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Mazzetto R, Miceli P, Sernicola A, Tartaglia J, Alaibac M. Skin Hypopigmentation in Hematology Disorders. Hematol Rep 2024; 16:354-366. [PMID: 38921184 PMCID: PMC11204138 DOI: 10.3390/hematolrep16020036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypopigmentation disorders pose significant diagnostic challenges in dermatology, sometimes reflecting underlying hematological conditions. This review explores the clinical presentations related to hypopigmentation in hematological disorders, focusing on vitiligo, morphea, and syndromic albinism. Vitiligo, an autoimmune disorder targeting melanocytes, involves interactions between genetic polymorphisms and immune responses, particularly regarding CD8+ T cells and IFN-γ. Drug-induced vitiligo, notably by immune checkpoint inhibitors and small-molecule targeted anticancer therapies, underscores the importance of immune dysregulation. Morphea, an inflammatory skin disorder, may signal hematological involvement, as seen in deep morphea and post-radiotherapy lesions. Syndromic albinism, linked to various genetic mutations affecting melanin production, often presents with hematologic abnormalities. Treatment approaches focus on targeting the immune pathways specific to the condition, and when that is not possible, managing symptoms. Understanding these dermatological manifestations is crucial for the timely diagnosis and management of hematological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alvise Sernicola
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Medicine (DIMED), University of Padua, 35121 Padova, Italy; (R.M.); (J.T.); (M.A.)
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2
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Varghese SM, Patel S, Nandan A, Jose A, Ghosh S, Sah RK, Menon B, K V A, Chakravarty S. Unraveling the Role of the Blood-Brain Barrier in the Pathophysiology of Depression: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5. [PMID: 38730081 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04205-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Depression is a highly prevalent psychological disorder characterized by persistent dysphoria, psychomotor retardation, insomnia, anhedonia, suicidal ideation, and a remarkable decrease in overall well-being. Despite the prevalence of accessible antidepressant therapies, many individuals do not achieve substantial improvement. Understanding the multifactorial pathophysiology and the heterogeneous nature of the disorder could lead the way toward better outcomes. Recent findings have elucidated the substantial impact of compromised blood-brain barrier (BBB) integrity on the manifestation of depression. BBB functions as an indispensable defense mechanism, tightly overseeing the transport of molecules from the periphery to preserve the integrity of the brain parenchyma. The dysfunction of the BBB has been implicated in a multitude of neurological disorders, and its disruption and consequent brain alterations could potentially serve as important factors in the pathogenesis and progression of depression. In this review, we extensively examine the pathophysiological relevance of the BBB and delve into the specific modifications of its components that underlie the complexities of depression. A particular focus has been placed on examining the effects of peripheral inflammation on the BBB in depression and elucidating the intricate interactions between the gut, BBB, and brain. Furthermore, this review encompasses significant updates on the assessment of BBB integrity and permeability, providing a comprehensive overview of the topic. Finally, we outline the therapeutic relevance and strategies based on BBB in depression, including COVID-19-associated BBB disruption and neuropsychiatric implications. Understanding the comprehensive pathogenic cascade of depression is crucial for shaping the trajectory of future research endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamili Mariya Varghese
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Shashikant Patel
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Amritasree Nandan
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Anju Jose
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Soumya Ghosh
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Ranjay Kumar Sah
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Bindu Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Amrita School of Medicine, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India
| | - Athira K V
- Department of Pharmacology, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Health Sciences Campus, Kochi, Kerala, 682 041, India.
| | - Sumana Chakravarty
- Applied Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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3
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Artosi F, Diluvio L, Vultaggio M, Campione E, Bianchi L. Mepolizumab induced palmoplantar psoriasis: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2023; 11:6154-6158. [PMID: 37731552 PMCID: PMC10507557 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v11.i26.6154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis and asthma are two diseases whose pathogenesis is largely attributable to the activation, at least in the initial stages, of T helper (Th)-2 Lymphocytes, the related cytokine axis, and B lymphocytes with antibody production. Psoriasis is conversely a pathology resulting from a recruitment of Th-17 and Th-1 lymphocytes, after an initial role of innate immunity. Mepolizumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against interleukin (IL)-5, a central cytokine in the Th-2 axis, therefore involved in the pathogenesis of asthma. Several authors have described the appearance of psoriatic lesions in patients with asthma or atopic dermatitis following the therapy with dupilumab, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the interleukin (IL)-4, another Th-2 cytokine. CASE SUMMARY We present the case of a 59-year-old patient who developed psoriasiform lesions on the palms after mepolizumab therapy for asthma, for the activation of the parallel cytokine cascade after the blockade of IL-5. We successfully treated the patient with a topical calcipotriol and betamethasone ointment. CONCLUSION We should investigate with further attention the possible impact on the human immunological ecosystem put in place by the inhibition of the activity of individual inflammatory mediators, so as to be able to recognize the initial adverse effects early.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Artosi
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Laura Diluvio
- Department of Dermatology, Dermatology Unit, Policlinico Tor Vergata, Rome 00133 , Italy
| | - Martina Vultaggio
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Elena Campione
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Rome 00133, Italy
| | - Luca Bianchi
- Department of Dermatology, University Roma Tor Vergata, Rome 00133, Italy
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4
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Shnayder NA, Ashkhotov AV, Trefilova VV, Nurgaliev ZA, Novitsky MA, Petrova MM, Narodova EA, Al-Zamil M, Chumakova GA, Garganeeva NP, Nasyrova RF. Molecular Basic of Pharmacotherapy of Cytokine Imbalance as a Component of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097692. [PMID: 37175399 PMCID: PMC10178334 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD) and associated conditions are an important problem in modern medicine. The onset of IDD may be in childhood and adolescence in patients with a genetic predisposition. With age, IDD progresses, leading to spondylosis, spondylarthrosis, herniated disc, spinal canal stenosis. One of the leading mechanisms in the development of IDD and chronic back pain is an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, classical therapeutic strategies for correcting cytokine imbalance in IDD do not give the expected response in more than half of the cases. The purpose of this review is to update knowledge about new and promising therapeutic strategies based on the correction of the molecular mechanisms of cytokine imbalance in patients with IDD. This review demonstrates that knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines may be a new key to finding more effective drugs for the treatment of IDD in the setting of acute and chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia A Shnayder
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Shared Core Facilities "Molecular and Cell Technologies", V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Azamat V Ashkhotov
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vera V Trefilova
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Zaitun A Nurgaliev
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Maxim A Novitsky
- Department of Neurology, Hospital for War Veterans, 193079 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Marina M Petrova
- Shared Core Facilities "Molecular and Cell Technologies", V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Narodova
- Shared Core Facilities "Molecular and Cell Technologies", V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia
| | - Mustafa Al-Zamil
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Continuing Medical Education, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia, 117198 Moscow, Russia
| | - Galina A Chumakova
- Department of Therapy and General Medical Practice with a Course of Postgraduate Professional Education, Altai State Medical University, 656038 Barnaul, Russia
| | - Natalia P Garganeeva
- Department of General Medical Practice and Outpatient Therapy, Siberian State Medical University, 634050 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Regina F Nasyrova
- Institute of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, Shared Core Facilities, V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Centre for Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia
- International Centre for Education and Research in Neuropsychiatry, Samara State Medical University, 443016 Samara, Russia
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Kang R, Gamdzyk M, Luo Y, Tang H, Huang L, Lenahan C, Doycheva D, Li D, Tang J, Tan S, Zhang JH. Three Days Delayed Recanalization Improved Neurological Function in pMCAO Rats by Increasing M2 Microglia-Possible Involvement of the IL-4R/STAT6/PPARγ Pathway. Transl Stroke Res 2023; 14:250-262. [PMID: 35867328 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-022-01032-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Current approved therapies for acute ischemic stroke have a restricted therapeutic time window. Delayed recanalization, which has been utilized clinically in patients who have missed the time window for administration, may be a promising alternative for stroke patients. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain undiscovered. Herein, we hypothesized that delayed recanalization would increase M2 microglial polarization through the IL-4R (interleukin-4 receptor)/STAT6 (signal transducer and activators of transcription 6)/PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) pathway, subsequently promoting stroke recovery in rats. The permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) model was induced via intravascular filament insertion. Recanalization was induced by withdrawing the filament at 3 days after MCAO (rMCAO). Interleukin (IL)-4 was administered intranasally at 3 days after pMCAO. AS1517499, a specific STAT6 inhibitor, was administered intranasally at 3 days after MCAO induction. Immunofluorescence staining, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), western blot analysis, volumetric measurements of brain infarct, and neurological behavior tests were conducted. Delayed recanalization at 3 days after MCAO increased the polarization of M2 microglia, decreased inflammation, and improved neurological behavior. IL-4 treatment administered on the 3rd day after pMCAO increased M2 microglial polarization, improved neurological behavior, and reduced infarction volume of pMCAO rats. The inhibition of STAT6 decreased the level of p-STAT6 and PPARγ in rats treated with delayed recanalization. Delayed recanalization improved neurological function by increasing microglial M2 polarization, possibly involved with the IL-4R/STAT6/PPARγ pathway after MCAO in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Kang
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Yujie Luo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Hong Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Desislava Doycheva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Dujuan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Department of Neurosurgery, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, Loma Linda University, 11041 Campus Street, Loma Linda, CA, 92354, USA.
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6
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Yin X, Li Y, Chen Y, Liu P, Feng B, Zhang P, Zeng H. IL-4-loaded alginate/chitosan multilayer films for promoting angiogenesis through both direct and indirect means. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 232:123486. [PMID: 36731693 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Vascularization remains a major challenge in tissue engineering. In tissue repair with the involvement of biomaterials, both the material properties and material-induced immune response can affect angiogenesis. However, there is a scarcity of research on biomaterials that modulate angiogenesis simultaneously from both perspectives. Meanwhile, the effects and mechanisms of biomaterial-induced macrophages on angiogenesis remain controversial. In this study, a cytokine-controlled release system from our previous work was employed, and the effects thereof on angiogenesis through both direct and indirect means were investigated. Alginate/chitosan multilayer films were fabricated on interleukin (IL)-4-loaded titania nanotubes to achieve a sustained release of IL-4. The released IL-4 and the multilayers synergistically promoted angiogenic behaviors of endothelial cells (ECs), while up-regulating the expression of early vascular markers. Furthermore, polarized macrophages (both M1 and M2) notably elevated the expression of late vascular markers in ECs via the high expression of pro-maturation factor angiogenin-1. After subcutaneous implantation, the IL-4-loaded implants induced increased neovascularization in a short period, with the surrounding tissue returning to normal at the later stage. Therefore, the proposed IL-4-loaded implants exhibited superior pro-angiogenic capability in vitro and in vivo through both direct stimulation of ECs and the indirect induction of a suitable immune microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhen Yin
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China; Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiting Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yingqi Chen
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Peng Liu
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Materials (Ministry of Education), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Center for Translational Medicine Research and Development, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Hui Zeng
- Department of Bone & Joint Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen, 518036, China.
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The Crosstalk between the Blood–Brain Barrier Dysfunction and Neuroinflammation after General Anaesthesia. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2022; 44:5700-5717. [PMID: 36421670 PMCID: PMC9689502 DOI: 10.3390/cimb44110386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As we know, with continuous medical progress, the treatment of many diseases can be conducted via surgery, which often relies on general anaesthesia for its satisfactory performance. With the widespread use of general anaesthetics, people are beginning to question the safety of general anaesthesia and there is a growing interest in central nervous system (CNS) complications associated with anaesthetics. Recently, abundant evidence has suggested that both blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and neuroinflammation play roles in the development of CNS complications after anaesthesia. Whether there is a crosstalk between BBB dysfunction and neuroinflammation after general anaesthesia, and whether this possible crosstalk could be a therapeutic target for CNS complications after general anaesthesia needs to be clarified by further studies.
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8
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Ghosh R, Mitra P, Kumar PVSNK, Goyal T, Sharma P. T helper cells in depression: central role of Th17 cells. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:19-39. [PMID: 34592888 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1965535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Depression is one of the most common neuropsychiatric disorders in the world. While conventional pharmaceutical therapy targets monoaminergic pathway dysfunction, it has not been totally successful in terms of positive outcomes, remission, and preventing relapses. There is an increasing amount of evidence that neuroinflammation may play a significant part in the pathophysiology of depression. Among the key components of the neuroinflammatory pathways already known to be active are the T helper (Th) cells, especially Th17 cells. While various preclinical and clinical studies have reported increased levels of Th17 cells in both serum and brain tissue of laboratory model animals, contradictory results have argued against a pertinent role of Th17 cells in depression. Recent studies have also revealed a role for more pathogenic and inflammatory subsets of Th17 in depression, as well as IL-17A and Th17 cells in non-responsiveness to conventional antidepressant therapy. Despite recent advances, there is still a significant knowledge gap concerning the exact mechanism by which Th17 cells influence neuroinflammation in depression. This review first provides a short introduction to the major findings that led to the discovery of the role of Th cells in depression. The major subsets of Th cells known to be involved in neuroimmunology of depression, such as Th1, Th17, and T regulatory cells, are subsequently described, with an in-depth discussion on current knowledge about Th17 cells in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghumoy Ghosh
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Prasenjit Mitra
- Department of Biochemistry, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - P V S N Kiran Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Taru Goyal
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
| | - Praveen Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur, India
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9
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Gharbavi M, Danafar H, Amani J, Sharafi A. Immuno-informatics analysis and expression of a novel multi-domain antigen as a vaccine candidate against glioblastoma. Int Immunopharmacol 2020; 91:107265. [PMID: 33360829 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2020.107265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiform is the most common of primary malignant brain tumors in adults. Currently, surgical resection of the tumor mass, followed by adjuvant radiotherapy and chemotherapy are standard treatments for glioblastoma multiform but so far are not effective treatments. Thus, the development of a vaccine, as a safe and efficient strategy for prophylactic or therapeutic purposes against glioblastoma multiform is very necessary. The present study aimed to design the multi-domain vaccine for glioblastoma multiform. An in silico approach was used to select the most potent domains of proteins to induce the host's B- and T-cell immune response against glioblastoma multiform. IL-13Rα-2 (amino acid positions 27-144), TNC (amino acid positions 1900-2100), and PTPRZ-1(amino acid positions 731-884) were found to have potent inducible immune responses. So, we considered them for fusing with a linker A(EAAAK)3A to construct the multi-domain recombinant vaccine. The immuno-informatics analysis of the designed recombinant vaccine construct was performed to evaluate its efficacy. Although the designed recombinant vaccine construct did not show allergen property, its antigenicity was estimated at 0.78. The Physico-chemical properties of the recombinant vaccine construct were characterized and revealed the potency of the vaccine candidate. Then its secondary and tertiary structures, mRNA structure, molecular docking, and immune simulation were predicted using bioinformatics tools. Next, the designed recombinant vaccine construct was synthesized, and cloned into the pET28a vector and expressed in E. coli BL21. Besides, the circular dichroism spectroscopy was utilized for the investigation of the secondary structure changes of the recombinant vaccine construct. The results of the verification assessment of the recombinant vaccine construct expression indicated that in silico analysis was relatively accurate, and relatively change occurred on the protein secondary structure. In our future plan, the vaccine candidate that was confirmed by in silico tools should be validated by further in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Gharbavi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran; Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Hossein Danafar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biomaterials, School of Pharmacy, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Jafar Amani
- Applied Microbiology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisonings Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Ali Sharafi
- Zanjan Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Research Center, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran.
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10
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Kang R, Gamdzyk M, Lenahan C, Tang J, Tan S, Zhang JH. The Dual Role of Microglia in Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction after Stroke. Curr Neuropharmacol 2020; 18:1237-1249. [PMID: 32469699 PMCID: PMC7770642 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x18666200529150907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that stroke is one of the leading causes of death and disability all over the world. After a stroke, the blood-brain barrier subsequently breaks down. The BBB consists of endothelial cells surrounded by astrocytes. Microglia, considered the long-living resident immune cells of the brain, play a vital role in BBB function. M1 microglia worsen BBB disruption, while M2 microglia assist in repairing BBB damage. Microglia can also directly interact with endothelial cells and affect BBB permeability. In this review, we are going to discuss the mechanisms responsible for the dual role of microglia in BBB dysfunction after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqing Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA,Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Marcin Gamdzyk
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Sheng Tan
- Department of Neurology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
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11
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Nabi G, Li Y, McLaughlin RW, Mei Z, Wang K, Hao Y, Zheng J, Wang D. Immune Responses of the Critically Endangered Yangtze Finless Porpoises ( Neophocaena asiaeorientalis ssp. asiaeorientalis) to Escalating Anthropogenic Stressors in the Wild and Seminatural Environments. Front Physiol 2020; 10:1594. [PMID: 32116734 PMCID: PMC7010939 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing anthropogenic stressors are potential threats to biodiversity conservation and management of Yangtze finless porpoises (YFPs). The objective of this study was to indirectly compare the habitat quality of a natural reserve, Poyang Lake and a seminatural reserve, the Tian-E-Zhou Oxbow (TZO) in terms of anthropogenic stressors by investigating different stress and immunological parameters in the blood of YFPs. Samples from a total of 74 YFPs from the TZO (n = 43) and Poyang Lake (n = 31) were collected and analyzed. The animals were divided into ontogenetic groups: male calf, female calf, juvenile female, juvenile male, and adult male, and reproductive groups: pregnant female, lactating female, and pregnant plus lactating. The blood from all the animals was analyzed for general stress (HSP14, SOD1, TXN, and FTL), metabolic stress (ACAT2 and THRA), and immunity-related genes (IL12p40, IFNγ, TNFα; IL1α, IL1ra, COX2, CRPL, IL4, and IL8) using qPCR. YFPs living in Poyang Lake showed an increased relative expression pattern for IFNγ, IL1ra, IL4, ACAT2, and CRPL across all the ontogenetic groups with significantly higher expression in adult males. In contrast, YFPs living in the TZO showed a significantly higher expression in 13 of 15 genes analyzed in the male calf group. Across the reproductive states for porpoises living in Poyang Lake, eight of the 15 genes in the pregnant female and three of the 15 genes in the pregnant plus lactating group had a significantly higher expression level. However, in YFPs living in the TZO, eight of the 15 genes showed significantly higher expression in the pregnant and lactating groups. There was significantly a higher expression of most of the genes in porpoises living in the TZO compared to the age-matched groups from porpoises living in Poyang Lake. The exception was the pregnant female group. The higher relative expression of stress and immune genes in the TZO porpoise population compared to porpoises living in Poyang Lake suggests the effects of worsening habitat quality, possibly indicating water pollution and lack of feeding resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Nabi
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology of Hebei Province, College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | | | - Zhigang Mei
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Kexiong Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yujiang Hao
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinsong Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Ding Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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12
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Mamber SW, Gurel V, Lins J, Ferri F, Beseme S, McMichael J. Effects of cannabis oil extract on immune response gene expression in human small airway epithelial cells (HSAEpC): implications for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). J Cannabis Res 2020; 2:5. [PMID: 33526116 PMCID: PMC7819312 DOI: 10.1186/s42238-019-0014-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is commonly associated with both a pro-inflammatory and a T-helper 1 (Th1) immune response. It was hypothesized that cannabis oil extract can alleviate COPD symptoms by eliciting an anti-inflammatory Th2 immune response. Accordingly, the effects of cannabis oil extract on the expression of 84 Th2 and related immune response genes in human small airways epithelial cells (HSAEpC) were investigated. Methods HSAEpC from a single donor were treated with three dilutions of a standardized cannabis oil extract (1:400, 1:800 and 1:1600) along with a solvent control (0.25% [2.5 ul/ml] ethanol) for 24 h. There were four replicates per treatment dilution, and six for the control. RNA isolated from cells were employed in pathway-focused quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) microarray assays. Results The extract induced significant (P < 0.05) changes in expression of 37 tested genes. Six genes (CSF2, IL1RL1, IL4, IL13RA2, IL17A and PPARG) were up-regulated at all three dilutions. Another two (CCL22 and TSLP) were up-regulated while six (CLCA1, CMA1, EPX, LTB4R, MAF and PMCH) were down-regulated at the 1:400 and 1:800 dilutions. The relationship of differentially-expressed genes of interest to biologic pathways was explored using the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery (DAVID). Conclusions This exploratory investigation indicates that cannabis oil extract may affect expression of specific airway epithelial cell genes that could modulate pro-inflammatory or Th1 processes in COPD. These results provide a basis for further investigations and have prompted in vivo studies of the effects of cannabis oil extract on pulmonary function. Trial registration NONE (all in vitro experiments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen W Mamber
- Beech Tree Labs Inc., 1 Virginia Ave, Suite 103, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.,The Institute for Therapeutic Discovery, Delanson, NY, 12053, USA
| | - Volkan Gurel
- Beech Tree Labs Inc., 1 Virginia Ave, Suite 103, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - Jeremy Lins
- Beech Tree Labs Inc., 1 Virginia Ave, Suite 103, Providence, RI, 02905, USA
| | - Fred Ferri
- NCM Biotechnology, Newport, RI, 02840, USA
| | - Sarah Beseme
- Beech Tree Labs Inc., 1 Virginia Ave, Suite 103, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.
| | - John McMichael
- Beech Tree Labs Inc., 1 Virginia Ave, Suite 103, Providence, RI, 02905, USA.,The Institute for Therapeutic Discovery, Delanson, NY, 12053, USA
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13
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Immunophenotype of circulatory T-helper cells in patients with non-segmental vitiligo. Postepy Dermatol Alergol 2019; 36:449-454. [PMID: 31616220 PMCID: PMC6791165 DOI: 10.5114/ada.2019.87448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Non-segmental vitiligo (NSV) is an immune-mediated skin depigmentation disease. Cytokine-mediated interaction between T lymphocytes and melanocytes leads to death of melanocytes, causing a defect in melanin synthesis and thereby depigmentation. There is an increased population of T-helper cells in the skin lesions as well as in the peripheral circulation in NSV. However, the relative percentage of each T-cell phenotype in the disease pathogenesis is rarely studied. Aim To study the immunophenotype of the different T-helper/Treg cell subsets in patients with NSV, in comparison to healthy controls. Material and methods A total of 80 patients with NSV and eighty age- and gender-matched healthy controls were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Disease activity was determined by vitiligo index of disease activity (VIDA) scoring. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were separated by Ficoll-Paque density centrifugation, and T-cell immunophenotyping was done by flow cytometric analysis. Results In patients with NSV, we observed an imbalance in T-cell immunophenotype, characterized by an increase in Th1 (p < 0.0001) and Th17 cells (p = 0.01). There is no difference in relative percentage of Th2/Treg cells, as compared to the healthy controls (p > 0.05). Conclusions There is a significant immune-dysregulation with a preponderance of circulatory Th1/Th17 phenotype in NSV patients.
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Kim HL, Kim NS, Cho HY, Park SJ, Lee CK, Choi I, Lee SW. Ultravist Induces the Expression of MCP-1 and VCAM-1 in IL-4-Stimulated HUVECs. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:915-922. [PMID: 30918133 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The goal of the present study focused on the adverse reaction of contrast medium (CM) via the induction of inflammatory molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Ultravist-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) gene expression was markedly increased in interleukin-4 (IL-4)-pretreated HUVECs in a time- and dose-dependent manner and was paralleled by concomitant production of MCP-1 and VCAM-1 proteins. MCP-1 and VCAM-1 gene expression by Ultravist in combination with IL-4 was mediated by the c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK1/2) signaling pathway. IL-4-pretreated Ultravist-stimulated HUVECs showed greatly increased migration and adhesion of THP-1 cells. Cell migration was decreased by treatment of CCR2 antagonist, and cell adhesion was also decreased by VCAM-1 blocking antibody. Furthermore, when tested in vivo under similar conditions, MCP-1 protein was significantly increased in Ultravist combined with IL-4-injected mice. Taken together, our findings suggest that MCP-1 blocking may be crucial in preventing the endothelial dysfunction induced by contrast medium in patients with inflammatory disease and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Lim Kim
- Advanced Research Center for Multiple Myeloma, College of Medicine, Inje University
| | - Nam-Soo Kim
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University
| | - Hae-Yun Cho
- Advanced Research Center for Multiple Myeloma, College of Medicine, Inje University
| | - Sang-Jun Park
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University
| | - Chae Kwan Lee
- Department of Convergence Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Inje University.,Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, College of Medical & Institute of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Inje University
| | - Inhak Choi
- Advanced Research Center for Multiple Myeloma, College of Medicine, Inje University.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Inje University College of Medicine
| | - Soo-Woong Lee
- Advanced Research Center for Multiple Myeloma, College of Medicine, Inje University.,Department of Convergence Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Inje University
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Interleukin-4 mediates the analgesia produced by low-intensity exercise in mice with neuropathic pain. Pain 2019; 159:437-450. [PMID: 29140923 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury (PNI) activates the immune system, resulting in increased proinflammatory cytokines at the site of injury and in the spinal cord dorsal horn. Exercise modulates the immune system promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages in uninjured muscle, and increases in anti-inflammatory cytokines can promote healing and analgesia. We proposed that PNI will decrease, and treadmill exercise will increase, release of anti-inflammatory cytokines at the site of injury and in the spinal cord. We show that 2 weeks of treadmill exercise improves neuropathic pain behaviors in mice: mechanical hyperalgesia, escape and avoidance behavior, and spontaneous locomotor activity. Peripheral nerve injury reduced anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin-4 [IL-4], IL-1ra, and IL-5) at the site of nerve injury and in the spinal dorsal horn, whereas exercise restored IL-4, IL-1ra, and IL-5 concentrations to preinjury levels. IL4 mice and mice treated with IL-4 antibody did not develop analgesia to treadmill exercise. Using immunohistochemical staining of the sciatic nerve, treadmill exercise increased the percentage of M2 macrophages (secretes anti-inflammatory cytokines) and decreased M1 macrophages (secretes proinflammatory cytokines) when compared with sedentary mice. The increased M2 and decreased M1 macrophages in exercised mice did not occur in IL-4 mice. In the spinal cord, PNI increased glial cell activation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor and β-nerve growth factor levels, and decreased IL-4 and IL-1ra levels, whereas treadmill exercise suppressed glial cells activation (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein and Iba1 immunoreactivity), reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor and β-nerve growth factor, and increased IL-4, IL-1ra, and IL-5 concentrations. Our results suggest that IL-4 mediates the analgesia produced by low-intensity exercise by modulating peripheral and central neuroimmune responses in mice with neuropathic pain.
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16
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Effect of Trichinella spiralis intervention on TNBS-induced experimental colitis in mice. Immunobiology 2019; 224:147-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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17
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Alves MM, Araújo LAD, Mrué F, Gomes CM, Oliveira MAPD, Neves RA, Silva-Júnior NJD, Melo-Reis PRD. IMMUNOMODULATING EFFECTS OF THE PURIFIED HEV B 13 FRACTION ON SEPTIC RATS. ABCD-ARQUIVOS BRASILEIROS DE CIRURGIA DIGESTIVA 2018; 30:93-97. [PMID: 29257842 PMCID: PMC5543785 DOI: 10.1590/0102-6720201700020004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Background: Sepsis is a potentially life-threatening complication of an infection that occurs when chemicals released into the bloodstream to fight the infection trigger inflammatory responses throughout the body, especially in the acute phase of the disease, producing excessive pro-inflammatory cytokines, leading to multiple organ injury and death. The Hev b 13 fraction has demonstrated biological activity capable of inducing IL-10 production and shrinking inflammatory disease lesions. Aim: To investigate the immunomodulating effects of the Hev b 13 fraction on septic rats. Methods: Acinetobacter baumannii was injected into the peritoneal cavity of the animals after sustaining a lesion in the pancreas, with the stomach as an entry point. After 10 h of infection, they were euthanized for blood and lung collection, followed by total and differential leukocyte count, determination of cytokine level and histopathological analysis. Results: Administering a single dose of the Hev b 13 fraction 2 h after sepsis induction significantly decreased total leukocyte count. Higher IL-10 and IL-4 and lower IL-6 production shrank the lung tissue lesions compared to the control groups. Conclusion: The Hev b 13 fraction exhibits an anti-inflammatory tendency, with potential for sepsis treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxley Martins Alves
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás
| | - Lilhian Alves de Araújo
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás.,Laboratory of Cytokines, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Fátima Mrué
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás
| | - Clayson Moura Gomes
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás.,Laboratory of Cytokines, Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | | | - Roberpaulo Anacleto Neves
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás
| | - Nelson Jorge da Silva-Júnior
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás
| | - Paulo Roberto de Melo-Reis
- Laboratory of Experimental and Biotechnological Studies of the Post-Graduate Program in Environmental Sciences and Health, Area V, Campus I, Pontifical Catholic University of Goiás
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18
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Effects of Acremonium terricola culture on growth performance, antioxidant status and immune functions in weaned calves. Livest Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2016.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Rückerl D, Allen JE. Macrophage proliferation, provenance, and plasticity in macroparasite infection. Immunol Rev 2015; 262:113-33. [PMID: 25319331 PMCID: PMC4324133 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages have long been center stage in the host response to microbial infection, but only in the past 10–15 years has there been a growing appreciation for their role in helminth infection and the associated type 2 response. Through the actions of the IL-4 receptor α (IL-4Rα), type 2 cytokines result in the accumulation of macrophages with a distinctive activation phenotype. Although our knowledge of IL-4Rα-induced genes is growing rapidly, the specific functions of these macrophages have yet to be established in most disease settings. Understanding the interplay between IL-4Rα-activated macrophages and the other cellular players is confounded by the enormous transcriptional heterogeneity within the macrophage population and by their highly plastic nature. Another level of complexity is added by the new knowledge that tissue macrophages can be derived either from a resident prenatal population or from blood monocyte recruitment and that IL-4 can increase macrophage numbers through proliferative expansion. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of macrophages to helminth killing and wound repair, with specific attention paid to distinct cellular origins and plasticity potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Rückerl
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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20
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Dytoc M, Wat H, Cheung-Lee M, Sawyer D, Ackerman T, Fiorillo L. Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of topical imiquimod 5% for plaque-type morphea: a multicenter, prospective, vehicle-controlled trial. J Cutan Med Surg 2015; 19:132-9. [PMID: 25775634 DOI: 10.2310/7750.2014.14072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is currently a lack of evidence-based therapies that are safe and effective for plaque-type morphea. We aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential and safety profile of imiquimod 5% cream in plaque-type morphea. METHODS We enrolled 25 adult patients from two Canadian centers with histologically confirmed plaque-type morphea. Imiquimod 5% was applied to a representative plaque, and vehicle was applied to a control plaque for 9 months. Treatment efficacy was assessed with the Dyspigmentation, Induration, Erythema, and Telangiectasias (DIET) score, histology, and ultrasound evaluation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Twenty-two patients completed the entire length of the study. Imiquimod 5% was superior to vehicle in reducing DIET scores at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months (p < .05). Induration demonstrated the greatest response. Histologic evaluation showed significant improvement or resolution of disease. However, no ultrasonographic differences were found in dermal and hypodermal thicknesses between the treatment and vehicle groups (p > .05). Adverse effects were minimal and well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlene Dytoc
- Divisions of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Pediatric Dermatology and Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABDivision of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC
| | - Heidi Wat
- Divisions of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Pediatric Dermatology and Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABDivision of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC
| | - Melody Cheung-Lee
- Divisions of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Pediatric Dermatology and Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABDivision of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC
| | - Douglas Sawyer
- Divisions of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Pediatric Dermatology and Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABDivision of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC
| | - Thomas Ackerman
- Divisions of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Pediatric Dermatology and Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABDivision of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC
| | - Loretta Fiorillo
- Divisions of Dermatology and Cutaneous Sciences and Pediatric Dermatology and Department of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging, University of Alberta, Edmonton, ABDivision of Anatomical Pathology, University of British Columbia, Victoria, BC
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Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG. T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2014; 74:5-17. [PMID: 25458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 683] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, many additional Th subsets were discovered, each with a unique cytokine profile, functional properties, and presumed role in autoimmune tissue pathology. This includes Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and Treg cells which are characterized by specific cytokine profiles. Cytokines produced by these Th subsets play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, effector subset commitment, and in directing the effector response. Cytokines are often categorized into proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and linked to Th subsets expressing them. This article reviews the different Th subsets in terms of cytokine profiles, how these cytokines influence and shape the immune response, and their relative roles in promoting pathology in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, TX 77030, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
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Zhang HL, Wu L, Wu X, Zhu J. Can IFN-γ be a therapeutic target in Guillain-Barré syndrome? Expert Opin Ther Targets 2014; 18:355-63. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2014.882899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Prediction of IL4 inducing peptides. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:263952. [PMID: 24489573 PMCID: PMC3893860 DOI: 10.1155/2013/263952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The secretion of Interleukin-4 (IL4) is the characteristic of T-helper 2 responses. IL4 is a cytokine produced by CD4+ T cells in response to helminthes and other extracellular parasites. It has a critical role in guiding antibody class switching, hematopoiesis and inflammation, and the development of appropriate effector T-cell responses. In this study, it is the first time an attempt has been made to understand whether it is possible to predict IL4 inducing peptides. The data set used in this study comprises 904 experimentally validated IL4 inducing and 742 noninducing MHC class II binders. Our analysis revealed that certain types of residues are preferred at certain positions in IL4 inducing peptides. It was also observed that IL4 inducing and noninducing epitopes differ in compositional and motif pattern. Based on our analysis we developed classification models where the hybrid method of amino acid pairs and motif information performed the best with maximum accuracy of 75.76% and MCC of 0.51. These results indicate that it is possible to predict IL4 inducing peptides with reasonable precession. These models would be useful in designing the peptides that may induce desired Th2 response.
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The association between Interleukin (IL)-4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism and alopecia areata (AA) in Turkish population. Gene 2013; 527:565-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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25
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Association between interleukin 4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism and recurrent aphthous stomatitis in a cohort of Turkish patients. Gene 2013; 527:207-10. [PMID: 23756192 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recurrent aphthous stomatitis (RAS) is one of the most common oral mucosal diseases, with a multifactorial etiopathogenesis, an interaction between predisposing factors and/or systemic conditions and immunological components in genetically predisposed subjects. Although there is no clear genetic mode of inheritance, there is evidence that inheritance of specific gene polymorphisms may predispose individuals to RAS. The purpose of the present study was to investigate a possible association between the functional interleukin 4 (IL4) VNTR genetic polymorphism and RAS in a sample of Turkish patients. METHODS The study included 145 unrelated patients with a clinical diagnosis of RAS and 150 unrelated healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated and IL4 gene 70 bp VNTR polymorphism determined by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with specific primers. RESULTS The distribution of genotype and allele frequencies of IL4 gene intron 3 VNTR polymorphism was statistically different between RAS patients and control group (p<0.0001 and p<0.0001, respectively) P2P2 genotype and P2 allele were also found to be protective with a lower risk for susceptibility to RAS (p<0.0001). CONCLUSION The results of this study suggest that intron 3 VNTR polymorphism in the IL4 gene is associated with RAS susceptibility in Turkish population.
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Imran M, Laddha NC, Dwivedi M, Mansuri MS, Singh J, Rani R, Gokhale RS, Sharma VK, Marfatia YS, Begum R. Interleukin-4 genetic variants correlate with its transcript and protein levels in patients with vitiligo. Br J Dermatol 2012; 167:314-23. [PMID: 22512783 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2012.11000.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitiligo is an acquired pigmentary disorder resulting from loss of melanocytes. Interleukin (IL)-4 has been shown to stimulate B-cell proliferation, to regulate immunoglobulin class switching (IgG1 and IgE) and to promote T-cell development. Polymorphisms in the IL4 gene are known to increase its expression, thereby implicating its role in vitiligo susceptibility. OBJECTIVES To explore intron 3 VNTR (IVS3) and -590 C/T (rs2243250) promoter polymorphisms in the IL4 gene and to correlate them with the IL4 transcript, serum IL-4 and IgE levels to achieve genotype-phenotype correlation in patients with vitiligo from Gujarat. A replication study was done in a North Indian population. METHODS The case-control study was performed to investigate these polymorphisms in 505 patients and 744 controls in Gujarat, and 596 patients and 397 controls in North India by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. IL4 transcript levels were monitored by real-time PCR. Serum IL-4 and IgE levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively. RESULTS The genotype frequencies differed significantly between patients with generalized vitiligo and controls for both the polymorphisms in both populations. Allele frequencies significantly differed between patients with generalized vitiligo and controls for both the polymorphisms in the population from Gujarat. Interestingly, genotype and allele frequencies for -590 C/T single nucleotide polymorphism were significantly different between patients with localized vitiligo and controls in both the populations. The study revealed significantly increased IL4 mRNA, serum IL-4 and IgE levels in patients from Gujarat. Age of onset analysis of disease in patients suggested that the TTR2R2, TTR1R2 and CTR2R2 haplotypes had a profound effect in the early onset of the disease. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that these polymorphisms of the IL4 gene may be genetic risk factors for susceptibility towards vitiligo and the upregulation of the IL4 transcript, protein and IgE levels in individuals with susceptible haplotypes reveal the crucial role of IL-4 in the pathogenesis of vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Imran
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
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Zhang J, Yu Y, Zhang Z, Ding Y, Dai X, Li Y. Effect of polysaccharide from cultured Cordyceps sinensis on immune function and anti-oxidation activity of mice exposed to 60Co. Int Immunopharmacol 2011; 11:2251-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2011.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Regulation of non-classical major histocompatability complex class I mRNA expression in bovine embryos. J Reprod Immunol 2011; 91:31-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2011.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/10/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Abstract
Initial clinical trials using Trichuris suis eggs (TSO) in autoimmune diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease, revealed a striking suppressive effect on the autoimmune response. Here, we analysed the effect of TSO therapy on the course of multiple sclerosis (MS), as a Th1/Th17-associated autoimmune disease. Different immunological parameters in four patients with secondary progressive MS were surveyed during a 6-month therapy with TSO, focusing on the modulation of T-cell Th1-Th2 balance as well as on the innate immune response. We are able to show a slight downregulation of the Th1-associated cytokine pattern, especially relevant in interleukin (IL)-2 (P < 0.05 after 2 months of therapy), with a temporary increase of Th2-associated cytokines such as IL-4. Furthermore, mild eosinophily and changes in CD4+ and CD8+T cells and natural killer (NK) CD56 bright cell numbers were observed. The findings observed in this group of patients suggest that TSO therapy has a moderate immunomodulatory impact in MS.
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Stritesky GL, Muthukrishnan R, Sehra S, Goswami R, Pham D, Travers J, Nguyen ET, Levy DE, Kaplan MH. The transcription factor STAT3 is required for T helper 2 cell development. Immunity 2011; 34:39-49. [PMID: 21215659 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) family members direct the differentiation of T helper cells, with specific STAT proteins promoting distinct effector subsets. STAT6 is required for the development of T helper 2 (Th2) cells, whereas STAT3 promotes differentiation of Th17 and follicular helper T cell subsets. We demonstrated that STAT3 was also activated during Th2 cell development and was required for the expression of Th2 cell-associated cytokines and transcription factors. STAT3 bound directly to Th2 cell-associated gene loci and was required for the ability of STAT6 to bind target genes. In vivo, STAT3 deficiency in T cells eliminated the allergic inflammation in mice sensitized and challenged with ovalbumin or transgenic for constitutively active STAT6. Thus, STAT3 cooperates with STAT6 in promoting Th2 cell development. These results demonstrate that differentiating T helper cells integrate multiple STAT protein signals during Th2 cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretta L Stritesky
- Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Therapeutic strategies for SLE involving cytokines: mechanism-oriented therapies especially IFN-gamma targeting gene therapy. J Biomed Biotechnol 2010; 2010. [PMID: 20827419 PMCID: PMC2933908 DOI: 10.1155/2010/461641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE: lupus) is a chronic complicated autoimmune disease and pathogenesis is still unclear. However, key cytokines have been recognized. Interferon (IFN)-γ and also IFNalpha/beta are of particular importance. Depending on the concept that lupus is a helper T(Th)1 disease and that dendritic cells (DCs) determine the direction of lupus, balance shift of Th1/Th2 and immunogenic/tolerogenic DCs is reviewed for therapy. (IFN)-gamma- and IFN-alpha/beta-targeted (gene) therapies are introduced. These consist of Th1/Th2 balance shift and elimination of IFN-gamma and IFN-gamma-related cytokines such as (interleukin)IL-12 and IL-18. Other approaches include suppression of immunocompetent cells, normalization of abnormal T-cell function, costimulation blockade, B lymphocyte stimulator (Blys) blockade, and suppression of nephritic kidney inflammation. Moreover, balance shift of IFN-alpha/beta and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha together with regulatory T(Treg) cells are briefly introduced. Clinical application will be discussed.
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Lee YW, Kim PH, Lee WH, Hirani AA. Interleukin-4, Oxidative Stress, Vascular Inflammation and Atherosclerosis. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2010; 18:135-144. [PMID: 21072258 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2010.18.2.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. In fact, inflammatory responses in vascular endothelium are primarily regulated through oxidative stress-mediated signaling pathways leading to overexpression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Enhanced expression of cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in endothelial cells and their close interactions facilitate recruiting and adhering blood leukocytes to vessel wall, and subsequently stimulate transendothelial migration, which are thought to be critical early pathologic events in atherogenesis. Although interleukin-4 (IL-4) was traditionally considered as an anti-inflammatory cytokine, recent in vitro and in vivo studies have provided robust evidence that IL-4 exerts pro-inflammatory effects on vascular endothelium and may play a critical role in the development of atherosclerosis. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for IL-4-induced atherosclerosis, however, remain largely unknown. The present review focuses on the distinct sources of IL-4-mediated reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as the pivotal role of ROS in IL-4-induced vascular inflammation. These studies will provide novel insights into a clear delineation of the oxidative mechanisms of IL-4-mediated stimulation of vascular inflammation and subsequent development of atherosclerosis. It will also contribute to novel therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis specifically targeted against pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech), Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Role of NADPH oxidase in interleukin-4-induced monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression in vascular endothelium. Inflamm Res 2010; 59:755-65. [PMID: 20349326 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-010-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 01/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND DESIGN The pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory pathways in vascular endothelium have been implicated in the development of atherosclerosis. In the present study, we investigated effect of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression in vascular endothelium and examined the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that IL-4 significantly up-regulated mRNA and protein expression of MCP-1 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and C57BL/6 mice. A significant and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression was observed in HAEC pre-treated with antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate and epigallocatechin gallate, indicating that IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression is mediated via a ROS-dependent mechanism. Additionally, pharmacological inhibitors of NADPH oxidase (NOX) significantly attenuated IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression in HAEC. Furthermore, the disruption of the NOX gene dramatically reduced IL-4-induced MCP-1 expression in NOX knockout mice (B6.129S6-Cybb(tm1Din)/J). In contrast, overexpression of MCP-1 in IL-4-stimulated HAEC was not affected by inhibiting other ROS generating pathways, such as xanthine oxidase and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulates MCP-1 expression in vascular endothelium through NOX-mediated ROS generation.
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Lee YW, Lee WH, Kim PH. Oxidative mechanisms of IL-4-induced IL-6 expression in vascular endothelium. Cytokine 2010; 49:73-9. [PMID: 19822443 PMCID: PMC2808430 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2009.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2009] [Revised: 06/28/2009] [Accepted: 08/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The present study is designed to investigate the effects of interleukin-4 (IL-4) on expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6), as well as to examine the role of distinct sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that IL-4 significantly up-regulated the mRNA and protein expression of IL-6 in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) and C57BL/6 mice. Dihydroethidium (DHE) and dichlorofluorescein (DCF) fluorescence staining demonstrated that IL-4 significantly increased ROS generation in HAEC. A significant and dose-dependent inhibition of IL-4-induced IL-6 expression was observed in HAEC pre-treated with antioxidants, such as pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), indicating that IL-4-induced IL-6 expression is mediated via an ROS-dependent mechanism. Additionally, pharmacological inhibitor of NADPH oxidase (NOX) significantly attenuated IL-4-induced ROS generation and IL-6 expression in HAEC. Furthermore, the disruption of NOX gene dramatically and significantly reduced IL-4-induced IL-6 expression in NOX knockout mice (B6.129S6-Cybb(tm1Din)/J). In contrast, overexpression of IL-6 in IL-4-activated HAEC was not affected by inhibiting other ROS generating pathways, such as xanthine oxidase, arachidonic acid metabolism, and the mitochondrial electron transport chain. These results demonstrate that IL-4 up-regulates IL-6 expression in vascular endothelium through NOX-mediated ROS generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Woo Lee
- Laboratory of Vascular Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Zhao Y, Zhang S, Jiang L, Jiang J, Liu H. Preventive effects of Schistosoma japonicum ova on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid-induced colitis and bacterial translocation in mice. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2009; 24:1775-80. [PMID: 20136961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1746.2009.05986.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the preventive effects of Schistosoma japonicum ova on trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis and bacterial translocation in mice. METHODS BALB/c mice were randomly divided into three groups: control group; TNBS(+)Ova(-) group; and TNBS(+)Ova(+) group. Mice of the TNBS(+)Ova(+) group were exposed to 10 000 freeze-killed S. japonicum ova by i.p. injection on day 1 and day 11. On day 15, mice were challenged with TNBS to induce colitis. The following variables were assessed: colon pathological changes; serum expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), gamma-interferon (IFN-gamma) and interleukin-10 (IL-10); expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) in colon; IFN-gamma, IL-10 and TLR4 mRNA expression in colon; and the bacterial translocation rate. RESULTS Compared to TNBS(+)Ova(-) group, the colonic inflammation in the TNBS(+)Ova(+) group were relieved. A highly significant elevation of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha were observed in the TNBS-induced colitis group. After exposure to the eggs, IFN-gamma was significantly decreased, while TNF-alpha was similar to that of the TNBS(+)ova(-) group. No obvious variation was seen in IL-10 expression in TNBS-induced colitis, compared to the controls. Exposure to the eggs led to a significant upregulation of IL-10 expression. TLR4 expression was elevated after injected with TNBS and was downregulated in the eggs group. Less intestinal bacterial translocation frequency was observed when exposed to eggs. CONCLUSION S. japonicum ova can prevent the TNBS-induced colitis and reduce the bacterial translocation frequency in mice. The mechanisms were supposed to be due to the regulation of T-helper cell 1/2 balance and TLR4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- ZhongShan Hospital, Fudan University, Gastroenterology, Shanghai, China
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Han SK, Song JY, Yun YS, Yi SY. Effect of gamma radiation on cytokine expression and cytokine-receptor mediated STAT activation. Int J Radiat Biol 2009; 82:686-97. [PMID: 17032631 DOI: 10.1080/09553000600930699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The expression of cytokine mRNA and their related transcription factors was examined in order to assess the effects of gamma radiation on the immune function of murine splenocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Splenocytes were collected from seven-week-old female Balb/c mice, and then irradiated at a dose of 5 Gy of 60Co gamma-ray at a dose rate of 1.394 Gy/min. Total RNA was extracted from both irradiated and non-irradiated splenocytes at 1/2, 1, 3, 6, and 24 h and analysed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). RESULTS The mRNA level of interferon (IFN)-gamma, which is a Th1-type (T helper cell type 1) cytokine, was reduced after 3 h post-irradiation, whereas the interleukin (IL)-2 mRNA in the naïve splenocytes had no significant changes within the 24 h after irradiation. Moreover, IFN-gamma and IL-2 mRNA expression in concanavalin A (Con A, 2.5 mug/ml) activated-splenocytes was significantly reduced by gamma irradiation. On the other hand, the mRNA level of the Th2 type (T helper cell type 2) cytokines, such as IL-4, IL-5 and IL-10, was increased both in naïve and activated splenocytes, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were also rapidly induced in response to irradiation in naïve splenocytes. Interestingly, gamma irradiation had no effect on transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta mRNA expression. Moreover, the mRNA levels of the leucine zipper trqnscription factor c-Maf and GATA binding protein-3 (GATA-3), which regulate IL-4 and IL-5 transcription, were found to have been up-regulated. However, the mRNA coding for interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-1, which is involved in IFN-gamma production, was reduced 6 h post-irradiation. The level of signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat)-1 and Stat-4 phosphorylation, which are activated by IFN-gamma and IL-12, respectively, was significantly reduced by gamma irradiation, but IL-4 receptor mediated Stat-6 activation remained unchanged. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that gamma irradiation may play a role in Th1 and Th2 cytokine expression, via regulation of the level of cytokine-mediators through transcriptional modulation and Stat signaling. These results are helpful to understand general profile of cytokine expression in response to gamma irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seon-Kyu Han
- Laboratory of Radiation Immunology, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Nowon-ku, Seoul
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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic disease of the central nervous system (CNS) characterized by inflammation, demyelination, and axonal pathology. The exact causes of MS are unknown, but environmental factors including pathogens are believed to contribute to the development of disease. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of receptors important in pathogen recognition and host defense. TLRs are expressed by a variety of peripheral immune cells as well as resident cells of the CNS. Studies indicate that TLRs play a significant role in modulating MS, as well as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. This review will discuss the current understanding of the role of TLRs in modulating EAE and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Racke
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Medical Center, 1654 Upham Drive, 445 Means Hall, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Ren Y, Lu L, Guo TB, Qiu J, Yang Y, Liu A, Zhang JZ. Novel immunomodulatory properties of berbamine through selective down-regulation of STAT4 and action of IFN-gamma in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:1491-8. [PMID: 18606704 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Berbamine (BM) is an herbal compound derived from Berberis vulgaris L commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, we show that BM has potent anti-inflammatory properties through novel regulatory mechanisms, leading to reduced encephalitogenic T cell responses and amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The treatment effect of BM was attributable to its selective inhibitory effect on the production and action of IFN-gamma in CD4(+) T cells, which was mediated through altered STAT4 expression in T cells. BM was found to up-regulate SLIM, a ubiquitin E3 ligase for STAT4, and promote STAT4 degradation, resulting in markedly decreased IFN-gamma production in CD4(+) T cells in EAE mice. Regulation of IFN-gamma by BM had profound anti-inflammatory actions through its effect on both CD4(+) T cells and APCs. BM-treated APCs exhibited reduced stimulatory function as a result of altered expression of PD-L1, CD80, and CD86 in treated mice. The treatment effect of BM in EAE was directly related to its action on IFN-gamma, and was abolished in IFN-gamma knockout mice. The study also confirmed that BM was able to inhibit NFAT translocation through effecting calcium mobilization in lymphocytes. However, this effect was not directly responsible for the treatment efficacy of BM in EAE. The study has important implications in our approaches to evaluating the utility of natural compounds in drug discovery and to probing the role of cytokine network in the development of autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiping Ren
- Institute of Health Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Katakai T, Shimizu A. Undesired meeting of lymphocytes: Organ-specific infiltration and the organization of ectopic lymphoid tissue in a murine experimental autoimmune gastritis. Immunol Lett 2008; 118:103-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2008.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 03/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Wang JR, Zhou H, Jiang ZH, Wong YF, Liu L. In vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of a purified saponin fraction derived from the root of Ilex pubescens. Biol Pharm Bull 2008; 31:643-50. [PMID: 18379056 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.31.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The root of Ilex pubescens (Mao-Dong-Qing in Chinese, MDQ) has been commonly used for treatment of cardiovascular and inflammatory diseases in the Chinese medical system. The current studies aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects as well as the underlying mechanisms of a purified saponin fraction (PSF) derived from MDQ. PSF was found to significantly suppress the paw edema of rats induced by histamine given intraperitoneally at dosages ranging from 12.5-100 mg/kg. Meanwhile, PSF given orally at dosages of 200 and 100 mg/kg significantly inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal writhing response of mice and prolonged the time required for mouse tail flick after exposure to a source of radiant heat. The mechanistic studies showed that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) protein expression in carrageenan-injected paw tissues of rats was markedly attenuated by intraperitoneal injection of PSF at dosages of 12.5 to 100 mg/kg. PSF could also markedly inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines, especially IL-1 beta, IL-6 and TNF-alpha, but enhance production of anti-inflammatory cytokines of IL-4 and IL-10 in the carrageenan-injected paw tissues in rats. These effects resulted in an overall attenuation of the ratio of proinflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines and, ultimately suppression of the paw edema. In conclusion, the current study has demonstrated the in vivo anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects of PSF, and suggested that the molecular mechanisms might be associated with inhibition of the elevated expression of COX-2 protein and the overproduction of the proinflammatory cytokines, as well as augmentation of the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-4 and IL-10 in the carrageenan-injected paw tissues of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Rong Wang
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
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Pietrzak AT, Zalewska A, Chodorowska G, Krasowska D, Michalak-Stoma A, Nockowski P, Osemlak P, Paszkowski T, Roliński JM. Cytokines and anticytokines in psoriasis. Clin Chim Acta 2008; 394:7-21. [PMID: 18445484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2008.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Revised: 03/31/2008] [Accepted: 04/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune hyperproliferative skin disease of varying severity affecting approximately 2-3% of the general population in the USA and Europe. Although the pathogenesis of psoriasis has not been fully elucidated, an immunologic-genetic relationship is likely. Cutaneous and systemic overexpression of various proinflammatory cytokines (TNF, interleukins, interferon-gamma) has been demonstrated in psoriatic patients. METHODS We reviewed the current database literature and summarized the involvement of cytokines and their receptors in the pathogenesis and treatment of psoriasis. RESULTS Although many cytokine/anti-cytokine therapies have been conducted, TNF antagonists in the treatment of both psoriasis arthropatica and vulgaris appear to be the most widely used clinically. Interestingly, the efficacy and tolerability of some cytokines (rhIL-11 or ABX-IL-8,) were found to be much lower than expected. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary results obtained with cytokine and anti-cytokine therapies appear promising and as such continued research is clearly indicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aldona T Pietrzak
- Chair and Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Poland.
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Huang FY, Chang TY, Chen MR, Lee HC, Chiu NC, Chi H, Hsu CH, Lin SP, Liu HF, Chen WF, Chu CC, Lin M, Lee YJ. The −590 C/T and 8375 A/G interleukin-4 polymorphisms are not associated with Kawasaki disease in Taiwanese children. Hum Immunol 2008; 69:52-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2007.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/13/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Sasaki K, Zhu X, Vasquez C, Nishimura F, Dusak JE, Huang J, Fujita M, Wesa A, Potter DM, Walker PR, Storkus WJ, Okada H. Preferential expression of very late antigen-4 on type 1 CTL cells plays a critical role in trafficking into central nervous system tumors. Cancer Res 2007; 67:6451-8. [PMID: 17616706 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-3280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown preferential tumor-homing and therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred type 1 CTL (Tc1) when compared with type 2 CTL (Tc2) in mice bearing intracranial ovalbumin-transfected melanoma (M05). Further characterizing the expression of a panel of homing receptors on Tc1 and Tc2 cells, we found that very late antigen (VLA)-4 (a heterodimer of CD49d and CD29), but none of other receptors evaluated, was expressed at significantly higher levels on Tc1 cells than on Tc2 cells. Although CD49d (alpha(4) integrin) can form heterodimers with both beta(1) (CD29) and beta(7) integrins, alpha(4)beta(7) complexes were not expressed by either Tc1 or Tc2 cells, suggesting that CD49d is solely expressed in VLA-4 complexes. VLA-4 expression on Tc2 cells was down-regulated in an interleukin (IL)-4 dose-dependent manner but not by other type 2 cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-13, suggesting that IL-4 uniquely down-regulates VLA-4 expression on these cells. In accordance with the differential expression of VLA-4 on Tc1 versus Tc2 cells, Tc1 cells alone were competent to adhere to plate-bound VCAM-1-Ig fusion protein. Finally, the efficient trafficking of Tc1 cells into intracranial M05 lesions in vivo was efficiently blocked by administration of monoclonal antibodies against CD49d or VCAM-1 or small interfering RNA-mediated silencing of CD49d on Tc1 cells. Collectively, these data support the critical role of VLA-4 in the effective intracranial tumor homing of adoptive-transferred, antigen-specific Tc1 cells and suggest that more effective vaccine and/or ex vivo T-cell activation regimens may be developed by promoting the generation of VLA-4(+) antitumor Tc1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Sasaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Hofstetter HH, Kovalovsky A, Shive CL, Lehmann PV, Forsthuber TG. Neonatal induction of myelin-specific Th1/Th17 immunity does not result in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and can protect against the disease in adulthood. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 187:20-30. [PMID: 17482277 PMCID: PMC3204791 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal immune system is believed to be biased towards T helper type 2 (Th2) immunity, but under certain conditions neonates can also develop Th1 immune responses. Neonatal Th2 immunity to myelin antigens is not pathogenic and can prevent induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in adulthood, but the consequences of neonatally induced Th1 immunity to self-antigens have remained unresolved. Here, we show that neonatal injection of mice with myelin antigens emulsified in complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced vigorous production of IFN-gamma and IL-17, but not IL-5, consistent with myelin-specific Th1/Th17 immunity. Importantly, the myelin-specific Th1/Th17 cells persisted in the mice until adulthood without causing symptoms of EAE. Intraperitoneal, but not subcutaneous injection of neonates with myelin antigens protected against induction of EAE as adults. Intraperitoneally injected neonates showed a substantial decrease of the number and avidity of myelin-reactive Th17 cells, suggesting a decrease in IL-17 producing precursor cells as the mechanism of protection from EAE upon re-injection with myelin antigens as adults. The results could provide a rationale for the presence of autoreactive T cells found in healthy human individuals without autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer/methods
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Cytokines/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Guinea Pigs
- Image Processing, Computer-Assisted
- Infusions, Parenteral/methods
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/immunology
- Myelin Proteolipid Protein/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Th1 Cells/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H. Hofstetter
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Andra Kovalovsky
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Carey L. Shive
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Paul V. Lehmann
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
| | - Thomas G. Forsthuber
- Institute of Pathology, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106
- Dept. Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249
- Corresponding author. Department of Biology, South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX 78249 United States., (T.G. Forsthuber)
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Chang KH, Lyu RK, Tseng MY, Ro LS, Wu YR, Chang HS, Hsu WC, Kuo HC, Huang CC, Chu CC, Hsieh SY, Chen CM. Elevated haptoglobin level of cerebrospinal fluid in Guillain-Barré syndrome revealed by proteomics analysis. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:467-75. [PMID: 21136698 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200600949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune inflammatory polyneuropathy with a high risk of respiratory failure and unclear pathogenesis. Currently, there are no valid biomarkers for diagnosis of GBS. We used 2-DE and MS to analyze the protein profiles of five pairs of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples of the GBS patients and the patient controls. Three proteins (orosomucoid, haptoglobin and apolipoprotein A-IV) were up-regulated, and two proteins (prostaglandin D2 synthase and transthyretin) were down-regulated in the CSF of the GBS patients. The CSF haptoglobin level, quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, was significantly higher in the GBS patients (12.44 ± 2.70 μg/mL) compared to the chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (2.82 ± 0.83 μg/mL), viral meningitis (3.57 ± 0.97 μg/mL) and control patients (1.44 ± 0.35 μg/mL, p<0.05). This study indicated that protein profile analysis using a combination of 2-DE and MS provides an effective strategy for elucidating the pathogenesis and identifying potential CSF biomarkers for GBS. The raised intrathecal synthesis of haptoglobin specifically only in GBS patients, but not in patients with other neurological diseases examined, provides evidence of central nervous system involvement in GBS, and may be used as a potential diagnostic marker for GBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Hsuan Chang
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Mjösberg J, Berg G, Ernerudh J, Ekerfelt C. CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells in human pregnancy: development of a Treg-MLC-ELISPOT suppression assay and indications of paternal specific Tregs. Immunology 2007; 120:456-66. [PMID: 17229266 PMCID: PMC2265909 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02529.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was aimed at developing a one-way mixed leucocyte culture-enzyme-linked immunospot (MLC-ELISPOT) assay for the study of CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (T(reg)) cells and applying this method in the study of antifetal immune reactions during human pregnancy. Twenty-one pregnant women and the corresponding fathers-to-be, and 10 non-pregnant control women and men, participated in the study. CD4(+) CD25(+) cells were isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) by immunomagnetic selection. Maternal/control PBMC were stimulated with paternal or unrelated PBMC in MLC. Secretion of interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) from responder cells, with or without the presence of autologous T(reg) cells, was analysed by ELISPOT. PBMC from pregnant women showed increased secretion of IL-4 compared to controls. In pregnant and non-pregnant controls, T(reg) cells suppressed IFN-gamma reactivity against paternal and unrelated alloantigens. Interestingly, T(reg) cells suppressed IL-4 secretion against paternal but not unrelated alloantigens during pregnancy. We have successfully developed a model for studying T(reg) cells in antifetal cytokine reactions during pregnancy. Results indicate that T(reg) cells contribute to strict regulation of both T helper type 1-like and type 2-like antifetal immune reactions. Interestingly, T helper type 2-like cells specific to unrelated alloantigens are able to escape the suppression of T(reg) cells, which would allow for IL-4, alongside CD4(+) CD25(+) T(reg) cells, to control potentially detrimental IFN-gamma reactions during pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Mjösberg
- Unit for Autoimmunity and Immunoregulation, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Makkar G, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Ho PC. Reduced expression of interleukin-11 and interleukin-6 in the periimplantation endometrium of excessive ovarian responders during in vitro fertilization treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91:3181-8. [PMID: 16705074 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2006-0180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Impaired implantation in assisted reproduction cycles with high serum estradiol (E2) concentrations may be related to abnormal endometrial functions. OBJECTIVE The in vivo expression of T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines in the periimplantation endometrium of infertile patients was compared between natural and stimulated cycles. INTERVENTIONS AND MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Uterine flushings and endometrial biopsies were collected 7 d after the LH surge in natural cycles or after human chorionic gonadotropin injection in stimulated cycles. Th2 cytokines were determined by immunolocalization and by ELISA. Natural cycles were in group A, whereas stimulated cycles with peak serum E2 of no more than 20,000 pmol/liter (moderate responders) and more than 20,000 pmol/liter (excessive responders) were classified as group B and group C, respectively. RESULTS Higher E2 had a negative effect on IL-11 and IL-6 expression in the endometrium and IL-11 concentration in the uterine flushing. In endometrial biopsies, a significantly lower immunostaining of stromal IL-11 (P < 0.001) and glandular IL-6 (P < 0.05) was detected in group C compared with that of groups A and B. IL-11 concentration by ELISA was significantly lower in group C (P < 0.05). Endometrial leukemia inhibitory factor and IL-4 expression was similar in the three groups. In uterine flushings, a significantly higher percentage of women in group C had undetectable IL-11 and a lower IL-11 concentration (P < 0.01) compared with group A, whereas no difference in IL-6 concentration was noted in the three groups. CONCLUSION Reduced expression of IL-11 and IL-6 in periimplantation endometrium may account for lower implantation in excessive responders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guneet Makkar
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The University of Hong Kong, 6/F Professorial Block, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong
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Racke MK, Gocke AR, Muir M, Diab A, Drew PD, Lovett-Racke AE. Nuclear receptors and autoimmune disease: the potential of PPAR agonists to treat multiple sclerosis. J Nutr 2006; 136:700-3. [PMID: 16484546 PMCID: PMC2819754 DOI: 10.1093/jn/136.3.700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune disorder characterized by central nervous system inflammation and demyelination, features reminiscent of the human disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior work in the EAE model has suggested that encephalitogenic T cells are of the T helper (Th)-1 phenotype. Our group has performed several studies in the EAE model that suggest that a strategy for treating autoimmune disorders is to convert the pathogenic cells from the Th1 to Th2 phenotype. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are members of a nuclear hormone receptor superfamily that include receptors for steroids, retinoids, and thyroid hormone, all of which are known to affect the immune response. Recently, we examined the role of PPARgamma in EAE and observed that administration of the PPARgamma agonist 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14) prostaglandin J2 exerted a significant therapeutic effect predominantly by inhibiting the activation and expansion of encephalitogenic T cells. One potential advantage in studying PPARalpha agonists is that they have been very well tolerated when used in humans to treat conditions such as elevated triglycerides. Building on prior work in immune deviation and with PPAR agonists, we have demonstrated that PPARalpha agonists can alter the cytokine phenotype of myelin-reactive T cells, alter their encephalitogenicity, and be useful in the treatment of EAE. The fact that PPARalpha agonists have been used as therapeutic agents in humans to treat metabolic conditions for over 25 years with little toxicity makes them attractive candidates for use as adjunctive therapies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael K Racke
- Department of Neurology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, 75390, USA.
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49
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Dodeller F, Schulze-Koops H. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling cascade in CD4 T cells. Arthritis Res Ther 2006; 8:205. [PMID: 16542479 PMCID: PMC1526596 DOI: 10.1186/ar1905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the identification of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) as a key signal-transducing molecule in the expression of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor (TNF) more than 10 years ago, huge efforts have been made to develop inhibitors of p38 MAPK with the intent to modulate unwanted TNF activity in diseases such as autoimmune diseases or sepsis. However, despite some anti-inflammatory effects in animal models, no p38 MAPK inhibitor has yet demonstrated clinical efficacy in human autoimmune disorders. One possible reason for this paradox might relate to the fact that the p38 MAPK signaling cascade is involved in the functional regulation of several different cell types that all contribute to the complex pathogenesis of human autoimmune diseases. In particular, p38 MAPK has a multifaceted role in CD4 T cells that have been implicated in initiating and driving sustained inflammation in autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis or systemic vasculitis. Here we review recent advances in the understanding of the role of the p38 MAPK signaling cascade in CD4 T cells and the consequences that its inhibition provokes in T cell functions in vitro and in vivo. These new data suggest that p38 MAPK inhibitors may elicit several unwanted effects in human autoimmune diseases but may be useful for the treatment of allergic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis Dodeller
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Group III, and Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schulze-Koops
- Nikolaus Fiebiger Center for Molecular Medicine, Clinical Research Group III, and Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Glueckstrasse 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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50
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Wilczyński JR. Th1/Th2 cytokines balance--yin and yang of reproductive immunology. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2006; 122:136-43. [PMID: 15893871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2005.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 03/08/2005] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
For years conception of Th2 overbalance during pregnancy has been a paradigm for immunology of reproduction, while Th1 activity has been presented as unwanted component. Studies concerning Th1/Th2 balance in physiological and complicated pregnancy have been reviewed. Th1 activity during early peri-implantation period, premature and term labour not only accompanies but even predominates over Th2 activity. Th1 activity plays important role in promotion of Th2 response, regulation of placentation process, defense against infections and initiation of delivery. Together with Th2 activity it is necessary component of immunological reactions during pregnancy, both activities being inseparable like yin and yang. So paradigm of "Th1-Th2 cooperation" is much closer to reality than "Th2 phenomenon".
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek R Wilczyński
- Department of Gynecological Surgery, Polish Mother's Health Center Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, 281/289 Rzgowska St., Poland.
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