 24 (p = 0.039) hours only. The non-asthmatic control and 1-h glycopyrronium curves are nearly identical. Only the non-asthmatic control and 1-h post-combination therapy curves appeared to generate a true response plateau (three data points within 5%), which occurred at a 14% fall in FEV1. CONCLUSIONS Methacholine dose-response curves differentiate the bronchoprotective mechanisms triggered by different classes of asthma medications. Assessment of bronchoprotection using methacholine dose-response curves may be useful during clinical development of respiratory medications when performing superiority, equivalence, or non-inferiority trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION clinicaltrials.gov ( NCT02953041 ). Retrospectively registered on October 24th 2016.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christianne M Blais
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Beth E Davis
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, 103 Hospital Drive 5th Floor, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada
| | - Donald W Cockcroft
- Department of Physiology College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada. .,Department of Medicine, Division of Respirology, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, College of Medicine, 103 Hospital Drive 5th Floor, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 0W8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Chen JL, Ko WC. Relaxation of isolated guinea-pig trachea by apigenin, a constituent of celery, via inhibition of phosphodiesterase. Eur J Pharmacol 2017; 811:129-133. [PMID: 28603044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Apigenin, was reported to have vasodilatory effects by inhibiting Ca2+ influx through both voltage- and receptor-operated calcium channels, but not by inhibiting cAMP- or cGMP-phosphodiesterases (PDEs) in rat thoracic aorta. However, apigenin was reported to inhibit PDE1, 2 and 3 in guinea-pig lung and heart. The aim of this study was to clarify that guinea-pig tracheal relaxation by apigenin whether via PDE inhibition. We isometrically recorded the tension of isolated guinea-pig tracheal segments on a polygraph. Antagonistic effects of apigenin against cumulative contractile agents or Ca2+ induced contractions of the trachealis in normal or isotonic high-K+, Ca2+-free Krebs solution, respectively. Effects of apigenin (15 and 30μM) on the cumulative forskolin- and nitroprusside-induced relaxations to histamine (30μM)-induced precontraction were performed. The inhibitory effects of 30-300μM apigenin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX, positive control) on the cAMP- and cGMP-PDEs were determined. Apigenin concentration-dependently but non-competitively inhibited cumulative histamine-, carbachol- or Ca2+-induced contractions in normal or in the depolarized (K+, 60mM) trachealis, suggesting that Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent calcium channels is inhibited. However, apigenin (15-30μM) parallel leftward shifted the concentration-response curves of forskolin and nitroprusside, and significantly increased the pD2 values of these two cyclase activators. Both apigenin and IBMX, a reference drug, concentration (10-300μM)-dependently and significantly, but non-selectively inhibited the activities of cAMP- and cGMP-PDEs in the trachealis. In conclusion, the relaxant effect of apigenin may be due to inhibition of both enzyme activities and reduction of intracellular Ca2+ by inhibiting Ca2+ influx in the trachealis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junn-Lain Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Wun-Chang Ko
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wu-Hsing St., Taipei 110, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Brent J, Burkhart K, Dargan P, Hatten B, Megarbane B, Palmer R, White J. Adverse Drug Reactions in the Intensive Care Unit. CRITICAL CARE TOXICOLOGY 2017. [PMCID: PMC7153447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-17900-1_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are undesirable effects of medications used in normal doses [1]. ADRs can occur during treatment in an intensive care unit (ICU) or result in ICU admissions. A meta-analysis of 4139 studies suggests the incidence of ADRs among hospitalized patients is 17% [2]. Because of underreporting and misdiagnosis, the incidence of ADRs may be much higher and has been reported to be as high as 36% [3]. Critically ill patients are at especially high risk because of medical complexity, numerous high-alert medications, complex and often challenging drug dosing and medication regimens, and opportunity for error related to the distractions of the ICU environment [4]. Table 1 summarizes the ADRs included in this chapter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Brent
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Keith Burkhart
- FDA, Office of New Drugs/Immediate Office, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Silver Spring, Maryland USA
| | - Paul Dargan
- Clinical Toxicology, St Thomas’ Hospital, Silver Spring, Maryland USA
| | - Benjamin Hatten
- Toxicology Associates, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado USA
| | - Bruno Megarbane
- Medical Toxicological Intensive Care Unit, Lariboisiere Hospital, Paris-Diderot University, Paris, France
| | - Robert Palmer
- Toxicology Associates, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado USA
| | - Julian White
- Toxinology Department, Women’s and Children’s Hospital, North Adelaide, South Australia Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Single-cell transcriptomes identify human islet cell signatures and reveal cell-type-specific expression changes in type 2 diabetes. Genome Res 2016; 27:208-222. [PMID: 27864352 PMCID: PMC5287227 DOI: 10.1101/gr.212720.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by the coordinated action of at least four cell types constituting pancreatic islets. Changes in the proportion and/or function of these cells are associated with genetic and molecular pathophysiology of monogenic, type 1, and type 2 (T2D) diabetes. Cellular heterogeneity impedes precise understanding of the molecular components of each islet cell type that govern islet (dys)function, particularly the less abundant delta and gamma/pancreatic polypeptide (PP) cells. Here, we report single-cell transcriptomes for 638 cells from nondiabetic (ND) and T2D human islet samples. Analyses of ND single-cell transcriptomes identified distinct alpha, beta, delta, and PP/gamma cell-type signatures. Genes linked to rare and common forms of islet dysfunction and diabetes were expressed in the delta and PP/gamma cell types. Moreover, this study revealed that delta cells specifically express receptors that receive and coordinate systemic cues from the leptin, ghrelin, and dopamine signaling pathways implicating them as integrators of central and peripheral metabolic signals into the pancreatic islet. Finally, single-cell transcriptome profiling revealed genes differentially regulated between T2D and ND alpha, beta, and delta cells that were undetectable in paired whole islet analyses. This study thus identifies fundamental cell-type–specific features of pancreatic islet (dys)function and provides a critical resource for comprehensive understanding of islet biology and diabetes pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
15
|
Zhu Z, Tang J, Zhou X, Xiang S, Zhu X, Li N, Shi R, Zhong Y, Zhang L, Sun M, Xu Z. Roles of ion channels in regulation of acetylcholine-mediated vasoconstrictions in umbilical cords of rabbit/rats. Reprod Toxicol 2016; 65:95-103. [PMID: 27421582 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We recently demonstrated that acetylcholine (ACh) produced reliable vasoconstrictions in the umbilical cords. This study investigated the possible mechanisms with different antagonists. ACh-mediated vasoconstrictions were decreased by voltage-operated calcium (Ca2+) channels antagonist nifedipine or inositol-1,4,5-trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release antagonist 2-aminoethyl diphenylborinate, indicating that both extracellular and intracellular calcium modulated the ACh-stimulated umbilical contraction. Intracellular Ca2+ concentrations were increased simultaneously with vasoconstrictions by ACh in the umbilical vessels. Inhibiting large-conductance calcium-dependent potassium (BK) channels enhanced ACh-mediated contraction, whereas inhibiting voltage dependent potassium (K+), inward rectifier K+ and ATP-sensitive K+ channels had no effects. Incubation with specific K+ channel inhibitors showed that ACh suppressed BK currents rather than 4-aminopyridine-sensitive K+ channels currents. The results suggested that blood vessels in umbilical cords had special characteristics in response to cholinergic signals. ACh-stimulated umbilical vasoconstrictions were mediated via muscarinic receptor subtype 1/3-protein kinase C/cyclooxygenase-BK channel pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhoufeng Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Sharon Xiang
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Na Li
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Ruixiu Shi
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yuan Zhong
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China.
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China; Center for Perinatal Biology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Verma SK, Molitoris BA. Renal endothelial injury and microvascular dysfunction in acute kidney injury. Semin Nephrol 2015; 35:96-107. [PMID: 25795503 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The kidney is comprised of heterogeneous cell populations that function together to perform a number of tightly controlled, complex and interdependent processes. Renal endothelial cells contribute to vascular tone, regulation of blood flow to local tissue beds, modulation of coagulation and inflammation, and vascular permeability. Both ischemia and sepsis have profound effects on the renal endothelium, resulting in microvascular dysregulation resulting in continued ischemia and further injury. In recent years, the concept of the vascular endothelium as an organ that is both the source of and target for inflammatory injury has become widely appreciated. Here we revisit the renal endothelium in the light of ever evolving molecular advances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Kumar Verma
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Bruce A Molitoris
- Nephrology Division, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, The Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indiana Center for Biological Microscopy, Indianapolis, IN.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Choe K, Jang JY, Park I, Kim Y, Ahn S, Park DY, Hong YK, Alitalo K, Koh GY, Kim P. Intravital imaging of intestinal lacteals unveils lipid drainage through contractility. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4042-52. [PMID: 26436648 DOI: 10.1172/jci76509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Lacteals are lymphatic vessels located at the center of each intestinal villus and provide essential transport routes for lipids and other lipophilic molecules. However, it is unclear how absorbed molecules are transported through the lacteal. Here, we used reporter mice that express GFP under the control of the lymphatic-specific promoter Prox1 and a custom-built confocal microscope and performed intravital real-time visualization of the absorption and transport dynamics of fluorescence-tagged fatty acids (FAs) and various exogenous molecules in the intestinal villi in vivo. These analyses clearly revealed transepithelial absorption of these molecules via enterocytes, diffusive distribution over the lamina propria, and subsequent transport through lacteals. Moreover, we observed active contraction of lacteals, which seemed to be directly involved in dietary lipid drainage. Our analysis revealed that the smooth muscles that surround each lacteal are responsible for contractile dynamics and that lacteal contraction is ultimately controlled by the autonomic nervous system. These results indicate that the lacteal is a unique organ-specific lymphatic system and does not merely serve as a passive conduit but as an active pump that transports lipids. Collectively, using this efficient imaging method, we uncovered drainage of absorbed molecules in small intestinal villus lacteals and the involvement of lacteal contractibility.
Collapse
|
18
|
de Groat WC, Yoshimura N. Anatomy and physiology of the lower urinary tract. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 130:61-108. [PMID: 26003239 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63247-0.00005-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Functions of the lower urinary tract to store and periodically eliminate urine are regulated by a complex neural control system in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral autonomic ganglia that coordinates the activity of smooth and striated muscles of the bladder and urethral outlet. Neural control of micturition is organized as a hierarchic system in which spinal storage mechanisms are in turn regulated by circuitry in the rostral brainstem that initiates reflex voiding. Input from the forebrain triggers voluntary voiding by modulating the brainstem circuitry. Many neural circuits controlling the lower urinary tract exhibit switch-like patterns of activity that turn on and off in an all-or-none manner. The major component of the micturition switching circuit is a spinobulbospinal parasympathetic reflex pathway that has essential connections in the periaqueductal gray and pontine micturition center. A computer model of this circuit that mimics the switching functions of the bladder and urethra at the onset of micturition is described. Micturition occurs involuntarily during the early postnatal period, after which it is regulated voluntarily. Diseases or injuries of the nervous system in adults cause re-emergence of involuntary micturition, leading to urinary incontinence. The mechanisms underlying these pathologic changes are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William C de Groat
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Naoki Yoshimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Urology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Hammad FT. Electrical propagation in the renal pelvis, ureter and bladder. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2015; 213:371-83. [PMID: 25204732 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Under normal conditions, following the passage of urine from the collecting duct, the urine is stored briefly in the renal pelvis before being transported through the ureter to the bladder where the urine is stored for a longer time (hours) before being voided through the urethra. The transport of urine from the renal pelvis to the bladder occurs spontaneously due to contractions of the muscles in the wall of the pelvis and ureter. Spontaneous contractions also occur in the detrusor muscle and are responsible for maintaining the bladder shape during the filling phase. These muscle contractions occur as result of electrical impulses, which are generated and propagated through different parts of the urinary tract. The renal pelvis and the ureter differ from the bladder in relation to the origin, characteristics and propagation of these electrical impulses. In the ureter, the electrical impulses originate mainly at the proximal region of the renal pelvis and are transmitted antegradely down the length of the ureter. The electrical impulses in the bladder, on the other hand, originate at any location in the bladder wall and can be transmitted in different directions with the axial direction being the prominent one. In this manuscript, an overview of the current state of research on the origin and propagation characteristics of these electrical impulses in the normal and pathological conditions is provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F. T. Hammad
- Department of Surgery; College of Medicine & Health Sciences; United Arab Emirates University; Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Dale PR, Cernecka H, Schmidt M, Dowling MR, Charlton SJ, Pieper MP, Michel MC. The pharmacological rationale for combining muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of airway and bladder disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:31-42. [PMID: 24682092 PMCID: PMC4071415 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic receptors increase smooth muscle tone in airways and urinary bladder. β-Adrenoceptors relax smooth muscle tone and oppose muscarinic contraction. Opposition involves transmitter release, signal transduction and receptor expression. This supports the combined use of muscarinic antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists.
Muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists are used in the treatment of obstructive airway disease and overactive bladder syndrome. Here we review the pharmacological rationale for their combination. Muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors are physiological antagonists for smooth muscle tone in airways and bladder. Muscarinic agonism may attenuate β-adrenoceptor-mediated relaxation more than other contractile stimuli. Chronic treatment with one drug class may regulate expression of the target receptor but also that of the opposing receptor. Prejunctional β2-adrenoceptors can enhance neuronal acetylcholine release. Moreover, at least in the airways, muscarinic receptors and β-adrenoceptors are expressed in different locations, indicating that only a combined modulation of both systems may cause dilatation along the entire bronchial tree. While all of these factors contribute to a rationale for a combination of muscarinic receptor antagonists and β-adrenoceptor agonists, the full value of such combination as compared to monotherapy can only be determined in clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philippa R Dale
- Department of Pharmacology, Cambridge University, Cambridge, UK
| | - Hana Cernecka
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Schmidt
- University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Groningen, The Netherlands; University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD, GRIAC, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark R Dowling
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Steven J Charlton
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Respiratory Diseases, Novartis Institutes for Biomedical Research, Horsham, UK
| | - Michael P Pieper
- Respiratory Diseases Research and Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - Martin C Michel
- Respiratory Diseases Research and Department of Translational Medicine & Clinical Pharmacology, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany; Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ge YB, Dai Q, Wan DR, Liu QH, Mei ZN. Relaxant effect of 1-butanol fraction from Elaeagnus pungens leaf through inhibiting L-type Ca2+ channel on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2013; 150:196-201. [PMID: 23988619 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2013.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Revised: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The leaf of Elaeagnus pungens thunb. (Family Elaeagnaceae) has been documented as an effective herb for the treatment of asthma and chronic bronchitis in traditional Chinese medicine. In the past years, only a few of preliminary studies reported the chemical constituents and pharmacology effects of the herb, but their action on the tracheal relaxation has not been investigated. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate the relaxing effect and mechanism of the extracts from Elaeagnus pungens leaves on guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle and bronchi smooth muscle cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Four fractions of different polarities from Elaeagnus pungens leaves were tested to the tracheal strips on the resting tension or pre-contracted by histamine (20 μM) and acetylcholine (20 μM). Inhibitory effects of the 1-butanol fraction (400mg/ml) on cumulative histamine and acetylcholine (0.2-20 μM) induced contraction were measured. In order to determine the mediators on the 1-butanol fraction effect, the relaxing effect of the 1-butanol fraction was evaluated in the absence and presence of β-adrenoceptor antagonists (1 μM propranolol), K(+) channels-blockers (4-aminopyridine (2mM), tetraethylammonium chloride (5mM) or glibenclamide (10 μM)), the cyclooxygenase inhibitor (indomethacin, 10 μM), nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, 100 μM) or L-type Ca(2+) channel inhibitor (nifedipine, 1 μM). Moreover, [Ca(2+)]i in bronchi smooth muscle cells was analyzed by measuring the fluorescence intensity with confocal system. RESULTS 1-Butanol fraction induced the highest relaxant effect among four fractions of different polarities from Elaeagnus pungens leaves, and significantly relaxed the tracheal strip in the concentration-dependent manner on the resting tension and pre-contracted by histamine phosphate and acetylcholine. It also produced an unparallel rightward shift of the cumulative concentration-response curve of histamine or acetylcholine. Furthermore, the relaxant effect of 1-butanol fraction was not affected by propranolol, glibenclamide, tetraethylammonium chloride, 4-aminopyridine, indomethacin and Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester. However, 1-butanol fraction-induced relaxation decreased after adding nifedipine. It also concentration-dependently inhibited CaCl2-induced contraction in the Ca(2+)-free, 60mM K(+)-containing solution. Additionally, [Ca(2+)]i in the BSMCs significantly reduced after administration of the 1-butanol fraction. CONCLUSIONS The 1-butanol fraction from Elaeagnus pungens leaves resulted in a relaxation in the non-precontracted and pre-contracted tracheal strips. The relaxant effect was not related to K(+) channels, NO, cGMP or β-adrenoceptors, but related to the inhibition of Ca(2+) influx through L-type Ca(2+) channels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yue-bin Ge
- Institute for Ethical Medicine Research, College of Pharmacy, South-Central University for Nationalities, Minyuan Road 708, Hongshan District, Wuhan, Hubei, PR China
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
Background/Aims Our aim was to investigate the effect of solifenacin (an anticholinergic) on cognitive function after stroke. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 66 stroke cases who were prescribed solifenacin for more than 2 months. A control group was generated matching the patients both for sex and age. The interval changes in the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score and Clinical Dementia Rating Sum of Boxes (CDR-SB) score after solifenacin administration were compared to those of the control group. Results The baseline MMSE score of the control group was 15.9 ± 9.2 and that of the solifenacin group was 14.3 ± 7.8. After using solifenacin for an average of 76.9 days, there was a change in the MMSE score of 1.9 ± 5.2. During similar periods, there was a change in the MMSE score of 2.9 ± 3.7 in the control group (not using solifenacin). However, there was no significant difference between the two groups. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the CDR-SB score between the two groups. Conclusion Solifenacin treatment did not affect the short-term cognitive performance in stroke patients. This information might be useful when prescribing anticholinergics to stroke patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Park
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Dongguk University Ilsan Hospital, Goyang-si, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kennedy‐Lydon TM, Crawford C, Wildman SSP, Peppiatt‐Wildman CM. Renal pericytes: regulators of medullary blood flow. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:212-25. [PMID: 23126245 PMCID: PMC3561688 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of medullary blood flow (MBF) is essential in maintaining normal kidney function. Blood flow to the medulla is supplied by the descending vasa recta (DVR), which arise from the efferent arterioles of juxtamedullary glomeruli. DVR are composed of a continuous endothelium, intercalated with smooth muscle-like cells called pericytes. Pericytes have been shown to alter the diameter of isolated and in situ DVR in response to vasoactive stimuli that are transmitted via a network of autocrine and paracrine signalling pathways. Vasoactive stimuli can be released by neighbouring tubular epithelial, endothelial, red blood cells and neuronal cells in response to changes in NaCl transport and oxygen tension. The experimentally described sensitivity of pericytes to these stimuli strongly suggests their leading role in the phenomenon of MBF autoregulation. Because the debate on autoregulation of MBF fervently continues, we discuss the evidence favouring a physiological role for pericytes in the regulation of MBF and describe their potential role in tubulo-vascular cross-talk in this region of the kidney. Our review also considers current methods used to explore pericyte activity and function in the renal medulla.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - C. Crawford
- Medway School of Pharmacy The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway Kent UK
| | - S. S. P. Wildman
- Medway School of Pharmacy The Universities of Kent and Greenwich at Medway Kent UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Buhl R, Banerji D. Profile of glycopyrronium for once-daily treatment of moderate-to-severe COPD. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2012; 7:729-41. [PMID: 23118536 PMCID: PMC3484531 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s36001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Bronchodilators are central in the symptomatic management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Long-acting muscarinic antagonists (LAMAs) and long-acting β(2)-agonists (LABAs) are the main classes of long-acting bronchodilators. To date, tiotropium is the only once-daily LAMA available for the treatment of COPD. Glycopyrronium is a novel LAMA, currently in development for COPD. Phase II studies have shown that glycopyrronium 50 μg once daily provides clinically significant 24-hour bronchodilation with a rapid onset of action, which is faster than that of tiotropium, and a favorable safety and tolerability profile. The Phase III GLycopyrronium bromide in COPD airWays (GLOW) program has now confirmed the long-term efficacy and tolerability of glycopyrronium 50 μg once daily. The three studies included in this program have further shown that the effect of glycopyrronium versus placebo is similar to that of tiotropium in reducing dyspnea and the risk of exacerbations, as well as improving lung function, exercise tolerance, and health status in patients with COPD. The safety profile of glycopyrronium is also similar to that of tiotropium in terms of overall incidence of adverse events and muscarinic side effects. Glycopyrronium could be an alternative choice to tiotropium, and like tiotropium, has the potential to be used as a monotherapy or combination therapy. Phase II studies have shown that a fixed-dose combination of glycopyrronium and the 24-hour LABA indacaterol, produces rapid and sustained bronchodilation compared with indacaterol monotherapy in patients with COPD. Phase III studies are currently ongoing to assess the long-term efficacy and safety of this combination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roland Buhl
- Pulmonary Department, Mainz University Hospital, Mainz, Germany
| | - Donald Banerji
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation, East Hanover, NJ, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ogoda M, Niiya R, Koshika T, Yamada S. Comparative characterization of lung muscarinic receptor binding after intratracheal administration of tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate. J Pharmacol Sci 2011; 115:374-82. [PMID: 21358117 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.10311fp] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to characterize comparatively the binding of muscarinic receptor in the lung of rats intratracheally administered anticholinergic agents (tiotropium, ipratropium, glycopyrrolate) used clinically to treat chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. Binding parameters of [N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine methyl chloride ([(3)H]NMS) were determined in tissues (lung, bladder, submaxillary gland) of rats intratracheally administered tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate. The in vitro binding affinity of tiotropium for the receptors was 10-11-fold higher than those of ipratropium and glycopyrrolate. Intratracheal administration of tiotropium (0.6-6.4 nmol/kg) caused sustained (lasting at least 24 h) increase in the apparent dissociation constant (K(d)) for [(3)H]NMS binding in rat lung compared with the control value. Concomitantly, there was a long-lasting decrease in the maximal number of binding sites (B(max)) for [(3)H]NMS. Similary, ipratropium and glycopyrrolate at 7.3 and 7.5 nmol/kg, respectively, brought about a significant increase in K(d) for [(3)H]NMS binding. The effect by ipratropium was observed at 2 h but not 12 h, and that by glycopyrrolate lasted for 24 h. Both agents had little influence on the muscarinic receptors in the bladder and submaxillary gland. The present study provides the first evidence that tiotropium, ipratropium, and glycopyrrolate administered intratracheally in rats selectively bound muscarinic receptors of the lung, and tiotropium and glycopyrrolate had a much longer-lasting effect than ipratropium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ogoda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics and Global Center of Excellence (COE) Program, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Synthesis of 99mTc-oxybutynin for M3-receptor-mediated imaging of urinary bladder. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-010-0794-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
27
|
|
28
|
Wehlou C, Delanghe JR. Detection of antibodies in cardiac autoimmunity. Clin Chim Acta 2009; 408:114-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2009.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
29
|
Comparison of muscarinic receptor selectivity of solifenacin and oxybutynin in the bladder and submandibular gland of muscarinic receptor knockout mice. Eur J Pharmacol 2009; 615:201-6. [PMID: 19446545 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/28/2009] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
30
|
Botella Romero F, Martín Montañez E, Jiménez Gutiérrez E, Pavía Molina J. [Characterization of muscarinic receptors in undifferentiated thyroid cells in Fisher rats]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 56:106-11. [PMID: 19627722 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(09)70839-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Accepted: 03/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The parasympathetic autonomous nervous system exerts control over thyroid function by activation of the muscarinic receptors in follicular cells. Various pharmacological and molecular subtypes of muscarinic receptors (M(1), M(2), M(3), M(4), M(5)) have been identified in central nervous system and peripheral tissues. Controversy surrounds receptor characterization in thyroid cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Undifferentiated Fisher rat thyroid epithelial cells (FRT) were cultured. Association and dissociation kinetics assays and antagonist competition studies of the binding of (3)H-N-methylscopolamine ((3)H-NMS) to muscarinic receptors were performed to demonstrate the presence of muscarinic receptors. RESULTS Specific muscarinic receptors in the plasma membrane of FRT cells were observed with an equilibrium dissociation constant (K(d)) of 0.44 nmol. The order of affinities obtained fitting the data to one binding site model in competition experiments with the muscarinic receptor antagonist was: dicyclomine > hexahydrosiladifenidol (HHSD) = 4-diphenylacetoxy-N-methylpiperidine methiodide (4-DAMP) > pirenzepine > himbacine = 11-[[2-[(diethylamino)methyl]- 1-piperidinyl]acetyl]-5,11-dihydro-6H-pyrido (414)benzodiazepine (AF-DX 116). CONCLUSIONS The results obtained indicate the existence of specific (3)H-NMS muscarinic binding sites located in the plasma membrane of FRT cells. The results obtained in competition experiments suggest that the receptors present in FRT cells belong to the M(3) subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Botella Romero
- Sección de Endocrinología y Nutrición, Complejo Hospitalario Universitario de Albacete, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Albacete, España.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Cabadak H, Küçükibrahimoğlu E, Aydın B, Kan B, Zafer Gören M. Muscarinic receptor-mediated nitric oxide release in a K562 erythroleukaemia cell line. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 29:109-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2009.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
|
32
|
Rotondo A, Serio R, Mulè F. Gastric relaxation induced by apigenin and quercetin: analysis of the mechanism of action. Life Sci 2009; 85:85-90. [PMID: 19427869 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2009.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2009] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Recently, flavonoids have been shown to cause murine gastric relaxation. In the present study we examined the mechanism of action underlying gastric relaxation induced by apigenin and quercetin in isolated mouse stomach. MAIN METHODS The mechanical activity from the whole stomach was detected as changes in the endoluminal pressure and the response to increasing concentrations of both flavonoids were tested before and after different pharmacological treatments. KEY FINDINGS Apigenin and quercetin-induced a concentration-dependent gastric relaxation, apigenin being more potent than quercetin. The responses were unaffected by 2'5'dideoxyadenosine, an inhibitor of adenylate cyclase, 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, a non selective inhibitor of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase, or ryanodine, an inhibitor of calcium release from ryanodine-sensitive intracellular stores, whereas they were significantly decreased in Ca(2+)-free solution or in the presence of nifedipine, a blocker of L-type voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, which did not modify the relaxation induced by isoproterenol. Moreover, both flavonoids caused concentration-dependent inhibition of the contractile responses caused by exogenous application of Ca(2+) in a Ca(2+)-free solution, high K(+) or carbachol. SIGNIFICANCE Our results support the hypothesis that the gastric myorelaxant effects of apigenin and quercetin arise from their negative modulation of calcium influx through voltage-dependent Ca(2+) channels, however intracellular modulation of signalling cascade leading to contraction could be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Rotondo
- Dipartimento di Biologia cellulare e dello Sviluppo, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, Palermo, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Effets pharmacologiques de Ziziphus mauritiana Lam. (Rhamnacées) sur la pression artérielle de lapin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-008-0322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
34
|
Cui YY, Zhu L, Wang H, Advenier C, Chen HZ, Devillier P. Muscarinic receptors involved in airway vascular leakage induced by experimental gastro-oesophageal reflux. Life Sci 2008; 82:949-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2008.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2007] [Revised: 01/30/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
35
|
Eglen RM. Monthly Update: Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Muscarinic M2and M3receptors in smooth muscle. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.1517/13543784.4.11.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
36
|
Immunohistochemical localisation of pre-synaptic muscarinic receptor subtype-2 (M2r) in the enteric nervous system of guinea-pig ileum. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 332:37-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0533-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
37
|
Caforio ALP, Tona F, Bottaro S, Vinci A, Dequal G, Daliento L, Thiene G, Iliceto S. Clinical implications of anti-heart autoantibodies in myocarditis and dilated cardiomyopathy. Autoimmunity 2008; 41:35-45. [PMID: 18176863 DOI: 10.1080/08916930701619235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), a leading cause of heart failure and heart transplantation in younger adults, is characterized by dilatation and impaired contraction of the left or both ventricles; it may be idiopathic, familial/genetic (20-30%), viral, and/or immune. On endomyocardial biopsy there is chronic inflammation in 30-40% of cases. Mutations in genes encoding myocyte structural proteins, cardiotoxic noxae and infectious agents are known causes; due to high aetiologic and genetic heterogeneity, the gene defects identified so far account for a tiny proportion of the familial cases. In at least two thirds of patients, DCM remains idiopathic. Myocarditis may be idiopathic, infectious or autoimmune and may heal or lead to DCM. Circulating heart-reactive autoantibodies are found in myocarditis/DCM patients and symptom-free relatives at higher frequency than in normal or noninflammatory heart disease control groups. These autoantibodies are directed against multiple antigens, some of which are expressed only in the heart (organ-specific); some autoantibodies have functional effects on cardiac myocytes in vitro as well as in animal models. Depletion of nonantigen-specific antibodies by extracorporeal immunoadsorption is associated with improved ventricular function and reduced cardiac symptoms in some DCM patients, suggesting that autoantibodies may also have a functional role in humans. Immunosuppression seems beneficial in patients who are virus-negative and cardiac autoantibody positive. Prospective family studies have shown that cardiac-specific autoantibodies are present in at least 60% of both familial and non familial pedigrees and predict DCM development among asymptomatic relatives, years before clinical and echocardiographic evidence of disease. Animal models have shown that autoimmune myocarditis/DCM can be induced by virus as well as reproduced by immunization with a well-characterized autoantigen, cardiac myosin. Thus, in a substantial proportion of patients, myocarditis and DCM represent different stages of an organ-specific autoimmune disease, that represents the final common pathogenetic pathway of infectious and noninfectious myocardial injuries in genetically predisposed individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alida L P Caforio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Gordienko DV, Harhun MI, Kustov MV, Pucovský V, Bolton TB. Sub-plasmalemmal [Ca2+]i upstroke in myocytes of the guinea-pig small intestine evoked by muscarinic stimulation: IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release induced by voltage-gated Ca2+ entry. Cell Calcium 2007; 43:122-41. [PMID: 17570487 PMCID: PMC2268754 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Membrane depolarization triggers Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in skeletal muscles via direct interaction between the voltage-gated L-type Ca2+ channels (the dihydropyridine receptors; VGCCs) and ryanodine receptors (RyRs), while in cardiac muscles Ca2+ entry through VGCCs triggers RyR-mediated Ca2+ release via a Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release (CICR) mechanism. Here we demonstrate that in phasic smooth muscle of the guinea-pig small intestine, excitation evoked by muscarinic receptor activation triggers an abrupt Ca2+ release from sub-plasmalemmal (sub-PM) SR elements enriched with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors (IP3Rs) and poor in RyRs. This was followed by a lesser rise, or oscillations in [Ca2+]i. The initial abrupt sub-PM [Ca2+]i upstroke was all but abolished by block of VGCCs (by 5 μM nicardipine), depletion of intracellular Ca2+ stores (with 10 μM cyclopiazonic acid) or inhibition of IP3Rs (by 2 μM xestospongin C or 30 μM 2-APB), but was not affected by block of RyRs (by 50–100 μM tetracaine or 100 μM ryanodine). Inhibition of either IP3Rs or RyRs attenuated phasic muscarinic contraction by 73%. Thus, in contrast to cardiac muscles, excitation–contraction coupling in this phasic visceral smooth muscle occurs by Ca2+ entry through VGCCs which evokes an initial IP3R-mediated Ca2+ release activated via a CICR mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D V Gordienko
- Division of Basic Medical Sciences, Ion Channels and Cell Signalling Centre, St. George's University of London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Pfeiffer JBR, Mevissen M, Steiner A, Portier CJ, Meylan M. In vitro effects of bethanechol on specimens of intestinal smooth muscle obtained from the duodenum and jejunum of healthy dairy cows. Am J Vet Res 2007; 68:313-22. [PMID: 17331022 PMCID: PMC2739133 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.68.3.313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the in vitro effects of bethanechol on contractility of smooth muscle preparations from the small intestines of healthy cows and define the muscarinic receptor subtypes involved in mediating contraction. SAMPLE POPULATION Tissue samples from the duodenum and jejunum collected immediately after slaughter of 40 healthy cows. PROCEDURES Cumulative concentration-response curves were determined for the muscarinic receptor agonist bethanechol with or without prior incubation with subtype-specific receptor antagonists in an organ bath. Effects of bethanechol and antagonists and the influence of intestinal location on basal tone, maximal amplitude (A(max)), and area under the curve (AUC) were evaluated. RESULTS Bethanechol induced a significant, concentration-dependent increase in all preparations and variables. The effect of bethanechol was more pronounced in jejunal than in duodenal samples and in circular than in longitudinal preparations. Significant inhibition of the effects of bethanechol was observed after prior incubation with muscarinic receptor subtype M(3) antagonists (more commonly for basal tone than for A(max) and AUC). The M(2) receptor antagonists partly inhibited the response to bethanechol, especially for basal tone. The M(3) receptor antagonists were generally more potent than the M(2) receptor antagonists. In a protection experiment, an M(3) receptor antagonist was less potent than when used in combination with an M(2) receptor antagonist. Receptor antagonists for M(1) and M(4) did not affect contractility variables. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Bethanechol acting on muscarinic receptor sub-types M(2) and M(3) may be of clinical use as a prokinetic drug for motility disorders of the duodenum and jejunum in dairy cows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia B R Pfeiffer
- Clinic for Ruminants, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Berne, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Sánchez-Mendoza ME, Torres G, Arrieta J, Aguilar A, Castillo-Henkel C, Navarrete A. Mechanisms of relaxant action of a crude hexane extract of Gnaphalium liebmannii in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 111:142-7. [PMID: 17141995 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Revised: 10/31/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the mechanisms of action of Gnaphalium liebmannii which is used as a folk medicine in México for treating various respiratory diseases such as gripe, fever, asthma, cough, cold, bronchitis, expectorating, and bronchial affections. The tension changes of guinea pig tracheal segments were isometrically recorder on a polygraph. Hexane extract of Gnaphalium liebmannii was the most active relaxant extract (IC(30)=54.23+/-19.79 microg/mL with 99.5+/-3.2 % of relaxation), followed by dichloromethane extract (IC(30)=120.22+/-5.27 microg/mL) and methanol extract (IC(30)=190.25+/-30.02 microg/mL). Hexane extract produced a parallel rightward shift of the concentration-response curve of carbachol in a competitive manner (pA(2)=-2.4), but did not modify the concentration-response curves for histamine. The relaxant effect of hexane extract of Gnaphalium liebmannii was unaffected by the presence of propranolol (3x10(-6)M) or glibenclamide (10 microM). However hexane extract produced a leftward shifts of the concentration-response curve of forskolin (10(-8) to 10(-3)M), nitroprusside (10(-10) to 10(-6)M), isoproterenol (3x10(-10) to 3x10(-5)M) and aminophylline (10(-11) to 10(-2)M). The above results suggest that Gnaphalium liebmannii induce relaxation of the tracheal muscle, probably via phosphodiesterase inhibition. The bronchodilator effect of Gnaphalium liebmannii might explain in part their traditional use as anti-asthmatic remedy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Elena Sánchez-Mendoza
- Facultad de Química, Departamento de Farmacia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria Coyoacán 04510, México DF, México
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Grassiolli S, Gravena C, de Freitas Mathias PC. Muscarinic M2 receptor is active on pancreatic islets from hypothalamic obese rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 556:223-8. [PMID: 17174301 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 11/06/2006] [Accepted: 11/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic obese rats, obtained by neonatal treatment with monosodium L-glutamate (MSG), are hyperinsulinemic, and secrete more insulin than lean ones do when stimulated by glucose, while acetylcholine insulinotropic effect decreases. The effect of acetylcholine on glucose-induced insulin secretion is attributed to muscarinic receptors of pancreatic beta cells, mainly to M(3) subtype. However, it has been observed that activation of M(2) or M(4) subtypes causes inhibition of glucose-induced insulin secretion in insulin secreting cell line. Insulin secretion was measured, stimulated by glucose in the presence of acetylcholine plus methoctramine, a muscarinic M(2) antagonist, on pancreatic islets isolated from MSG-obese and lean rats to investigate whether impairment of acetylcholine insulinotropic effect on pancreatic islets from MSG-obese rats has any relationship with muscarinic M(2) receptor function in beta cells. Insulin secretion stimulated by 8.3 mM glucose was higher in islets from obese rats than from lean ones. Insulinotropic effect of acetylcholine was reported in islets of both animals, albeit less than in obese ones. Blockage of muscarinic M(2) receptor, using methoctramine at 1; 5 and 10 microM, increased acetylcholine secretory response in islets of obese rats, while no effect has been observed in lean ones. Results demonstrate that muscarinic M(2) receptors are functioning in pancreatic islets of MSG-obese rats. The inhibitory action of muscarinic M(2) receptor may be a mechanism by which acetylcholine discloses weak insulinotropic effect in MSG-obese rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Grassiolli
- Laboratory of Secretion Cell Biology, Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, State University of Maringá, Avenida Colombo 5790, 87020-900 Maringá, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Shinbori C, Saito M, Kinoshita Y, Satoh I, Kono T, Hanada T, Nanba E, Adachi K, Suzuki H, Yamada M, Satoh K. N-hexacosanol reverses diabetic induced muscarinic hypercontractility of ileum in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 545:177-84. [PMID: 16872599 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2006] [Revised: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 06/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic neuropathy, a major complication of diabetes mellitus, is associated with development of gastrointestinal motility dysfunction and autonomic neuropathy. N-hexacosanol has neurotrophic effects and exhibits a wide variety of biological actions. In this study, we investigated the effects of cyclohexenonic long-chain fatty alcohol (N-hexacosanol) on streptozotocin-diabetic hypercontractility in the rat ileum longitudinal muscles. Treatment with N-hexacosanol did not alter the diabetic status of the animals, i.e., body weight, serum glucose, and serum insulin levels, but significantly restored the thickness of intestine wall and ameliorated diabetes-induced hypercontractility of the rat ileum in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, N-hexacosanol reversed the diabetes-induced upregulation of intestinal muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptors mRNAs in the streptozotocin-diabetic rats. These results indicate that N-hexacosanol has therapeutic effects on hypercontractility in the diabetic ileum by ameliorating overexpression of muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptors mRNAs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiko Shinbori
- Department of Pathophysiological and Therapeutic Science, Division of Molecular Pharmacology, Tottori University Faculty of Medicine, 86 Nishimachi, Yonago, 683-8503 Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Yamada S, Maruyama S, Takagi Y, Uchida S, Oki T. In vivo demonstration of M3 muscarinic receptor subtype selectivity of darifenacin in mice. Life Sci 2006; 80:127-32. [PMID: 16996089 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2006.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2006] [Revised: 08/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/23/2006] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A novel muscarinic receptor antagonist, darifenacin, inhibited specific binding of [N-methyl-(3)H]scopolamine ([(3)H]NMS) in the mouse bladder, submaxillary gland and heart in a concentration-dependent manner. The inhibitory effect was most potent in the submaxillary gland, followed by the bladder and heart. In addition, darifenacin inhibited specific [(3)H]NMS binding in the membranes of CHO-K1 cell lines expressing muscarinic M(2) and M(3) receptor subtypes, and the potency was significantly (22-fold) greater at the M(3) than at the M(2) subtype. At 0.5 to 12 h after oral administration of darifenacin, a significant increase in K(d) values for specific [(3)H]NMS binding was seen in the bladder, submaxillary gland and lung of mice, compared with control values. Also, there was a sustained decrease in the B(max) values in the submaxillary gland. These data suggest that muscarinic receptor binding of oral darifenacin is rapid in onset and of a long duration. On the other hand, oral darifenacin exerted only temporary or little binding of muscarinic receptors in the heart and colon. Pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion in mice was continuously suppressed by oral darifenacin. The time-course of suppression coincided well with that for the muscarinic receptor binding in the submaxillary gland. The antagonistic effect of darifenacin against the dose-response curves for pilocarpine appeared to be insurmountable. In conclusion, the present study has shown that oral darifenacin may exert a pronounced and long-lasting binding of muscarinic receptors in tissues expressing the M(3) subtype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Zholos AV. Regulation of TRP-like muscarinic cation current in gastrointestinal smooth muscle with special reference to PLC/InsP3/Ca2+ system. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:833-42. [PMID: 16787566 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine, the main enteric excitatory neuromuscular transmitter, evokes membrane depolarization and contraction of gastrointestinal smooth muscle cells by activating G protein-coupled muscarinic receptors. Although the cholinergic excitation is generally underlined by the multiplicity of ion channel effects, the primary event appears to be the opening of cation-selective channels; among them the 60 pS channel has been recently identified as the main target for the acetylcholine action in gastrointestinal myocytes. The evoked cation current, termed mI(CAT), causes either an oscillatory or a more sustained membrane depolarization response, which in turn leads to increases of the open probability of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, thus providing Ca2+ entry in parallel with Ca2+ release for intracellular Ca2+ concentration rise and contraction. In recent years there have been several significant developments in our understanding of the signaling processes underlying mICAT generation. They have revealed important synergistic interactions between M2 and M3 receptor subtypes, single channel mechanisms, and the involvement of TRPC-encoded proteins as essential components of native muscarinic cation channels. This review summarizes these recent findings and in particular discusses the roles of the phospholipase C/InsP3/intracellular Ca2+ release system in the mI(CAT) physiological regulation.
Collapse
|
45
|
Barrio J, Cortijo J, Milara J, Mata M, Guijarro R, Blasco P, Morcillo EJ. In vitro tracheal hyperresponsiveness to muscarinic receptor stimulation by carbachol in a rat model of bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 26:327-33. [PMID: 16879498 DOI: 10.1111/j.1474-8673.2006.00378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1 Bleomycin-induced lung injury is widely used as an experimental model to investigate the pathophysiology of pulmonary fibrosis but the alterations in the pharmacological responsiveness of airways isolated from bleomycin-exposed animals has been scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro tracheal responses to muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol in a rat bleomycin model. 2 Concentration-response curves to carbachol (10 nm to 0.1 mm) were obtained in tracheal rings isolated from Sprague-Dawley rats 14 days after endotracheal bleomycin or saline. The intracellular calcium signal in response to carbachol (10 microm) was measured by epifluorescence microscopy using fura-2 in primary cultures of tracheal smooth muscle cells from bleomycin- and saline-exposed rats. Circulating plasma tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha/interleukin (IL)-1beta levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. 3 Maximal contraction in response to carbachol was significantly greater in tracheal rings from bleomycin-exposed rats compared with controls (15.8 +/- 1.3 mN vs. 11.8 +/- 1.4 mN; n = 19, P < 0.05). 4 Carbachol (10 microm) elicited a transient increase of intracellular calcium with greater increment in tracheal smooth muscle cells from bleomycin-exposed rats compared with controls (372 +/- 42 nmvs. 176 +/- 20 nm; n = 7, P < 0.01). 5 Circulating plasma levels of TNF-alpha/IL-1beta were augmented in bleomycin-exposed rats compared with controls. Tissue incubation with TNF-alpha (100 ng ml(-1))/IL-1beta (10 ng ml(-1)) increased in vitro tracheal responsiveness to carbachol. 6 In conclusion, tracheal contraction in response to muscarinic receptor stimulation with carbachol was increased in bleomycin-exposed rats. This in vitro cholinergic hyperresponsiveness may be related to the augmented levels of inflammatory cytokines in bleomycin-exposed rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Barrio
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibanez 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Badzyńska B, Sadowski J. Renal hemodynamic responses to intrarenal infusion of acetylcholine: Comparison with effects of PGE2 and NO donor. Kidney Int 2006; 69:1774-9. [PMID: 16572111 DOI: 10.1038/sj.ki.5000338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (Ach) could serve as a selective renal medullary vasodilator in studies of the mechanism of arterial pressure regulation; however, effects of intramedullary Ach infusion were disparate. In anesthetized rats, the total renal blood flow (RBF) was measured by renal artery probe, and local perfusion of the cortex (CBF), outer medulla (OMBF) and inner medulla (IMBF) as laser-Doppler (l-D) flux. Renal artery infusion of Ach (60-150 microg/kg/h) significantly increased RBF by 17% and l-D parameters by 7-14%, without affecting arterial blood pressure (BP); the responses were prevented by inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis with N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Intramedullary Ach (180 microg/kg/h) significantly increased OMBF by 9% and IMBF by 7% but also RBF and CBF (both 9%). Carbamylcholine (Cch, 15 or 30-60 microg/kg/h), a stable Ach analog, increased CBF, OMBF, and IMBF by 5-8%; there was no dose dependency and, as with Ach, no preferential effect on medullary perfusion. Intramedullary infusion of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE2) (15 microg/kg/h), and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D,L penicillamine (SNAP), an NO donor (15-30 mg/kg/h), significantly and substantially increased OMBF and IMBF only. Ach increased perfusion of all kidney zones by an NO-dependent mechanism. Infusion of Ach or Cch into the renal medullary interstitium failed to affect preferentially the medullary perfusion, in contrast to the well-demonstrable selective effects of PGE2 and SNAP. The reason was probably the Ach's dual opposed action, vasoconstrictor and vasorelaxant, on the intrarenal vasculature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Badzyńska
- Laboratory of Renal and Body Fluid Physiology, M Mossakowski Medical Research Centre of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw
| | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Lee Y, Jung S, Won JE, Nam T, Ahn D. Elevated contractile responses to acetylcholine in organ cultured rabbit carotid artery. Yonsei Med J 2006; 47:249-54. [PMID: 16642556 PMCID: PMC2687636 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2006.47.2.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the functional changes that occur when a rabbit carotid artery is cultured in serum-free medium. In endothelium (EC)-intact arteries cultured under serum-free conditions, acetylcholine (ACh)-induced relaxation responses were partially, yet significantly, reduced when compared with freshly isolated arteries. After pretreatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, application of ACh resulted in a significant contraction in organ cultured arteries. The amplitude of the ACh-induced contractions increased with the duration of culture. In EC-denuded arteries cultured under serum-free conditions, ACh induced responses similar to those in EC-intact arteries pretreated with L-NAME. Furthermore, ACh caused a significant increase in intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) in EC-denuded arteries cultured under serum-free condition for 7 days. There was little change in either [Ca2+]i or tension in freshly isolated carotid rings. There was no difference in sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation responses between fresh and cultured arteries. These results suggest that prolonged culture of carotid arteries under serum- free conditions changes the functional properties of vascular reactivity in rabbit carotid arteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Youngho Lee
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seungsoo Jung
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Won
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taiksang Nam
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ducksun Ahn
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Caforio ALP, Mahon NG, McKenna WJ. Clinical implications of anti-cardiac immunity in dilated cardiomyopathy. ERNST SCHERING RESEARCH FOUNDATION WORKSHOP 2006:169-93. [PMID: 16329663 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-30822-9_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Criteria of organ-specific autoimmunity are fulfilled in a subset of patients with myocarditis/dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). In particular, circulating heart-reactive autoantibodies are found in such patients and symptom-free relatives. These autoantibodies are directed against multiple antigens, some of which are expressed in the heart (organ-specific), others in heart and some skeletal muscle fibres (partially heart-specific) or in heart and skeletal muscle (muscle-specific). Distinct autoantibodies have different frequency in disease and normal controls. Different techniques detect one or more antibodies, thus they cannot be used interchangeably for screening. It is unknown whether the same patients produce more antibodies or different patient groups develop autoimmunity to distinct antigens. IgG antibodies, shown to be cardiac- and disease-specific for myocarditis/DCM, can be used as autoimmune markers for relatives at risk as well as for identifying patients in whom immunosuppression may be beneficial. Some autoantibodies may also have a functional role, but further work is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L P Caforio
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Cardiological, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, Centro V Gallucci, Policlinico University of Padua, Padova, Italy.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Cabadak H, Kan B. Methoctramine and gallamine inhibit PI hydrolysis in guinea-pig gallbladder. Vascul Pharmacol 2005; 43:242-6. [PMID: 16169775 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2005.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2005] [Accepted: 07/28/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to determine the effect of two M2/M4-selective muscarinic receptor antagonists on blocking the hydrolysis of carbachol (CCh) stimulated phospho-inositide (PI) breakdown in order to address the possibility that a muscarinic receptor other than the M(3) receptor is involved in PI hydrolysis in this tissue. Gallbladder tissue slices labeled with myo-[2-3H] inositol were incubated with increasing concentrations of antagonists and agonist. After the reactions were terminated by the addition of chloroform/methanol, labeled inositol phosphates were separated using anion exchange chromatography. Muscarinic M2 antagonists methoctramine and gallamine both inhibited carbachol-induced PI breakdown at high concentrations, with log IC50 values of -5.145 and -6.049, respectively. Gallamine at 10(-5)M concentration failed to displace the dose-response curve for carbachol-induced accumulation of inositol triphosphate (IP3). Our data suggest that M(3) receptors play a major role in stimulation of PI hydrolysis in the guinea-pig gallbladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hulya Cabadak
- Department of Biophysics, Marmara University School of Medicine, Tibbiye Caddesi No 49, Haydarpasa, 34668, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Oki T, Sato S, Miyata K, Yamada S. Muscarinic receptor binding, plasma concentration and inhibition of salivation after oral administration of a novel antimuscarinic agent, solifenacin succinate in mice. Br J Pharmacol 2005; 145:219-27. [PMID: 15753946 PMCID: PMC1576133 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
1 A novel muscarinic receptor antagonist, solifenacin succinate, inhibited specific binding of [N-methyl-(3)H]-scopolamine ([(3)H]-NMS) in the mouse bladder, submaxillary gland and heart in a concentration-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was greatest in the submaxillary gland, followed by the bladder and heart. 2 After oral administration of oxybutynin (76.1 micromol kg(-1)) or solifenacin (62.4, 208 micromol kg(-1)), a significant dose- and time-dependent increase in K(D) values for specific [(3)H]-NMS binding was seen in the bladder, prostate, submaxillary gland, heart, colon and lung, compared with control values. The increase in K(D) induced by oxybutynin in each tissue reached a maximum 0.5 h after oral administration and then rapidly declined, while that induced by solifenacin was greatest 2 h after administration and was maintained for at least 6 or 12 h, depending on the dose. The muscarinic receptor binding of oral solifenacin was slower in onset and of a longer duration than that of oxybutynin. 3 Plasma concentrations of oxybutynin and its active metabolite (N-desethyl-oxybutynin, DEOB) were maximum 0.5 h after its oral administration and then declined rapidly. Oral solifenacin persisted in the blood for longer than oxybutynin. 4 Pilocarpine-induced salivary secretion in mice was significantly reduced by oral administration of solifenacin and was completely abolished 0.5 h after oral oxybutynin. Although the suppression induced by solifenacin was more persistent than that due to oxybutynin, the antagonistic effect of solifenacin on the dose-response curves to pilocarpine was significantly weaker than that of oxybutynin. It is concluded that oral solifenacin persistently binds to muscarinic receptors in tissues expressing the M(3) subtype, such as the bladder.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Oki
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and COE Program in the 21st Century, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shuichi Sato
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Keiji Miyata
- Institute for Drug Discovery Research, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, 21 Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Shizuo Yamada
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Sciences and COE Program in the 21st Century, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- Author for correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|