1
|
Schroeder LE, Furdock R, Quiles CR, Kurt G, Perez-Bonilla P, Garcia A, Colon-Ortiz C, Brown J, Bugescu R, Leinninger GM. [Not Available]. Neuropeptides 2019; 76:101930. [PMID: 31079844 PMCID: PMC7721284 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neurotensin (Nts) is a neuropeptide implicated in the regulation of many facets of physiology, including cardiovascular tone, pain processing, ingestive behaviors, locomotor drive, sleep, addiction and social behaviors. Yet, there is incomplete understanding about how the various populations of Nts neurons distributed throughout the brain mediate such physiology. This knowledge gap largely stemmed from the inability to simultaneously identify Nts cell bodies and manipulate them in vivo. One means of overcoming this obstacle is to study NtsCre mice crossed onto a Cre-inducible green fluorescent reporter line (NtsCre;GFP mice), as these mice permit both visualization and in vivo modulation of specific populations of Nts neurons (using Cre-inducible viral and genetic tools) to reveal their function. Here we provide a comprehensive characterization of the distribution and relative densities of the Nts-GFP populations observed throughout the male NtsCre;GFP mouse brain, which will pave the way for future work to define their physiologic roles. We also compared the distribution of Nts-GFP neurons with Nts-In situ Hybridization (Nts-ISH) data from the adult mouse brain. By comparing these data sets we can distinguish Nts-GFP populations that may only transiently express Nts during development but not in the mature brain, and hence which populations may not be amenable to Cre-mediated manipulation in adult NtsCre;GFP mice. This atlas of Nts-GFP neurons will facilitate future studies using the NtsCre;GFP line to describe the physiological functions of individual Nts populations and how modulating them may be useful to treat disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Ryan Furdock
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Cristina Rivera Quiles
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Gizem Kurt
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Patricia Perez-Bonilla
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Angela Garcia
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Crystal Colon-Ortiz
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Juliette Brown
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Raluca Bugescu
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States
| | - Gina M Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48114, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schroeder LE, Leinninger GM. Role of central neurotensin in regulating feeding: Implications for the development and treatment of body weight disorders. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1864:900-916. [PMID: 29288794 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.12.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The peptide neurotensin (Nts) was discovered within the brain over 40years ago and is implicated in regulating analgesia, body temperature, blood pressure, locomotor activity and feeding. Recent evidence suggests, however, that these disparate processes may be controlled via specific populations of Nts neurons and receptors. The neuronal mediators of Nts anorectic action are now beginning to be understood, and, as such, modulating specific Nts pathways might be useful in treating feeding and body weight disorders. This review considers mechanisms through which Nts normally regulates feeding and how disruptions in Nts signaling might contribute to the disordered feeding and body weight of schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, anorexia nervosa, and obesity. Defining how Nts specifically mediates feeding vs. other aspects of physiology will inform the design of therapeutics that modify body weight without disrupting other important Nts-mediated physiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Schroeder
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States
| | - Gina M Leinninger
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48823, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Loum-Ribot E, Lafon P, Chaigniau M, Tramu G, Corio M. Glucocorticoids down-regulate lipopolysaccharide-induced de novo production of neurotensin mRNA in the rat hypothalamic, paraventricular, corticotrophin-releasing hormone neurons. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 13:170-8. [PMID: 17183192 DOI: 10.1159/000098130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Intraperitoneal injection of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) produces inflammation accompanied by activation of the immune system and the secretion of cytokines. Cytokines stimulate the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to release the anti-inflammatory corticosterone which controls its own production by acting on the HPA axis. Upstream in the HPA axis are neuroendocrine corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) neurons located in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), whose multipeptidergic phenotype changes during inflammation: while CRH mRNA is up-regulated in these conditions, neurotensin (NT) mRNA expression is induced de novo. The negative feedback control of glucocorticoids on CRH production is well documented; however, their action on NT production in the PVN of the hypothalamus is poorly documented. The aim of this study was to determine if glucocorticoids modulate the de novo production of NT during inflammation. METHODS Using quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry, we examined whether the absence (adrenalectomy) or excess (corticosterone implants) of glucocorticoids modulate de novo production of NT mRNA in the PVN during inflammation induced by LPS treatment. RESULTS A relatively low dose of LPS (50 microg/kg) that is not efficient to induce NT mRNA production in the PVN becomes efficient after adrenalectomy. Moreover, corticosterone excess reduces LPS-induced production of NT mRNA in the PVN. CONCLUSION Glucocorticoids exert a negative control on NT mRNA production in the PVN of the hypothalamus, and this effect requires that NT mRNA production be triggered, such as during inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Loum-Ribot
- Laboratoire d'Homéostasie Cellulaire et Pathologies, EA3842, Faculté de Médecine de Limoges, Limoges, France.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Neuronal dopamine subpopulations maintained in hypothalamic slice explant cultures exhibit distinct tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA turnover rates. J Neurosci 1997. [PMID: 9169516 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.17-12-04552.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in mRNA stability have been shown to regulate critical intracellular processes. In this investigation, we studied tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA turnover in functionally and anatomically distinct dopaminergic (DA) populations of the rat hypothalamus. To this end, long-term slice explant cultures from postnatal, preoptic area/hypothalami, containing three anatomically discrete DA populations, were generated and maintained under defined conditions. The organotypic cultures were treated with the transcription inhibitors 5,6-dichloro-1-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole or actinomycin D and processed for in situ hybridization histochemistry. Relative TH mRNA content per cell was quantitated. Single-cell analysis showed marked differences in basal TH mRNA turnover rates between DA neuronal populations. Anterior and midhypothalamic DA neurons exhibited half-time turnovers of 9-12 and 11-23 hr, respectively. In contrast, in the caudal hypothalamus, DA neurons of the arcuate nucleus had a significantly lower baseline level and more rapid turnover (6-7 hr) of TH mRNA. This investigation shows that basal turnover of a phenotypic mRNA, TH mRNA in DA neurons, is not an intrinsic property of the phenotypic marker. Furthermore, we found that destabilization of TH mRNA in the caudal hypothalamus corresponds to the known rhythmic output displayed by arcuate DA cells and, as such, may be critical for normal function of this population. We propose that intrinsic differences in the post-transcriptional regulation of TH permits neuronal subpopulations, which subserve different physiological functions, an additional mechanism to control DA biosynthesis in response to their unique needs.
Collapse
|
5
|
Abstract
More than two decades of research indicate that the peptide neurotensin (NT) and its cognate receptors participate to a remarkable extent in the regulation of mammalian neuroendocrine systems, potentially at multiple levels in a given system. NT-synthesizing neurons appear to exert a direct or indirect stimulatory influence on neurosecretory cells that synthesize gonadotropin-releasing hormone, dopamine (DA), somatostatin, and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). In addition, context-specific synthesis of NT occurs in hypothalamic neurosecretory cells located in the arcuate nucleus and parvocellular paraventricular nucleus, including distinct subsets of cells which release DA, CRH, or growth hormone-releasing hormone into the hypophysial portal circulation. At the level of the anterior pituitary, NT stimulates secretion of prolactin and occurs in subsets of gonadotropes and thyrotropes. Moreover, circulating hormones influence NT synthesis in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary, raising the possibility that NT mediates certain feedback effects of the hormones on neuroendocrine cells. Gonadal steroids alter NT levels in the preoptic area, arcuate nucleus, and anterior pituitary; adrenal steroids alter NT levels in the hypothalamic periventricular nucleus and arcuate nucleus; and thyroid hormones alter NT levels in the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Finally, clarification of the specific neuroendocrine roles subserved by NT should be greatly facilitated by the use of newly developed agonists and antagonists of the peptide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W H Rostène
- INSERM U.339, Hôpital St. Antoine, Paris, France.
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lantos TA, Görcs TJ, Palkovits M. Immunohistochemical mapping of neuropeptides in the premamillary region of the hypothalamus in rats. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1995; 20:209-49. [PMID: 7795657 DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(94)00013-f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The topographical distribution of neuropeptide-containing cell bodies, fibers and terminals was studied in the premamillary region of the rat hypothalamus using light microscopic immunohistochemistry. Alternate coronal sections through the posterior third of the hypothalamus of normal and colchicine-treated male rats were immunostained for 19 different neuropeptides and their distributions were mapped throughout the following structures: the ventral and dorsal premamillary, the supramamillary, the tuberomamillary and the posterior hypothalamic nuclei, as well as the premamillary portion of the arcuate nucleus and the postinfundibular median eminence. Seventeen of the investigated neuropeptides were present in neuronal perikarya, nerve fibers and terminals while the gonadotropin associated peptide and vasopressin occurred only in fibers and terminals. Growth hormone-releasing hormone-, somatostatin-, alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone-, adrenocorticotropin-, beta-endorphin- and neuropeptide Y-immunoreactive neurons were seen exclusively in the premamillary portion of the arcuate nucleus. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone-, dynorphin A- and galanin-containing neurons were distributed mainly in the arcuate and the tuberomamillary nuclei. A high number of methionine- and leucine-enkephalin-immunoreactive cells were detected in the arcuate and dorsal premamillary nuclei, as well as in the area ventrolateral to the fornix. Substance P-immunoreactive perikarya were present in very high number within the entire region, in particular in the ventral and dorsal premamillary nuclei. Cell bodies labelled with cholecystokinin- and calcitonin gene-related peptide antisera were found predominantly in the supramamillary and the terete nuclei, respectively. Corticotropin-releasing hormone-, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and neurotensin-immunoreactive neurons were scattered randomly in low number, mostly in the arcuate and the ventral and dorsal premamillary nuclei. Peptidergic fibers were distributed unevenly throughout the whole region, with each peptide showing an individual distribution pattern. The highest density of immunoreactive fibers was presented in the ventral half of the region including the arcuate, the ventral premamillary and the tuberomamillary nuclei. The supramamillary nucleus showed moderately dense fiber networks, while the dorsal premamillary and the posterior hypothalamic nuclei were poor in peptidergic fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T A Lantos
- Laboratory of Neuromorphology, Semmelweis University Medical School, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cechetto DF. Identification of a cortical site for stress-induced cardiovascular dysfunction. INTEGRATIVE PHYSIOLOGICAL AND BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE PAVLOVIAN SOCIETY 1994; 29:362-73. [PMID: 7696133 DOI: 10.1007/bf02691356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The evidence indicating that the insular cortex is a likely candidate to mediate stress-induced cardiovascular responses is reviewed. Both neuroanatomical and electrophysiological investigations demonstrate that the insular cortex receives an organized representation of visceral information. In addition, the insular cortex also receives highly processed association cortex information. The insular cortex is also highly interconnected with many subcortical limbic and autonomic regions. This combination of sensory input and limbic/autonomic connectivity would be necessary to permit the insular cortex to be a critical site for the integration of emotional and autonomic responses. Stimulation of the insular cortex elicits specific cardiovascular and autonomic responses from discrete sites. Phasic stimulation entrained to the cardiac cycle is even capable of causing severe arrhythmias. The efferent pathways and some of the neurotransmitter mechanisms have determined. It appears that the lateral hypothalamic area is the primary site of synapse for responses originating in the insular cortex and this information is relayed by NMDA glutamatergic receptors and modulated by neuropeptides including neuropeptide Y, neurotensin, leu-enkephalin and dynorphin. Finally, a rat stroke model, which includes the insular cortex in the infarct region indicates that disruption of the insula can produce substantial cardiac and autonomic abnormalities, which might be similar to those produced by stress. Some of the chronic neurochemical changes, including increases in opioids, neuropeptide Y and neurotensin in the central nucleus of the amygdala, which might be mediating these cardiovascular disturbances, have been determined.
Collapse
|
8
|
Scarériaux V, Pélaprat D, Lhiaubet AM, Schimpff RM, Tramu G, Rostène W. Developmental pattern of neurotensin content in rat hypothalamic neurons cultured in serum-free medium: comparison with in vivo data. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 1994; 81:128-30. [PMID: 7805278 DOI: 10.1016/0165-3806(94)90075-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Neurotensinergic cells were visualized by immunocytochemistry in rat hypothalamic cultures grown in serum-free medium for 12 days. They represented 0.03% of the total cell population. The pattern observed for the evolution of neurotensin content in hypothalamic cultures, from day 5 to day 21 (7-fold increase), was similar to that observed in the rat hypothalamus during the corresponding period of in vivo ontogeny, from birth to 19 days postnatal (6-fold increase).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Scarériaux
- INSERM U339, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
François-Bellan AM, Bosler O, Tonon MC, Wei LT, Beaudet A. Association of neurotensin receptors with VIP-containing neurons and serotonin-containing axons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the rat. Synapse 1992; 10:282-90. [PMID: 1316637 DOI: 10.1002/syn.890100403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify cellular elements bearing high-affinity neurotensin (NT) binding sites in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the rat hypothalamus. Because the distribution of these binding sites had previously been reported to conform to that of both vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-containing nerve cell bodies and serotonin (5-HT)-containing axons, the following experimental approaches were used: (1) the overlap between autoradiographically labeled NT binding sites and immunocytochemically labeled VIP neurons was examined in adjacent 5-microns-thick sections taken across the entire rostrocaudal extent of the SCN; and (2) the density of NT binding sites was examined by quantitative autoradiography following cytotoxic lesioning of 5-HT afferents. Double-labeling studies demonstrated precise overlap between 125I-NT binding and VIP immunostaining throughout the SCN. Moreover, at high magnification intensely VIP-immunoreactive neurons were found in direct register with 125I-NT-labeled cells visualized in adjacent sections. Densitometric autoradiographic studies demonstrated a significant reduction in specific 125I-NT binding within the SCN following intracerebroventricular injection of the neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine. Taken together, these results indicate that within the SCN, NT receptors are present both presynaptically on serotonin axons and postsynaptically on the perikarya and dendrites of VIP-containing neurons.
Collapse
|
10
|
Kiyama H, Sato M, Emson PC, Tohyama M. Transient expression of neurotensin mRNA in the mitral cells of rat olfactory bulb during development. Neurosci Lett 1991; 128:85-9. [PMID: 1922952 DOI: 10.1016/0304-3940(91)90765-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The transient expression of neurotensin mRNA in the mitral cells of the rat olfactory bulb was demonstrated during the perinatal period using non-radioactive in situ hybridization in which an alkaline phosphatase labelled oligodeoxynucleotide probe was used. The relative cellular content of neurotensin mRNA signal was measured by use of a microdensitometer. Neurotensin mRNA positive cells were observed in the primordium of mitral cells on embryonic day 14 and their mRNA content increased gradually up to the day of birth. During the first postnatal week, the strength of their neurotensin mRNA signal decreased dramatically, and continued to decrease until in the adult olfactory bulb neurotensin mRNA was no longer detectable. This decrease of the neurotensin mRNA content coincided with a parallel decrease of neurotensin immunoreactivity observed in the lateral olfactory tract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyama
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Cambridge Research Station, Babraham, U.K
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kiyama H, Emson PC. Colchicine-induced expression of proneurotensin mRNA in rat striatum and hypothalamus. BRAIN RESEARCH. MOLECULAR BRAIN RESEARCH 1991; 9:353-8. [PMID: 1645438 DOI: 10.1016/0169-328x(91)90084-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The effect of colchicine treatment on proneurotensin mRNA expression was examined using a sensitive non-radioactive in situ hybridization histochemistry technique with an enzyme-labelled antisense oligonucleotide probe. Intraventricular injection of colchicine rapidly induced strong neurotensin mRNA expression in a number of neurons in the dorsomedial part of the caudate putamen, and in the paraventricular, and arcuate nuclei while an induction of neurotensin mRNA was not observed in vehicle (saline)-injected animals. Neurotensin mRNA was not induced significantly in other periventricular areas such as the medial preoptic area or the lateral septum. These results indicate that colchicine can itself rapidly induce neurotensin mRNA expression and that this induction is specific to certain cell populations in the vicinity of the ventricles. These results demonstrate that colchicine should be used with caution in immunohistochemical studies demonstrating the normal distribution of peptide immunoreactivity or mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Kiyama
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics Research, Babraham, Cambridge, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gillis RA, Quest JA, Pagani FD, Norman WP. Control centers in the central nervous system for regulating gastrointestinal motility. Compr Physiol 1989. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.cp060117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
13
|
Antonopoulos J, Papadopoulos GC, Karamanlidis AN, Michaloudi H. Distribution of neuropeptides in the infundibular nucleus of the sheep. Neuropeptides 1989; 14:121-8. [PMID: 2572999 DOI: 10.1016/0143-4179(89)90069-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of neurons exhibiting somatostatin (SRIF)-, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-, beta-endorphin- and neurotensin (NT)-like immunoreactivity within the infundibular nucleus (NI) of the sheep, and the extent of coexistence of the above peptides within individual neurons of the NI were investigated with immunocytochemical techniques. Our results show that the above neurochemical types of neurons exhibit specific and largely non-overlapping patterns of distribution within the NI of the sheep. Furthermore, the coexistence of these peptides within neurons of the NI is very limited, as from all possible permutations checked, only SRIF and NPY were found together in a small number of cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Antonopoulos
- Department of Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cechetto DF, Saper CB. Neurochemical organization of the hypothalamic projection to the spinal cord in the rat. J Comp Neurol 1988; 272:579-604. [PMID: 2901438 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902720410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 257] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The hypothalamus provides a major projection to the spinal cord that innervates primarily lamina I of the dorsal horn and the sympathetic and parasympathetic preganglionic cell columns. We have examined the chemical organization of the neurons that contribute to this pathway by using combined retrograde transport of fluorescent dyes and immunohistochemistry for 15 different putative neurotransmitters or their synthetic enzymes. Our results demonstrate that 5 cytoarchitectonically distinct cell groups in the hypothalamus contribute to the spinal projection and that each has its own predominant chemical types. In the paraventricular nucleus, substantial numbers of hypothalamo-spinal neurons stain with antisera against arginine vasopressin (25-35%), oxytocin (20-25%), and met-enkephalin (10%). About 25% of the neurons with spinal projections in the retrochiasmatic area stain with an antiserum against alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Nearly 100% of the hypothalamo-spinal neurons in the tuberal lateral hypothalamic area stain with this same antiserum, but these cells do not stain for other proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides, and so probably contain a cross-reacting peptide. This population must be distinguished from an adjacent cell group, in the perifornical region, where many spinal projection neurons stain with antisera against dynorphin (25%) or atrial natriuretic peptide (20%). Finally, in the dorsal hypothalamic area as many as 55-75% of the neurons with spinal projections are dopaminergic, on the basis of their staining with an antiserum against tyrosine hydroxylase. These 5 neurochemically distinct projections from the hypothalamus to the spinal cord are discussed in the context of their possible functional significance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D F Cechetto
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Sciences, University of Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Meister B, Hökfelt T. Peptide- and transmitter-containing neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus and their relation to GABAergic systems: possible roles in control of prolactin and growth hormone secretion. Synapse 1988; 2:585-605. [PMID: 2905536 DOI: 10.1002/syn.890020604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Indirect immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to study the relation among GABAergic, catecholaminergic, cholinergic, and peptidergic neurons in the rat mediobasal hypothalamus. By employing a direct double-labelling procedure using sheep antiserum against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), mouse monoclonal and rabbit antibodies to neurotensin (NT) and rabbit antisera to tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), galanin (GAL), growth hormone-releasing factor (GRF), or somatostatin (SOM), it was demonstrated that GAD-positive fibers and terminals in the external part of the median eminence co-contained immunoreactivity for TH, NT, GAL or GRF, but not for SOM. In the internal part of the median eminence-infundibular stalk, GAD-positive/NT-, GAL-, and GRF-negative and GAD-positive/TH-positive fiber plexa were shown. When a recently developed direct triple-labelling procedure with biotin-conjugated mouse secondary antibodies in conjunction with diethylaminocoumarin (DAMC)-conjugated avidin was employed, presence of GAD/GAL/NT- as well as GAD/GRF/NT-containing varicosities could be demonstrated close to hypophysial portal vessels. In colchicine-pretreated animals, GAD was shown to coexist with TH, NT, or GAL in cell bodies in both the dorsomedial and ventrolateral domains of the arcuate nucleus, but with GRF only in the ventrolateral division. ChAT-positive neurons in the ventrolateral region were also TH-positive. In the ventrolateral arcuate nucleus, triple-labelling followed by elution-restaining showed GAD/NT/GAL/TH-immunoreactivities in the same cells. Similarly, double-labelling with two following elution-restaining steps showed several NT/GAL/GRF/TH-containing cell bodies in this part of the arcuate nucleus. GAD-positive cells in the anterior hypothalamic periventricular area and fibers in the pituitary neurointermediate lobe were also TH-positive. The results demonstrate complex patterns of storage of chemical messengers in neurons of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex. Possible neuroendocrine interactions of these systems in the control of prolactin and growth hormone secretion are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Meister
- Department of Histology and Neurobiology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
|
17
|
Hokfelt T, Tsuruo Y, Meister B, Melander T, Schalling M, Everitt B. Localization of neuroactive substances in the hypothalamus with special reference to coexistence of messenger molecules. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1987; 219:21-45. [PMID: 2893518 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4684-5395-9_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Hokfelt
- Department of Histology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
J. Everitt B, Meister B, Hökfelt T, Melander T, Terenius L, Rökaeus Å, Theodorsson-Norheim E, Dockray G, Edwardson J, Cuello C, Elde R, Goldstein M, Hemmings H, Ouimet C, Walaas I, Greengard P, Vale W, Weber E, Wu JY, Chang KJ. The hypothalamic arcuate nucleus-median eminence complex: Immunohistochemistry of transmitters, peptides and DARPP-32 with special reference to coexistence in dopamine neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1986. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-0173(86)90001-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
19
|
Catecholamine-Peptide Interactions in the Hypothalamus. CURRENT TOPICS IN NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY 1986. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-71461-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
20
|
Hökfelt T, Everitt B, Meister B, Melander T, Schalling M, Johansson O, Lundberg JM, Hulting AL, Werner S, Cuello C. Neurons with multiple messengers with special reference in neuroendocrine systems. RECENT PROGRESS IN HORMONE RESEARCH 1986; 42:1-70. [PMID: 2426743 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-571142-5.50005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
21
|
Krukoff TL, Ciriello J, Calaresu FR. Segmental distribution of peptide- and 5HT-like immunoreactivity in nerve terminals and fibers of the thoracolumbar sympathetic nuclei of the cat. J Comp Neurol 1985; 240:103-16. [PMID: 2414341 DOI: 10.1002/cne.902400108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of leucine-enkephalin, methionine-enkephalin, neurotensin, somatostatin, substance P, oxytocin, vasopressin, neurophysin II, and serotonin in nerve terminals and fibers of sympathetic autonomic areas of the thoracolumbar (T-L) spinal cord was studied immunohistochemically in cats. Densities of these immunoreactive terminals and fibers were estimated in the intermediolateral nucleus pars principalis (IMLp) and pars funicularis (IMLf), the nucleus intercalatus (IC), and the central autonomic area (CA). Results for leucine- and methionine-enkephalin-like immunoreactivity (ENK) were similar and immunoreactivity for vasopressin was not observed. The greatest numbers of terminals and fibers in the IMLp region contained ENK, neurotensin-(NT), and serotonin-like immunoreactivity (5HT); terminals and fibers containing substance P-(SP) and neurophysin II-like immunoreactivity (NP2) were intermediate in number, and those containing somatostatin-(SS) and oxytocin-like immunoreactivity (OXY) were generally sparse. In the IC and CA, terminals and fibers containing ENK and NT were dense, those containing SP were moderate, and those containing OXY, NP2, and 5HT were sparsely represented. In the IMLp, where the largest proportion of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (SPN) is found, the greatest concentration of terminals and fibers containing ENK was found in segments T1-T8; for NT these segments were T1-T5 and T11-L1, for SP-C8-T2 and T11-L1, for NP2-T4-T7 and L2 to L3, and for 5HT-T1-T5. Terminals and fibers containing SS and OXY were present in segments C8-T10 and segments C8, T2-T8, T13, and L2 to L3, respectively. These results indicate that while ENK, NT, SP, NP2, and 5HT fibers and terminals are widely distributed throughout the T-L cord, they may influence to a greater degree the SPN in segments where they are present in greater numbers. As SS and OXY were not found at all levels of the IMLp, their functions may be more organ specific.
Collapse
|
22
|
Abstract
The arcuate nucleus surrounds the ventral part of the third ventricle and contains densely packed small neurons with 1-3 dendrites. At least fifteen transmitters and neuropeptides have been found in perikarya of arcuate neurons. Each transmitter and neuropeptide have a characteristic distribution. In many cases distributions overlap (for example, dopamine and somatostatin, dopamine and neurotensin, neuropeptide Y and somatostatin) and alpha-MSH and beta-endorphin seem to have identical distributions but there are also distinctive neuronal populations containing only one of the described transmitters or neuropeptides (neuropeptide Y and alpha-MSH). Studies show extensive colocalization of dopamine and neurotensin and sparse colocalization of dopamine and GABA, neuropeptide Y and FMRF-NH2 and neuropeptide Y and somatostatin. Colocalization does not seem to be the rule in the arcuate, however, it is possible that colocalization may vary with the physiological state or sex of the animal. It also should be noted that our techniques may not be sensitive enough. To study efferent projections as a possible organizing principle within the arcuate, retrograde fluorescent tracing was combined with transmitter and neuropeptide immunohistochemistry. Mainly NPY and alpha-MSH neurons were studied and both peptides are present in projections to the preoptic area as well as to the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Some arcuate neurons were found to have collateral axons to both these areas. The arcuate communicates primarily with the pituitary gland, hypothalamus, limbic system, midbrain periaqueductal gray and autonomic nuclei of the brain stem. In this way, the arcuate may be involved in integrating emotional, sensory, vegetative homeostatic and autonomic functions with endocrine functions.
Collapse
|