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Nehete BP, DeLise A, Nehete PN. Identification of Specific Cell Surface Markers on Immune Cells of Squirrel Monkeys ( Saimiri sciureus). J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:8215195. [PMID: 38566886 PMCID: PMC10985276 DOI: 10.1155/2024/8215195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Nonhuman primates are an important experimental model for the development of targeted biological therapeutics because of their immunological closeness to humans. However, there are very few antibody reagents relevant for delineating the different immune cell subsets based on nonhuman primate antigens directly or with cross-reactivity to those in humans. Here, we report specific expression of HLA-DR, PD-1, and CD123 on different circulating immune cell subsets in the peripheral blood that included T cells (CD3+), T cells subsets (CD4+ and CD8+), B cells (CD20+), natural killer (NK) cells (CD3-CD16+), and natural killer T cells (CD3+CD16+) along with different monocyte subsets in squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). We established cross-reactivity of commercial mouse antihuman monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), with these various immune cell surface markers. These findings should aid further future comprehensive understanding of the immune parameters and identification of new biomarkers to significantly improve SQM as a model for biomedical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti P. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Ashley DeLise
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
| | - Pramod N. Nehete
- Department of Comparative Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Bastrop, Texas, USA
- The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston, Texas, USA
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2
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Ganesan N, Ronsmans S, Hoet P. Methods to Assess Proliferation of Stimulated Human Lymphocytes In Vitro: A Narrative Review. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030386. [PMID: 36766728 PMCID: PMC9913443 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to monitor lymphocyte responses is critical for developing our understanding of the immune response in humans. In the current clinical setting, relying on the metabolic incorporation of [3H] thymidine into cellular DNA via a lymphocyte proliferation test (LPT) is the only method that is routinely performed to determine cell proliferation. However, techniques that measure DNA synthesis with a radioactive material such as [3H] thymidine are intrinsically more sensitive to the different stages of the cell cycle, which could lead to over-analyses and the subsequent inaccurate interpretation of the information provided. With cell proliferation assays, the output should preferably provide a direct and accurate measurement of the number of actively dividing cells, regardless of the stimuli properties or length of exposure. In fact, an ideal technique should have the capacity to measure lymphocyte responses on both a quantitative level, i.e., cumulative magnitude of lymphoproliferative response, and a qualitative level, i.e., phenotypical and functional characterization of stimulated immune cells. There are many LPT alternatives currently available to measure various aspects of cell proliferation. Of the nine techniques discussed, we noted that the majority of these LPT alternatives measure lymphocyte proliferation using flow cytometry. Across some of these alternatives, the covalent labelling of cells with a high fluorescence intensity and low variance with minimal cell toxicity while maximizing the number of detectable cell divisions or magnitude of proliferation was achieved. Herein, we review the performance of these different LPT alternatives and address their compatibility with the [3H] thymidine LPT so as to identify the "best" alternative to the [3H] thymidine LPT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirosha Ganesan
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Steven Ronsmans
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Clinic for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Respiratory Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hoet
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Unit of Environment & Health, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases and Thoracic Surgery (BREATHE), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
- Correspondence:
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3
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Zhang YT, Tian W, Lu YS, Li ZM, Ren DD, Zhang Y, Sha JY, Huo XH, Li SS, Sun YS. American ginseng with different processing methods ameliorate immunosuppression induced by cyclophosphamide in mice via the MAPK signaling pathways. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1085456. [PMID: 37153583 PMCID: PMC10160487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1085456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to clarify the effects of two processed forms of American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) on immunosuppression caused by cyclophosphamide (CTX) in mice. In the CTX-induced immunosuppressive model, mice were given either steamed American ginseng (American ginseng red, AGR) or raw American ginseng (American ginseng soft branch, AGS) by intragastric administration. Serum and spleen tissues were collected, and the pathological changes in mice spleens were observed by conventional HE staining. The expression levels of cytokines were detected by ELISA, and the apoptosis of splenic cells was determined by western blotting. The results showed that AGR and AGS could relieve CTX-induced immunosuppression through the enhanced immune organ index, improved cell-mediated immune response, increased serum levels of cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2) and immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, and IgM), as well as macrophage activities including carbon clearance and phagocytic index. AGR and AGS downregulated the expression of BAX and elevated the expression of Bcl-2, p-P38, p-JNK, and p-ERK in the spleens of CTX-injected animals. Compared to AGS, AGR significantly improved the number of CD4+CD8-T lymphocytes, the spleen index, and serum levels of IgA, IgG, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. The expression of the ERK/MAPK pathway was markedly increased. These findings support the hypothesis that AGR and AGS are effective immunomodulatory agents capable of preventing immune system hypofunction. Future research may investigate the exact mechanism to rule out any unforeseen effects of AGR and AGS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Ting Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Tian
- Institute of Cash Crops, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yu-Shun Lu
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Zhi-Man Li
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Duo-Duo Ren
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Ji-Yue Sha
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao-Hui Huo
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Shan-Shan Li
- Institute of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Jilin Agricultural Science and Technology University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Li, ; Yin-Shi Sun,
| | - Yin-Shi Sun
- Institute of Special Animal and Plant Sciences, China Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Shan-Shan Li, ; Yin-Shi Sun,
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4
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Meng W, Li Z, Zhang Y, Yang A, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Wu W, Qiu Y, Li L. ZhenQi FuZheng formula inhibits the growth of colorectal tumors by modulating intestinal microflora-mediated immune function. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:4769-4785. [PMID: 35680568 PMCID: PMC9217701 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Zhenqi Fuzheng formula (ZQFZ), of which the main ingredients are Astragalus membranaceus and Ligustrum lucidum, has immune system regulatory functions and potential anti-tumor bioactivity. The inhibition of colorectal tumor growth by ZQFZ was analyzed in inflammatory cells and B6/JGpt-Apcem1Cin(MinC)/Gpt (ApcMin/+) mice. ZQFZ exhibited anti-inflammatory activity by decreasing the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathway-related proteins in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW264.7 cells. After 56 days of treatment, ZQFZ alleviated the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and increased the body weight and thymic index values of the ApcMin/+ mice. An analysis of the intestinal microflora showed that ZQFZ affected the abundance of certain immune-related bacteria, which may explain its immunomodulatory effects. Moreover, the percentages of T cells and NK cells in peripheral blood were significantly increased and 15 immune-related cytokines were regulated in serum or the colon or both. ZQFZ upregulated the levels of CD4 and CD8 in the spleen and colorectal tumors and decreased the expression levels of cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 and programmed death-ligand 1 in colorectal tumors. ZQFZ promoted an anti-tumor immune response and inhibited the occurrence and development of CRC by regulating the immune system. This study provides the experimental basis for the application of ZQFZ as a therapeutic agent for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Zhiping Li
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.,School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yiting Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Anhui Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Yanzhen Wang
- School of Pharmacy and Food Science, Zhuhai College of Science and Technology, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Yulin Zhou
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Wanyue Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Ye Qiu
- Department of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
| | - Lanzhou Li
- School of Life Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China.,Engineering Research Center of Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, Jilin, P.R. China
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5
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Saraiva DP, Azeredo-Lopes S, Antunes A, Salvador R, Borralho P, Assis B, Pereira IL, Seabra Z, Negreiros I, Jacinto A, Braga S, Cabral MG. Expression of HLA-DR in Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes: A Validated Predictive Biomarker and a Potential Therapeutic Strategy in Breast Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13153841. [PMID: 34359741 PMCID: PMC8345089 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13153841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary More than 50% of breast cancer (BC) patients selected for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) are subjected to at least a 6-month regimen of this treatment without a clear benefit, probably delaying more effective therapeutic strategies and being exposed to potential treatment-associated toxicity. Thus, it is urgent to implement reliable predictive biomarkers, as well as novel treatments for NACT non-responder patients. This study validates that the HLA-DR level in cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is an independent and robust predictive factor of BC patients’ response to NACT, as previously proposed. Hence, a predictive probability model of response was developed as a new tool to improve treatment decisions. HLA-DR level in CTLs also have a general prognostic value, which might be relevant for long-term BC management. In addition, our results suggest that increasing the expression of HLA-DR in CTLs of non-responders could be a promising therapeutic strategy to ameliorate BC response to NACT. Abstract Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) is common in breast cancer (BC) treatment, though more than half of the patients lack an effective response. Therefore, new predictive biomarkers and alternative therapies are crucial. Previously, we proposed HLA-DR-expressing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) as a potential biomarker of the response to NACT. To validate this observation and further investigate these cells, 202 BC patients were enrolled. Flow cytometry analyses were performed in 61 biopsies and 41 blood samples pre-NACT and 100 non-NACT tumor samples. All the patients were followed up for 34 months. Blood-isolated immune cells were cultured with BC cell lines in a 3D system. We confirmed that HLA-DR level in CTLs is a highly sensitive, specific, and independent biomarker to predict response to NACT and developed a predictive probability model. This biomarker was also associated with progression-free survival, regardless of the treatment. The clinical observations are substantiated by the anti-tumor properties of HLA-DR-expressing CTLs. Intriguingly, HLA-DR level in CTLs can be modulated ex vivo, boosting their capacity to kill tumor cells synergistically with doxorubicin. Thus, HLA-DR expression in CTLs is a validated tool to select patients that will actually benefit from NACT, and its stimulation might be a novel therapeutic approach for BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P. Saraiva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Sofia Azeredo-Lopes
- Public Health and Biostatistics Department, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Ana Antunes
- CHRC, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Rute Salvador
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Paula Borralho
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
- Instituto de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Assis
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - Isabel L. Pereira
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - Zita Seabra
- Unidade de Imagiologia, Hospital Vila Franca de Xira, 2600-009 Vila Franca de Xira, Portugal;
| | - Ida Negreiros
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - António Jacinto
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
| | - Sofia Braga
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
- Unidade de Mama, Instituto CUF de Oncologia, 1998-018 Lisbon, Portugal; (P.B.); (B.A.); (I.L.P.); (I.N.)
| | - M. Guadalupe Cabral
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC, NOVA Medical School (NMS), Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1150-082 Lisbon, Portugal; (D.P.S.); (R.S.); (A.J.); (S.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-218-803-000
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Li T, Zhou Y, Sun X, Bian Y, Wang K, Guo Q, Wang Q, Qiu F. Interleukin-2 maintains the survival of interleukin-17 + gamma/delta T cells in inflammation and autoimmune diseases. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 86:106721. [PMID: 32615450 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.106721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing appreciation of the critical pathogenic role of IL-17 in inflammation and autoimmune diseases, which could be produced from both adaptive Th17 cells and innate γδ T cells. Existing evidences suggest that IL-2 is important for in vivo accumulation of IL-17+ γδ T cells, leaving the mechanisms still elusive. Herein, using lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice, we demonstrated that splenic γδ T cells were potent IL-17 producers at the onset of lupus, which could be diminished by in vivo IL-2 neutralization. Additional in vivo results showed that neutralization of IL-2 also significantly deleted the IL-17-producing γδ T cells in ovalbumin (OVA) /CFA-immunized B6 mice. Using splenic γδ T cells from OVA/CFA-immunized B6 mice, we further demonstrated that IL-2 could induce IL-17 production alone or together with IL-1β or IL-23 or anti-TCRγδ. Mechanism studies demonstrated that IL-2 could support the survival of γδ T cells, rather than induce the proliferation. Through specific pharmacologic inhibitor, we demonstrated that IL-2 could maintain that RORγt expression of γδ T cells in a STAT5-dependent manner. Collectively, this study suggested that the interplay between IL and 2 and other pro-inflammatory cytokines could trigger the rapid IL-17 production from innate γδ T cells, thus to orchestrate an inflammatory response before the development of adaptive Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China; State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yaxin Zhou
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University (Fourth Military Medical University), No.127 Changle West Road, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yang Bian
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kunyu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qifeng Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Feng Qiu
- Department of Neurology, The Sixth Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No.6 Fucheng Road, Beijing 100048, China.
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7
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Fan Z, Tian Y, Chen Z, Liu L, Zhou Q, He J, Coleman J, Dong C, Li N, Huang J, Xu C, Zhang Z, Gao S, Zhou P, Ding K, Chen L. Blocking interaction between SHP2 and PD-1 denotes a novel opportunity for developing PD-1 inhibitors. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11571. [PMID: 32391629 PMCID: PMC7278553 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecular PD-1 inhibitors are lacking in current immuno-oncology clinic. PD-1/PD-L1 antibody inhibitors currently approved for clinical usage block interaction between PD-L1 and PD-1 to enhance cytotoxicity of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). Whether other steps along the PD-1 signaling pathway can be targeted remains to be determined. Here, we report that methylene blue (MB), an FDA-approved chemical for treating methemoglobinemia, potently inhibits PD-1 signaling. MB enhances the cytotoxicity, activation, cell proliferation, and cytokine-secreting activity of CTL inhibited by PD-1. Mechanistically, MB blocks interaction between Y248-phosphorylated immunoreceptor tyrosine-based switch motif (ITSM) of human PD-1 and SHP2. MB enables activated CTL to shrink PD-L1 expressing tumor allografts and autochthonous lung cancers in a transgenic mouse model. MB also effectively counteracts the PD-1 signaling on human T cells isolated from peripheral blood of healthy donors. Thus, we identify an FDA-approved chemical capable of potently inhibiting the function of PD-1. Equally important, our work sheds light on a novel strategy to develop inhibitors targeting PD-1 signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenzhen Fan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yahui Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhipeng Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lu Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing He
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - James Coleman
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Changjiang Dong
- Biomedical Research Centre, Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Nan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junqi Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chenqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Shanghai Science Research Center, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Penghui Zhou
- Sun Yat-Sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke Ding
- School of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Chen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Biology and Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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8
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Ono Y, Tsuboi H, Moriyama M, Asashima H, Kudo H, Takahashi H, Honda F, Abe S, Kondo Y, Takahashi S, Matsumoto I, Nakamura S, Sumida T. RORγt antagonist improves Sjögren's syndrome-like sialadenitis through downregulation of CD25. Oral Dis 2020; 26:766-777. [PMID: 31837283 DOI: 10.1111/odi.13255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We reported previously that T-cell-specific RORγt-transgenic mice under human CD2 promoter (RORγt-Tg mice) developed severe spontaneous Sjögren's syndrome (SS)-like sialadenitis, induced by RORγt-overexpressing CD4+ T cells and reduced regulatory T cells. The purpose of this study was to clarify the effectiveness and mechanisms of action of A213, a RORγt antagonist, in RORγt-Tg mice with SS-like sialadenitis. METHODS Six-week-old RORγt-Tg mice were administered orally of A213 or phosphate-buffered saline every 3 days for 2 weeks. We analyzed saliva volume, histopathology of salivary glands, populations of T cells in splenocytes and cervical lymph nodes (cLNs), and the protein expression levels of CD69 on CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3- and CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3+ cells in cLNs. We also investigated in vitro the potential immunomechanisms of action of A213. RESULTS A213 significantly increased saliva volume, reduced mononuclear cell infiltration in salivary glands, and reduced the focus score of sialadenitis. Analysis of the immunomechanisms using cLNs showed A213 significantly reduced the proportion of CD4+ CD25+ /CD4+ T cells and the protein expression levels of CD69 on CD4+ CD25+ Foxp3- cells. In vitro experiments showed that A213 suppressed CD25 expression on CD4+ T cells and reduced IL-2 production from CD4+ T cells derived from RORγt-Tg mice. CONCLUSION A213 improves SS-like sialadenitis through the inhibition of CD4+ CD25+ cells in cLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.,Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroto Tsuboi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Masafumi Moriyama
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Asashima
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hanae Kudo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takahashi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Fumika Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Saori Abe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yuya Kondo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Satoru Takahashi
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Isao Matsumoto
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Seiji Nakamura
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology, Division of Maxillofacial Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takayuki Sumida
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Tang X, Guo M, Du Y, Xing J, Sheng X, Zhan W. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) in flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus): Molecular cloning, characterization and bioactivity analysis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:55-65. [PMID: 31319204 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is mainly produced by CD4+ T helper lymphocytes, which is an important immunomodulatory cytokine that primarily promotes activation, proliferation and differentiation of T cells. In the present study, flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) interleukin 2 homologue (poIL-2) was identified for the first time, and its expression patterns were characterized in healthy, virus- or bacteria-infected flounder. The full-length cDNA sequences of poIL-2 was 989 bp with an open reading frame of 423 bp coding a polypeptide of 140 amino acids (aa). The deduced aa sequences shared low similarities (<53%) with other known fish IL-2s. Multiple alignment of aa sequences revealed that poIL-2 own the classical IL-2 family signature of "C-X(3)-EL-X(2)-(T/V)-(V/M/L)-(K/T/R)-X-EC" and "DS-X-(F/L)Y(A/T/S)P". In healthy flounder, IL-2 mRNA was highly expressed in PBLs, spleen and hindgut, and moderately expressed in gill, trunk kidney and stomach. PHA, LPS and Con-A could effectively induce poIL-2 expression in primary cultured peripheral blood leukocytes in vitro. poIL-2 transcripts were significantly up-regulated in spleen, kidney, gill and hindgut post infections with Edwardsiella tarda and Hirame novirhabdovirus (HIRRV). The eukaryotic expression vector encoding poIL-2 (pcIL-2) was constructed and intramuscularly injected, which could be successfully expressed in flounders and induced significantly higher expressions of six immune related genes including poIL-2, β-defensin, CD4-1, CD8α, IFN-γ and TNF-α compared with the injection with control plasmid. Moreover, pretreatment with pcIL-2 could markedly increase the survival rate of flounder challenged with HIRRV. Our results demonstrated that poIL-2 plays an important role in the induction of immune responses and immune defense against bacterial and virus infection, which indicated its potential use as an immunopotentiator to prevent diseases in flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Tang
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Yang Du
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Jing Xing
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiuzhen Sheng
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenbin Zhan
- Laboratory of Pathology and Immunology of Aquatic Animals, KLMME, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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10
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Du B, Zhang L, Sun Y, Zhang G, Yao J, Jiang M, Pan L, Sun C. Phillygenin exhibits anti-inflammatory activity through modulating multiple cellular behaviors of mouse lymphocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2019; 41:76-85. [PMID: 30721636 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1547742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Context: Phillygenin (PHI) is an intestinal metabolite of phillyrin from the genus Forsythia. Although the regulatory activity of Forsythia on immune system has been investigated, the effect of PHI on activated lymphocytes is poorly understood. Objective: This study was aimed to discuss the possible anti-inflammation potential of PHI on mitogen-activated stimulated lymphocytes in vitro. Methods: Mice spleen lymphocytes were incubated with PHI for 4 h, and then stimulated with concanavalin A (Con A) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin (PMA + Ion). Cell viability was assayed by cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8). The expression of CD69 and CD25, proliferation, cell cycle, intracellular Ca2+ concentration, apoptosis, mitochondrial inner membrane potential (ΔΨm), mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT), interleukin-2 (IL-2), interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were analyzed by flow cytometry. The expression of cyclin B1, cyclin D1, Cyclin E, and the phosphorylation of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (Erk1/2) and p38 were assayed by western blotting. Results: The results showed that PHI inhibited the proliferation of Con A-activated lymphocytes and induced a G0/G1 phase arrest by suppressing cyclin D1 and cyclin E. Meanwhile, PHI antagonized Con A-induced T cells activation through blocking intracellular Ca2+ overload and suppressing the phosphorylation of JNK and Erk1/2. Both Con A and PMA + Ion-induced secretion of IL-2, IFN-γ, and TNF-α were attenuated by PHI. PHI enhanced Con A-induced lymphocytes apoptosis through decreasing ΔΨm and increasing MPT. Conclusion: These results suggest that PHI exhibits its anti-inflammatory activity through modulating multiple cellular behaviors, leading to the suppression of the adaptive immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyuan Du
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,b Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,c Center for New Drug Pharmacology , Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Linyi , PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China
| | - Ying Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,b Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine , Linyi , PR China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,b Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,c Center for New Drug Pharmacology , Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Linyi , PR China
| | - Mingmin Jiang
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,b Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,c Center for New Drug Pharmacology , Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Linyi , PR China
| | - Lihong Pan
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,b Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,c Center for New Drug Pharmacology , Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Linyi , PR China
| | - Chenghong Sun
- a State Key Laboratory of Generic Manufacture Technology of Chinese Traditional Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,b Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine , Linyi , PR China.,c Center for New Drug Pharmacology , Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation , Linyi , PR China
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11
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Wrangle JM, Patterson A, Johnson CB, Neitzke DJ, Mehrotra S, Denlinger CE, Paulos CM, Li Z, Cole DJ, Rubinstein MP. IL-2 and Beyond in Cancer Immunotherapy. J Interferon Cytokine Res 2018; 38:45-68. [PMID: 29443657 PMCID: PMC5815463 DOI: 10.1089/jir.2017.0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the T- and natural killer (NK) cell growth factor IL-2 has been a sentinel force ushering in the era of immunotherapy in cancer. With the advent of clinical grade recombinant IL-2 in the mid-1980s, oncologists could for the first time directly manipulate lymphocyte populations with systemic therapy. By itself, recombinant IL-2 can induce clinical responses in up to 15% of patients with metastatic cancer or renal cell carcinoma. When administered with adoptively transferred tumor-reactive lymphocytes, IL-2 promotes T cell engraftment and response rates of up to 50% in metastatic melanoma patients. Importantly, these IL-2-driven responses can yield complete and durable responses in a subset of patients. However, the use of IL-2 is limited by toxicity and concern of the expansion of T regulatory cells. To overcome these limitations and improve response rates, other T cell growth factors, including IL-15 and modified forms of IL-2, are in clinical development. Administering T cell growth factors in combination with other agents, such as immune checkpoint pathway inhibitors, may also improve efficacy. In this study, we review the development of T- and NK cell growth factors and highlight current combinatorial approaches based on these reagents.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M. Wrangle
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Alicia Patterson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - C. Bryce Johnson
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Daniel J. Neitzke
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shikhar Mehrotra
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chadrick E. Denlinger
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Chrystal M. Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Zihai Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - David J. Cole
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Mark P. Rubinstein
- Department of Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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12
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Sun C, Jiang M, Zhang L, Yang J, Zhang G, Du B, Ren Y, Li X, Yao J. Cycloastragenol mediates activation and proliferation suppression in concanavalin A-induced mouse lymphocyte pan-activation model. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2017; 39:131-139. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2017.1300170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenghong Sun
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
| | - Mingmin Jiang
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
| | - Li Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
| | - Guimin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
| | - Bingyuan Du
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
| | - Yushan Ren
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
| | - Xin Li
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
| | - Jingchun Yao
- Linyi Key Laboratory for Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology of Natural Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- State Key Laboratory of Generic Pharmaceutical Technology for Chinese Medicine, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, China
- Center for New Drug Pharmacology, Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Corporation, Linyi, PR China
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13
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Zhang X, Zhou X, Li L, Sun M, Gao Q, Zhang P, Tang J, He Y, Zhu D, Xu Z. Chronic hypoxia in pregnancy affects thymus development in Balb/c mouse offspring via IL2 Signaling. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:337-46. [PMID: 26918321 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Zhang
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Xiuwen Zhou
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Lingjun Li
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Miao Sun
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Qingqing Gao
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Pengjie Zhang
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Jiaqi Tang
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Yu He
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Di Zhu
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
| | - Zhice Xu
- Institute for Fetology; First Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou China
- Center for Perinatal Biology; Loma Linda University; California
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14
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Morabito C, Lanuti P, Caprara GA, Guarnieri S, Verratti V, Ricci G, Catizone A, Marchisio M, Fanò-Illic G, Mariggiò MA. Responses of peripheral blood mononuclear cells to moderate exercise and hypoxia. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 26:1188-99. [PMID: 26432186 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the physiological features of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) isolated from healthy female trekkers before and after physical activity carried out under both normoxia (low altitude, < 2000 m a.s.l.) and hypobaric hypoxia (high altitude, > 3700 m a.s.l.). The experimental design was to differentiate effects induced by exercise and those related to external environmental conditions. PBMCs were isolated from seven female subjects before and after each training period. The PBMCs were phenotypically and functionally characterized using fluorimetric and densitometric analyses, to determine cellular activation, and their intracellular Ca(2+) levels and oxidative status. After a period of normoxic physical exercise, the PBMCs showed an increase in fully activated T lymphocytes (CD3(+) CD69(+) ) and a reduction in intracellular Ca(2+) levels. On the other hand, with physical exercise performed under hypobaric hypoxia, there was a reduction in T lymphocytes and an increase in nonactivated B lymphocytes, accompanied by a reduction in O2 (-) levels in the mitochondria. These outcomes reveal that in women, low- to moderate-intensity aerobic trekking induces CD69 T cell activation and promotes anti-stress effects on the high-altitude-induced impairment of the immune responses and the oxidative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Morabito
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - P Lanuti
- Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G A Caprara
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - S Guarnieri
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - V Verratti
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A Catizone
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic and Orthopaedic Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - M Marchisio
- Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy.,Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - G Fanò-Illic
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy.,Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy
| | - M A Mariggiò
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy. .,Centre for Aging Sciences (Ce.S.I), "Università Gabriele d'Annunzio" Foundation, Chieti, Italy.
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15
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Duggina P, Kalla CM, Varikasuvu SR, Bukke S, Tartte V. Protective effect of centella triterpene saponins against cyclophosphamide-induced immune and hepatic system dysfunction in rats: its possible mechanisms of action. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 71:435-54. [PMID: 26168711 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the protective effects of the centella triterpene saponins (EXT) on cyclophosphamide (CYP)-induced hepatotoxicity and immunosuppression in rats. The phytochemical profile of EXT was analyzed for centella saponins by using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC). Therapeutic efficacy of EXT (250 mg/kg/day p.o) on hematological profile of blood, liver function markers, and cytokine profiles in CYP (10 mg/kg/day p.o)-treated rats. In addition, weights of immune organs (spleen and thymus) and histopathological changes in the liver, intestine, and spleen were also evaluated. The active principles in EXT were identified as madecassoside, asiaticoside, and asiatic acid by HPLC analysis. Upon administration of EXT, enhanced levels of glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipid peroxidation were found reduced while the levels of reduced glutathione and hematological parameters and relative weights of immune organs were restored to normal in CYP-treated rats. The hepatic mRNA level of TNF-α, which was increased during CYP administration, was significantly decreased by the EXT treatment. The decreased levels of mRNA expression of other cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-2, GM-CSF, after CYP treatment, were also found elevated upon administration of the EXT. Histopathological examination of the intestine, liver, and spleen indicated that the extract could attenuate the CYP-induced hepatic and immune organ damage. These results indicated that EXT modulated the immune and hepatic system function of rats against CYP-induced immunosuppression and hepatotoxicity by restoring the cytokine production, antioxidant system, and multiorgan injury. Thus, triterpene saponins may provide protective and/or therapeutic alternative against the immune-mediated liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragathi Duggina
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
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16
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Wang H, Zhang JX, Li SL, Wang F, Zha WS, Shen T, Wu C, Zhu QX. An Animal Model of Trichloroethylene-Induced Skin Sensitization in BALB/c Mice. Int J Toxicol 2015; 34:442-53. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581815591222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a major occupational hazard and environmental contaminant that can cause multisystem disorders in the form of occupational medicamentosa-like dermatitis. Development of dermatitis involves several proinflammatory cytokines, but their role in TCE-mediated dermatitis has not been examined in a well-defined experimental model. In addition, few animal models of TCE sensitization are available, and the current guinea pig model has apparent limitations. This study aimed to establish a model of TCE-induced skin sensitization in BALB/c mice and to examine the role of several key inflammatory cytokines on TCE sensitization. The sensitization rate of dorsal painted group was 38.3%. Skin edema and erythema occurred in TCE-sensitized groups, as seen in 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) positive control. Trichloroethylene sensitization-positive (dermatitis [+]) group exhibited increased thickness of epidermis, inflammatory cell infiltration, swelling, and necrosis in dermis and around hair follicle, but ear painted group did not show these histological changes. The concentrations of serum proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interferon (IFN)-γ, and interleukin (IL)-2 were significantly increased in 24, 48, and 72 hours dermatitis [+] groups treated with TCE and peaked at 72 hours. Deposition of TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 into the skin tissue was also revealed by immunohistochemistry. We have established a new animal model of skin sensitization induced by repeated TCE stimulations, and we provide the first evidence that key proinflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2 play an important role in the process of TCE sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jia-xiang Zhang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shu-long Li
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Wan-sheng Zha
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Tong Shen
- Department of Occupational Health and Environment Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Changhao Wu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Qi-xing Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, P. R. China
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17
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Liu J, Huang N, Li N, Liu SN, Li MH, Li H, Luo XY, Wang YT, Li LM, Zou Q, Liu Y, Yang T. 2-(1H-Benzimidazol-2-yl)-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-indazol-3-ol, a benzimidazole derivative, inhibits T cell proliferation involving H+/K+-ATPase inhibition. Molecules 2014; 19:17173-86. [PMID: 25347460 PMCID: PMC6271770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules191117173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a benzimidazole derivative named BMT-1 is revealed as a potential immunomodulatory agent. BMT-1 inhibits the activity of H+/K+-ATPases from anti-CD3/CD28 activated T cells. Furthermore, inhibition the H+/K+-ATPases by use of BMT-1 should lead to intracellular acidification, inhibiting T cell proliferation. To explore this possibility, the effect of BMT-1 on intracellular pH changes was examined by using BCECF as a pH-dependent fluorescent dye. Interestingly, increases in the pHi were observed in activated T cells, and T cells treated with BMT-1 showed a more acidic intracellular pH. Finally, BMT-1 targeted the H+/K+-ATPases and inhibited the proliferative response of anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated T cells. A cell cycle analysis indicated that BMT-1 arrested the cell cycle progression of activated T cells from the G1 to the S phase without affecting CD25 expression or interleukin-2 (IL-2) production; treating IL-2-dependent PBMCs with BMT-1 also led to the inhibition of cell proliferation. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that BMT-1 inhibits the proliferation of T cells by interfering with H+/K+-ATPases and down-regulating intracellular pHi. This molecule may be an interesting lead compound for the development of new immunomodulatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Liu
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Ning Li
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Si-Nian Liu
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Min-Hui Li
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Hua Li
- Department of Oncology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, Chengdu 610083, China.
| | - Xing-Yan Luo
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Yan-Tang Wang
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Li-Mei Li
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Qiang Zou
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
| | - Tai Yang
- Department of Immunology, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, China.
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18
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Brehm C, Huenecke S, Esser R, Kloess S, Quaiser A, Betz S, Zimmermann O, Soerensen J, Passweg JR, Klingebiel T, Schwabe D, Bader P, Koehl U. Interleukin-2-stimulated natural killer cells are less susceptible to mycophenolate mofetil than non-activated NK cells: possible consequences for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2014; 63:821-33. [PMID: 24806448 PMCID: PMC11028798 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1556-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In a clinical phase I/II trial, pediatric patients with high-risk malignancies were treated with ex vivo IL-2-stimulated donor natural killer (NK) cells after transplantation with haploidentical stem cells. To evaluate the potential negative effects of the immunosuppressive drug mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) used for immunotherapy, the functionality and signaling of ex vivo NK cells was investigated. Our results show that during NK cell expansion, long-term (9 days) incubation with mycophenolic acid (MPA), the active metabolite of MMF, in therapeutically relevant concentrations led to the severe inhibition of NK cell proliferation. This correlated with a significantly reduced cytokine/chemokine secretion and the inhibited acquisition of surface receptors regarding cytotoxicity (e.g., NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2D), adhesion/migration (e.g., ICAM-1/CD54, LFA-1/CD11a, CD62L, CXCR3) and activation (e.g., CD25). Moreover, MPA prevented phosphorylation of the central signaling molecules STAT-3/-4/-5, AKT and ERK1/2. In contrast, short-term (24 h) MPA incubation of IL-2-stimulated NK cells had no or only marginal effects on the activated NK cell phenotype, including receptor expression, cytokine/chemokine secretion and intracellular signaling. Further, short-term MPA incubation only moderately affected the highly cytotoxic activity of previously IL-2-stimulated NK cells. In conclusion, while long-term MPA incubation significantly compromised ex vivo NK cell functionality, previously IL-2-activated NK cells seemed to be rather resistant to short-term MPA treatment. This finding supports the use of IL-2-activated NK cells as immunotherapy, especially for patients treated with MMF after haploidentical stem cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Brehm
- Clinic for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Frankfurt, Goethe University, Frankfurt/Main, Germany,
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19
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Rosalia RA, Štěpánek I, Polláková V, Šímová J, Bieblová J, Indrová M, Moravcová S, Přibylová H, Bontkes HJ, Bubeník J, Sparwasser T, Reiniš M. Administration of anti-CD25 mAb leads to impaired α-galactosylceramide-mediated induction of IFN-γ production in a murine model. Immunobiology 2012. [PMID: 23182710 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) and CD1d-restricted invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are two cell types that are known to regulate immune reactions. Depletion or inactivation of Tregs using specific anti-CD25 antibodies in combination with immunostimulation is an attractive modality especially in anti-tumour immunotherapy. However, CD25 is not expressed exclusively on Tregs but also on subpopulations of activated lymphocytes. Therefore, the modulatory effects of the specific anti-CD25 antibodies can also be partially attributed to their interactions with the effector cells. Here, the effector functions of iNKT cells were analysed in combination with anti-CD25 mAb PC61. Upon PC61 administration, α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer)-mediated activation of iNKT cells resulted in decreased IFN-γ but not IL-4 production. In order to determine whether mutual interactions between Tregs and iNKT cells take place, we compared IFNγ production after α-GalCer administration in anti-CD25-treated and "depletion of regulatory T cell" (DEREG) mice. Since no profound effects on IFNγ induction were observed in DEREG mice, deficient in FoxP3(+) Tregs, our results indicate that the anti-CD25 antibody acts directly on CD25(+) effector cells. In vivo experiments demonstrated that although both α-GalCer and PC61 administration inhibited TC-1 tumour growth in mice, no additive/synergic effects were observed when these substances were used in combination therapy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/immunology
- Forkhead Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Galactosylceramides/administration & dosage
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/pharmacology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Gene Expression/immunology
- Heparin-binding EGF-like Growth Factor
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/genetics
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/immunology
- Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/immunology
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Interleukin-4/genetics
- Interleukin-4/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/drug effects
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Neoplasms, Experimental/drug therapy
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Tumor Burden/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodney A Rosalia
- Department of Tumour Immunology of the Institute of Molecular Genetics, v. v. i., Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague 4, Czech Republic
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20
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Van Den Heuvel RL, Lambrechts N, Verstraelen S, Nelissen IC, Schoeters GER. Chemical sensitization and allergotoxicology. EXPERIENTIA SUPPLEMENTUM (2012) 2012; 101:289-314. [PMID: 22945573 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8340-4_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Chemical sensitization remains an important environmental and occupational health issue. A wide range of substances have been shown to possess the ability to induce skin sensitization or respiratory sensitization. As a consequence, there is a need to have appropriate methods to identify sensitizing agents. Although a considerable investment has been made in exploring opportunities to develop methods for hazard identification and characterization, there are, as yet, no validated nonanimal methods available. A state of the art of the different in vitro approaches to identify contact and respiratory capacity of chemicals is covered in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette L Van Den Heuvel
- Environmental Risk and Health Unit-Toxicology, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO N.V.), Centre for Advanced R&D on Alternative Methods (CARDAM), Boeretang 200, 2400, Mol, Belgium,
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21
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Abstract
Activation of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells has long been regarded as a major antitumor mechanism of the immune system. Emerging evidence suggests that CD4+ T cells are required for the generation and maintenance of effective CD8+ cytotoxic and memory T cells, a phenomenon known as CD4+ T-cell help. CD4+ T-cell help facilitates the optimal expansion, trafficking, and effector function of CD8+ T cells, thereby enhancing tumor destruction. In addition, a specialized subset of CD4+ T cells, CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (TRegs), effectively hampers anti-tumor immune responses, which has been proposed to be one of the major tumor immune evasion mechanisms. Here, we review recent advances in deciphering how anti-tumor immune responses are orchestrated by CD4+ T cells. We will also discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of CD4+ T-cell manipulation in anti-tumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yo-Ping Lai
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 122, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ching Chen
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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22
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Ye Y, Zhang Y, Lu X, Huang X, Zeng X, Lai X, Zeng Y. The anti-inflammatory effect of the SOCC blocker SK&F 96365 on mouse lymphocytes after stimulation by Con A or PMA/ionomycin. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1044-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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23
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Lichtfuss GF, Hoy J, Rajasuriar R, Kramski M, Crowe SM, Lewin SR. Biomarkers of immune dysfunction following combination antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection. Biomark Med 2011; 5:171-86. [PMID: 21473720 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.11.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) has significantly reduced morbidity and mortality of HIV-infected patients, yet their life expectancy remains reduced compared with the general population. Most HIV-infected patients receiving cART have some persistent immune dysfunction characterized by chronic immune activation and premature aging of the immune system. Here we review biomarkers of T-cell activation (CD69, -25 and -38, HLA-DR, and soluble CD26 and -30); generalized immune activation (C-reactive protein, IL-6 and D-dimer); microbial translocation (lipopolysaccharide, 16S rDNA, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein and soluble CD14); and immune dysfunction of specific cellular subsets (T cells, natural killer cells and monocytes) in HIV-infected patients on cART and their relationship to adverse clinical outcomes including impaired CD4 T-cell recovery, as well as non-AIDS clinical events, such as cardiovascular disease.
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24
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Abstract
Melanoma is the most aggressive form of skin cancer whose worldwide incidence is rising faster than any other cancer. Few treatment options are available to patients with metastatic disease, and standard chemotherapeutic agents are generally ineffective. Cytokines such as IFN-α or IL-2 can promote immune recognition of melanoma, occasionally inducing dramatic and durable clinical responses. Here, we discuss several immunomodulatory agents, the safety of which are being evaluated in clinical trials. Challenges include an incomplete understanding of signaling pathways, appropriate clinical dose and route, and systemic immunosuppression in advanced melanoma patients. We consider how targeted cytokine therapy will integrate into the clinical arena, as well as the low likelihood of success of single cytokine therapies. Evidence supports a synergy between cytokine immunotherapy and other therapeutic approaches in melanoma, and strengthening this area of research will improve our understanding of how to use cytokine therapy better.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney Nicholas
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Gregory B Lesinski
- The Ohio State University, Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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25
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Gómez-Nicola D, Valle-Argos B, Pallas-Bazarra N, Nieto-Sampedro M. Interleukin-15 regulates proliferation and self-renewal of adult neural stem cells. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 22:1960-70. [PMID: 21508317 PMCID: PMC3113763 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-01-0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of IL-15 in the regulation of neural stem cell biology appears as a key mechanism in the control of adult neurogenesis, with direct implications for the development of pathologies with a neuroimmune component. The impact of inflammation is crucial for the regulation of the biology of neural stem cells (NSCs). Interleukin-15 (IL-15) appears as a likely candidate for regulating neurogenesis, based on its well-known mitogenic properties. We show here that NSCs of the subventricular zone (SVZ) express IL-15, which regulates NSC proliferation, as evidenced by the study of IL-15−/− mice and the effects of acute IL-15 administration, coupled to 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine/5-ethynyl-2′-deoxyuridine dual-pulse labeling. Moreover, IL-15 regulates NSC differentiation, its deficiency leading to an impaired generation of neuroblasts in the SVZ–rostral migratory stream axis, recoverable through the action of exogenous IL-15. IL-15 expressed in cultured NSCs is linked to self-renewal, proliferation, and differentiation. IL-15–/– NSCs presented deficient proliferation and self-renewal, as evidenced in proliferation and colony-forming assays and the analysis of cell cycle–regulatory proteins. Moreover, IL-15–deficient NSCs were more prone to differentiate than wild-type NSCs, not affecting the cell population balance. Lack of IL-15 led to a defective activation of the JAK/STAT and ERK pathways, key for the regulation of proliferation and differentiation of NSCs. The results show that IL-15 is a key regulator of neurogenesis in the adult and is essential to understanding diseases with an inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez-Nicola
- Functional and Systems Neurobiology Department, Cajal Institute (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.
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26
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Hamsa TP, Kuttan G. Ipomoea obscura ameliorates cyclophosphamide-induced toxicity by modulating the immune system and levels of proinflammatory cytokine and GSH. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2011; 88:1042-53. [PMID: 21076492 DOI: 10.1139/y10-086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Ipomoea obscura L. is a widely used medicinal plant. The objective of this study was to investigate its protective activity against cyclophosphamide (CTX)-induced toxicity in mouse models. Swiss albino mice were treated intraperitoneally with CTX (25 mg/kg body weight) along with I. obscura extract (10 mg/kg body weight) for 10 days. Extract significantly reduced myelosuppression caused by CTX and improved the relative organ weight, total white blood cell count, and bone marrow cellularity. The elevated levels of parameters related to pathophysiology of the liver, namely glutamate pyruvate transaminase, alkaline phosphatase, and lipid peroxidation, were significantly reduced by extract treatment. Reduction of liver and intestinal glutathione levels of CTX-treated animals was reversed by I. obscura. The lowered levels of cytokines, namely IFN-γ, IL-2, and granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor after CTX treatment were found to be increased in I. obscura treated animals. Treatment with I. obscura could also decrease the level of proinflammatory cytokine TNF-α. The data suggested that I. obscura can act as a potent chemoprotective agent and can be used as an adjuvant in chemotherapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Hamsa
- Department of Immunology, Amala Cancer Research Centre, Amala Nagar, Thrissur, Kerala 680 555, India
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27
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28
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Gomez-Nicola D, Valle-Argos B, Nieto-Sampedro M. Blockade of IL-15 activity inhibits microglial activation through the NFkappaB, p38, and ERK1/2 pathways, reducing cytokine and chemokine release. Glia 2010; 58:264-76. [PMID: 19610094 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive glia formation is one of the hallmarks of damage to the CNS, but little information exists on the signals that direct its activation. Microglial cells are the main regulators of both innate and adaptative immune responses in the CNS. The proinflammatory cytokine IL-15 is involved in regulating the response of T and B cells, playing a key role in regulating nervous system inflammatory events. We have used a microglial culture model of inflammation induced by LPS and IFNgamma to evaluate the role of IL-15 in the proinflammatory response. Our results indicate that IL-15 is necessary for the reactive response, its deficiency (IL-15-/-) leading to the development of a defective proinflammatory response. Blockade of IL-15, both with blocking antibodies or with the ganglioside Neurostatin, inhibited the activation of the NFkappaB pathway, decreasing iNOS expression and NO production. Inhibiting IL-15 signaling also blocked the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways ERK1/2 and p38. The major consequence of these inhibitory effects, analyzed using cytokine antibody arrays, was a severe decrease in the production of chemokines, cytokines and growth factors, like CCL17, CCL19, IL-12, or TIMP-1, that are essential for the development of the phenotypic changes of glial activation. In conclusion, activation of the IL-15 system seems a necessary step for the development of glial reactivity and the regulation of the physiology of glial cells. Modulating IL-15 activity opens the possibility of developing new strategies to control gliotic events upon inflammatory stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gomez-Nicola
- Experimental Neurology Unit, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, Toledo, Spain
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29
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Durrbach A, Francois H, Beaudreuil S, Jacquet A, Charpentier B. Advances in immunosuppression for renal transplantation. Nat Rev Nephrol 2010; 6:160-7. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneph.2009.233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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30
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Hou LF, He SJ, Wang JX, Yang Y, Zhu FH, Zhou Y, He PL, Zhang Y, Yang YF, Li Y, Tang W, Zuo JP. SM934, a water-soluble derivative of arteminisin, exerts immunosuppressive functions in vitro and in vivo. Int Immunopharmacol 2009; 9:1509-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 09/01/2009] [Accepted: 09/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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31
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Al-Shanti N, Aldahoudi Z. Human Purified CD8+T Cells: Ex vivo Expansion Model to Generate a Maximum Yield of Functional Cytotoxic Cells. Immunol Invest 2009; 36:85-104. [PMID: 17190652 DOI: 10.1080/08820130600991950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
CD8+ T cells are a critical component of the cellular immune response. They play an important role in the control of viral infection and eliminating cells with malignant potential. However, attempts to generate and expand human CD8+ T cells in vitro for an adoptive immunotherapy have been conducted with limitation of the very low frequency of CD8+ T cells in blood. Therefore, several expansion protocols have been developed to obtain large and efficient numbers of human CD8+ T cells for use in adoptive immunotherapies. In this study various common culture conditions using different cytokines IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-15 and autologous feeders and sera were investigated to expand human purified CD8+ T cells. The importance and the influence of these factors on the growth and phenotype of CD8+ T cell were assessed by serially sampling cultures using flow cytometry. We demonstrated that combination of IL-2 (50 U/ml) and autologous feeders induced maximal CD8+ T cell proliferation (40-50 folds) compared to other cytokines. Immunophenotypic analysis of cultured cells showed that expanded CD8+ T cells were activated and differentiated. Furthermore our expansion model also demonstrated that expanded CD8+ T cells are functionally cytotoxic active by killing Allogeneic LCLs cells. In conclusion, we have developed a reliable, simple method that uses minimal cell numbers to generate a high yield of functional cytotoxic CD8+ T cells, which can be used for the development of cellular immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Shanti
- Institute for Clinical Research into Human Movement, Manchester Metropolitan University, Hassall Road, Alsager, Stoke-on-Trent, England.
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32
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The positive and negative control actions of PTPase on IL-2 signaling. SCIENCE IN CHINA. SERIES C, LIFE SCIENCES 2008; 42:614-20. [PMID: 18726484 DOI: 10.1007/bf02881579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/1999] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The tyrosine phosphorylation of intracellular proteins was greatly increased after the treatment of cells with sodium n-vanadate, the inhibitor of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPase). It was found by using EMSA that during this period the signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) were tyrosine-phosphorylated and activated STAT5 may bind to v-interferon activated sequence (GAS). Contrast to the activation of STAT5 by interleukin-2 (IL-2), the activation for STATS by sodium n-vanadate cannot be completely blocked by the inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase (PTK). In addition, sodium n-vanadate may augment the IL-2 up-regulation on the expression of reporter genes containing GAS in their promoter regions. All the results here show that PTPase may negatively regulate the JAK-STAT signal transduction pathway induced by IL-2. However, the inhibition of PTPase activity may block the induction of tnf-beta gene and c-myc gene transcription by IL-2 and ultimately results in cell death. Therefore, PTPase plays positive or negative control roles on different signaling pathways induced by IL-2. Both actions of PTPase are offered through its phosphatase activity.
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33
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Kondadasula SV, Varker KA, Lesinski GB, Benson DM, Lehman A, Olencki T, Monk JP, Kendra K, Carson WE. Activation of extracellular signaling regulated kinase in natural killer cells and monocytes following IL-2 stimulation in vitro and in patients undergoing IL-2 immunotherapy: analysis via dual parameter flow-cytometric assay. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1137-49. [PMID: 18193422 PMCID: PMC11029974 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-007-0444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) activates extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) within immune cells. To examine the profile of phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) in IL-2 stimulated immune cells of normal donors and patients receiving IL-2 therapy, we developed a dual parameter flow-cytometric assay. An analysis of PBMCs stimulated with IL-2 indicated that IL-2 exposure induced p-ERK in CD56bright NK cells and CD14+ monocytes, but not in CD3+ T cells or CD21+ B cells. CD3+ T cells that were induced to express functional high-affinity IL-2R did not exhibit enhanced p-ERK following IL-2 treatment. Measurement of p-ERK within PBMCs from cancer patients 1 h following their first dose of IL-2 revealed a complete absence of circulating NK cells, consistent with earlier observations. However, the total number of circulating CD14+ monocytes increased in these samples and 97% of these cells exhibited ERK activation. p-ERK was not observed in T cells post-IL-2 therapy. Analysis of PBMCs obtained 3 weeks post-IL-2 therapy revealed high-p-ERK levels in CD56bright NK cells in a subset of patients, while levels of p-ERK returned to baseline in monocytes. These studies reveal an effective method to detect ERK activation in immune cells and demonstrate that IL-2 activates ERK in a subset of NK cells and monocytes but not T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sri Vidya Kondadasula
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kimberly A. Varker
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Gregory B. Lesinski
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Don M. Benson
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Amy Lehman
- Center for Biostatistics, The Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center, Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Thomas Olencki
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - J. Paul Monk
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - Kari Kendra
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
| | - William E. Carson
- Human Cancer Genetics Program, Department of Molecular Virology, Immunology and Medical Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
- Department of Surgery, The Ohio State University, N924 Doan Hall, 410 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210 USA
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Bessoles S, Fouret F, Dudal S, Besra GS, Sanchez F, Lafont V. IL-2 triggers specific signaling pathways in human NKT cells leading to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. J Leukoc Biol 2008; 84:224-33. [PMID: 18456817 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.1007669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
NKT cells belong to a conserved T lymphocyte subgroup that has been implicated in the regulation of various immune responses, including responses to viruses, bacteria, and parasites. They express a semi-invariant TCR that recognizes glycolipids presented by the nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule CD1d, and upon activation, they produce various pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Recent studies have shed light on the nature of glycolipids and the environmental signals that may influence the production of cytokines by NKT cells and thus, modulate the immune response. To better understand the regulation mechanisms of NKT cells, we explored their behavior following activation by IL-2 and investigated the signaling pathways and biological responses triggered. We demonstrated that IL-2 activates not only STAT3 and -5 and the PI-3K and ERK-2 pathways as in all IL-2 responder cells but also STAT4 as in NK cells and the p38 MAPK pathway as in alphabeta T cells. We also showed that STAT6 is activated by IL-2 in NKT cells. Moreover, IL-2 induces the production of IFN-gamma and IL-4. The ability of IL-2 to induce pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production, in addition to proliferation, could open new therapeutic approaches for use in combination with molecules that activate NKT cells through TCR activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Bessoles
- Université Montpellier I, Centre d'étude d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé, CNRS UMR 5236, Montpellier, France
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35
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Sirskyj D, Thèze J, Kumar A, Kryworuchko M. Disruption of the gamma c cytokine network in T cells during HIV infection. Cytokine 2008; 43:1-14. [PMID: 18417356 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2007] [Revised: 02/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The common gamma chain (gammac)-sharing cytokines (IL's-2, 4, 7, 9, 15, and 21) play a vital role in the survival, proliferation, differentiation and function of T lymphocytes. As such, disruption of their signaling pathways would be expected to have severe consequences on the integrity of the immune system. Indeed, it appears that the signaling network of these cytokines is both disrupted and exploited by HIV at various stages of infection. IL-2 secretion and signaling downstream of its receptor are impaired in T cells from chronically-infected HIV+ patients. Elevated plasma IL-7 levels and decreased IL-7Ralpha expression in patient T cells results in significantly decreased responsiveness to this critical cytokine. Interestingly, IL-2 and IL-15 are also able to render CD4+ T cells permissive to HIV infection through their influence on the activity of the APOBEC3G deaminase enzyme. Herein, we describe the current state of knowledge on how the gammac cytokine network is affected during HIV infection, with a focus on how this impairs CD4+ and CD8+ T cell function while also benefiting the virus itself. We also address the use of cytokines as adjuncts to highly active antiretroviral therapy to bolster immune reconstitution in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danylo Sirskyj
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario (CHEO)-Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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36
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Moeller M, Kershaw MH, Cameron R, Westwood JA, Trapani JA, Smyth MJ, Darcy PK. Sustained antigen-specific antitumor recall response mediated by gene-modified CD4+ T helper-1 and CD8+ T cells. Cancer Res 2008; 67:11428-37. [PMID: 18056471 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-07-1141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Given that specific subsets of T helper 1 (Th1) and T helper 2 (Th2) CD4(+) T cells have been shown to play key roles in tumor rejection models, we wanted to assess the contribution of either Th1 or Th2 CD4(+) cell subtypes for redirected T-cell immunotherapy. In this study, we have developed a novel method involving retroviral transduction and in vitro T-cell polarization to generate gene-engineered mouse CD4(+) Th1 and Th2 cells or T helper intermediate (Thi) cells expressing an anti-erbB2-CD28-zeta chimeric receptor. Gene-modified Th1 and Th2 polarized CD4(+) cells were characterized by the preferential secretion of IFN-gamma and interleukin-4, respectively, whereas Thi cells secreted both cytokines following receptor ligation. In adoptive transfer studies using an erbB2(+) lung metastasis model, complete survival of mice was observed when transduced Th1, Th2, or Thi CD4(+) cells were transferred in combination with an equivalent number of transduced CD8(+) T cells. Tumor rejection was consistently associated with transduced T cells at the tumor site and interleukin-2 secretion. However, the surviving mice treated with gene-modified Th1 CD4(+) cells were significantly more resistant to a subsequent challenge with a different erbB2(+) tumor (4T1.2) implanted s.c. This result correlated with both increased expansion of Th1 CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the blood and a greater number of these cells localizing to the tumor site following rechallenge. These data support the use of gene-modified CD4(+) Th1 and CD8(+) T cells for mediating a sustained antitumor response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moeller
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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37
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Prinz M, Rossum DV, Hanisch UK. Interleukin-2 as a Neuroregulatory Cytokine. CYTOKINES AND THE BRAIN 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s1567-7443(07)10008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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38
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Bornhop DJ, Latham JC, Kussrow A, Markov DA, Jones RD, Sørensen HS. Free-Solution, Label-Free Molecular Interactions Studied by Back-Scattering Interferometry. Science 2007; 317:1732-6. [PMID: 17885132 DOI: 10.1126/science.1146559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Free-solution, label-free molecular interactions were investigated with back-scattering interferometry in a simple optical train composed of a helium-neon laser, a microfluidic channel, and a position sensor. Molecular binding interactions between proteins, ions and protein, and small molecules and protein, were determined with high dynamic range dissociation constants (Kd spanning six decades) and unmatched sensitivity (picomolar Kd's and detection limits of 10,000s of molecules). With this technique, equilibrium dissociation constants were quantified for protein A and immunoglobulin G, interleukin-2 with its monoclonal antibody, and calmodulin with calcium ion Ca2+, a small molecule inhibitor, the protein calcineurin, and the M13 peptide. The high sensitivity of back-scattering interferometry and small volumes of microfluidics allowed the entire calmodulin assay to be performed with 200 picomoles of solute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darryl J Bornhop
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, VU Station B 351822, Nashville, TN 37235-1822, USA.
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39
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Amato R, Menniti M, Agosti V, Boito R, Costa N, Bond HM, Barbieri V, Tagliaferri P, Venuta S, Perrotti N. IL-2 signals through Sgk1 and inhibits proliferation and apoptosis in kidney cancer cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2007; 85:707-21. [PMID: 17571248 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-007-0205-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2007] [Revised: 03/14/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-2 is a cytokine that is essential for lymphocytic survival and function. Ectopic expression of the IL-2 receptor in epithelial tissues has been reported previously, although the functional significance of this expression is still being investigated. We provided novel structural and functional information on the expression of the IL-2 receptor in kidney cancer cells and in other normal and neoplastic human epithelial tissues. In A-498 kidney cancer cells, we showed that IL-2 binding to its own receptor triggers a signal transduction pathway leading to the inhibition of proliferation and apoptosis. We found that the inhibition of proliferation is associated with Erk1/2 dephosphorylation, whereas the survival signals appear to be mediated by Sgk1 activation. This investigation focuses on the IL-2 induced regulation of Sgk1 and describes a role of the IL-2 receptor and Sgk1 in the regulation of epithelial tumor cell death and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario Amato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine G. Salvatore, University Magna Graecia, Campus Biomedico, Località Germaneto, Viale Europa, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
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40
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Margolin K, Atkins MB, Dutcher JP, Ernstoff MS, Smith JW, Clark JI, Baar J, Sosman J, Weber J, Lathia C, Brunetti J, Cihon F, Schwartz B. Phase I trial of BAY 50-4798, an interleukin-2-specific agonist in advanced melanoma and renal cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2007; 13:3312-9. [PMID: 17545537 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-06-1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE BAY 50-4798 is an analogue of interleukin-2 that selectively activates T cells over natural killer cells. This phase I study was designed to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of BAY 50-4798, screen for tumor response, and assess pharmacokinetics. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Forty-five patients with metastatic melanoma or renal cancer were enrolled, 31 on escalating doses to determine the MTD, with 20 renal cell carcinoma patients treated at MTD to detect antitumor activity. BAY 50-4798 was delivered i.v. every 8 h, days 1 to 5 and 15 to 19, and could be repeated after 9 weeks if tumor was stable or responding. RESULTS The MTD was defined by and reported in terms of doses received. The doses tested ranged from 1.3 to 26.1 microg/kg, and the MTD was defined as 10.4 microg/kg based on toxicities similar to those of aldesleukin. Two patients achieved partial responses, one with melanoma and one with renal cell carcinoma. Among all 45 patients, 53% and 9% experienced a grade 3 and 4 toxicity, respectively. Among the patients treated at the MTD of 10.4 microg/kg, 71% and 10% experienced a grade 3 and 4 toxicity, respectively. Pharmacokinetics showed dose-dependent peak concentrations (C(max)) and area under the curve with a half-life of approximately 2 h and no evidence of accumulation. Lymphocyte subset analysis confirmed the preferential expansion of T-cell subsets over natural killer cells. CONCLUSIONS The antitumor activity of BAY 50-4798 in malignancies that respond to high-dose interleukin-2 was low. BAY 50-4798 might provide advantages over aldesleukin in antigen-specific immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Margolin
- City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California 91010-3000, USA.
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41
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Chen X, O'DONNELL MA, Luo Y. Dose-dependent synergy of Th1-stimulating cytokines on bacille Calmette-Guérin-induced interferon-gamma production by human mononuclear cells. Clin Exp Immunol 2007; 149:178-85. [PMID: 17517055 PMCID: PMC1942034 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2007.03413.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy of bladder cancer depends on the proper induction of a T helper-type 1 (Th1) immune response. In this study we investigated the possible involvement of Th1-stimulating cytokines in BCG-induced interferon (IFN)-gamma production as well as their potential roles in enhancing BCG-induced IFN-gamma from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). BCG efficiently induced IFN-gamma production by PBMCs in a dose-dependent manner. Neutralization of endogenous cytokines interleukin (IL)-2, IL-12 and IFN-alpha reduced BCG-induced IFN-gamma by 38%, 67% and 49%, respectively. Although single recombinant (r) IL-2, rIL-12 and rIFN-alpha induced no or a marginal amount of IFN-gamma, a combination of any two or three cytokines increased IFN-gamma production. When BCG (a subsaturated dose) was combined with mono, dual or triple cytokines, a synergy on IFN-gamma production was observed. Such a synergy was readily achievable even when minimal or low doses of cytokines were used. No saturation of IFN-gamma production was observed even when a subsaturated BCG dose was combined with very high doses of cytokines. A robust IFN-gamma production was also observed when a minimal BCG dose was combined with minimal doses of triple cytokines. In addition, we demonstrated that IL-2- and IFN-alpha-expressing rBCGs were superior to wild-type BCG for PBMC IFN-gamma induction and that combination of both rBCGs showed a synergy in IFN-gamma production. Taken together, these results suggest that combination of BCG with certain exogenous or endogenous (expressed by rBCGs) Th1-stimulating cytokines is a rational candidate for further study in bladder cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Chen
- Department of Urology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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42
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Steppan S, Kupfer K, Mayer A, Evans M, Yamasaki G, Greve JM, Eckart MR, Cassell DJ. Genome wide expression profiling of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with BAY 50-4798, a novel T cell selective interleukin-2 analog. J Immunother 2007; 30:150-68. [PMID: 17471163 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211320.07654.f1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BAY 50-4798, a novel, engineered form of interleukin (IL)-2, is a selective agonist for the high-affinity IL-2 receptor and induces the proliferation of activated human T cells with potency similar to recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2), but has reduced proliferative activity on natural killer cells and is associated with a diminished secondary cytokine cascade. In the current study, the transcriptional profiles of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated in vitro with BAY 50-4798 and rIL-2 were compared using Affymetrix microarray technology in combination with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) to determine whether there are quantitative or qualitative differences in the molecular networks activated by these IL-2 analogs. A total of 299 genes were differentially expressed in response to the two IL-2 analogs, with an increase in the number of differences over time. Consistent with the fact that BAY 50-4798 interacts with fewer forms of the IL-2 receptor than rIL-2 to activate fewer cell types, 169 genes were expressed at lower levels in PBMCs cultured with BAY 50-4798 compared with IL-2. These genes were mainly categorized as cytokines and chemokines, and were used to build multiple molecular interaction networks, the most significant of which centered around a subunit of NF-kappaB, which is known to play a pivotal role in inflammation, and was associated with cell death. Of the genes induced in response to BAY 50-4798, only 25% were expressed at lower levels than those induced by rIL-2. Moreover, despite its more selective receptor targeting compared with rIL-2, BAY 50-4798 caused higher levels of expression of 130 genes, which predominantly fell into categories associated with metabolism and transcription. We interpret these results as consistent with the expected transcriptional profile of a mutein engineered and demonstrated to have diminished inflammatory effects yet fully retain selected features of IL-2 activity. In addition to demonstrating that the responses to BAY 50-4798 are characterized by differential expression of genes known to be induced by IL-2, we report for the first time the induction of a significant number of genes not previously reported in the context of IL-2 biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja Steppan
- Biotechnology Research Division, Bayer Corporation, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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43
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Lopes de Menezes DE, Denis-Mize K, Tang Y, Ye H, Kunich JC, Garrett EN, Peng J, Cousens LS, Gelb AB, Heise C, Wilson SE, Jallal B, Aukerman SL. Recombinant interleukin-2 significantly augments activity of rituximab in human tumor xenograft models of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma. J Immunother 2007; 30:64-74. [PMID: 17198084 DOI: 10.1097/01.cji.0000211315.21116.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine that activates select immune effector cell responses associated with antitumor activity, including antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). Rituximab is an anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that activates ADCC in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). The ability of rIL-2 to augment rituximab-dependent tumor responses was investigated. The efficacy of rIL-2 in combination with rituximab was evaluated in 2 NHL tumor xenograft models: the CD20hi, rituximab-sensitive, low-grade Daudi model and the CD20lo, aggressive, rituximab-resistant Namalwa model. Combination of rIL-2 plus rituximab was synergistic in a rituximab-sensitive Daudi tumor model, as evidenced by significant tumor regressions and increased time to tumor progression, compared with rIL-2 and rituximab single agents. In contrast, rituximab-resistant Namalwa tumors were responsive to single-agent rIL-2 and showed an increased response when combined with rituximab. Using in vitro killing assays, rIL-2 was shown to enhance activity of rituximab by activating ADCC and lymphokine-activated killer activity. Additionally, the activity of rIL-2 plus rituximab F(ab')2 was similar to that of rIL-2 alone, indicating a critical role for immunoglobulin G1 Fc-FcgammaR-effector responses in mediating ADCC. Antiproliferative and apoptotic tumor responses, along with an influx of immune effector cells, were observed by immunohistochemistry. Collectively, the data suggest that rIL-2 mediates potent tumoricidal activity against NHL tumors, in part, through activation and trafficking of monocytes and natural killer cells to tumors. These data support the mechanistic and therapeutic rationale for combination of rIL-2 with rituximab in NHL clinical trials and for single-agent rIL-2 in rituximab-resistant NHL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Drug Synergism
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Fc Fragments/immunology
- Interleukin-2/administration & dosage
- Interleukin-2/immunology
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Monocytes/immunology
- Rituximab
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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44
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Al-Shanti N, Aldahoodi Z. Inhibition of Alpha Nascent Polypeptide Associated Complex Protein May Induce Proliferation, Differentiation and Enhance the Cytotoxic Activity of Human CD8+ T Cells. J Clin Immunol 2006; 26:457-64. [PMID: 16964552 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-006-9041-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2006] [Accepted: 08/15/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that control CD8(+) T cell proliferation and differentiations are poorly understood. Consequently, better understanding of the molecular pathways that regulate these processes may have an impact on the numbers and efficiency of antigen-specific cells that can be generated for cellular immunotherapy applications. Using differential display, we previously determined that alpha nascent polypeptide associated complex (alpha NAC) was identified as a potential target as its protein expression was found to be down-regulated as differentiation progressed in cultured human CD8(+) T cells. Here anti-sense technology was used to further investigate the role which alpha NAC may play in proliferation and differentiation. Human purified CD8(+) T cells were cultured in the presence of sense, non-sense and anti-sense oligonucleotides against the mRNA of alpha NAC. We reported that in the presence of anti-sense oligonucleotides expanded CD8(+) T cells exhibited higher levels of differentiation and activation markers and also increased proliferation response compared to cells cultured with sense-oligonucleotides. Furthermore, the functional cytotoxicity of CD8(+) T cells cultured with anti-sense was increased to 66% (+/-4.7%) compared to 42% (+/-3.2%) in cells expanded in the presence of oligonucleotides controls. Taken together, our results demonstrated that inhibition of alpha NAC protein induced not only cell proliferation but also differentiation and cytotoxic activity of CD8(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Al-Shanti
- Institute for Clinical Research into Human Movement, Manchester Metropolitan University, Hassall Road, Alsager, Stoke-on-Trent, England.
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45
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Moreno SE, Alves-Filho JC, Bertozi G, Alfaya TM, Thèze J, Ferreira SH, Vargaftig BB. Systemic administration of interleukin-2 inhibits inflammatory neutrophil migration: role of nitric oxide. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 148:1060-6. [PMID: 16865093 PMCID: PMC1752014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
1. Interleukin-2 (IL-2) has proinflammatory properties that limit its therapeutic use. Its side effects are mainly explained by the induction of a vascular leakage syndrome. Cytokines, as TNF-alpha and IL-1beta, and nitric oxide (NO) generated by IL-2-activated leukocytes play a role in this defect. 2. As the systemic release of these mediators inhibits neutrophil migration to a specific inflammatory site, we investigated now whether IL-2 administrated systemically inhibits the neutrophil recruitment to the inflamed peritoneum. The involvement of NO in the process was also addressed. 3. Using peritoneal neutrophils, we show that the intravenous treatment of the mice with IL-2 inhibits the neutrophil migration induced by carrageenin, LPS or fMLP. In confirmation, IL-2-treated mice showed a significant reduction in leukocyte rolling and adhesion in mesenteric microcirculation evaluated after carrageenin, LPS and fMLP injections. Aminoguanidine prevented the inhibitory effect of IL-2 on carrageenin-induced neutrophil migration, rolling and adhesion. In contrast, IL-2 failed to reduce the lung leukocyte infiltration induced by LPS. Therefore, IL-2 inhibition of neutrophil migration is organ specific. 4. Our results indicate that IL-2 administered systemically inhibits neutrophil recruitment to some inflammatory sites through a mechanism dependent on NO. The results also reinforce the needs to determine the mechanism by which patients treated with IL-2 show increased risks of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana E Moreno
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José C Alves-Filho
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giuliana Bertozi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tais M Alfaya
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jacques Thèze
- Unité d'Immuno-Génétique Cellulaire, Département de Médecine Moléculaire, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Author for correspondence:
| | - Sergio H Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Boris Vargaftig
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Author for correspondence:
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46
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Hsu LW, Goto S, Nakano T, Lai CY, Lin YC, Kao YH, Chen SH, Cheng YF, Jawan B, Chiu KW, Chen CL. Immunosuppressive activity of serum taken from a liver transplant recipient after withdrawal of immunosuppressants. Transpl Immunol 2006; 17:137-46. [PMID: 17306745 DOI: 10.1016/j.trim.2006.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2006] [Accepted: 06/07/2006] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT), tolerance is induced in a certain combination of donors and a recipient in rats and, in some clinical cases, rejection has not occurred in OLT patients after weaning off immunosuppression. However, this mechanism has not yet been elucidated. Among our cases of liver transplantation (LTx), one OLT patient (Patient A) has not required immunosuppressive drugs for the last 5 years, following post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (PTLD). This patient's serum interleukin-2 levels were undetectable following withdrawal of immunosuppressants. The same serum taken after discontinuing the immunosuppressants inhibited concanavalin A blast cultured cells and up-regulated the IL-4/IFN-gamma gene expression ratio. These results suggested that other proteins were induced following withdrawal of immunosuppressants. Proteomic assay demonstrated 12 differentiated spots exclusive to this patient where immunosuppressants have been discontinued. Haptoglobin, found to have immunosuppressive activity in vitro, may play an important role in the maintenance of drug-free tolerance as a natural immunological suppressor after cessation of immunosuppression. Proteomic analysis will allow us to develop a novel weaning protocol for patients on long-term immunosuppression to avoid major immunosuppressant-related complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wen Hsu
- Liver Transplantation Program and Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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47
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Kryworuchko M, Thèze J. Interleukin-2: from T cell growth and homeostasis to immune reconstitution of HIV patients. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2006; 74:531-47. [PMID: 17027529 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(06)74021-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-2 was initially described as a major stimulant of T lymphocytes in vitro. Later, the characterization of IL-2 knockout animals showed that the ability to stimulate T cells could be replaced by other cytokines. In vivo, IL-2 plays a unique role in controlling lymphoproliferation. This is partly explained by its role in the generation and maintenance of T regulatory cells (Treg). In HIV-infected patients, the IL-2/IL-2 receptor (IL-2R) system is dysregulated. The fact that IL-2 is underproduced along with defective IL-2R signaling detected in patient lymphocytes, may explain the progressive impairment of the immune system that occurs during chronic infection with this virus. These defects are partly reversed by highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). However, in some patients IL-2R defects persist and the CD4 counts remain low despite good control of the viral load. These patients benefit from HAART given in conjunction with IL-2 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Kryworuchko
- Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research Centre, Division of Virology, Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario, Ottawa, Canada
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48
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Wang X, Rickert M, Garcia KC. Structure of the quaternary complex of interleukin-2 with its alpha, beta, and gammac receptors. Science 2005; 310:1159-63. [PMID: 16293754 DOI: 10.1126/science.1117893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 355] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that acts through a quaternary receptor signaling complex containing alpha (IL-2Ralpha), beta (IL-2Rbeta), and common gamma chain (gc) receptors. In the structure of the quaternary ectodomain complex as visualized at a resolution of 2.3 angstroms, the binding of IL-2Ralpha to IL-2 stabilizes a secondary binding site for presentation to IL-2Rbeta. gammac is then recruited to the composite surface formed by the IL-2/IL-2Rbeta complex. Consistent with its role as a shared receptor for IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21, gammac forms degenerate contacts with IL-2. The structure of gammac provides a rationale for loss-of-function mutations found in patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency diseases (X-SCID). This complex structure provides a framework for other gammac-dependent cytokine-receptor interactions and for the engineering of improved IL-2 therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinquan Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 299 Campus Drive, Fairchild D319, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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49
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Andrade BB, Teixeira CR, Barral A, Barral-Netto M. Haematophagous arthropod saliva and host defense system: a tale of tear and blood. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2005; 77:665-93. [PMID: 16341443 DOI: 10.1590/s0001-37652005000400008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The saliva from blood-feeding arthropod vectors is enriched with molecules that display diverse functions that mediate a successful blood meal. They function not only as weapons against host's haemostatic, inflammatory and immune responses but also as important tools to pathogen establishment. Parasites, virus and bacteria taking advantage of vectors' armament have adapted to facilitate their entry in the host. Today, many salivary molecules have been identified and characterized as new targets to the development of future vaccines. Here we focus on current information on vector's saliva and the molecules responsible to modify host's hemostasis and immune response, also regarding their role in disease transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno B Andrade
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, FIOCRUZ, 40295-001 Salvador, BA, Brazil
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50
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Lietz K, John R, Burke E, Schuster M, Rogers TB, Suciu-Foca N, Mancini D, Itescu S. Immunoglobulin M-to-Immunoglobulin G Anti-Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Antibody Switching in Cardiac Transplant Recipients Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Cellular Rejection and Coronary Artery Disease. Circulation 2005; 112:2468-76. [PMID: 16230499 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.104.485003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Background—
Activation of T cells induces immunoglobulin (Ig)M-to-IgG B-cell isotype switching via costimulatory regulatory pathways. Because rejection of transplanted organs is preceded by alloantigen-dependent T-cell activation, we investigated whether B-cell isotype switching could predict acute cellular rejection and the subsequent development of transplantation-related coronary artery disease (TCAD) in cardiac transplant recipients.
Methods and Results—
Among 267 nonsensitized heart transplant recipients, switching from IgM to IgG anti-human leukocyte antigens (HLA) antibodies directed against class II but not against class I antigens was associated with a shorter duration to high-grade rejection, defined as International Society for Heart and Lung Transplantation grade 3A or higher (
P
<0.001), a higher cumulative rejection frequency (
P
=0.002), accelerated development of TCAD (
P
=0.04), and decreased late survival (
P
=0.03). Conversely, the persistence of IgM anti-HLA antibodies against class II but not against class I antigens for >30 days and the lack of IgG isotype switching were associated with protection against both acute rejection (
P
=0.02) and TCAD (
P
=0.05). Alloisotype switching coincided with T-cell activation, as evidenced by increased serum levels of soluble CD40 ligand costimulatory molecules. Finally, a case-control study showed that reduction of cardiac allograft rejection by mycophenolic acid was accompanied by reduced CD40 ligand serum levels and the prevention of IgM-to-IgG anti-HLA class II antibody switching.
Conclusions—
T-cell-dependent B-cell isotype switching and the consequent production of IgG anti-HLA class II antibodies are strongly correlated with acute cellular rejection, a high incidence of recurrent rejections, TCAD, and poor long-term survival. Detecting this isotype switch is a clinically useful surrogate marker for in vivo T-cell activation and may provide a noninvasive approach for monitoring the efficacy of T-cell targeted immunosuppressive therapy in heart transplant recipients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Lietz
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Columbia-Persbyterian Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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