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Fan D, Liu X, Chen H. Endothelium-Mimicking Materials: A "Rising Star" for Antithrombosis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:53343-53371. [PMID: 39344055 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c12117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
The advancement of antithrombotic materials has significantly mitigated the thrombosis issue in clinical applications involving various medical implants. Extensive research has been dedicated over the past few decades to developing blood-contacting materials with complete resistance to thrombosis. However, despite these advancements, the risk of thrombosis and other complications persists when these materials are implanted in the human body. Consequently, the modification and enhancement of antithrombotic materials remain pivotal in 21st-century hemocompatibility studies. Previous research indicates that the healthy endothelial cells (ECs) layer is uniquely compatible with blood. Inspired by bionics, scientists have initiated the development of materials that emulate the hemocompatible properties of ECs by replicating their diverse antithrombotic mechanisms. This review elucidates the antithrombotic mechanisms of ECs and examines the endothelium-mimicking materials developed through single, dual-functional and multifunctional strategies, focusing on nitric oxide release, fibrinolytic function, glycosaminoglycan modification, and surface topography modification. These materials have demonstrated outstanding antithrombotic performance. Finally, the review outlines potential future research directions in this dynamic field, aiming to advance the development of antithrombotic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duanqi Fan
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Liu
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
| | - Hong Chen
- State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, P. R. China
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2
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Zhang Y, Ma N, Wang L, Liu L, Wang T, Liu H, Qian W. Real-Time Study of the Specific Interactions of Lactoferrin with Mimicked Heparan Sulfate Meshes Using Ordered Porous Layer Interferometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:14413-14423. [PMID: 38989558 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c01808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Heparan sulfate (HS) meshes within the glycocalyx on cell surfaces have protein recognition ability and have been crucial for gaining insights into vital bioprocesses, such as viral infection, cancer development, and inflammation. The protein recognition ability is determined by the mesh property and compositions of HS, although little attention has been paid to the effect of the mesh property on the recognition. An in-depth specificity study of protein-HS-mesh recognition is essential to illustrate related biological functions. Here, ordered porous layer interferometry is applied to study the interaction behavior between mimicked HS meshes and lactoferrin (LF). Our work aimed at mimicking HS meshes with heparin, a widely used substitute of HS, and analyzing the specific LF-heparin-mesh interaction mechanism by inhibiting the nonspecific interaction in a blended sample. We found that the counterion release-based electrostatic interaction is dominant in the specific LF-heparin-mesh recognition. Furthermore, we detail the contributions of nonspecific and specific interactions to the recognition. We illustrate that the concentrated charge distribution of the proteins appears to be primarily related to this robust, specific recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Ning Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Lu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Liming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tianze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Weiping Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Digital Medical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- OPLI (Suzhou) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., New District, Suzhou 215163, China
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3
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Okorafor CC, Shastri S, Wen K, Ebong EE. Mechanisms of triple-negative breast cancer extravasation: Impact of the physical environment and endothelial glycocalyx. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23785. [PMID: 38949120 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202400380r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Cancer metastasis is the leading cause of death for those afflicted with cancer. In cancer metastasis, the cancer cells break off from the primary tumor, penetrate nearby blood vessels, and attach and extravasate out of the vessels to form secondary tumors at distant organs. This makes extravasation a critical step of the metastatic cascade. Herein, with a focus on triple-negative breast cancer, the role that the prospective secondary tumor microenvironment's mechanical properties play in circulating tumor cells' extravasation is reviewed. Specifically, the effects of the physically regulated vascular endothelial glycocalyx barrier element, vascular flow factors, and subendothelial extracellular matrix mechanical properties on cancer cell extravasation are examined. The ultimate goal of this review is to clarify the physical mechanisms that drive triple-negative breast cancer extravasation, as these mechanisms may be potential new targets for anti-metastasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinedu C Okorafor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sanjana Shastri
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ke Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Eno E Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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4
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Grushko OG, Cho S, Tate AM, Rosenson RS, Pinsky DJ, Haus JM, Hummel SL, Goonewardena SN. Glycocalyx Disruption Triggers Human Monocyte Activation in Acute Heart Failure Syndromes. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2024; 38:305-313. [PMID: 36260206 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-022-07390-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Acute heart failure (AHF) syndromes manifest increased inflammation and vascular dysfunction; however, mechanisms that integrate the two in AHF remain largely unknown. The glycocalyx (GAC) is a sugar-based shell that envelops all mammalian cells. Much GAC research has focused on its role in vascular responses, with comparatively little known about how the GAC regulates immune cell function. METHODS In this study, we sought to determine if GAC degradation products are elevated in AHF patients, how these degradation products relate to circulating inflammatory mediators, and whether the monocyte GAC (mGAC) itself modulates monocyte activation. Inflammatory markers and GAC degradation products were profiled using ELISAs. Flow cytometry was used to assess the mGAC and RNA-seq was employed to understand the role of the mGAC in regulating inflammatory activation programs. RESULTS In a cohort of hospitalized AHF patients (n = 17), we found that (1) the GAC degradation product heparan sulfate (HS) was elevated compared with age-matched controls (4396 and 2903 ng/mL; p = 0.01) and that (2) HS and soluble CD14 (a marker of monocyte activation) levels were closely related (Pearson's r = 0.65; p = 0.002). Mechanistically, Toll-like receptor (TLR) activation of human monocytes results in GAC remodeling and a decrease in the mGAC (71% compared with no treatment; p = 0.0007). Additionally, we found that ex vivo enzymatic removal of HS and disruption of the mGAC triggers human monocyte activation and amplifies monocyte inflammatory responses. Specifically, using RNA-seq, we found that enzymatic degradation of the mGAC increases transcription of inflammatory (IL6, CCL3) and vascular (tissue factor/F3) mediators. CONCLUSION These studies indicate that the mGAC is dynamically remodeled during monocyte activation and that mGAC remodeling itself may contribute to the heightened inflammation associated with AHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga G Grushko
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5853, USA
| | - Steven Cho
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5853, USA
| | - Ashley M Tate
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5853, USA
| | - Robert S Rosenson
- Metabolism and Lipids Unit, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Cardiovascular Institute, Marie-Josee and Henry R Kravis Center for Cardiovascular Health, Mount Sinai, NY, USA
| | - David J Pinsky
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5853, USA
| | - Jacob M Haus
- School of Kinesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott L Hummel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5853, USA
- VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sascha N Goonewardena
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- University of Michigan Frankel Cardiovascular Center, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, SPC 5853, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5853, USA.
- VA Ann Arbor Health System, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Iannotta D, A A, Kijas AW, Rowan AE, Wolfram J. Entry and exit of extracellular vesicles to and from the blood circulation. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 19:13-20. [PMID: 38110531 PMCID: PMC10872389 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are biological nanoparticles that promote intercellular communication by delivering bioactive cargo over short and long distances. Short-distance communication takes place in the interstitium, whereas long-distance communication is thought to require transport through the blood circulation to reach distal sites. Extracellular vesicle therapeutics are frequently injected systemically, and diagnostic approaches often rely on the detection of organ-derived EVs in the blood. However, the mechanisms by which EVs enter and exit the circulation are poorly understood. Here, the lymphatic system and transport across the endothelial barrier through paracellular and transcellular routes are discussed as potential pathways for EV entry to and exit from the blood circulatory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalila Iannotta
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amruta A
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Amanda W Kijas
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Alan E Rowan
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Joy Wolfram
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Nanomedicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA.
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Liao YE, Liu J, Arnold K. Heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins in sepsis. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1146685. [PMID: 36865384 PMCID: PMC9971734 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1146685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Heparan sulfates (HSs) are the main components in the glycocalyx which covers endothelial cells and modulates vascular homeostasis through interactions with multiple Heparan sulfate binding proteins (HSBPs). During sepsis, heparanase increases and induces HS shedding. The process causes glycocalyx degradation, exacerbating inflammation and coagulation in sepsis. The circulating heparan sulfate fragments may serve as a host defense system by neutralizing dysregulated Heparan sulfate binding proteins or pro-inflammatory molecules in certain circumstances. Understanding heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins in health and sepsis is critical to decipher the dysregulated host response in sepsis and advance drug development. In this review, we will overview the current understanding of HS in glycocalyx under septic condition and the dysfunctional heparan sulfate binding proteins as potential drug targets, particularly, high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and histones. Moreover, several drug candidates based on heparan sulfates or related to heparan sulfates, such as heparanase inhibitors or heparin-binding protein (HBP), will be discussed regarding their recent advances. By applying chemical or chemoenzymatic approaches, the structure-function relationship between heparan sulfates and heparan sulfate binding proteins is recently revealed with structurally defined heparan sulfates. Such homogenous heparan sulfates may further facilitate the investigation of the role of heparan sulfates in sepsis and the development of carbohydrate-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-En Liao
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Jian Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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Liang Z, Yue H, Xu C, Wang Q, Jin S. Protectin DX Relieve Hyperoxia-induced Lung Injury by Protecting Pulmonary Endothelial Glycocalyx. J Inflamm Res 2023; 16:421-431. [PMID: 36755970 PMCID: PMC9900492 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s391765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is a common chronic lung disease in premature infants with limited treatments and poor prognosis. Damaged endothelial glycocalyx leads to vascular permeability, lung edema and inflammation. However, whether hyperoxia increases neonatal pulmonary microvascular permeability by degrading the endothelial glycocalyx remains unknown. Methods Newborn mice were maintained in 60-70% O2 for 7 days. Protectin DX (PDX), an endogenous lipid mediator, was injected intraperitoneally on postnatal d 0, 2, 4 and 6. Lung samples and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were taken at the end of the study. Primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were cultured in 80%O2. Results Hyperoxia exposure for 7 days led to neonatal mice alveolar simplification with less radial alveolar count (RAC), mean linear intercept (MLI) and mean alveolar diameter (MAD) compared to the control group. Hyperoxia exposure increased lung vascular permeability with more fluid and proteins and inflammatory factors, including TNF-α and IL-1β, in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid while reducing the heparan sulfate (HS), the most abundant component of the endothelial glycocalyx, in the pulmonary endothelial cells. PDX relieve these changes. PDX attenuated hyperoxia-induced high expression of heparanase (HPA), the endoglycosidase that shed endothelial glycocalyx, p-P65, P65, and low expression of SIRT1. BOC-2 and EX527 abolished the affection of PDX both in vivo and intro. Conclusion In summary, our findings indicate that PDX treatment relieves hyperoxia-induced alveolar simplification, vascular leakage and lung inflammation by attenuating pulmonary endothelial glycocalyx injury via the SIRT1/NF-κB/ HPA pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Liang
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huilin Yue
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Congcong Xu
- Department of Neonatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Qian Wang; Shengwei Jin, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 109 Xueyuan Road, Wenzhou, Zhejiang Province, 325027, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 577-88002806, Fax +86 577-88832693, Email ;
| | - Shengwei Jin
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China,Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology of Zhejiang Province, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Cui X, Zhang XF, Jagota A. Penetration of Cell Surface Glycocalyx by Enveloped Viruses Is Aided by Weak Multivalent Adhesive Interaction. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:486-494. [PMID: 36598427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Viral infection usually begins with adhesion between the viral particle and viral receptors displayed on the cell membrane. The exterior surface of the cell membrane is typically coated with a brush-like layer of molecules, the glycocalyx, that the viruses need to penetrate. Although there is extensive literature on the biomechanics of virus-cell adhesion, much of it is based on continuum-level models that do not address the question of how virus/cell-membrane adhesion occurs through the glycocalyx. In this work, we present a simulation study of the penetration mechanism. Using a coarse-grained molecular model, we study the force-driven and diffusive penetration of a brush-like glycocalyx by viral particles. For force-driven penetration, we find that viral particles smaller than the spacing of molecules in the brush reach the membrane surface readily. For a given maximum force, viral particles larger than the minimum spacing of brush molecules arrest at some distance from the membrane, governed by the balance of elastic and applied forces. For the diffusive case, we find that weak but multivalent attraction between the glycocalyx molecules and the virus effectively leads to its engulfment by the glycocalyx. Our finding provides potential guidance for developing glycocalyx-targeting drugs and therapies by understanding how virus-cell adhesion works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - X Frank Zhang
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
| | - Anand Jagota
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015, United States
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Accommodation in allogeneic and xenogeneic organ transplantation: Prevalence, impact, and implications for monitoring and for therapeutics. Hum Immunol 2023; 84:5-17. [PMID: 36244871 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Accommodation refers to acquired resistance of organs or tissues to immune or inflammatory reactions that might otherwise cause severe injury or rejection. As first observed in ABO-incompatible kidney transplants and heterotopic cardiac xenografts, accommodation was identified when organ transplants continued to function despite the presence of anti-graft antibodies and/or other reactants in the blood of recipients. Recent evidence suggests many and perhaps most organ transplants have accommodation, as most recipients mount B cell responses specific for the graft. Wide interest in the impact of graft-specific antibodies on the outcomes of transplants prompts questions about which mechanisms confer protection against such antibodies, how accommodation might be detected and whether and how rejection could be superimposed on accommodation. Xenotransplantation offers a unique opportunity to address these questions because immune responses to xenografts are easily detected and the pathogenic impact of immune responses is so severe. Xenotransplantation also provides a compelling need to apply these and other insights to decrease the intensity and toxicity of immunosuppression that otherwise could limit clinical application.
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Kakino Y, Doi T, Okada H, Suzuki K, Takada C, Tomita H, Asano H, Kano S, Wakayama Y, Okuda T, Fukuda H, Nishio A, Kawasaki Y, Kuroda A, Shimada T, Takashima S, Suzuki K, Yoshimura G, Kamidani R, Yasuda R, Fukuta T, Kitagawa Y, Okamoto H, Miyake T, Suzuki A, Yoshida T, Tetsuka N, Yoshida S, Ogura S. Recombinant thrombomodulin may protect cardiac capillary endothelial glycocalyx through promoting Glypican-1 expression under experimental endotoxemia. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11262. [PMID: 36353180 PMCID: PMC9637643 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Myocardial dysfunction occurs in patients with sepsis due to vascular endothelial injury. Recombinant human thrombomodulin (rhTM) attenuates vascular endothelial injuries through endothelial glycocalyx (eGC) protection. Hypothesis We hypothesized that rhTM attenuates myocardial dysfunction via the inhibition of vascular endothelial injury during sepsis. Methods Ten-week-old male C57BL6 mice were injected intraperitoneally with 20 mg/kg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In rhTM-treated mice, rhTM was injected intraperitoneally at 3 and 24 h after LPS injection. Saline was injected intraperitoneally as control. To assess for eGC injury, intensity score was measured 48 h after the LPS injection. To confirm vascular endothelial injuries, ultrastructural analysis was performed using scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results The survival rate of the rhTM group at 48 h after LPS injection was significantly higher than that of the control group (68% vs. 17%, p < 0.05). The serum level of troponin I in the rhTM group was lower than that in the control (2.2 ± 0.4 ng/dL vs 9.4 ± 1.1 ng/dL, p < 0.05). The expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) was attenuated in the rhTM-treated group than in the control (65.3 ± 15.3 ng/mL vs 226.3 ± 19.4 ng/mL, p < 0.05). The serum concentration of syndecan-1, a marker of glycocalyx damage, was significantly decreased 48 h post-administration of LPS in the rhTM-treated group than in the control group. In ultrastructural analysis using SEM and TEM, eGC peeled off from the surface of the capillary lumen in the control. Conversely, the eGC injury was attenuated in the rhTM group. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed that osteomodulin, osteoglycin proline/arginine-rich end leucine-rich repeat protein, and glypican-1, which are proteoglycans, were preserved by rhTM treatment. Their protein expression was retained in endothelial cells. Conclusion rhTM attenuates sepsis-induced myocardial dysfunction via eGC protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Kakino
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Doi
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kodai Suzuki
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Chihiro Takada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Asano
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Soichiro Kano
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yugo Wakayama
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tomoki Okuda
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Fukuda
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayane Nishio
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawasaki
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ayumi Kuroda
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takuto Shimada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shigeo Takashima
- Division of Genomics Research, Life Science Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Keiko Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Genki Yoshimura
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryo Kamidani
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Ryu Yasuda
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Fukuta
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Kitagawa
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Haruka Okamoto
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahito Miyake
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Akio Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yoshida
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Tetsuka
- Department of Infection Control, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shozo Yoshida
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Abuse Prevention Center, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Shinji Ogura
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
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Lindner M, Laporte A, Elomaa L, Lee-Thedieck C, Olmer R, Weinhart M. Flow-induced glycocalyx formation and cell alignment of HUVECs compared to iPSC-derived ECs for tissue engineering applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:953062. [PMID: 36133919 PMCID: PMC9483120 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.953062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The relevance of cellular in vitro models highly depends on their ability to mimic the physiological environment of the respective tissue or cell niche. Static culture conditions are often unsuitable, especially for endothelial models, since they completely neglect the physiological surface shear stress and corresponding reactions of endothelial cells (ECs) such as alignment in the direction of flow. Furthermore, formation and maturation of the glycocalyx, the essential polysaccharide layer covering all endothelial surfaces and regulating diverse processes, is highly dependent on applied fluid flow. This fragile but utterly important macromolecular layer is hard to analyze, its importance is often underestimated and accordingly neglected in many endothelial models. Therefore, we exposed human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs) and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived ECs (iPSC-ECs) as two relevant EC models in a side-by-side comparison to static and physiological dynamic (6.6 dyn cm-2) culture conditions. Both cell types demonstrated an elongation and alignment along the flow direction, some distinct changes in glycocalyx composition on the surface regarding the main glycosaminoglycan components heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate or hyaluronic acid as well as an increased and thereby improved glycocalyx thickness and functionality when cultured under homogeneous fluid flow. Thus, we were able to demonstrate the maturity of the employed iPSC-EC model regarding its ability to sense fluid flow along with the general importance of physiological shear stress for glycocalyx formation. Additionally, we investigated EC monolayer integrity with and without application of surface shear stress, revealing a comparable existence of tight junctions for all conditions and a reorganization of the cytoskeleton upon dynamic culture leading to an increased formation of focal adhesions. We then fabricated cell sheets of EC monolayers after static and dynamic culture via non-enzymatic detachment using thermoresponsive polymer coatings as culture substrates. In a first proof-of-concept we were able to transfer an aligned iPSC-EC sheet to a 3D-printed scaffold thereby making a step in the direction of vascular modelling. We envision these results to be a valuable contribution to improvements of in vitro endothelial models and vascular engineering in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Lindner
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Anna Laporte
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Laura Elomaa
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ruth Olmer
- Leibniz Research Laboratories for Biotechnology and Artificial Organs (LEBAO), Department of Cardiothoracic, Transplantation and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Biomedical Research in Endstage and Obstructive Lung Disease (BREATH), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Hannover, Germany
- REBIRTH–Research Center for Translational Regenerative Medicine, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Suzuki A, Tomita H, Okada H. Form follows function: The endothelial glycocalyx. Transl Res 2022; 247:158-167. [PMID: 35421613 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2022.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Three types of capillaries, namely continuous, fenestrated, and sinusoidal, form the microvascular system; each type has a specialized structure and function to respond to the demands of the organs they supply. The endothelial glycocalyx, a gel-like layer of glycoproteins that covers the luminal surface of the capillary endothelium, is also thought to maintain organ and vascular homeostasis by exhibiting different morphologies based on the functions of the organs and capillaries in which it is found. Recent advances in analytical technology have enabled more detailed observations of the endothelial glycocalyx, revealing that it indeed differs in structure across various organs. Furthermore, differences in the lectin staining patterns suggest the presence of different endothelial glycocalyx components across various organs. Interestingly, injury to the endothelial glycocalyx due to various pathologic and physiological stimuli causes the release of these components into the blood. Thus, circulating glycocalyx components may be useful biomarkers of organ dysfunction and disease severity. Moreover, a recent study suggested that chronic injury to the glycocalyx reduces the production of these glycocalyx components and changes their structure, leading it to become more vulnerable to external stimuli. In this review, we have summarized the various endothelial glycocalyx structures and their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akio Suzuki
- Department of Pharmacy, Gifu University Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tomita
- Department of Tumor Pathology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hideshi Okada
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan.
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13
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Milusev A, Rieben R, Sorvillo N. The Endothelial Glycocalyx: A Possible Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disorders. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:897087. [PMID: 35647072 PMCID: PMC9136230 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.897087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological, anti-inflammatory, and anti-coagulant properties of endothelial cells (ECs) rely on a complex carbohydrate-rich layer covering the luminal surface of ECs, called the glycocalyx. In a range of cardiovascular disorders, glycocalyx shedding causes endothelial dysfunction and inflammation, underscoring the importance of glycocalyx preservation to avoid disease initiation and progression. In this review we discuss the physiological functions of the glycocalyx with particular focus on how loss of endothelial glycocalyx integrity is linked to cardiovascular risk factors, like hypertension, aging, diabetes and obesity, and contributes to the development of thrombo-inflammatory conditions. Finally, we consider the role of glycocalyx components in regulating inflammatory responses and discuss possible therapeutic interventions aiming at preserving or restoring the endothelial glycocalyx and therefore protecting against cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Milusev
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences (GCB), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Rieben
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Sorvillo
- Department for BioMedical Research (DBMR), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Nicoletta Sorvillo
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14
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The role of the cell surface glycocalyx in drug delivery to and through the endothelium. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 184:114195. [PMID: 35292326 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell membranes are key interfaces where materials engineering meets biology. Traditionally regarded as just the location of receptors regulating the uptake of molecules, we now know that all mammalian cell membranes are 'sugar coated'. These sugars, or glycans, form a matrix bound at the cell membrane via proteins and lipids, referred to as the glycocalyx, which modulate access to cell membrane receptors crucial for interactions with drug delivery systems (DDS). Focusing on the key blood-tissue barrier faced by most DDS to enable transport from the place of administration to target sites via the circulation, we critically assess the design of carriers for interactions at the endothelial cell surface. We also discuss the current challenges for this area and provide opportunities for future research efforts to more fully engineer DDS for controlled, efficient, and targeted interactions with the endothelium for therapeutic application.
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15
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Banerjee S, Mwangi JG, Stanley TK, Mitra R, Ebong EE. Regeneration and Assessment of the Endothelial Glycocalyx To Address Cardiovascular Disease. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.1c03074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Selina Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John G. Mwangi
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Theodora K. Stanley
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Ronodeep Mitra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eno E. Ebong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York 10461, United States
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16
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Rando HM, MacLean AL, Lee AJ, Lordan R, Ray S, Bansal V, Skelly AN, Sell E, Dziak JJ, Shinholster L, D’Agostino McGowan L, Ben Guebila M, Wellhausen N, Knyazev S, Boca SM, Capone S, Qi Y, Park Y, Mai D, Sun Y, Boerckel JD, Brueffer C, Byrd JB, Kamil JP, Wang J, Velazquez R, Szeto GL, Barton JP, Goel RR, Mangul S, Lubiana T, Gitter A, Greene CS. Pathogenesis, Symptomatology, and Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through Analysis of Viral Genomics and Structure. mSystems 2021; 6:e0009521. [PMID: 34698547 PMCID: PMC8547481 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00095-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, which emerged in late 2019, has since spread around the world and infected hundreds of millions of people with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). While this viral species was unknown prior to January 2020, its similarity to other coronaviruses that infect humans has allowed for rapid insight into the mechanisms that it uses to infect human hosts, as well as the ways in which the human immune system can respond. Here, we contextualize SARS-CoV-2 among other coronaviruses and identify what is known and what can be inferred about its behavior once inside a human host. Because the genomic content of coronaviruses, which specifies the virus's structure, is highly conserved, early genomic analysis provided a significant head start in predicting viral pathogenesis and in understanding potential differences among variants. The pathogenesis of the virus offers insights into symptomatology, transmission, and individual susceptibility. Additionally, prior research into interactions between the human immune system and coronaviruses has identified how these viruses can evade the immune system's protective mechanisms. We also explore systems-level research into the regulatory and proteomic effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection and the immune response. Understanding the structure and behavior of the virus serves to contextualize the many facets of the COVID-19 pandemic and can influence efforts to control the virus and treat the disease. IMPORTANCE COVID-19 involves a number of organ systems and can present with a wide range of symptoms. From how the virus infects cells to how it spreads between people, the available research suggests that these patterns are very similar to those seen in the closely related viruses SARS-CoV-1 and possibly Middle East respiratory syndrome-related CoV (MERS-CoV). Understanding the pathogenesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus also contextualizes how the different biological systems affected by COVID-19 connect. Exploring the structure, phylogeny, and pathogenesis of the virus therefore helps to guide interpretation of the broader impacts of the virus on the human body and on human populations. For this reason, an in-depth exploration of viral mechanisms is critical to a robust understanding of SARS-CoV-2 and, potentially, future emergent human CoVs (HCoVs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Halie M. Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Adam L. MacLean
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Alexandra J. Lee
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sandipan Ray
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Biomedical Data Science and Machine Learning Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ashwin N. Skelly
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Elizabeth Sell
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J. Dziak
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Lucy D’Agostino McGowan
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Marouen Ben Guebila
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Nils Wellhausen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - Simina M. Boca
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Stephen Capone
- St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
| | - Yanjun Qi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - YoSon Park
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David Mai
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuchen Sun
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Joel D. Boerckel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | - James Brian Byrd
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeremy P. Kamil
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Jinhui Wang
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - John P. Barton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Rishi Raj Goel
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Serghei Mangul
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Tiago Lubiana
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - COVID-19 Review Consortium
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Department of Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Sangareddy, Telangana, India
- Biomedical Data Science and Machine Learning Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Tübingen, Germany
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Edna Bennett Pierce Prevention Research Center, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
- Mercer University, Macon, Georgia, USA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Georgia State University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Innovation Center for Biomedical Informatics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
- St. George’s University School of Medicine, St. George’s, Grenada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center Shreveport, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
- Azimuth1, McLean, Virginia, USA
- Allen Institute for Immunology, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, California, USA
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
- Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analyses, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony Gitter
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Casey S. Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
- Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex’s Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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17
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Villalba N, Baby S, Yuan SY. The Endothelial Glycocalyx as a Double-Edged Sword in Microvascular Homeostasis and Pathogenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:711003. [PMID: 34336864 PMCID: PMC8316827 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.711003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Expressed on the endothelial cell (EC) surface of blood vessels, the glycocalyx (GCX), a mixture of carbohydrates attached to proteins, regulates the access of cells and molecules in the blood to the endothelium. Besides protecting endothelial barrier integrity, the dynamic microstructure of the GCX confers remarkable functions including mechanotransduction and control of vascular tone. Recently, a novel perspective has emerged supporting the pleiotropic roles of the endothelial GCX (eGCX) in cardiovascular health and disease. Because eGCX degradation occurs in certain pathological states, the circulating levels of eGCX degradation products have been recognized to have diagnostic or prognostic values. Beyond their biomarker roles, certain eGCX fragments serve as pathogenic factors in disease progression. Pharmacological interventions that attenuate eGCX degradation or restore its integrity have been sought. This review provides our current understanding of eGCX structure and function across the microvasculature in different organs. We also discuss disease or injury states, such as infection, sepsis and trauma, where eGCX dysfunction contributes to severe inflammatory vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Villalba
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sheon Baby
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Y Yuan
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Physiology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States.,Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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18
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Akarken I, Tarhan H, Arslan FD, Sarıtas S, Yavascan O, Sahin H, Tekgul S. Is endothelial glycocalyx damage a cause of renal scarring in vesicoureteral reflux with febrile urinary tract infection? Nephrol Ther 2021; 17:175-179. [PMID: 33941491 DOI: 10.1016/j.nephro.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Endothelial glycocalyx is a luminal layer which can be damaged by inflammatory agents or pathogens. The endothelial glycocalyx damage is thought to have a role in the formation of renal scars in children who have febrile urinary tract infection and vesicoureteral reflux. This study aimed to compare the blood levels of endothelial glycocalyx components heparan sulfate and Syndecan-1 in children with and without renal scarring due to vesicoureteral reflux-associated febrile urinary tract infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS Data of the patients diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux without renal scarring (Group 1), patients with vesicoureteral reflux and renal scarring (Group 2), and completely healthy children (Group 3) were retrospectively reviewed. Blood levels of heparan sulfate and Syndecan-1 were measured and the results were compared. RESULTS The entire cohort consisted of 90 patients; there were 30 patients in each group. Mean patient age was 49.7±18.0 months. Mean serum heparan sulfate (42.90±18.90 ng/mL) and Syndecan-1 (37.59±13.77 ng/mL) levels of Group 2 were significantly higher than those of other groups. The cut-off value for heparan sulfate was 35.17 ng/mL, with a 63% sensitivity and 86% specificity. The cut-off value for Syndecan-1 was 29.99 ng/mL with a 70% sensitivity and 80% specificity. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that blood levels of heparan sulfate and Syndecan-1 could be related with renal scarring in patients with vesicoureteral reflux, especially in the setting of febrile urinary tract infection. However, due to their low sensitivity, these biomarkers should be used along with clinical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Akarken
- Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, School of medicine, Department of urology, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Tarhan
- Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, School of medicine, Department of urology, Turkey.
| | - Fatma Demet Arslan
- Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Department of biochemistry, Turkey
| | - Serdar Sarıtas
- Izmir Tepecik Education and Research Hospital, Department of pediatric nephrology, Turkey
| | - Onder Yavascan
- Medipol University, School of medicine, Department of pediatric nephrology, Turkey
| | - Hayrettin Sahin
- Mugla Sıtkı Kocman University, School of medicine, Department of urology, Turkey
| | - Serdar Tekgul
- Hacettepe University, School of medicine, Department of urology, Turkey
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19
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Oshima K, King SI, McMurtry SA, Schmidt EP. Endothelial Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans in Sepsis: The Role of the Glycocalyx. Semin Thromb Hemost 2021; 47:274-282. [PMID: 33794552 DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of the importance of the endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer, in vascular homeostasis. Heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are a major structural constituent of the endothelial glycocalyx and serve to regulate vascular permeability, microcirculatory tone, leukocyte and platelet adhesion, and hemostasis. During sepsis, endothelial HSPGs are shed through the induction of "sheddases" such as heparanase and matrix metalloproteinases, leading to loss of glycocalyx integrity and consequent vascular dysfunction. Less well recognized is that glycocalyx degradation releases HSPG fragments into the circulation, which can shape the systemic consequences of sepsis. In this review, we will discuss (1) the normal, homeostatic functions of HSPGs within the endothelial glycocalyx, (2) the pathological changes in HSPGs during sepsis and their consequences on the local vascular bed, and (3) the systemic consequences of HSPG degradation. In doing so, we will identify potential therapeutic targets to improve vascular function during sepsis as well as highlight key areas of uncertainty that require further mechanistic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Samantha I King
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Sarah A McMurtry
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado.,Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, Colorado
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20
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Wolpe AG, Ruddiman CA, Hall PJ, Isakson BE. Polarized Proteins in Endothelium and Their Contribution to Function. J Vasc Res 2021; 58:65-91. [PMID: 33503620 DOI: 10.1159/000512618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein localization in endothelial cells is tightly regulated to create distinct signaling domains within their tight spatial restrictions including luminal membranes, abluminal membranes, and interendothelial junctions, as well as caveolae and calcium signaling domains. Protein localization in endothelial cells is also determined in part by the vascular bed, with differences between arteries and veins and between large and small arteries. Specific protein polarity and localization is essential for endothelial cells in responding to various extracellular stimuli. In this review, we examine protein localization in the endothelium of resistance arteries, with occasional references to other vessels for contrast, and how that polarization contributes to endothelial function and ultimately whole organism physiology. We highlight the protein localization on the luminal surface, discussing important physiological receptors and the glycocalyx. The protein polarization to the abluminal membrane is especially unique in small resistance arteries with the presence of the myoendothelial junction, a signaling microdomain that regulates vasodilation, feedback to smooth muscle cells, and ultimately total peripheral resistance. We also discuss the interendothelial junction, where tight junctions, adherens junctions, and gap junctions all convene and regulate endothelial function. Finally, we address planar cell polarity, or axial polarity, and how this is regulated by mechanosensory signals like blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail G Wolpe
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Claire A Ruddiman
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Phillip J Hall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Brant E Isakson
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA, .,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA,
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21
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Moore KH, Murphy HA, George EM. The glycocalyx: a central regulator of vascular function. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R508-R518. [PMID: 33501896 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00340.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial glycocalyx is a specialized extracellular matrix that covers the apical side of vascular endothelial cells, projecting into the lumen of blood vessels. The composition of the glycocalyx has been studied in great detail, and it is known to be composed of a mixture of proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. Although this structure was once believed to be a passive physical barrier, it is now recognized as a multifunctional and dynamic structure that participates in many vascular processes, including but not limited to vascular permeability, inflammation, thrombosis, mechanotransduction, and cytokine signaling. Because of its participation in many physiological and pathophysiological states, comprehensive knowledge of the glycocalyx will aid future vascular biologists in their research. With that in mind, this review discusses the biochemical structure of the glycocalyx and its function in many vascular physiological processes. We also briefly review a more recent discovery in glycocalyx biology, the placental glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Hayley A Murphy
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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Leite DM, Matias D, Battaglia G. The Role of BAR Proteins and the Glycocalyx in Brain Endothelium Transcytosis. Cells 2020; 9:E2685. [PMID: 33327645 PMCID: PMC7765129 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Within the brain, endothelial cells lining the blood vessels meticulously coordinate the transport of nutrients, energy metabolites and other macromolecules essential in maintaining an appropriate activity of the brain. While small molecules are pumped across specialised molecular transporters, large macromolecular cargos are shuttled from one side to the other through membrane-bound carriers formed by endocytosis on one side, trafficked to the other side and released by exocytosis. Such a process is collectively known as transcytosis. The brain endothelium is recognised to possess an intricate vesicular endosomal network that mediates the transcellular transport of cargos from blood-to-brain and brain-to-blood. However, mounting evidence suggests that brain endothelial cells (BECs) employ a more direct route via tubular carriers for a fast and efficient transport from the blood to the brain. Here, we compile the mechanism of transcytosis in BECs, in which we highlight intracellular trafficking mediated by tubulation, and emphasise the possible role in transcytosis of the Bin/Amphiphysin/Rvs (BAR) proteins and glycocalyx (GC)-a layer of sugars covering BECs, in transcytosis. Both BAR proteins and the GC are intrinsically associated with cell membranes and involved in the modulation and shaping of these membranes. Hence, we aim to summarise the machinery involved in transcytosis in BECs and highlight an uncovered role of BAR proteins and the GC at the brain endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M. Leite
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; (D.M.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of the Physics and Living Systems, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
| | - Diana Matias
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; (D.M.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of the Physics and Living Systems, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Samantha Dickson Brain Cancer Unit, Cancer Institute, University College London, London WC1E 06DD, UK
- Cancer Research UK, City of London Centre, London WC1E 06DD, UK
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK; (D.M.L.); (D.M.)
- Institute of the Physics and Living Systems, University College London, London WC1H 0AJ, UK
- Cancer Research UK, City of London Centre, London WC1E 06DD, UK
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
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Song WC, FitzGerald GA. COVID-19, microangiopathy, hemostatic activation, and complement. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:3950-3953. [PMID: 32459663 PMCID: PMC7410042 DOI: 10.1172/jci140183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chao Song
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and
| | - Garret A. FitzGerald
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, and
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Moore KH, Chapman H, George EM. Unfractionated heparin displaces sFlt-1 from the placental extracellular matrix. Biol Sex Differ 2020; 11:34. [PMID: 32600401 PMCID: PMC7325113 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-020-00311-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) is an anti-angiogenic protein which is secreted by numerous cell types and acts as a decoy receptor for the angiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Despite its physiologic importance in maintaining angiogenic balance, excess sFlt-1 levels are associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, especially those with angiogenic imbalance, endothelial dysfunction, and hypertension. Although sFlt-1 is a soluble protein, it contains a binding site for the extracellular matrix component heparan sulfate. This allows cells to retain and localize sFlt-1 in order to prevent excessive VEGF signaling. During pregnancy, placental syncytiotrophoblasts develop a large extracellular matrix which contains significant amounts of heparan sulfate. Consequently, the placenta becomes a potential storage site for large amounts of sFlt-1 bound to extracellular heparan sulfate. Additionally, it should be noted that sFlt-1 can bind to the anticoagulant unfractionated heparin due to its molecular mimicry to heparan sulfate. However, it remains unknown whether unfractionated heparin can compete with heparan sulfate for binding of localized sFlt-1. In this study, we hypothesized that administration of unfractionated heparin would displace and solubilize placental extracellular matrix(ECM)-bound sFlt-1. If unfractionated heparin can displace this large reservoir of sFlt-1 in the placenta and mobilized it into the maternal circulation, we should be able to observe its effects on maternal angiogenic balance and blood pressure. To test this hypothesis, we utilized in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo methods. Using the BeWo placental trophoblast cell line, we observed increased sFlt-1 in the media of cells treated with unfractionated heparin compared to controls. The increase in media sFlt-1 was found in conjunction with decreased localized cellular Flt (sFlt-1 and Flt-1) as measured by total cell fluorescence. Similar results were observed using ex vivo placental villous explants treated with unfractionated heparin. Real-time quantitative PCR of the explants showed no change in sFlt-1 or heparanase-1 mRNA expression, eliminating increased production and enzymatic cleavage of heparan sulfate as causes for sFlt-1 media increase. Timed-pregnant rats given a continuous infusion of unfractionated heparin exhibited an increased mean arterial pressure as well as decreased bioavailable VEGF compared to vehicle-treated animals. These data demonstrate that chronic unfractionated heparin treatment is able to displace matrix-bound sFlt-1 into the maternal circulation to such a degree that mean arterial pressure is significantly affected. Here we have shown that the placental ECM is a storage site for large quantities of sFlt-1, and that it should be carefully considered in future studies concerning angiogenic balance in pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle H Moore
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Heather Chapman
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA
| | - Eric M George
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 N State St, Jackson, MS, 39216, USA.
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Crijns H, Vanheule V, Proost P. Targeting Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions to Inhibit Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:483. [PMID: 32296423 PMCID: PMC7138053 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte migration into tissues depends on the activity of chemokines that form concentration gradients to guide leukocytes to a specific site. Interaction of chemokines with their specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) on leukocytes induces leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial cells, followed by extravasation of the leukocytes and subsequent directed migration along the chemotactic gradient. Interaction of chemokines with glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) is crucial for extravasation in vivo. Chemokines need to interact with GAGs on endothelial cells and in the extracellular matrix in tissues in order to be presented on the endothelium of blood vessels and to create a concentration gradient. Local chemokine retention establishes a chemokine gradient and prevents diffusion and degradation. During the last two decades, research aiming at reducing chemokine activity mainly focused on the identification of inhibitors of the interaction between chemokines and their cognate GPCRs. This approach only resulted in limited success. However, an alternative strategy, targeting chemokine-GAG interactions, may be a promising approach to inhibit chemokine activity and inflammation. On this line, proteins derived from viruses and parasites that bind chemokines or GAGs may have the potential to interfere with chemokine-GAG interactions. Alternatively, chemokine mimetics, including truncated chemokines and mutant chemokines, can compete with chemokines for binding to GAGs. Such truncated or mutated chemokines are characterized by a strong binding affinity for GAGs and abrogated binding to their chemokine receptors. Finally, Spiegelmers that mask the GAG-binding site on chemokines, thereby preventing chemokine-GAG interactions, were developed. In this review, the importance of GAGs for chemokine activity in vivo and strategies that could be employed to target chemokine-GAG interactions will be discussed in the context of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Crijns
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Buchheim JI, Enzinger MC, Choukèr A, Bruegel M, Holdt L, Rehm M. The stressed vascular barrier and coagulation - The impact of key glycocalyx components on in vitro clot formation. Thromb Res 2019; 186:93-102. [PMID: 31927395 DOI: 10.1016/j.thromres.2019.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A functional vascular barrier controlling leukocyte recruitment into the perivascular space relies on an intact endothelial glycocalyx (EGX). Critical disease states such as sepsis or trauma can induce massive shedding of EGX components into the blood stream. Previous studies have shown that high blood levels of EGX components are correlated with bleeding in patients. The mechanism behind that observation remains to be fully elucidated. MATERIAL AND METHODS The EGX components syndecan-1 (S1), hyaluronic acid (HA) and heparan sulfate (HS) were added to blood samples of 10 healthy male volunteers separately in three distinct concentrations to mimic three severity levels of in vitro EGX shedding. We analyzed spiked blood samples for leukocyte derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) release as a measure for innate immune activation and evaluated the impact on coagulation using clinical standard coagulation tests (SCTs) as well as rotational thrombelastometry (ROTEM®). RESULTS Whereas ROS formation by polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) was unaltered by all three substances, high concentrations of HS showed prolonged aPTT and TT compared to controls and S1 or HA. Changes in ROTEM® were discrete and mostly within normal range of values but analyses showed a significant reduction of clot firmness and formation by all EGX components compared to controls. Furthermore, alterations by HA and HS were dose dependent. Only HS showed a heparin like effect supporting the findings of SCTs. CONCLUSIONS All EGX components interfere with clot formation and strength. HS mimics heparin effects in ROTEM® that confirm detectable alterations of standard coagulation tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith-Irina Buchheim
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Max C Enzinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Department of Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Heart Center Munich-Bogenhausen, Englschalkinger Straße 77, 81925 Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Choukèr
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany; Laboratory of Translational Research "Stress and Immunity", Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Mathias Bruegel
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Lesca Holdt
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Rehm
- Department of Anesthesiology, Hospital of the University of Munich, Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Marchioninistr. 15, 81377 Munich, Germany.
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Lipowsky HH. Relative shedding of glycosaminoglycans from the endothelial glycocalyx during inflammation and their contribution to stiffness of the glycocalyx. Biorheology 2019; 56:191-205. [DOI: 10.3233/bir-190225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Complement-mediated Damage to the Glycocalyx Plays a Role in Renal Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Mice. Transplant Direct 2019; 5:e341. [PMID: 30993186 PMCID: PMC6445655 DOI: 10.1097/txd.0000000000000881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complement activation plays an important role in the pathogenesis of renal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury (IRI), but whether this involves damage to the vasculoprotective endothelial glycocalyx is not clear. We investigated the impact of complement activation on glycocalyx integrity and renal dysfunction in a mouse model of renal IRI. Methods Right nephrectomized male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to 22 minutes left renal ischemia and sacrificed 24 hours after reperfusion to analyze renal function, complement activation, glycocalyx damage, endothelial cell activation, inflammation, and infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. Results Ischemia-reperfusion induced severe renal injury, manifested by significantly increased serum creatinine and urea, complement activation and deposition, loss of glycocalyx, endothelial activation, inflammation, and innate cell infiltration. Treatment with the anti-C5 antibody BB5.1 protected against IRI as indicated by significantly lower serum creatinine (P = 0.04) and urea (P = 0.003), tissue C3b/c and C9 deposition (both P = 0.004), plasma C3b (P = 0.001) and C5a (P = 0.006), endothelial vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression (P = 0.003), glycocalyx shedding (tissue heparan sulfate [P = 0.001], plasma syndecan-1 [P = 0.007], and hyaluronan [P = 0.02]), inflammation (high mobility group box-1 [P = 0.0003]), and tissue neutrophil (P = 0.0009) and macrophage (P = 0.004) infiltration. Conclusions Together, our data confirm that the terminal pathway of complement activation plays a key role in renal IRI and demonstrate that the mechanism of injury involves shedding of the glycocalyx.
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Nageshwari B, Merugu R. Effect of levamisole on expression of CD138 and interleukin-6 in human multiple myeloma cell lines. Indian J Cancer 2018; 54:566-571. [PMID: 29798960 DOI: 10.4103/ijc.ijc_349_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy accounting for 0.8% of all cancer deaths globally. This malignancy is characterized by lytic bone disease renal insufficiency, anemia, hypercalcemia, and immunodeficiency. The myeloma cells have enhanced expression of CD138. CD138 is a transmembrane heparin sulfate glycoprotein expressed on different types of adherent and nonadherent cells.CD138 is used as a standard marker for identification of tumor cells. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES Despite introduction of many therapeutic agents, the management of multiple myeloma (MM) remains a challenge and search for new therapeutic agents is in progress. In this study, we attempted to evaluate the effect of an alkaline phosphatase inhibitor, levamisole on expression of CD138, and level of interleukin-6 (IL-6) in human MM cell lines RPMI 8226 and U266 B1. MATERIAL AND METHODS U266B1 and RPMI 8226 cell lines were obtained from the National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune. Alkaline phosphatase assay, Interleukin-6 assay and CD138 expression on myeloma cells by flow cytometry were investigated when the cells were exposed to Levamisole. RESULTS Levamisole-mediated growth inhibition of myeloma cells in vitro is associated with a loss of CD138 and increased IL-6 secretion. The increased secretion of IL-6 by myeloma cells could be an attempt to protect themselves from apoptosis. CONCLUSION Levamisole inhibited CD138 expression and affected the levels of IL-6 in a dose-dependent manner. The results of the present study add new dimension to levamisole's mode of action as inhibitor of CD138 and IL-6 and as an antiapoptotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Nageshwari
- Department of Biotechnology, Government College Autonomous, Rajamahendravaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Ramchander Merugu
- Department of Biochemistry, Mahatma Gandhi University, Nalgonda, Telangana, India
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Cooper S, Emmott A, McDonald KK, Campeau MA, Leask RL. Increased MMP activity in curved geometries disrupts the endothelial cell glycocalyx creating a proinflammatory environment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202526. [PMID: 30138400 PMCID: PMC6107195 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Wall shear stress gradients (WSSGs) induce an inflammatory phenotype in endothelial cells (ECs) which is hypothesized to be mediated by mechanotransduction through the EC glycocalyx (GCX). We used a three-dimensional in vitro cell culture model with a 180o curved geometry to investigate if WSSGs created by curvature can cause EC inflammation and disruption of the GCX. The hydrodynamics of the model elicited a morphological response in ECs as well as a pattern of leukocyte adhesion towards the inner wall of curvature that was attenuated with enzymatic removal of GCX components. GCX degradation was also observed in regions of curvature which corresponded to increased activity of MMPs. Together, these results support the hypothesis that the EC GCX is involved in mechanotransduction of WSSGs and that components of the GCX are regulated by MMP activity in regions of curvature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott Cooper
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alexander Emmott
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karli K. McDonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Richard L. Leask
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Montreal Heart Institute, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Rienks M, Carai P, van Teeffelen J, Eskens B, Verhesen W, Hemmeryckx B, Johnson DM, van Leeuwen R, Jones EA, Heymans S, Papageorgiou AP. SPARC preserves endothelial glycocalyx integrity, and protects against adverse cardiac inflammation and injury during viral myocarditis. Matrix Biol 2018; 74:21-34. [PMID: 29730504 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Myocardial damage as a consequence of cardiotropic viruses leads to a broad variety of clinical presentations and is still a complicated condition to diagnose and treat. Whereas the extracellular matrix protein Secreted Protein Acidic and Rich in Cysteine or SPARC has been implicated in hypertensive and ischemic heart disease by modulating collagen production and cross-linking, its role in cardiac inflammation and endothelial function is yet unknown. Absence of SPARC in mice resulted in increased cardiac inflammation and mortality, and reduced cardiac systolic function upon coxsackievirus-B3 induced myocarditis. Intra-vital microscopic imaging of the microvasculature of the cremaster muscle combined with electron microscopic imaging of the microvasculature of the cardiac muscle uncovered the significance of SPARC in maintaining endothelial glycocalyx integrity and subsequent barrier properties to stop inflammation. Moreover, systemic administration of recombinant SPARC restored the endothelial glycocalyx and consequently reversed the increase in inflammation and mortality observed in SPARC KO mice in response to viral exposure. Reducing the glycocalyx in vivo by systemic administration of hyaluronidase, an enzyme that degrades the endothelial glycocalyx, mimicked the barrier defects found in SPARC KO mice, which could be restored by subsequent administration of recombinant SPARC. In conclusion, the secreted glycoprotein SPARC protects against adverse cardiac inflammation and mortality by improving the glycocalyx function and resulting endothelial barrier function during viral myocarditis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke Rienks
- Cardiovascular Department, King's College London, United Kingdom; Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Paolo Carai
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Bart Eskens
- Department of Physiology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Verhesen
- Cardiovascular Department, King's College London, United Kingdom
| | - Bianca Hemmeryckx
- Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel M Johnson
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Rick van Leeuwen
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Jones
- Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands; Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU, Leuven, Belgium; Netherlands Heart Institute, ICIN, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna-Pia Papageorgiou
- Center for Heart Failure Research, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, The Netherlands; Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU, Leuven, Belgium
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de Mattos Barbosa MG, Cascalho M, Platt JL. Accommodation in ABO-incompatible organ transplants. Xenotransplantation 2018; 25:e12418. [PMID: 29913044 PMCID: PMC6047762 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Accommodation refers to a condition in which a transplant (or any tissue) appears to resist immune-mediated injury and loss of function. Accommodation was discovered and has been explored most thoroughly in ABO-incompatible kidney transplantation. In this setting, kidney transplants bearing blood group A or B antigens often are found to function normally in recipients who lack and hence produce antibodies directed against the corresponding antigens. Whether accommodation is owed to changes in anti-blood group antibodies, changes in antigen or a change in the response of the transplant to antibody binding are critically reviewed and a new working model that allows for the kinetics of development of accommodation is put forth. Regardless of how accommodation develops, observations on the fate of ABO-incompatible transplants offer lessons applicable more broadly in transplantation and in other fields.
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McNaughton EF, Eustace AD, King S, Sessions RB, Kay A, Farris M, Broadbridge R, Kehoe O, Kungl AJ, Middleton J. Novel Anti-Inflammatory Peptides Based on Chemokine-Glycosaminoglycan Interactions Reduce Leukocyte Migration and Disease Severity in a Model of Rheumatoid Arthritis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 200:3201-3217. [PMID: 29572348 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation is characterized by the infiltration of leukocytes from the circulation and into the inflamed area. Leukocytes are guided throughout this process by chemokines. These are basic proteins that interact with leukocytes to initiate their activation and extravasation via chemokine receptors. This is enabled through chemokine immobilization by glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) at the luminal endothelial surface of blood vessels. A specific stretch of basic amino acids on the chemokine, often at the C terminus, interacts with the negatively charged GAGs, which is considered an essential interaction for the chemokine function. Short-chain peptides based on this GAG-binding region of the chemokines CCL5, CXCL8, and CXCL12γ were synthesized using standard Fmoc chemistry. These peptides were found to bind to GAGs with high affinity, which translated into a reduction of leukocyte migration across a cultured human endothelial monolayer in response to chemokines. The leukocyte migration was inhibited upon removal of heparan sulfate from the endothelial surface and was found to reduce the ability of the chemokine and peptide to bind to endothelial cells in binding assays and to human rheumatoid arthritis tissue. The data suggest that the peptide competes with the wild-type chemokine for binding to GAGs such as HS and thereby reduces chemokine presentation and subsequent leukocyte migration. Furthermore, the lead peptide based on CXCL8 could reduce the disease severity and serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α in a murine Ag-induced arthritis model. Taken together, evidence is provided for interfering with the chemokine-GAG interaction as a relevant therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily F McNaughton
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D Eustace
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie King
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom
| | - Richard B Sessions
- School of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom
| | - Alasdair Kay
- Leopold Muller Arthritis Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Medical School, Keele University, Keele SY10 7AG, United Kingdom
| | - Michele Farris
- Peptide Protein Research Ltd., Bishop's Waltham SO32 1QD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Robert Broadbridge
- Peptide Protein Research Ltd., Bishop's Waltham SO32 1QD, United Kingdom; and
| | - Oksana Kehoe
- Leopold Muller Arthritis Research Centre, Institute for Science and Technology in Medicine, Robert Jones and Agnes Hunt Orthopaedic Hospital, Medical School, Keele University, Keele SY10 7AG, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jim Middleton
- School of Oral and Dental Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol BS1 2LY, United Kingdom;
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Role of the Glycocalyx as a Barrier to Leukocyte-Endothelium Adhesion. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1097:51-68. [PMID: 30315539 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-96445-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Leukocyte (WBC) to endothelial cell (EC) adhesion is a receptor-mediated process governed by the avidity and affinity of selectins, which modulate adhesive forces during WBC rolling, and integrins, which determine the strength of firm adhesion. Adhesion receptors on the EC surface lie below an endothelial surface layer (ESL) comprised of the EC glycocalyx and adsorbed proteins which, in vivo, have a thickness on the order 500 nm. The glycocalyx consists of a matrix of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate, bound to proteoglycans and encased in hyaluronan. Together, these carbohydrates form a layer that varies in glycan content along the length of post-capillary venules where WBC-EC adhesion occurs. Thickness and porosity of the glycocalyx can vary dramatically during the inflammatory response as observed by increased infiltration and diffusion of macromolecules within the layer following activation of the EC by cytokines and chemoattractants. In models of inflammation in the living animal, the shedding of glycans and diminished thickness of the glycocalyx rapidly occur to facilitate penetration by the WBCs and adhesion to the EC. The primary effectors of glycan shedding appear to be metalloproteases and heparanase released by the EC. Retardation of glycan shedding and WBC-EC adhesion has been demonstrated in vivo using MMP inhibitors and low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH), where the latter competitively binds to heparanase liberated by the EC. Together, these agents may serve to stabilize the ESL and provide a useful strategy for treatment of inflammatory disorders.
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Oshima K, Haeger SM, Hippensteel JA, Herson PS, Schmidt EP. More than a biomarker: the systemic consequences of heparan sulfate fragments released during endothelial surface layer degradation (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2017; 8:2045893217745786. [PMID: 29199903 PMCID: PMC5731723 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217745786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in tissue fixation and imaging techniques have yielded increasing appreciation for the glycosaminoglycan-rich endothelial glycocalyx and its in vivo manifestation, the endothelial surface layer (ESL). Pathological loss of the ESL during critical illness promotes local endothelial dysfunction and, consequently, organ injury. Glycosaminoglycan fragments, such as heparan sulfate, are released into the plasma of animals and humans after ESL degradation and have thus served as a biomarker of endothelial injury. The development of state-of-the-art glycomic techniques, however, has revealed that these circulating heparan sulfate fragments are capable of influencing growth factor and other signaling pathways distant to the site of ESL injury. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning the local (i.e. endothelial injury) and systemic (i.e. para- or endocrine) consequences of ESL degradation and identifies opportunities for future, novel investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Oshima
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah M Haeger
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | - Paco S Herson
- 2 129263 Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Eric P Schmidt
- 1 129263 Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA.,3 Department of Medicine, Denver Health Medical Center, Denver, CO, USA
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Derler R, Gesslbauer B, Weber C, Strutzmann E, Miller I, Kungl A. Glycosaminoglycan-Mediated Downstream Signaling of CXCL8 Binding to Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122605. [PMID: 29207576 PMCID: PMC5751208 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of leukocytes, mediated by endothelium bound chemokine gradients, is a vital process in inflammation. The highly negatively charged, unbranched polysaccharide family of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), such as heparan sulfate and chondroitin sulfate mediate chemokine immobilization. Specifically the binding of CXCL8 (interleukin 8) to GAGs on endothelial cell surfaces is known to regulate neutrophil recruitment. Currently, it is not clear if binding of CXCL8 to GAGs leads to endothelial downstream signaling in addition to the typical CXCR1/CXCR2 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 and 2)-mediated signaling which activates neutrophils. Here we have investigated the changes in protein expression of human microvascular endothelial cells induced by CXCL8. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) stimulation was used to mimic an inflammatory state which allowed us to identify syndecan-4 (SDC4) as the potential proteoglycan co-receptor of CXCL8 by gene array, real-time PCR and flow cytometry experiments. Enzymatic GAG depolymerization via heparinase III and chondroitinase ABC was used to emulate the effect of glycocalyx remodeling on CXCL8-induced endothelial downstream signaling. Proteomic analyses showed changes in the expression pattern of a number of endothelial proteins such as Zyxin and Caldesmon involved in cytoskeletal organization, cell adhesion and cell mobility. These results demonstrate for the first time a potential role of GAG-mediated endothelial downstream signaling in addition to the well-known CXCL8-CXCR1/CXCR2 signaling pathways in neutrophils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupert Derler
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Bernd Gesslbauer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Corinna Weber
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Elisabeth Strutzmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
| | - Ingrid Miller
- Institute for Medical Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinärplatz 1, 1210 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Andreas Kungl
- Antagonis Biotherapeutics GmbH, Strasserhofweg 77a, 8045 Graz, Austria.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Graz, Schubertstrasse 1, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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Pillinger NL, Kam P. Endothelial glycocalyx: basic science and clinical implications. Anaesth Intensive Care 2017; 45:295-307. [PMID: 28486888 DOI: 10.1177/0310057x1704500305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The classic Starling principle proposed that microvascular fluid exchange was determined by a balance of hydrostatic and oncotic pressures relative to the vascular wall and this movement of water was regulated by gaps in the intercellular spaces. However, current literature on the endothelial glycocalyx (a jelly-like protective layer covering the luminal surface of the endothelium) has revised Starling's traditional concepts. This article aims to summarise the literature on the glycocalyx related to its basic science, clinical settings inciting injury, protective strategies and clinical perspectives. Perioperative damage to the glycocalyx structure can increase vascular permeability leading to interstitial fluid shifts, oedema, and increased surgical morbidity. Pathological shedding of the glycocalyx occurs in response to mechanical cellular stress, endotoxins, inflammatory mediators, atrial natriuretic peptide, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, free oxygen radicals and hyperglycaemia. Increased understanding of the endothelial glycocalyx may change perioperative fluid management, and therapeutic strategies aimed at its preservation may improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- N L Pillinger
- Staff Specialist Anaesthetist, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
| | - Pca Kam
- Nuffield Professor of Anaesthetics, University of Sydney, Department of Anaesthetics, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales
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Vanheule V, Boff D, Mortier A, Janssens R, Petri B, Kolaczkowska E, Kubes P, Berghmans N, Struyf S, Kungl AJ, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA, Proost P. CXCL9-Derived Peptides Differentially Inhibit Neutrophil Migration In Vivo through Interference with Glycosaminoglycan Interactions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:530. [PMID: 28539925 PMCID: PMC5423902 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Several acute and chronic inflammatory diseases are driven by accumulation of activated leukocytes due to enhanced chemokine expression. In addition to specific G protein-coupled receptor-dependent signaling, chemokine-glycosaminoglycan (GAG) interactions are important for chemokine activity in vivo. Therefore, the GAG-chemokine interaction has been explored as target for inhibition of chemokine activity. It was demonstrated that CXCL9(74-103) binds with high affinity to GAGs, competed with active chemokines for GAG binding and thereby inhibited CXCL8- and monosodium urate (MSU) crystal-induced neutrophil migration to joints. To evaluate the affinity and specificity of the COOH-terminal part of CXCL9 toward different GAGs in detail, we chemically synthesized several COOH-terminal CXCL9 peptides including the shorter CXCL9(74-93). Compared to CXCL9(74-103), CXCL9(74-93) showed equally high affinity for heparin and heparan sulfate (HS), but lower affinity for binding to chondroitin sulfate (CS) and cellular GAGs. Correspondingly, both peptides competed with equal efficiency for CXCL8 binding to heparin and HS but not to cellular GAGs. In addition, differences in anti-inflammatory activity between both peptides were detected in vivo. CXCL8-induced neutrophil migration to the peritoneal cavity and to the knee joint were inhibited with similar potency by intravenous or intraperitoneal injection of CXCL9(74-103) or CXCL9(74-93), but not by CXCL9(86-103). In contrast, neutrophil extravasation in the MSU crystal-induced gout model, in which multiple chemoattractants are induced, was not affected by CXCL9(74-93). This could be explained by (1) the lower affinity of CXCL9(74-93) for CS, the most abundant GAG in joints, and (2) by reduced competition with GAG binding of CXCL1, the most abundant ELR+ CXC chemokine in this gout model. Mechanistically we showed by intravital microscopy that fluorescent CXCL9(74-103) coats the vessel wall in vivo and that CXCL9(74-103) inhibits CXCL8-induced adhesion of neutrophils to the vessel wall in the murine cremaster muscle model. Thus, both affinity and specificity of chemokines and the peptides for different GAGs and the presence of specific GAGs in different tissues will determine whether competition can occur. In summary, both CXCL9 peptides inhibited neutrophil migration in vivo through interference with GAG interactions in several animal models. Shortening CXCL9(74-103) from the COOH-terminus limited its GAG-binding spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vanheule
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daiane Boff
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anneleen Mortier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik Janssens
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Björn Petri
- Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Elzbieta Kolaczkowska
- Department of Evolutionary Immunology, Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- Laboratory of Immunobiology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Paul Kubes
- Immunology Research Group, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Nele Berghmans
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Sofie Struyf
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andreas J. Kungl
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Karl-Franzens Universität, Graz, Austria
| | - Mauro Martins Teixeira
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Flavio Almeida Amaral
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofisica, Instituto de Ciencias Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paul Proost
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Stenosis Hemodynamics Disrupt the Endothelial Cell Glycocalyx by MMP Activity Creating a Proinflammatory Environment. Ann Biomed Eng 2017; 45:2234-2243. [PMID: 28474270 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-017-1846-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hemodynamic forces are known to be able to induce an inflammatory phenotype in endothelial cells (ECs). The EC glycocalyx (GCX) is a dynamic structure which is regulated in response to different stimuli and hypothesized as an important contributor to the mechanotransduction of wall shear stresses (WSS). In this work, we used a three dimensional in vitro EC culture model with a 50% asymmetric stenosis to investigate degradation of the GCX by increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity in regions of WSS gradients and how this degradation might create a proinflammatory environment. Experiments showed GCX degradation was observed in regions of WSSGs created by a 50% asymmetric stenosis. Furthermore, inhibition of MMP activity abolished this regional degradation. The integrity of the GCX altered EC morphological elongation to flow and leukocyte adhesion patterns. These results help strengthen the hypothesis that the EC GCX is involved in the mechanotransduction of hemodynamic forces and that the GCX is regulated by MMP activity in regions of WSSGs.
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El Ghazal R, Yin X, Johns SC, Swanson L, Macal M, Ghosh P, Zuniga EI, Fuster MM. Glycan Sulfation Modulates Dendritic Cell Biology and Tumor Growth. Neoplasia 2017; 18:294-306. [PMID: 27237321 PMCID: PMC4887599 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer, proteoglycans have been found to play roles in facilitating the actions of growth factors, and effecting matrix invasion and remodeling. However, little is known regarding the genetic and functional importance of glycan chains displayed by proteoglycans on dendritic cells (DCs) in cancer immunity. In lung carcinoma, among other solid tumors, tumor-associated DCs play largely subversive/suppressive roles, promoting tumor growth and progression. Herein, we show that targeting of DC glycan sulfation through mutation in the heparan sulfate biosynthetic enzyme N-deacetylase/N-sulfotransferase-1 (Ndst1) in mice increased DC maturation and inhibited trafficking of DCs to draining lymph nodes. Lymphatic-driven DC migration and chemokine (CCL21)-dependent activation of a major signaling pathway required for DC migration (as measured by phospho-Akt) were sensitive to Ndst1 mutation in DCs. Lewis lung carcinoma tumors in mice deficient in Ndst1 were reduced in size. Purified CD11c + cells from the tumors, which contain the tumor-infiltrating DC population, showed a similar phenotype in mutant cells. These features were replicated in mice deficient in syndecan-4, the major heparan sulfate proteoglycan expressed on the DC surface: Tumors were growth-impaired in syndecan-4–deficient mice and were characterized by increased infiltration by mature DCs. Tumors on the mutant background also showed greater infiltration by NK cells and NKT cells. These findings indicate the genetic importance of DC heparan sulfate proteoglycans in tumor growth and may guide therapeutic development of novel strategies to target syndecan-4 and heparan sulfate in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland El Ghazal
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Xin Yin
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, School of Pharmacy, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang, China
| | - Scott C Johns
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lee Swanson
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Monica Macal
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Pradipta Ghosh
- Division of Gastroenterology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Elina I Zuniga
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
| | - Mark M Fuster
- VA San Diego Healthcare System, Medical and Research Sections, La Jolla, CA 92161; Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037; Glycobiology Research and Training Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
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41
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Lipowsky HH, Lescanic A. Inhibition of inflammation induced shedding of the endothelial glycocalyx with low molecular weight heparin. Microvasc Res 2017; 112:72-78. [PMID: 28347755 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The endothelial surface layer (ESL) consists of the endothelial cell (EC) glycocalyx and adsorbed proteins, and forms a barrier between blood and the EC. Enzymatic shedding of the ESL in response to cytokines may expose receptors for leukocyte (WBC) adhesion and increase vascular permeability. Thus, intravital microscopy was used to explore stabilization of the ESL with low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) to mitigate structural changes with inflammation. Following bolus infusions (i.v.) of LMWH (0.12-1.6mg/kg), shedding of glycans in response to 10-7M fMLP was measured by loss of fluorescently labeled lectins bound to the EC and WBC-EC adhesion was monitored in post-capillary venules of rat mesentery. During a 30min exposure to fMLP, a 50% reduction in fluorescence (indicative of glycan shedding) occurred at the lowest dose of LMWH whereas a 50% increase occurred (indicative of ESL compaction) at the highest dose. Shedding was reduced by LMWH in a dose dependent manner with an EC50 of 0.6mg/kg. Concomitant WBC-EC adhesion increased over 3-fold for all doses of LMWH. However, at a dose of 1.6mg/kg, WBC-EC adhesion did not rise significantly during the initial 10min exposure to fMLP. Correlation of WBC adhesion with intensity of the lectin stain for all measurements revealed a significant 40% reduction in adhesion as intensity increased 50%. This relationship was attributed to LMWH inhibition of heparanase and/or binding to components of the glycocalyx that resulted in mitigation of glycan shedding, compaction of the lectin stain and stabilization of the glycocalyx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert H Lipowsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States.
| | - Anne Lescanic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, United States
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Ushiyama A, Kataoka H, Iijima T. Glycocalyx and its involvement in clinical pathophysiologies. J Intensive Care 2016; 4:59. [PMID: 27617097 PMCID: PMC5017018 DOI: 10.1186/s40560-016-0182-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular hyperpermeability is a frequent intractable feature involved in a wide range of diseases in the intensive care unit. The glycocalyx (GCX) seemingly plays a key role to control vascular permeability. The GCX has attracted the attention of clinicians working on vascular permeability involving angiopathies, and several clinical approaches to examine the involvement of the GCX have been attempted. The GCX is a major constituent of the endothelial surface layer (ESL), which covers most of the surface of the endothelial cells and reduces the access of cellular and macromolecular components of the blood to the surface of the endothelium. It has become evident that this structure is not just a barrier for vascular permeability but contributes to various functions including signal sensing and transmission to the endothelium. Because GCX is a highly fragile and unstable layer, the image had been only obtained by conventional transmission electron microscopy. Recently, advanced microscopy techniques have enabled direct visualization of the GCX in vivo, most of which use fluorescent-labeled lectins that bind to specific disaccharide moieties of glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chains. Fluorescent-labeled solutes also enabled to demonstrate vascular leakage under the in vivo microscope. Thus, functional analysis of GCX is advancing. A biomarker of GCX degradation has been clinically applied as a marker of vascular damage caused by surgery. Fragments of the GCX, such as syndecan-1 and/or hyaluronan (HA), have been examined, and their validity is now being examined. It is expected that GCX fragments can be a reliable diagnostic or prognostic indicator in various pathological conditions. Since GCX degradation is strongly correlated with disease progression, pharmacological intervention to prevent GCX degradation has been widely considered. HA and other GAGs are candidates to repair GCX; further studies are needed to establish pharmacological intervention. Recent advancement of GCX research has demonstrated that vascular permeability is not regulated by simple Starling’s law. Biological regulation of vascular permeability by GCX opens the way to develop medical intervention to control vascular permeability in critical care patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hanae Kataoka
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehiko Iijima
- Department of Perioperative Medicine, Division of Anesthesiology, Showa University, School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
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Dragovich MA, Genemaras K, Dailey HL, Jedlicka S, Frank Zhang X. Dual Regulation of L-Selectin-Mediated Leukocyte Adhesion by Endothelial Surface Glycocalyx. Cell Mol Bioeng 2016; 10:102-113. [PMID: 31719852 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-016-0463-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial surface glycocalyx (ESG) is a carbohydrate-rich, gel-like layer found on vascular endothelium, serving critical functions in mechanotransduction of blood flows, maintenance of the endothelial permeability, and the control of leukocyte adhesion and inflammation. This study aimed to clarify the role of ESG in the adhesion between leukocytes and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVECs) under resting or inflammatory conditions. Using an atomic force microscopy-based single-cell adhesion assay, we directly quantified the detachment force and work perpendicular to the cell membrane. Detachment force and work were measured for every separation event of a leukocyte from a HUVEC with ESG, or with the major ESG glycosaminoglycan components, heparan sulfate (HS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) removed. For the resting HUVECs, when HS and/or HA were removed, the detachment force and work increased dramatically. For the HUVECs activated by inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor alpha, we observed increases in the detachment force and work compared to the resting HUVECs, and removal of HS and/or HA resulted in significant decreases in the detachment force and work. The results demonstrate that the ESG layer serves a dual function: (1) on resting endothelium, it prevents leukocyte adhesion, and (2) under inflammatory conditions, it participates in endothelial-leukocyte interactions with molecules such as selectins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew A Dragovich
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Kaylynn Genemaras
- 2Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.,4Present Address: Bioinnovation Program, Tulane University, 6823 Saint Charles Avenue, New Orleans, LA 70118 USA
| | - Hannah L Dailey
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - Sabrina Jedlicka
- 2Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.,3Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
| | - X Frank Zhang
- 1Department of Mechanical Engineering & Mechanics, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA.,2Bioengineering Program, Lehigh University, 19 Memorial Drive West, Bethlehem, PA 18015 USA
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Madeeva D, Cines DB, Poncz M, Rauova L. Role of monocytes and endothelial cells in heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. Thromb Haemost 2016; 116:806-812. [PMID: 27487857 DOI: 10.1160/th16-02-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an autoimmune disorder characterised by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis. The mechanisms leading to platelet destruction are complex and the thrombotic complications of HIT appear to be due to multiple different intravascular targets. The dual binding of HIT antibodies to platelet surface PF4/GAG complexes and to FcγRIIA likely leads to both platelet clearance and to their direct activation. Monocytes and endothelial cells bind PF4 with higher avidity than platelets and are more resistant to competitive removal of surface-bound PF4 in the presence of heparin. Binding of HIT antibodies to PF4/glycosaminoglycan complexes on the surface on these cells leads to their activation and increased procoagulant activity. Binding of higher levels of PF4 released from activated platelets to the endothelium may lead to changes of the anticoagulant properties of the glycocalyx and target the endothelial cells for HIT antibodies. Pathogenic antibodies bound to endothelial cells further promote prothrombotic conditions by a mechanism that is independent of FcγR activation, yet not completely understood. A more detailed understanding of the role of monocytes and endothelium may identify new targets for intervention to mitigate the risk of thrombosis with less impact on systemic haemostasis than current approaches to treatment for this serious disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lubica Rauova
- Lubica Rauova, MD, PhD, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, ARC, Rm. 316F, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Tel.: +1 215 590 4667, Fax: +1 267 426 5476, E-mail:
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Cheng MJ, Kumar R, Sridhar S, Webster TJ, Ebong EE. Endothelial glycocalyx conditions influence nanoparticle uptake for passive targeting. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:3305-15. [PMID: 27499624 PMCID: PMC4959595 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s106299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are facilitated by endothelial cell (EC) dysfunction and coincide with EC glycocalyx coat shedding. These diseases may be prevented by delivering medications to affected vascular regions using circulating nanoparticle (NP) drug carriers. The objective of the present study was to observe how the delivery of 10 nm polyethylene glycol-coated gold NPs (PEG-AuNP) to ECs is impacted by glycocalyx structure on the EC surface. Rat fat pad endothelial cells were chosen for their robust glycocalyx, verified by fluorescent immunolabeling of adsorbed albumin and integrated heparan sulfate (HS) chains. Confocal fluorescent imaging revealed a ~3 µm thick glycocalyx layer, covering 75% of the ECs and containing abundant HS. This healthy glycocalyx hindered the uptake of PEG-AuNP as expected because glycocalyx pores are typically 7 nm wide. Additional glycocalyx models tested included: a collapsed glycocalyx obtained by culturing cells in reduced protein media, a degraded glycocalyx obtained by applying heparinase III enzyme to specifically cleave HS, and a recovered glycocalyx obtained by supplementing exogenous HS into the media after enzyme degradation. The collapsed glycocalyx waŝ2 µm thick with unchanged EC coverage and sustained HS content. The degraded glycocalyx showed similar changes in EC thickness and coverage but its HS thickness was reduced to 0.7 µm and spanned only 10% of the original EC surface. Both dysfunctional models retained six- to sevenfold more PEG-AuNP compared to the healthy glycocalyx. The collapsed glycocalyx permitted NPs to cross the glycocalyx into intracellular spaces, whereas the degraded glycocalyx trapped the PEG-AuNP within the glycocalyx. The repaired glycocalyx model partially restored HS thickness to 1.2 µm and 44% coverage of the ECs, but it was able to reverse the NP uptake back to baseline levels. In summary, this study showed that the glycocalyx structure is critical for NP uptake by ECs and may serve as a passive pathway for delivering NPs to dysfunctional ECs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University
| | - Srinivas Sridhar
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Department of Physics, Northeastern University
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Zahr A, Alcaide P, Yang J, Jones A, Gregory M, dela Paz NG, Patel-Hett S, Nevers T, Koirala A, Luscinskas FW, Saint-Geniez M, Ksander B, D'Amore PA, Argüeso P. Endomucin prevents leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion and has a critical role under resting and inflammatory conditions. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10363. [PMID: 26831939 PMCID: PMC4740757 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Endomucin is a membrane-bound glycoprotein expressed luminally by endothelial cells that line postcapillary venules, a primary site of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Here we show that endomucin abrogation on quiescent endothelial cells enables neutrophils to adhere firmly, via LFA-1-mediated binding to ICAM-1 constitutively expressed by endothelial cells. Moreover, TNF-α stimulation downregulates cell surface expression of endomucin concurrent with increased expression of adhesion molecules. Adenovirus-mediated expression of endomucin under inflammatory conditions prevents neutrophil adhesion in vitro and reduces the infiltration of CD45+ and NIMP-R14+ cells in vivo. These results indicate that endomucin prevents leukocyte contact with adhesion molecules in non-inflamed tissues and that downregulation of endomucin is critical to facilitate adhesion of leukocytes into inflamed tissues. Endomucin is expressed by endothelial cells that line postcapillary venules—the site of leukocyte recruitment during inflammation. Zahr et al. show that endomucin is an anti-adhesive molecule that is downregulated by the cytokine TNF-a and thereby helps in the transition from a quiescent to a pro-adhesive inflamed endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisar Zahr
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Jinling Yang
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Alexander Jones
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Meredith Gregory
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Nathaniel G dela Paz
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Sunita Patel-Hett
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Tania Nevers
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Adarsha Koirala
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Francis W Luscinskas
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Magali Saint-Geniez
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Bruce Ksander
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | - Patricia A D'Amore
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, 25 Shattuck Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
| | - Pablo Argüeso
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Abstract
Biomaterials have played an increasingly prominent role in the success of biomedical devices and in the development of tissue engineering, which seeks to unlock the regenerative potential innate to human tissues/organs in a state of deterioration and to restore or reestablish normal bodily function. Advances in our understanding of regenerative biomaterials and their roles in new tissue formation can potentially open a new frontier in the fast-growing field of regenerative medicine. Taking inspiration from the role and multi-component construction of native extracellular matrices (ECMs) for cell accommodation, the synthetic biomaterials produced today routinely incorporate biologically active components to define an artificial in vivo milieu with complex and dynamic interactions that foster and regulate stem cells, similar to the events occurring in a natural cellular microenvironment. The range and degree of biomaterial sophistication have also dramatically increased as more knowledge has accumulated through materials science, matrix biology and tissue engineering. However, achieving clinical translation and commercial success requires regenerative biomaterials to be not only efficacious and safe but also cost-effective and convenient for use and production. Utilizing biomaterials of human origin as building blocks for therapeutic purposes has provided a facilitated approach that closely mimics the critical aspects of natural tissue with regard to its physical and chemical properties for the orchestration of wound healing and tissue regeneration. In addition to directly using tissue transfers and transplants for repair, new applications of human-derived biomaterials are now focusing on the use of naturally occurring biomacromolecules, decellularized ECM scaffolds and autologous preparations rich in growth factors/non-expanded stem cells to either target acceleration/magnification of the body's own repair capacity or use nature's paradigms to create new tissues for restoration. In particular, there is increasing interest in separating ECMs into simplified functional domains and/or biopolymeric assemblies so that these components/constituents can be discretely exploited and manipulated for the production of bioscaffolds and new biomimetic biomaterials. Here, following an overview of tissue auto-/allo-transplantation, we discuss the recent trends and advances as well as the challenges and future directions in the evolution and application of human-derived biomaterials for reconstructive surgery and tissue engineering. In particular, we focus on an exploration of the structural, mechanical, biochemical and biological information present in native human tissue for bioengineering applications and to provide inspiration for the design of future biomaterials.
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Wu M, Wang H, Shi J, Sun J, Duan Z, Li Y, Li J, Hu N, Wei Y, Chen Y, Hu Y. Gene expression profiles identify both MyD88-independent and MyD88-dependent pathways involved in the maturation of dendritic cells mediated by heparan sulfate: a novel adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 10:3711-21. [PMID: 25668674 DOI: 10.4161/21645515.2014.980682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The traditional vaccine adjuvant research is mainly based on the trial and error method, and the mechanisms underlying the immune system stimulation remaining largely unknown. We previously demonstrated that heparan sulfate (HS), a TLR-4 ligand and endogenous danger signal, effectively enhanced humoral and cellular immune responses in mice immunized by HBsAg. This study aimed to evaluate whether HS induces better humoral immune responses against inactivated Hepatitis A or Rabies Vaccines, respectively, compared with traditional adjuvants (e.g. Alum and complete Freund's adjuvant). In order to investigate the molecular mechanisms of its adjuvanticity, the gene expression pattern of peripheral blood monocytes derived DCs (dendritic cells) stimulated with HS was analyzed at different times points. Total RNA was hybridized to Agilent SurePrint G3 Human Gene Expression 8×60 K one-color oligo-microarray. Through intersection analysis of the microarray results, we found that the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway was significantly activated, and NF-kB, TRAF3 and IRF7 were activated as early as 12 h, and MyD88 was activated at 48 h post-stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of the surface marker CD83 and the co-stimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 was up-regulated as early as 24 h. Therefore, we speculated that HS-induced human monocyte-derived DC maturation may occur through both MyD88-independent and dependent pathways, but primarily through the former (TRIF pathway). These data provide an important basis for understanding the mechanisms underlying HS enhancement of the immune response.
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Key Words
- DCs, Dendritic cells
- DEGs, differentially expressed genes
- GO, Gene Ontology
- HAV, hepatitis A virus
- HBsAg, hepatitis B surface antigen
- HS, heparan sulfate
- IRF7, interferon regulatory factor 7
- KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes
- MyD88, myeloid differentiation primary response 88
- NF-kB, nuclear factor-kappa B
- Rab/Vac, Rabies Vaccine
- TRAF3, TNF receptor-associated factor 3
- dendritic cells
- gene expression profile
- heparan sulfate
- humoral immune response
- toll-like receptor signaling pathway
- vaccine adjuvant
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Affiliation(s)
- Meini Wu
- a Institute of Medical Biology; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College ; Kunming , China
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Nguyen PT, Andraka N, De Carufel CA, Bourgault S. Mechanistic Contributions of Biological Cofactors in Islet Amyloid Polypeptide Amyloidogenesis. J Diabetes Res 2015; 2015:515307. [PMID: 26576436 PMCID: PMC4630397 DOI: 10.1155/2015/515307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Type II diabetes mellitus is associated with the deposition of fibrillar aggregates in pancreatic islets. The major protein component of islet amyloids is the glucomodulatory hormone islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Islet amyloid fibrils are virtually always associated with several biomolecules, including apolipoprotein E, metals, glycosaminoglycans, and various lipids. IAPP amyloidogenesis has been originally perceived as a self-assembly homogeneous process in which the inherent aggregation propensity of the peptide and its local concentration constitute the major driving forces to fibrillization. However, over the last two decades, numerous studies have shown a prominent role of amyloid cofactors in IAPP fibrillogenesis associated with the etiology of type II diabetes. It is increasingly evident that the biochemical microenvironment in which IAPP amyloid formation occurs and the interactions of the polypeptide with various biomolecules not only modulate the rate and extent of aggregation, but could also remodel the amyloidogenesis process as well as the structure, toxicity, and stability of the resulting fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phuong Trang Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
| | - Nagore Andraka
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
- Biophysics Unit (CSIC, UPV/EHU) and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Carole Anne De Carufel
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
| | - Steve Bourgault
- Department of Chemistry, Pharmaqam, University of Quebec in Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada H3C 3P8
- Quebec Network for Research on Protein Function, Structure, and Engineering (PROTEO), Canada
- *Steve Bourgault:
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Platt JL, Wrenshall LE, Johnson GB, Cascalho M. Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan Metabolism and the Fate of Grafted Tissues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2015; 865:123-40. [PMID: 26306447 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-18603-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and organ transplants between genetically distinct individuals are always or nearly always rejected. The universality and speed of transplant rejection distinguishes this immune response from all others. Although this distinction is incompletely understood, some efforts to shed light on transplant rejection have revealed broader insights, including a relationship between activation of complement in grafted tissues, the metabolism of heparan sulfate proteoglycan and the nature of immune and inflammatory responses that ensue. Complement activation on cell surfaces, especially on endothelial cell surfaces, causes the shedding heparan sulfate, an acidic saccharide, from the cell surface and neighboring extracellular matrix. Solubilized in this way, heparan sulfate can activate leukocytes via toll like receptor-4, triggering inflammatory responses and activating dendritic cells, which migrate to regional lymphoid organs where they spark and to some extent govern cellular immune responses. In this way local ischemia, tissue injury and infection, exert systemic impact on immunity. Whether or in what circumstances this series of events explains the distinct characteristics of the immune response to transplants is still unclear but the events offer insight into the inception of immunity under the sub-optimal conditions accompanying infection and mechanisms by which infection and tissue injury engender systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey L Platt
- Transplantation Biology, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, A520B Medical Sciences Research Building I, 1150W. Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-5656, USA,
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