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Xie J, Zhang G, Guo J, Chen C, Wu Q, Luo M, Chen D, Peng X, He L, Li Y, Zhang Q, Li A, Lin T, Jiang G. Unveiling the Presence of Short- and Medium-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins in the Hadal Trenches of the Western Pacific Ocean. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39145972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c07255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
This study delves into the unexplored distribution and accumulation of chlorinated paraffins (CPs), pervasive industrial contaminants used as flame retardants and plasticizers, within the hadal trenches, some of Earth's most isolated marine ecosystems. Analysis of sediments from the Mussau (MS) and Mariana trench (MT) reveals notably high total CP concentrations (∑SCCPs + ∑MCCPs) of 10,963 and 14,554 ng g-1 dw, respectively, surpassing those in a reference site in the western Pacific abyssal plain (8533 ng g-1 dw). In contrast, the New Britain Trench (NBT) exhibits the lowest concentrations (2213-5880 ng g-1 dw), where CP distribution correlates with clay content, δ13C and δ15N values, but little with total organic carbon and depth. Additionally, amphipods from these trenches display varying CP levels, with MS amphipods reaching concerning concentrations (8681-16,138 ng g-1 lw), while amphipods in the MT-1 site show the lowest (4414-5010 ng g-1 lw). These bioaccumulation trends appear to be primarily influenced by feeding behaviors (δ13C) and trophic levels (δ15N). Utilizing biota-sediment accumulation factor values and principal component analysis, we discern that CPs in sediment may come from surface-derived particulate organic matters, while those in amphipods may come from the above carrion. Our findings elucidate the profound impacts of the emerging pollutants on the Earth's least explored marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Gaoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiehong Guo
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Geospatial Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Chuchu Chen
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Min Luo
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Duofu Chen
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Xiaotong Peng
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Lisheng He
- Institute of Deep-Sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - An Li
- School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, United States
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Oceanography and Ecological Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou 310024, China
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Chen H, Chigusa K, Kanda K, Tanoue R, Ochiai M, Iwata H. Developmental toxicity of short-chain chlorinated paraffins on early-stage chicken embryos in a shell-less (ex-ovo) incubation system. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 276:116304. [PMID: 38626606 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/18/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are listed as a category of globally controlled persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention in 2017. However, SCCP toxicity, particularly their developmental toxicity in avian embryos, has not been well studied. In this study, we observed the early development of chicken embryos (Gallus gallus domesticus) by applying a shell-less (ex-ovo) incubation system developed in our previous studies. After exposing embryos at Hamburger Hamilton stage (HHS) 1 to SCCPs (control, 0.1% DMSO; SCCPs-L, 200 ng/g; SCCPs-M, 2000 ng/g; SCCPs-H, 20,000 ng/g), we observed the development of embryos from the 3rd to 9th incubation day. Exposure to SCCPs-M and -H induced a significant reduction in survival, with an LD50 of 3100 ng/g on the 9th incubation day. Significant dose-dependent decreases in body length were observed from days 4-9. We also found that SCCPs-H decreased the blood vessel length and branch number on the 4th incubation day. Additionally, SCCPs-H significantly reduced the heart rate on the 4th and 5th incubation days. These findings suggest that SCCPs may have potential of developmental and cardiovascular toxicity during the early stages of chicken embryos. Quantitative PCR of the mRNA of genes related to embryonic development showed that SLC16A10 (a triiodothyronine transporter) level decreased in the SCCPs-H group, showing a significant positive correlation with the body length of embryos. THRA level, a thyroid hormone receptor, was significantly decreased in the SCCPs-H group, whereas that of DIO3 level, a deiodinase was significantly increased. These results suggest that SCCPs exposure induces developmental delays via the thyroxine signaling pathway. Analysis of thyroid hormones (THs) in blood plasma also indicated a significant reduction in thyroxine (T4) levels in the SCCPs-H group on the 9th incubation day of embryos. In conclusion, SCCPs induce developmental toxicity by disrupting thyroid functions at the early-life stage of chicken embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kaori Chigusa
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kazuki Kanda
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan; National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Rumi Tanoue
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Mari Ochiai
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Matsuyama 790-8577, Japan.
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Chen S, Gong Y, Luo Y, Cao R, Yang J, Cheng L, Gao Y, Zhang H, Chen J, Geng N. Toxic effects and toxicological mechanisms of chlorinated paraffins: A review for insight into species sensitivity and toxicity difference. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108020. [PMID: 37354881 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs), a group of chlorinated alkane mixtures, are frequently detected in various environmental matrices and human bodies. Recently, CPs have garnered considerable attention owing to their potential to induce health hazards in wildlife and human. Several reviews have discussed short-chain CPs (SCCPs) induced ecological risk; however, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying toxic mechanisms and a comparison among SCCPs, medium-, and long-chain CPs (MCCPs and LCCPs, respectively) are yet to be established. This review summarizes the latest research progress on the toxic effects and the underlying molecular mechanisms of CPs. The main toxicity mechanisms of CPs include activation of several receptors, oxidative stress, disturbance of energy metabolism, and inhibition of gap junction-mediated communication. The sensitivity of different species to CP-mediated toxicities varies markedly, with aquatic organisms exhibiting the highest sensitivity to CP-induced toxicity. The toxicity comparison analysis indicated that MCCPs may be unsafe as potential substitutes for SCCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuangshuang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yufeng Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiajia Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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Mu YW, Cheng D, Zhang CL, Zhao XL, Zeng T. The potential health risks of short-chain chlorinated paraffin: A mini-review from a toxicological perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 872:162187. [PMID: 36781137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitously distributed in various environmental matrics due to their wide production and consumption globally in the past and ongoing production and use in some developing countries. SCCPs have been detected in various human samples including serum, milk, placenta, nail, and hair, and internal SCCP levels were found to be positively correlated with biomarkers of some diseases. While the environmental occurrence has been reported in a lot of studies, the toxicity and underlying molecular mechanisms of SCCPs remain largely unknown. The current tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) recommended by the world health organization/international programme on chemical safety (WHO/IPCS, 100 μg/kg bw/d) and the UK Committee on Toxicity (COT, 30 μg/kg bw/d) were obtained based on a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of SCCP from the repeated-dose study (90 d exposure) in rodents performed nearly 40 years ago. Importantly, the health risks assessment of SCCPs in a variety of studies has shown that the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) may approach and even over the established TDI by UK COT. Furthermore, recent studies revealed that lower doses of SCCPs could also result in damage to multiple organs including the liver, kidney, and thyroid. Long-term effects of SCCPs at environmental-related doses are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Wen Mu
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- Department of Health Test and Detection, Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, Shandong 250014, China
| | - Cui-Li Zhang
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiu-Lan Zhao
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
| | - Tao Zeng
- Institute of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Darnerud PO, Bergman Å. Critical review on disposition of chlorinated paraffins in animals and humans. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 163:107195. [PMID: 35447436 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Even though the chlorinated paraffins (CPs) have been on the environmental pollution agenda throughout the last 50 years it is a class of chemicals that only now is discussed in terms of an emerging issue with extensive annual publication rates. Major reviews on CPs have been produced, but a deeper understanding of the chemical fate of CPs, including formation of metabolites in animals and humans, is still missing. Thus, the present review aims to critically compile our present knowledge on the disposition, i.e. Adsorption, Disposition, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) of CPs in biota and to identify research needs. We conclude that CPs could be effectively absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract (GI) tract, and probably also from the lungs, and transported to various organs. A biphasic elimination is suggested, with a rapid initial phase followed by a terminal phase, the latter (e.g., fat tissues) covering half-lives of weeks and months. CPs are metabolized in the liver and excreted mainly via the bile and faeces, and the metabolic rate and type of metabolites are dependent on chlorine content and chain length. Results that strengthen CP metabolism are in vivo findings of phase II metabolites in bile, and CP degradation to carbon fragments in experimental animals. Still the metabolic transformations of CPs are poorly studied, and no metabolic scheme has yet been presented. Further, toxicokinetic mass balance calculations suggest that a large part of a given dose (not found as parent compound) is transformation products of CPs, and in vitro metabolism studies present numerous CP metabolites (e.g., chloroalkenes, chlorinated ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids).
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Ola Darnerud
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Åke Bergman
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 92 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China.
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6
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Vetter W, Sprengel J, Krätschmer K. Chlorinated paraffins - A historical consideration including remarks on their complexity. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132032. [PMID: 34523451 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are high production volume chemicals currently produced and used in higher quantities than any other medium-size polyhalogenated compound (class). In addition, the composition of industrial CP mixtures is highly complex and poorly understood. In this article, we searched in the literature for the beginning of the chlorination of alkanes and how this substance class developed from niche applications to unmatched quantities in various industrial applications. Also, an estimation was made on the theoretical variety of chloroparaffins and the possible complexity of industrial CP mixtures. These data may explain why little is known about CPs although the production volume throughout the industrial generation was virtually always higher than the one of PCBs and has continued to increase after the ban of the latter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Vetter
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Jannik Sprengel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krätschmer
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Food Chemistry (170b), Garbenstr. 28, 70599, Stuttgart, Germany; European Union Reference Laboratory (EURL) for halogenated POPs in Feed and Food, Bissierstraße 5, 79114, Freiburg, Germany
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Zhao N, Fang X, Zhang S, Zhu Y, Ding L, Xu C. Male renal functions are associated with serum short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in residents from Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 153:106514. [PMID: 33799231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are contaminants ubiquitously detected in environmental samples, and reports addressing CPs in human samples are expanding. While CP exposure was suggested to impair kidney function by in vivo/in vitro experiments, epidemiological evidence is lacking. OBJECTIVE To examine the associations between serum total short-chain CP and medium-chain CP concentrations (∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs) with human kidney function. METHODS The study samples were obtained from 387 participants living in Jinan, North China. We quantified ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs in serum samples and evaluated the kidney function of included subjects by estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The associations between serum ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and eGFR were estimated using multivariable linear regression and logistic regression. The possible gender-dependent effects were studied by stratified analysis. RESULTS After adjusting for age, education, smoking status, drinking status, body mass index (BMI), family history of chronic kidney disease (CKD), fasting serum glucose, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure, higher concentrations of serum ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were associated with higher male eGFR (β = 3.13 mL/min/1.73 m2 per one ln-unit increase of serum ∑SCCPs, 95%CI: 1.72, 4.54, p = 0.016; β = 3.52 mL/min/1.73 m2 per one ln-unit increase of serum ∑MCCPs, 95%CI: 1.89, 5.17, p = 0.011). Associations between serum ∑SCCPs, ∑MCCPs and female eGFR were null. Comparing higher (above the median serum CP levels) vs. lower exposure groups, serum ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were associated with an elevated risk of glomerular hyperfiltration (GH, eGFR ≥ 135 mL/min/1.73 m2), which was associated with glomerular damage and represented as an early stage of chronic kidney disease (OR = 2.98; 95% CI: 1.24, 4.71 for SCCPs; OR = 3.25; 95% CI: 1.20, 5.29 for MCCPs). CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that male serum ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs are associated with an increased risk of GH, indicating early-stage kidney impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xinxin Fang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiwen Zhang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuting Zhu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lei Ding
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Binhai Road 72, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Caihong Xu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Gong Y, Geng N, Zhang H, Luo Y, Giesy JP, Sun S, Wu P, Yu Z, Chen J. Exposure to short-chain chlorinated paraffins inhibited PPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation and stimulated aerobic glycolysis in vitro in human cells. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:144957. [PMID: 33578161 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) could disrupt fatty acid metabolism in male rat liver through activating rat PPARα signaling. However, whether this mode of action can translate to humans remained largely unclear. In this study, based on luciferase assays, C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) at concentrations greater than 1 μM (i.e., 362 μg/L) showed weak agonistic activity toward human PPARα (hPPARα) signaling. But in HepG2 cells, exposure to C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) at the human internal exposure level (100 μg/L) down-regulated expressions of most of the tested hPPARα target genes, which encode for enzymes that oxidize fatty acids. In line with the gene expression data, metabolomics further confirmed that exposure to four SCCP standards with varying chlorine contents at 100 μg/L significantly suppressed oxidation of fatty acids in HepG2 cells, mainly evidenced by elevations in both total fatty acids and long-chain acylcarnitines. In addition, exposure to these SCCPs also caused a shift in carbohydrate metabolism from the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle) to aerobic glycolysis. Overall, the results revealed that SCCPs could inhibit hPPARα-mediated fatty acid oxidation, and stimulated aerobic glycolysis in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China; Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China.
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada; Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Shuai Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Gruszecka D, Grandy J, Gionfriddo E, Singh V, Pawliszyn J. Direct immersion thin film solid phase microextraction of polychlorinated n-alkanes in cod liver oil. Food Chem 2021; 353:129244. [PMID: 33765598 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A thin film-solid phase microextraction (TF-SPME) method was developed to test for 5 individual polychlorinated n-alkanes (PCAs) from commercial cod liver oil samples. This was accomplished by preparing a novel aluminum supported, hydrophilic-lipophilic balance/polydimethylsiloxane (HLB/PDMS) TF-SPME device that enabled direct immersion extraction from fish oil. Matrix-matched calibration gave a linear range from 0.075 µg/g to 0.75 µg/g with method limits of quantitation (MLOQ) ranging from 0.07 µg/g to 0.217 µg/g in oil. Standard addition calibration was performed using other fish oils demonstrating comparable slope to the external calibration. As a proof of concept, four fish oil brands were tested for contaminants; 1,1,1,3-tetrachlorodecane, 1,2,9,10-tetrachlorodecane, 1,2,13,14-tetrachlorotetradecane, and 1,1,1,3,14,15-hexachloropentadecane were detected above the MLOQ but below the range provided by the Stockholm Convention. This method provides an effective approach for cleanup and preconcentration of PCAs from oily matrices using inexpensive, and reusable microextraction devices that limit environmental impact of the sample preparation protocol.
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Key Words
- 1,1,1,3-tetrachlorodecane PubChem CID: 44,154,637
- 1,10-dichlorodecane PubChem CID: 75,101
- 1,2,9,10-tetrachlorodecane PubChem CID: 15,842,085
- Chlorodecane PubChem CID: 13,848
- Cod liver oil
- Environmental contaminants
- Polychlorinated n-alkanes
- SPME
- TF-SPME
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Gruszecka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Grandy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Varoon Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
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10
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Fernie KJ, Karouna-Renier NK, Letcher RJ, Schultz SL, Peters LE, Palace V, Henry PFP. Endocrine and physiological responses of hatchling American kestrels (Falco sparverius) following embryonic exposure to technical short-chain chlorinated paraffins (C 10-13). ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 145:106087. [PMID: 32950788 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are complex mixtures of polychlorinated n-alkanes, shown to bioaccumulate but with unknown effects in wild birds. The present study examined development-related effects of SCCPs on captive American kestrels (Falco sparverius) treated in ovo on embryonic day (ED) 5 by injection with technical Chloroparaffin® (C10-13, 55.5% Cl) at environmentally relevant nominal (measured) concentrations of 10 (10), 50 (29) or 100 (97) ng ΣSCCP/g egg ww, and artificially incubated until hatching (ED27-ED29). The SCCP concentrations measured in the yolk sacs of the hatchling kestrels bracketed concentrations reported in the eggs of wild birds. Uptake and deposition of these SCCPs differed between male and female hatchlings, with only males showing differences in SCCP concentrations, being highest in the high-dose males than each of the other male groups. Embryonic exposure to SCCPs suppressed glandular total thyroxine (TT4) (20-33%) and reduced circulating triiodothyronine (TT3) (37-40%) in male hatchlings only when compared to control males, but had no effect on glandular TT3 or circulating TT4 in male or female kestrels. Histological assessments of thyroid glands showed that both sexes experienced significant structural changes indicative of gland activation. These thyroid glandular changes and the variations in SCCP concentrations were related to circulating TT3 in female hatchlings. Hepatic deiodinase enzyme (D1, D2) activities were stable and no SCCP-related changes were observed in hatching success, hatchling size, or immune organ size. However, several of the thyroid function indicators were correlated with hatchling size and smaller bursas and spleens, possibly indirectly through SCCP-induced changes in thyroid function. Because changes in thyroid function were evident at concentrations measured in wild bird eggs, similar changes may occur in wild nestlings. The potential impact of these changes on thyroid-mediated growth and survival in wild birds requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K J Fernie
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, ON L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - N K Karouna-Renier
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - R J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology & Wildlife Health Division, Science & Technology Branch, Environment Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - S L Schultz
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, BARC, East Bldg 308, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
| | - L E Peters
- Faculty of Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - V Palace
- International Institute of Sustainable Development - Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3B 0T4, Canada
| | - P F P Henry
- USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, 12100 Beech Forest Road, Laurel, MD 20708, USA
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11
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Skin burns from monochloroacetic acid leak in a chemical plant: a case report. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2020; 71:158-162. [PMID: 32975103 PMCID: PMC7968492 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The patient, a 45-year-old male chemical factory worker, was burned by monochloroacetic acid discharged from a ruptured pipe. The patient was merely flushed with water and did not leave the workplace immediately. As a result, he suffered local burn symptoms, which gradually worsened. Two and a half hours after the accident, he developed symptoms of systemic poisoning, such as lethargy and dyspnoea. After a thorough debridement of the wound surface and subsequent skin grafting combined with early glucocorticoid therapy and haemofiltration, a satisfactory result was achieved, and the patient eventually recovered. With the widespread use of monochloroacetic acid in China, incidents of poisoning with this chemical are becoming increasingly common, with more than 100 cases reported in the past ten years in China alone.
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12
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Zheng X, Sun Q, Wang S, Li X, Liu P, Yan Z, Kong X, Fan J. Advances in Studies on Toxic Effects of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffins (SCCPs) and Characterization of Environmental Pollution in China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 78:501-512. [PMID: 32123944 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00723-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) were included in the Stockholm Convention in 2017. SCCPs have persistence, bioaccumulation, long-range environmental mobility and biological toxicity, significant toxicity to aquatic organisms, and potential carcinogenicity. Little study was on the progress research on the current environmental pollution in China. We reviewed the pollution conditions of SCCPs in air, soil, and water and their accumulation in food and organisms in China, especially for the contaminations of aquatic ecosystem. Meanwhile, we summarize the recent studies on the toxic effects and toxicological mechanisms of SCCPs on aquatic organisms and mammals. Finally, the further direction and trends for SCCP research were proposed. More efforts are necessary to conduct a comprehensive risk assessment and evaluate the relative importance of the various exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianhang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
| | - Peiyuan Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenguang Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianghui Kong
- College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, People's Republic of China
| | - Juntao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, People's Republic of China
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13
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Yaseen G, Hafeez I. Effect of Cereclor as Rejuvenator to Enhance the Aging Resistance of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Binder. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E1582. [PMID: 32235477 PMCID: PMC7177406 DOI: 10.3390/ma13071582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Asphalt is the most commonly used material for pavement construction around the world, and therefore, it is vital to acquaint a practice that restores the reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) binder properties to the required level of performance by adding proper rejuvenators. However, a rejuvenator may perform better in the early stages of its application but may not necessarily perform better in the long run. The aim of this study is to assess the rejuvenation effect on the aging resistance of RAP binder in long-life performance through applying artificial aging. In this study, base virgin binder of pen grade 60/70 and RAP binder rejuvenated with Cereclor were subjected to artificial aging to simulate the short- and long-term aging effects. Penetration, softening point, ductility, and viscosity; saturates, aromatics, resins, and asphaltene (SARA) fractionation; and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, bending beam rheometer (BBR), and dynamic shear rheometer (DSR) tests were conducted to evaluate the potential improvements in various properties of RAP binder. The results indicated that the physical, fractional composition, rheological, and aging resistance of RAP binder improved through the rejuvenation mechanism. Therefore, the rejuvenator improved the chemical structure through re-balancing the constituents in the colloidal system, even after long-term re-aging, which proves it to be an aging-resistant binder. Furthermore, it has been concluded that Cereclor has substantial rejuvenation potential even after applying artificial aging, and it can be utilized in pavement recycling to achieve long-life performance. Furthermore, the results depict good correlations between the physical, rheological, and chemical parameters of virgin and RAP binder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Yaseen
- Department of Civil Engineering, The University of Lahore (Islamabad Campus), Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Imran Hafeez
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan;
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, Chipman JK, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Brüschweiler B, Leonards P, Rose M, Binaglia M, Horváth Z, Ramos Bordajandi L, Nielsen E. Risk assessment of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. EFSA J 2020; 18:e05991. [PMID: 32874241 PMCID: PMC7447893 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.5991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The European Commission asked EFSA for a scientific opinion on the risks for animal and human health related to the presence of chlorinated paraffins in feed and food. The data for experimental animals were reviewed and the CONTAM Panel identified the liver, kidney and thyroid as the target organs for the SCCP and MCCP mixtures tested in repeated dose toxicity studies. Decreased pup survival and subcutaneous haematoma/haemorrhage were also identified as critical effects for an MCCP mixture. For the LCCP mixtures tested, the liver was identified as the target organ. The Panel selected as reference points a BMDL 10 of 2.3 mg/kg bw per day for increased incidence of nephritis in male rats, and of 36 mg/kg bw per day for increased relative kidney weights in male and female rats for SCCPs and MCCPs, respectively. For LCCPs, a reference point relevant for humans could not be identified. Due to the limitations in the toxicokinetic and toxicological database, the Panel concluded that derivation of a health-based guidance value was not appropriate. Only limited data on the occurrence of SCCPs and MCCPs in some fish species were submitted to EFSA. No data were submitted for LCCPs. Thus, a robust exposure assessment and consequently a complete risk characterisation could not be performed. A preliminary risk characterisation based only on the consumption of fish was performed, and the calculated margins of exposure suggested no health concern for this limited scenario. The Panel noted that dietary exposure will be higher due to the contribution of CPs from other foods. The Panel was not able to identify reference points for farm animals, horses and companion animals. No occurrence data for feed were submitted to EFSA. Therefore, no risk characterisation could be performed for any of these animal species.
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15
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Gong Y, Zhang H, Geng N, Ren X, Giesy JP, Luo Y, Xing L, Wu P, Yu Z, Chen J. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) disrupt hepatic fatty acid metabolism in liver of male rat via interacting with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:164-171. [PMID: 31185430 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are frequently detected in environmental matrices and human tissues. It was hypothesized that SCCPs might interact with the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα). In the present study, an in vitro, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay and in silico molecular docking analysis were employed together to study the interactions between SCCPs congeners and PPARα. Expressions of genes downstream in pathways activated by PPARα in liver of rats exposed to 1, 10, or 100 mg/kg bm/d of C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) for 28 days were examined to confirm activation potencies of SCCPs toward PPARα signaling. Effects of exposure to C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) on fatty acid metabolism in rat liver were also explored via a pseudo-targeted metabolomics strategy. Our results showed that C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) caused a dose-dependent greater expression of luciferase activity of rat PPARα. Molecular docking modeling revealed that SCCPs had a strong capacity to bind with PPARα only through hydrophobic interactions and the binding affinity was dependent on the degree of chlorination in SCCPs congeners. In livers of male rats, exposure to 100 mg/kg bm/d of C10-13-CPs (56.5% Cl) resulted in up-regulated expressions of 11 genes that are downstream in the PPARα-activated pathway and regulate catabolism of fatty acid. Consistently, accelerated fatty acid oxidation was observed mainly characterized by lesser concentrations of ∑fatty acids in livers of rats. Overall, these results demonstrated, for the first time, that SCCPs could activate rat PPARα signaling and thereby disrupt metabolism of fatty acid in livers of male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China.
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences and Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon SK, S7N 5B4, Saskatchewan, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco TX, 76706, Texas, United States
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Liguo Xing
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd, Shenyang, 110021, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhengkun Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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16
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Li Q, Cheng X, Cui Y, Sun J, Li J, Zhang G. Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in the Henan section of the Yellow River: Occurrences, fates, and fluxes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1312-1319. [PMID: 30021298 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs) were measured in sediment and suspended particulate matter (SPM) from the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in the three seasons to elucidate their environmental behavior. The mean concentrations of ∑SCCPs and ∑MCCPs were 262 and 97.1 ng g-1 dw (dry weight) in sediment and 17,055 and 2573 ng g-1 dw in SPM, respectively, and higher SCCP levels did not clearly reflect a shift to more MCCPs in this section of the Yellow River. The predominant homologue groups were C10-CP and C11-CP for SCCPs and C14-CP for MCCPs. The CPs possibly mainly derived from the use of CP commercial mixtures, mainly included CP-42 and CP-52. The spatial distributions and principal component analysis indicated that industrial inputs, dams, and topography played important roles in influencing the environmental behavior of CPs in both sediment and SPM. In addition, decreasing fluxes of CPs were observed in SPM from Tongguan to Aishan stations, particularly in reservoirs, which implies that CPs may have accumulated in the Henan section of the Yellow River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xianghui Cheng
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Yanrui Cui
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China
| | - Jianhui Sun
- School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, PR China.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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17
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Gong Y, Zhang H, Geng N, Xing L, Fan J, Luo Y, Song X, Ren X, Wang F, Chen J. Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) induced thyroid disruption by enhancement of hepatic thyroid hormone influx and degradation in male Sprague Dawley rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:657-666. [PMID: 29304504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are known to disturb thyroid hormone (TH) homeostasis in rodents. However, the mechanism remains to be fully characterized. In this study, male Sprague Dawley rats received SCCPs (0, 1, 10, or 100mg/kg/day) via gavage once a day for consecutive 28days. Plasma and hepatic TH concentrations, thyrocyte structure, as well as thyroid and hepatic mRNA and protein levels of genes associated with TH homeostasis were examined. Moreover, we performed molecular docking to predict interactions between constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a key regulator in xenobiotic-induced TH metabolism, with different SCCP molecules. Exposure to SCCPs significantly decreased the circulating free thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) levels, but increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels by a feedback mechanism. Decreased hepatic T4 and increased hepatic T3 levels were also seen after 100mg/kg/day SCCPs exposure. SCCPs didn't show any significant effects on the expression of thyroid TH synthesis genes or thyrocyte structure. However, stimulation effects were observed for mRNA and protein levels of hepatic uridine diphosphoglucuronosyl transferase (UGT) 1A1 and organic anion transporter 2, suggesting an accelerated TH metabolism in rat liver. The increased cytochrome P450 2B1 but not 1A1 mRNA and protein levels indicated that the CAR signaling was activated by SCCPs exposure. According to docking analysis, SCCPs form hydrophobic interactions with CAR and the binding affinity shows dependency on chlorine content. Overall, our data showed that CAR implicated enhancement of hepatic TH influx and degradation could be the main cause for SCCPs induced TH deficiency in male rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Gong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Liguo Xing
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd., Shenyang 110021, China
| | - Jingfeng Fan
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yun Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyao Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feidi Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
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18
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Liu LH, Ma WL, Liu LY, Huo CY, Li WL, Gao CJ, Li HL, Li YF, Chan HM. Occurrence, sources and human exposure assessment of SCCPs in indoor dust of northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:232-243. [PMID: 28388519 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are widely used chemicals in household products and might cause adverse human health effects. However, limited information is available on the occurrence of SCCPs in indoor environments and their exposure risks on humans. In this study the concentrations, profiles and human exposure of SCCPs in indoor dust from five different indoor environments, including commercial stores, residential apartments, dormitories, offices and laboratories were characterized. The SCCPs levels ranged from 10.1 to 173.0 μg/g, with the median and mean concentration of 47.2 and 53.6 μg/g, respectively. No significant difference was found on concentrations among the five microenvironments. The most abundant compounds in indoor dust samples were homologues of C13 group, Cl7 group and N20 (N is the total number of C and Cl) group. In the five microenvironments, commercial stores were more frequently exposed to shorter carbon chained and higher chlorinated homologues. Three potential sources for SCCPs were identified by the multiple linear regression of factor score model and correspondence analysis. The major sources of SCCPs in indoor dust were technical mixtures of CP-42 (42% chlorine, w/w) and CP-52 b (52% chlorine, w/w). The total daily exposure doses and hazard quotients (HQ) were calculated by the human exposure models, and they were all below the reference doses and threshold values, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation was applied to predict the human exposure risk of SCCPs. Infants and toddlers were at risk of SCCPs based on predicted HQ values, which were exceeded the threshold for neoplastic effects in the worst case. Our results on the occurrences, sources and human exposures of SCCPs will be useful to provide a better understanding of SCCPs behaviors in indoor environment in China, and to support environmental risk evaluation and regulation of SCCPs in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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Zhang B, Zhao B, Xu C, Zhang J. Emission inventory and provincial distribution of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:582-588. [PMID: 28057345 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are used as flame retardants, plasticizers, and metalworking fluids, which have varying contents of toxic short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs). Based on the study of several relevant production and consumption sectors, this paper classifies the consumption of CPs among sectors and provides an emission inventory and the provincial emission distribution of SCCPs in China in 2010-2014 based on the consumption patterns and emission factors of each sector. The total emissions of SCCPs in China in 2014 were 3083.88tons, with emissions to the atmosphere and water accounting for 894.81tons and 2189.07tons, respectively. The largest emission source was from metalworking fluids, with total emissions of 2459.12tons, of which 756.65tons went to the atmosphere and 1702.47tons to water. Our results show that SCCP emissions were mainly concentrated in the eastern, more developed regions and that Jiangsu Province was the biggest producer in China, with total emissions of 1853.06tons, of which 562.61tons were to the atmosphere and 1290.46tons to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boya Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
| | - Bu Zhao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084; P.R. China.
| | - Chun Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
| | - Jianbo Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, P.R. China.
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20
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Liu L, Li Y, Coelhan M, Chan HM, Ma W, Liu L. Relative developmental toxicity of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:1122-1130. [PMID: 27616648 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are ubiquitous in the environment and might cause adverse environmental and human health effects. Little is known about the relative toxicity of different SCCP compounds especially during development. The objective of this study was to characterize and compare effects of seven SCCP groups at environmentally relevant levels, using a zebrafish (Danio rerio) model. Observations on malformation, survival rates at 96 h post fertilization (hpf), and hatching rates at 72 hpf indicated that the C10- groups (C10H18Cl4, 1,2,5,6,9,10-C10H16Cl6 and C10H15Cl7) were more toxic than the C12- groups (C12H22Cl4, C12H19Cl7 and 1,1,1,3,10,12,12,12-C12H18Cl8) and Cereclor 63L. The C10- groups were also more potent than C12- groups and Cereclor 63L in decreasing thyroid hormone levels. Among the three compounds within the C10- group, the compounds with less chlorine content had stronger effects on sub-lethal malformations but less effects on triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4). Only C10H18Cl4 significantly decreased the mRNA expression of tyr, ttr, dio2 and dio3 at a dose-dependent manner suggesting that the specific mode of actions differ with different congeners. The mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by different SCCPs could be different. C10H18Cl4 might inhibit T3 production through the inhibition effect on dio2. These results indicate that SCCP exposure could alter gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis and thyroid hormone levels. The mechanisms of disruption of thyroid status by different SCCPs could be different. Our results on the relative developmental toxicities of SCCPs will be useful to reach a better understanding of SCCP toxicity supporting environmental risk evaluation and regulation and used as a guidance for environmental monitoring of SCCPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China; Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - Yifan Li
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China.
| | - Mehmet Coelhan
- Research Center for Brewing and Food Quality, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie, 3D-85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Hing Man Chan
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
| | - Wanli Ma
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Liyan Liu
- International Joint Research Centre for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin, 150090, China
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Zhang Q, Wang J, Zhu J, Liu J, Zhang J, Zhao M. Assessment of the endocrine-disrupting effects of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in in vitro models. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 94:43-50. [PMID: 27208783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), which are candidate persistent organic pollutants (POPs) according to the Stockholm Convention, are of great concern because of their persistent bioaccumulation, long-range transport and potential adverse health effects. However, data on the endocrine-disrupting effects of SCCPs remain scarce. In this study, we first adopted two in vitro models (reporter gene assays and H295R cell line) to investigate the endocrine-disrupting effects of three SCCPs (C10-40.40%, C10-66.10% and C11-43.20%) via receptor mediated and non-receptor mediated pathway. The dual-luciferase reporter gene assay revealed that all test chemicals significantly induced estrogenic effects, which were mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα), in the following order: C11-43.20%>C10-66.10%>C10-40.40%. Notably, C10-40.40% and C10-66.10% also demonstrated remarkable anti-estrogenic activities. Only C11-43.20% showed glucocorticoid receptor-mediated (GR) antagonistic activity, with a RIC20 value of 2.6×10(-8)mol/L. None of the SCCPs showed any agonistic or antagonistic activities against thyroid receptor β (TRβ). Meanwhile, all test SCCPs stimulated the secretion of 17β-estradiol (E2). Both C10-66.10% and C11-43.20% increased the production of cortisol at a high level in H295R cell lines. In order to explore the possible mechanism underlying the endocrine-disrupting effects of SCCPs through the non-receptor pathway, the mRNA levels of 9 steroidogenic genes were measured by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). StAR, 17βHSD, CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP19 and CYP21 were upregulated in a concentration-dependent manner by all chemicals. The data provided here emphasized that comprehensive assessments of the health and ecological risks of emerging contaminants, such as SCCPs, are of great concern and should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jinghua Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jianqiang Zhu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- College of Environment & Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China.
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Geng N, Zhang H, Xing L, Gao Y, Zhang B, Wang F, Ren X, Chen J. Toxicokinetics of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in Sprague-Dawley rats following single oral administration. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 145:106-11. [PMID: 26688245 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) have attracted considerable attention for their characteristic of persistent organic pollutants. However, very limited information is available for their toxicokinetic characteristics, limiting the evaluation of their health risks. In this study, we performed a toxicokinetics study to explore the absorption and excretion processes of SCCPs (a mixture of C10-, C11-, C12- and C13-CPs) after a single oral administration to the Sprague-Dawley rats. The toxicokinetic results showed that peak blood concentration of total SCCPs was attained at 2.8 day with Cmax value of 2.3 mg L(-1). The half-lives of total SCCPs in blood for the absorption t1/2 (ka), distribution t1/2 (α) and elimination phases t1/2 (β) were calculated to be 1.0, 1.7 and 6.6 days, respectively. During the 28 days post-dosing, about 27.9% and 3.5% of orally administrated SCCPs were excreted through feces and urine without metabolism, respectively. Congener group abundance profiles indicate a relative increase of Cl5-SCCPs in blood and urine in the elimination stage, and a higher accumulation of Cl8-10-SCCPs in feces. The distribution discrepancies of SCCPs congener groups in blood and excreta were more dependent on chlorine contents than on carbon chain lengths.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningbo Geng
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Liguo Xing
- Safety Evaluation Center of Shenyang Research Institute of Chemical Industry Ltd, Shenyang, 110021, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Baoqin Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Feidi Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoqian Ren
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China; Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
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Li C, Xie HB, Chen J, Yang X, Zhang Y, Qiao X. Predicting gaseous reaction rates of short chain chlorinated paraffins with ·OH: overcoming the difficulty in experimental determination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:13808-13816. [PMID: 25372845 DOI: 10.1021/es504339r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are under evaluation for inclusion in the Stockholm Convention on persistent organic pollutants. However, information on their reaction rate constants with gaseous ·OH (kOH) is unavailable, limiting the evaluation of their persistence in the atmosphere. Experimental determination of kOH is confined by the unavailability of authentic chemical standards for some SCCP congeners. In this study, we evaluated and selected density functional theory (DFT) methods to predict kOH of SCCPs, by comparing the experimental kOH values of six polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) with those calculated by the different theoretical methods. We found that the M06-2X/6-311+G(3df,2pd)//B3LYP/6-311 +G(d,p) method is time-effective and can be used to predict kOH of PCAs. Moreover, based on the calculated kOH of nine SCCPs and available experimental kOH values of 22 PCAs with low carbon chain, a quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model was developed. The molecular structural characteristics determining the ·OH reaction rate were discussed. logkOH was found to negatively correlate with the percentage of chlorine substitutions (Cl%). The DFT calculation method and the QSAR model are important alternatives to the conventional experimental determination of kOH for SCCPs, and are prospective in predicting their persistence in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024, China
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Steinberg SM, Emerson DW. On-line dechlorination-hydrogenation of chlorinated paraffin mixtures using GC and GC/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2012; 184:2119-2131. [PMID: 21603919 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-011-2104-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated paraffins (CPs) are straight chain hydrocarbons that are produced as complex mixtures and are used as flame retardants and paint additives. These mixtures are extremely difficult to characterize using conventional chromatographic methods, as conventional gas chromatography results in unresolved complex chromatograms that preclude the identification and quantification of individual congeners or any reasonable assessment of the average carbon chain length. Carbon chain length is an important parameter for assessing physical properties and the toxicity of these materials. We have modified and improved a previously published gas chromatography-flame ionization detector method that uses Pd catalyst held in the gas chromatograph injector to simultaneously dechlorinate the CPs and separate the resulting alkanes. In addition, we have adapted this method to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Dehalogenation of other compounds was also studied with this system to investigate potential application to other complex halogenated mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer M Steinberg
- Chemistry Department, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Box 454003, 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA.
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25
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Laufersweiler MC, Gadagbui B, Baskerville-Abraham IM, Maier A, Willis A, Scialli AR, Carr GJ, Felter SP, Blackburn K, Daston G. Correlation of chemical structure with reproductive and developmental toxicity as it relates to the use of the threshold of toxicological concern. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 62:160-82. [PMID: 22019814 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1258] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
In the absence of toxicological data on a chemical, the threshold of toxicological concern (TTC) approach provides a system to estimate a conservative exposure below which there is a low probability of risk for adverse health effects. The original toxicology dataset underlying the TTC was based on NOELs from repeat dose studies. Subsequently there have been several efforts to assess whether or not these limits are also protective for reproductive/developmental effects. This work expands the database of chemicals with reproductive and developmental data, presents these data in a comprehensive and transparent format and groups the chemicals according to the TTC "Cramer Class" rules. Distributions of NOAELs from each of these classes were used to assess whether the previously proposed TTC values based on repeat dose data are protective for reproductive/developmental toxicity endpoints as well. The present analysis indicates that, for each Cramer Class, the reproductive and developmental endpoints would be protected at the corresponding general TTC tiers derived by Munro et al. (1996).
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26
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A Mechanism for the induction of renal tumours in male Fischer 344 rats by short-chain chlorinated paraffins. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:233-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0489-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Overview of the Mammalian and Environmental Toxicity of Chlorinated Paraffins. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Ueberschär KH, Dänicke S, Matthes S. Dose–response feeding study of short chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) in laying hens: Effects on laying performance and tissue distribution, accumulation and elimination kinetics. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:248-54. [PMID: 17230587 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Technical short chain chlorinated paraffins (C10-C13 with 60% chlorine) were fed to 93 laying hens from 24 to 32 weeks of age in increasing concentrations of up to 100 mg/kg feed. No significant influence on health, relative organ weights or performance (laying intensity, egg weight, feed consumption) was noted. The chlorinated paraffin content of the tissues was linearly related to the concentration of short chain paraffins of the feed. The highest concentrations were found in abdominal fat, egg yolk and fatty tissues. Breast muscle, egg albumen and bile fluid contained minimal or no residues. Less than 1% of the chlorinated paraffins ingested were incorporated into the body (without head, feet, gut and feathers), whereas about 1.5% were eliminated with the egg yolk and 30% were excreted with urine and faeces. A six-week kinetic depuration study revealed a biphasic elimination with half-lifes of 4-40 min (liver, kidneys, legs, fat, blood) for the initial rapid phase, and 15-30 days (blood, fat, liver, yolk, kidneys, legs) for the terminal slow phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Ueberschär
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre (FAL), Braunschweig, Germany
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30
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Barber JL, Sweetman AJ, Thomas GO, Braekevelt E, Stern GA, Jones KC. Spatial and temporal variability in air concentrations of short-chain (C10-C13) and medium-chain (C14-C17) chlorinated n-alkanes measured in the U.K. atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2005; 39:4407-15. [PMID: 16047774 DOI: 10.1021/es047949w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Two studies were carried out on short-chain (C10-C13) and medium-chain (C14-C17) polychlorinated n-alkanes (sPCAs and mPCAs) in U.K. air samples. The first study entailed taking 20 24-h air samples with a pair of Hi-Vol air samplers at the Hazelrigg field station, near Lancaster University. These samples were carefully selected to coincide with times when air masses were predicted to have a fairly constant back trajectory for 24 h and to give a broad spectrum of different origins. The second study was a spatial survey of PCAs in the air at 20 outdoor sites in northern England and four indoor locations in Lancaster, using polyurethane foam (PUF) disk passive air samplers. Levels of the sPCAs in the Hi-Vol samples ranged from <185 to 3430 pg m(-3) (average 1130 pg m(-3)) and were higher than those previously measured at this site in 1997. Levels of the mPCAs ranged from <811 to 14500 pg m(-3) (average 3040 pg m(-3)); that is, they were higher than sPCAs. Both sPCA and mPCA air concentrations are of the same order of magnitude as PAH at this site. Back trajectory analysis showed that the history of the air mass in the 48 h prior to sampling had an important effect on the concentrations observed, with overland samples having higher levels than oceanic, implying that the U.K. is probably responsible for most of the PCAs measured in the U.K. atmosphere. Amounts of both sPCAs and mPCAs in the passive air samples followed a rural-urban gradient. PCAs appear to be released from multiple sources around the country, as a result of the diffusive, open industrial and construction use of the technical mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan L Barber
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Environmental and Natural Sciences, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom.
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31
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Ueberschär KH, Matthes S. Dose–response feeding study of chlorinated paraffins in broiler chickens: effects on growth rate and tissue distribution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 21:943-8. [PMID: 15712519 DOI: 10.1080/02652030400006833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Even with the highest additions of 100mg kg(-1) short-chain (C10-C13) chlorinated paraffins (CP) to feed, the health of broilers was not adversely affected during a 31-day feeding experiment. In addition, 1 and 3 weeks after the experiment started, growth rate and feed consumption of the young animals were not impaired. No significant influence on mortality, organ weight relative to live weight or performance (weight gain, feed consumption) was noted. The CP concentrations in abdominal fat, meat, liver and kidneys were related linearly to the CP concentration of the feed. The highest contents were analysed in fat and the faeces, and the lowest concentrations were found in blood, meat and bile fluid. Less than 5% of the CP amount consumed was incorporated into the body, without taking the head, gut, feet and feathers into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- K H Ueberschär
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre, Braunschweig (FAL), D-29223 Celle, Germany.
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32
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Cooley HM, Fisk AT, Wiens SC, Tomy GT, Evans RE, Muir DC. Examination of the behavior and liver and thyroid histology of juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to high dietary concentrations of C(10)-, C(11)-, C(12)- and C(14)-polychlorinated n-alkanes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2001; 54:81-99. [PMID: 11451428 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-445x(00)00172-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were exposed to high dietary concentrations of six polychlorinated n-alkane (PCAs) (C(10)H(15.5)C(6.5), C(10)H(15.3)Cl(6.7),C(11)H(18.4)Cl(5.6),C(12)H(19.5)Cl(6.5),C(14)H(24.9)Cl(5.1) and C(14)H(23.3)Cl(6.7)) for 21 to assess their effects on behavior and liver and thyroid histology and for 85 days to assess histology for a longer term exposure. This is the first histological work using PCAs of known carbon chain length and chlorine content and the first effort to examine the histopathology of fish exposed to PCAs. PCAs, also known as chlorinated paraffins, are complex industrial products for which there is a lack of toxicological data on individual congeners. With the exception of trout exposed to C(14)H(24.9)Cl(5.1), which had much lower exposure concentrations, many of the trout exposed to the PCAs (whole fish concentrations 0.22-5.5 microg g(-1)) showed a diminished or no startle response, loss of equilibrium, and developed a dark coloration. These responses are indicative of a narcotic toxicological mode-of-action. Histopathological lesions were observed in the livers of trout from each exposure group. However, the most severe histopathologies were observed in the livers of fish exposed to C(10)H(15.3)Cl(6.7) and C(11)H(18.4)Cl(5.6) (whole fish concentrations 0.92 and 5.5 microg g(-1), respectively), in which extensive fibrous lesions were present that were not observed in any other exposure group. Other alterations observed in all treatment groups included hepatocyte necrosis, sites of inflammation, and glycogen/lipid depletion. The relative sizes of hepatocytes of PCA exposed trout were smaller than control trout, although only a few of the observed differences were statistically significant. No lesions were present in the thyroid, although trout exposed to C(10)H(15.5)Cl(6.5) (whole fish concentration 0.84 microg g(-1)) had slightly more active thyroids, as indicated by an increased mean thyroid epithelium cell height relative to controls. It would appear that PCA toxicity is inversely related to carbon chain length, as has been observed in similar studies using mammals. The concentrations in the fish from this experiment were at levels that have been reported in invertebrates and fish from contaminated sites in the Great Lakes. However, the exposure concentrations were likely much greater in these experiments compared with the environment and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Cooley
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3N 2N6
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Tomy GT, Stern GA. Analysis of C14−C17 Polychloro-n-alkanes in Environmental Matrixes by Accelerated Solvent Extraction-High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Negative Ion High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1999; 71:4860-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ac990458n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg T. Tomy
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Gary A. Stern
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg MB R3T 2N6, Canada
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Löser E, Stropp G. Polymers. Toxicology 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-012473270-4/50097-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tomy GT, Westmore JB, Stern GA, Muir DCG, Fisk AT. Interlaboratory Study on Quantitative Methods of Analysis of C10−C13 Polychloro-n-alkanes. Anal Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9807215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg T. Tomy
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, and National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - John B. Westmore
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, and National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Gary A. Stern
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, and National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Derek C. G. Muir
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, and National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
| | - Aaron T. Fisk
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N6, Canada, Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada, and National Water Research Institute, Environment Canada, Burlington, ON L7R 4A6, Canada
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Tomy GT, Fisk AT, Westmore JB, Muir DC. Environmental chemistry and toxicology of polychlorinated n-alkanes. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 1998; 158:53-128. [PMID: 9751033 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4612-1708-4_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated-n-alkanes (PCAs) or chlorinated paraffins consist of C10 to C30 n-alkanes with chlorine content from 30% to 70% by mass. PCAs are used as high-temperature lubricants, plasticizers, flame retardants, and additives in adhesives, paints, rubber, and sealants. This review presents the existing data on the environmental chemistry and toxicology of PCAs and a preliminary exposure and risk assessment. There is limited information on the levels, fate, or biological effects of PCAs in the environment. This results both from the difficulty associated with quantifying PCAs, because of the complexity inherent to commercial formulations, and from the limited knowledge of their physicochemical properties and biodegradation rates. There are indications that PCAs are widespread environmental contaminants at ng/L levels in surface waters and ng/g (wet wt) levels in biota. However, environmental measurements of PCAs are very limited in the U.S. and Canada, and are only slightly more detailed in western Europe. Assuming that reported water concentrations are mainly caused by the short chain (C10-C13) compounds, aquatic organisms may be at risk from exposure to PCAs. Fugacity level II modeling for two representative PCAs, using the best available physicochemical property data and estimated degradation rates, suggested that C16C24Cl10 would achieve higher concentrations in biota, sediment, and soil than C12H20Cl6 because of slower degradation rates and lower water solubility. Environmental residence time of C16H24Cl10 is estimated to be 520 d compared to 210 d for C12H20Cl6. Future studies will require better analytical methods and reference materials certified for PCA content. Additional data are needed to evaluate exposure of biota to PCAs in the environment, particularly in light of their continued production and usage around the globe.
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Affiliation(s)
- G T Tomy
- Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Winnipeg, Canada
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Tomy GT, Stern GA, Muir DCG, Fisk AT, Cymbalisty CD, Westmore JB. Quantifying C10−C13 Polychloroalkanes in Environmental Samples by High-Resolution Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Negative Ion High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ac961244y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg T. Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Gary A. Stern
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Derek C. G. Muir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Aaron T. Fisk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - Chris D. Cymbalisty
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
| | - John B. Westmore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada, and Freshwater Institute, Department of Fisheries and Oceans, 501 University Crescent, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N6, Canada
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Kato Y, Kenne K. Inhibition of cell-cell communication by commercial chlorinated paraffins in rat liver epithelial IAR 20 cells. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1996; 79:23-8. [PMID: 8841092 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1996.tb00236.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The effects of six commercial chlorinated paraffins of different carbon chains length and chlorine content (Cereclor 50LV [C50LV], Hüls 60 [H60], Cereclor S45 [CS45], Cereclor S52 [CS52], Cereclor 42 [C42] and Cereclor 48 [C48] on cell communication have been investigated in the scrape-loading/dye-transfer assay in IAR 20 rat liver epithelial cells, as well as the effects of these compounds on connexin 43 (cx 43), the main gap junction protein in this cell line. The results clearly demonstrated that at non-cytotoxic concentrations C50LV, H60, CS45 and CS52 completely inhibited the cell communication within 1 hr. The short carbon chain length chlorinated paraffins (C50LV and H60) were inhibiting the cell communication at lower concentration than the intermediate carbon chain length chlorinated paraffins (CS45 and CS52). Almost complete inhibition of the cell communication was maintained for at least 24 hrs of H60 exposure. Immunoblots of IAR 20 cell extracts after H60-exposure showed a decreased phosphorylation of cx 43 after 1, 4 and 24 hrs of treatment. The phosphorylation pattern of cx 43 prepared from H60- or CS52-exposed cells was different from that prepared from 12-O-tetradecanoylphobol-13-acetate (TPA)-exposed cells after 1 hr treatment. The results show that the short and intermediate, but not the long carbon chain length chlorinated paraffins, are potent inhibitors of gap junction intercellular communication. Thus, our findings suggest that these compounds may act as tumour promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kato
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Wärngárd L, Bager Y, Kato Y, Kenne K, Ahlborg UG. Mechanistical studies of the inhibition of intercellular communication by organochlorine compounds. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1996; 18:149-59. [PMID: 8678790 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61105-6_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Many hydrocarbons are environmental pollutants that, due to their lipophilicity and chemical stability, accumulate in biological systems including milk and body fat. A number of investigations have demonstrated that many organochlorine compounds can act as tumour promoters in vivo and inhibit gap junctional intercellular communication between cells in culture. In the present study we have investigated the dioxin 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), different polychlorinated biphenyls, chlorinated paraffins and the pesticide endosulfan. Using techniques of scrape loading dye/transfer and Western blot analysis the function, expression and phosphorylation of different connexins in vitro and in vivo were studied. The results show a good correlation between the ability to act as a tumour promoter and to interfere with gap junctional intercellular communication. All tested compounds inhibited the intercellular communication in a liver derived cell line (IAR 20). However, the results show that the time to inhibition varies between the different agents. Endosulfan and chlorinated paraffins inhibit the communication within one hour, whereas dioxin like substances need to expose the cells for 48 hours before the communication is affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Wärngárd
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Poon R, Lecavalier P, Chan P, Viau C, Håkansson H, Chu I, Valli VE. Subchronic toxicity of a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin in the rat. J Appl Toxicol 1995; 15:455-63. [PMID: 8603933 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2550150607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Groups of ten male and female weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed diet containing 0, 5, 50, 500 or 5000 ppm of a medium-chain chlorinated paraffin (C14-17, 52% chlorination) for a period of 13 weeks. Increased relative liver weight was observed at 500 and 5000 ppm in females and at 5000 ppm in males. Relative kidney weight was increased at 5000 ppm in both sexes. Serum cholesterol was increased in the females in a dose-related manner starting at 50 ppm. At 5000 ppm, animals of both sexes had elevated hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase activity while only females showed increased aminopyrine N-demethylase activity. Increased urinary N-acetylglucosaminidase activity occurred at 5000 ppm in females. Increased urinary ascorbic acid excretion monitored at week 12 and a decreased hepatic vitamin A level were detected in females receiving the 500 ppm diet and male and female rats at 5000 ppm. Mild, adaptive histopathological changes were detected in the liver of rats of both sexes at 500 and 5000 ppm, and in the thyroid of males and females starting at 500 and 50 ppm respectively. Minimal changes were observed in the kidney proximal tubules of male rats fed the 5000 ppm diet and in the inner medulla tubules of female rats fed the 500 and 5000 ppm diets. These data indicate that the medium-chain chlorinated paraffin produces biochemical and histological changes at dietary levels of greater than or = 50 ppm in females and greater than or = 500 ppm in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Poon
- Environmental and Occupational Toxicology Division, Health Canada, Ottawa
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Rieger R, Ballschmiter K. Semivolatile organic compounds ? polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDD), dibenzofurans (PCDF), biphenyls (PCB), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), 4,4'-DDE and chlorinated paraffins (CP) ? as markers in sewer films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1995. [DOI: 10.1007/bf00323054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Weber N, Richter KD. 3 beta-Chlorosteroids: artefacts and possible contaminants in food and feed--toxicological effects in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 1994; 32:297-303. [PMID: 8206425 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90068-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
3 beta-Chlorosteroids, such as cholesteryl beta-chloride and sitosteryl beta-chloride, are formed during the production of protein hydrolysates, which are useful flavour enhancers. These chlorinated steroids may also attract attention as environmental contaminants if they are released from liquid crystal display devices. The effects of orally administered 3 beta-chlorosteroids were tested in female NMRI mice. The animals were fed cholesteryl beta-chloride or sitosteryl beta-chloride at doses of 1 mg and 10 mg/animal/day, that is, 33 mg and 330 mg/body weight/day, over a period of 3 months. Feed intake, body weight and organ weights of the animals, as well as concentration of 3 beta-chlorosteroids in faeces and various organs and tissues showed that cholesteryl beta-chloride and sitosteryl beta-chloride are not acutely toxic compounds. However, chronic toxicity cannot be excluded because small amounts of 3 beta-chlorosteroids, in particular cholesteryl beta-chloride, were absorbed by the intestinal tract and accumulated in adipose tissue. Histopathological examination of sections of organs and tissues showed no indication of irreversible cell damage in the stomach, duodenum, liver, kidneys and spleen caused by the chlorinated steroids.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weber
- Institut für Biochemie und Technologie der Fette, H.P. Kaufmann-Institut, Münster, Germany
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Wyatt I, Coutts CT, Elcombe CR. The effect of chlorinated paraffins on hepatic enzymes and thyroid hormones. Toxicology 1993; 77:81-90. [PMID: 8442021 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(93)90139-j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Male rats and mice were administered chlorinated paraffins (CPs) by daily gavage in corn oil for 14 days. Chlorowax 500C (short chain CP with 58% chlorination), Cereclor 56L (short chain CP with 56% chlorination) and Chlorparaffin 40G (medium chain CP with 40% chlorination) were the CPs studied at dose levels of 0, 10, 50, 100, 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg for both rats and mice. The no effect levels for hepatic peroxisome proliferation for the above chemicals, as determined by the CN- insensitive palmitoyl co-enzyme A beta-oxidation (PCO) assay, were calculated as 184, 600 and 473 mg/kg and 180, 120 and 252 mg/kg for rats and mice, respectively, whilst those for percent liver weight/body weight were calculated as 74, 51 and 31 mg/kg and 215, 70 and 426 mg/kg for rats and mice, respectively. The short chain CPs were more potent peroxisome proliferators than the medium chain CP, with the mouse proving to be more responsive than the rat. Rats administered the highest dose of CPs showed a depressed plasma thyroxine (T4) level, with a concomitant increase in the plasma concentrations of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH). The decreased plasma T4 levels appeared to be the result of increased T4 glucuronidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Wyatt
- ICI Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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Weber N. Studies on intestinal absorption, distribution and metabolism of 3 beta-chloro[4-14C]cholest-5-ene and 3 beta-chloro[4-14C]stigmast-5-ene in mice. Food Chem Toxicol 1989; 27:259-63. [PMID: 2731822 DOI: 10.1016/0278-6915(89)90165-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A method for the analysis of 3 beta-chloro steroids by high-performance liquid chromatography is described. These compounds are known to occur in commercial protein hydrolysates. The gastro-intestinal absorption, distribution and metabolism of chlorinated steroids were studied after their intragastric application to mice. At 2 hr after stomach intubation of 3 beta-chloro[4-14C]cholest-5-ene and 3 beta-chloro-[4-14C]stigmast-5-ene, large proportions of radioactivity had passed through the small intestine and were found to be concentrated in the contents of the caecum and colon. Very small amounts of 3 beta-chlorocholest-5-ene were absorbed by the intestinal mucosa and distributed to organs and tissues outside the alimentary canal, whereas intestinal permeability of 3 beta-chlorostigmast-5-ene was negligible. After administration of labelled 3 beta-chlorocholest-5-ene, the highest value of radioactivity, 120 Bq/g tissue, outside the intestinal tract was detected in liver. Altogether, less than 0.5% of the total radioactivity applied to the animals was found to be transported through the intestinal wall and less than 0.5% of the total radioactivity was detected in various metabolites. In general, 3 beta-chlorostigmast-5-ene was transported in smaller proportions and metabolized to a lesser extent than the corresponding cholesterol derivative. Moreover, metabolites of the two radioactive substrates formed by enzymatic attack of enteric micro-organisms were not detected in the contents of the caecum and colon. It appears that 3 beta-chlorinated steroids are fairly stable products that are metabolized poorly both by the cells of the intestinal mucosa and by enteric micro-organisms of mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Weber
- Bundesanstalt für Fettforschung, H.P. Kaufmann-Institut, Münster, Federal Republic of Germany
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