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Hinchcliffe J, Roques JAC, Roos J, Langeland M, Hedén I, Sundh H, Sundell K, Björnsson BT, Jönsson E. High protein requirements of juvenile Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus: Effects of dietary protein levels on growth, health, and welfare. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 38811362 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to investigate the optimal dietary protein requirement and the effect of varying protein levels on the growth and health of juvenile, wild-caught Atlantic wolffish, Anarhichas lupus, a promising candidate for cold-water aquaculture diversification. Six iso-energetic (ca. 18.3 MJ kg-1), fish meal-based experimental diets were formulated with crude protein levels ranging from 35% to 60%, with graded increments of 5% in a 12-week feeding trial in a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), and condition factor (K) were evaluated in response to dietary protein levels. Liver, muscle, and blood parameters were assessed for possible changes in protein and lipid metabolism and welfare. Overall growth was highly variable throughout the experiment on all diets, as expected for a wild population. The feed with highest in protein (60%) inclusion resulted in the highest growth rates, with an average weight gain of 37.4% ± 33.8% and an SGR of 0.31% ± 0.2% day-1. This was closely followed by feeds with 55% and 50% protein inclusion with an average weight gain of 22.9% ± 34.8% and 28.5% ± 38.3%, respectively, and an SGR of 0.18% ± 0.3% day-1 and 0.22% ± 0.3% day-1, respectively. Fish fed the high protein diets generally had increased hepatic lipid deposition (17%-18%) and reduced free fatty acid levels (3.1-6.8 μmol L-1) in the plasma relative to fish that were fed the lower protein diets (35%-45%). No effects of diet were found on plasma protein levels or muscle protein content. Furthermore, stress parameters such as plasma cortisol and glucose levels were unaffected by diet, as were plasma ghrelin levels. Overall, these results suggest that a high protein inclusion in the diet for Atlantic wolffish is required to sustain growth with a minimum protein level of 50%.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Hinchcliffe
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan A C Roques
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Josefin Roos
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Markus Langeland
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
- RISE Research Institute of Sweden, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ida Hedén
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Björn Thrandur Björnsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Jönsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Swedish Mariculture Research Center (SWEMARC), University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Xue M, Wen H, Xu P, Chen J, Wang Q, Tang Y, Ma X, Lv G, Li H, Song C. Validation and Functional Analysis of Reference and Tissue-Specific Genes in Adipose Tissue of Freshwater Drum, Aplodinotus grunniens, under Starvation and Hypothermia Stress. Cells 2023; 12:cells12091328. [PMID: 37174728 PMCID: PMC10177597 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue is critical to the growth, development, and physiological health of animals. Reference genes play an essential role in normalizing the expression of mRNAs. Tissue-specific genes are preferred for their function and expression in specific tissues or cell types. Identification of these genes contributes to understanding the tissue-gene relationship and the etiology and discovery of new tissue-specific targets. Therefore, reference genes and tissue-specific genes in the adipose tissue of Aplodinotus grunniens were identified to explore their function under exogenous starvation (1 d, 2 w, 6 w) and hypothermic stress (18 °C and 10 °C for 2 d and 8 d) in this study. Results suggest that 60SRP was the most stable reference gene in adipose tissue. Meanwhile, eight genes were validated as tissue-specific candidates from the high-throughput sequencing database, while seven of them (ADM2, β2GP1, CAMK1G, CIDE3, FAM213A, HSL, KRT222, and NCEH1) were confirmed in adipose tissue. Additionally, these seven tissue-specific genes were active in response to starvation and hypothermic stress in a time- or temperature-dependent manner. These results demonstrate that adipose-specific genes can be identified using stable internal reference genes, thereby identifying specific important functions under starvation and hypothermic stress, which provides tissue-specific targets for adipose regulation in A. grunniens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miaomiao Xue
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Haibo Wen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Jianxiang Chen
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Qingyong Wang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Yongkai Tang
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Xueyan Ma
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Guohua Lv
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Hongxia Li
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
| | - Changyou Song
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi 214081, China
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China
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Park IS, Gil HW. The Effect of Sodium Nitrite Exposure on Physiological Response of Starved Far Eastern Catfish, Silurus asotus. Dev Reprod 2018; 22:319-329. [PMID: 30680331 PMCID: PMC6344365 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2018.22.4.319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted for 210 days to determine the effect of feeding, and
starvation, and exposure to sodium nitrite (NaNO2) on the survival,
physiological changes, hematological parameter, and stress response of Far
Eastern catfish, Silurus asotus. The survival of the starved
group was lower than that of the fed group during the experiment. Starvation
resulted in retardation of growth, which provides an example of fish that failed
to continue to grow and remain in a good condition. Blood analyses (cortisol and
glucose) showed significant differences of stress response between the fed and
starved groups exposed to NaNO2 at the conclusion of the experiment
(p<0.05). These results suggest that all nutritional
parameters used for starvation and feeding with NaNO2 stress in this
experiment appear to be a useful index of nutritional status in Far Eastern
catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seok Park
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of
Ocean Science and Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University,
Busan 49112, Korea
- Corresponding Author : In-Seok Park,
Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and Technology, Korea
Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112, Korea. Tel: +82-
51-410-4321, Fax: +82-51-404-4750, E-mail:
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McCue MD, Terblanche JS, Benoit JB. Learning to starve: impacts of food limitation beyond the stress period. J Exp Biol 2017; 220:4330-4338. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.157867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Starvation is common among wild animal populations, and many individuals experience repeated bouts of starvation over the course of their lives. Although much information has been gained through laboratory studies of acute starvation, little is known about how starvation affects an animal once food is again available (i.e. during the refeeding and recovery phases). Many animals exhibit a curious phenomenon – some seem to ‘get better’ at starving following exposure to one or more starvation events – by this we mean that they exhibit potentially adaptive responses, including reduced rates of mass loss, reduced metabolic rates, and lower costs of digestion. During subsequent refeedings they may also exhibit improved digestive efficiency and more rapid mass gain. Importantly, these responses can last until the next starvation bout or even be inherited and expressed in the subsequent generation. Currently, however, little is known about the molecular regulation and physiological mechanisms underlying these changes. Here, we identify areas of research that can fill in the most pressing knowledge gaps. In particular, we highlight how recently refined techniques (e.g. stable isotope tracers, quantitative magnetic resonance and thermal measurement) as well as next-generation sequencing approaches (e.g. RNA-seq, proteomics and holobiome sequencing) can address specific starvation-focused questions. We also describe outstanding unknowns ripe for future research regarding the timing and severity of starvation, and concerning the persistence of these responses and their interactions with other ecological stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D. McCue
- Department of Biological Sciences, St Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, USA
| | - John S. Terblanche
- Department of Conservation Ecology and Entomology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
| | - Joshua B. Benoit
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Marqueze A, Garbino CF, Trapp M, Kucharski LC, Fagundes M, Ferreira D, Koakoski G, Rosa JGS. Protein and lipid metabolism adjustments in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) during different periods of fasting and refeeding. BRAZ J BIOL 2017; 78:464-471. [PMID: 29091116 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.169333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fish may experience periods of food deprivation or starvation which produce metabolic changes. In this study, adult Rhamdia quelen males were subjected to fasting periods of 1, 7, 14, and 21 days and of refeeding 2, 4, 6, and 12 days. The results demonstrated that liver protein was depleted after 1 day of fasting, but recovered after 6 days of refeeding. After 14 days of fasting, mobilization in the lipids of the muscular tissue took place, and these reserves began to re-establish themselves after 4 days of refeeding. Plasmatic triglycerides increased after 1 day of fasting, and decreased following 2 days of refeeding. The glycerol in the plasma oscillated constantly during the different periods of fasting and refeeding. Changes in the metabolism of both protein and lipids during these periods can be considered as survival strategies used by R. quelen. The difference in the metabolic profile of the tissues, the influence of the period of fasting, and the type of reserves mobilized were all in evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Marqueze
- Mestrado de Avaliação em Impactos Ambientais, Centro Universitário Lassalle - Unilasalle, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, CEP 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - C F Garbino
- Mestrado de Avaliação em Impactos Ambientais, Centro Universitário Lassalle - Unilasalle, Av. Victor Barreto, 2288, CEP 92010-000, Canoas, RS, Brazil
| | - M Trapp
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - L C Kucharski
- Departamento de Fisiologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, CEP 90050-170, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M Fagundes
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Campus I, São José, CP 611, CEP 99001-970, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - D Ferreira
- Curso de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Passo Fundo - UPF, Campus I, São José, CP 611, CEP 99001-970, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - G Koakoski
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - J G S Rosa
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Avenida Roraima, 1000, Cidade Universitária, Camobi, CEP 97105-900, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Park IS, Gil HW, Kim BS, Park KH, Oh SY. Starvation-induced Physiological Responses and RNA/DNA Ratios in Rock Bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. Dev Reprod 2017; 21:249-257. [PMID: 29082340 PMCID: PMC5651691 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2017.21.3.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In a 12-week experiment, the rock bream, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, were investigated to determine the effects of starvation on their physiological parameters. The protein and DNA contents of the starved fish were significantly higher than the initial values and those of the fed fish. The RNA contents and RNA/DNA ratios of the fed fish were significantly higher than those of the other groups (P<0.05). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells (RBC), and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) of the fed rock bream were significantly higher than at baseline (P<0.05), whereas the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) of the fed fish was lower than at baseline (P<0.05). The hematocrit, hemoglobin, RBC, and MCHC of the starved group were significantly lower than the baseline values, whereas the MCV of the starved group was significantly higher than the baseline value (P<0.05). No significant difference in alanine aminotransferase was observed between the fed fish and baseline, whereas the starved fish value was significantly higher than the baseline value (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in cortisol levels. However, the glucose level in the fed group was significantly higher than the baseline level and that in the starved group was significantly lower than the baseline level (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seok Park
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and
Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112,
Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Gil
- Division of Marine Bioscience, College of Ocean Science and
Technology, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan 49112,
Korea
| | - Bong-Seok Kim
- Inland Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of
Fisheries Science (NIFS), Cheongpyeung 12453, Korea
| | - Kwan-Ha Park
- Dept. of Marine Life and Applied Sciences, Kunsan National
University, Kunsan 54150, Korea
| | - Sung-Yong Oh
- Tongyeong Marine Science Station, Korea Institue of Ocean Science
& Technology (KIOST), Ansan 15627, Korea
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7
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Regional asymmetry of metabolic and antioxidant profile in the sciaenid fish shi drum (Umbrina cirrosa) white muscle. Response to starvation and refeeding. Redox Biol 2017; 11:682-687. [PMID: 28167333 PMCID: PMC5294721 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study is to characterize the metabolic and antioxidant profile of white muscle of shi drum in two sites of the body, anterior dorsal (AM) and posterior dorsal (PM) portions. In addition, it will be analyzed the possible effect of starvation and a subsequent refeeding, with two different protocols, pair feeding and ad libitum. Activities of key enzymes of intermediary metabolism and of antioxidant enzymes, as well as lipid peroxidation, as an index of oxidative stress, were evaluated. The results indicate the existence of a regional asymmetry of the metabolic capacities of the white muscle of shi drum, which is likely related to the different contribution to swimming of the body regions examined. Starvation induces a metabolic depression that is more marked in those activities that support burst swimming in PM, while those activities supporting maintenance requirements are conserved. The greatest energy demands during starvation appear to lie in AM, which showed the highest oxidative metabolism rate. The increased use of fatty acids as energy source for AM leads to oxidative stress. A period of more than four weeks of refeeding for full restoration of metabolic capacities in AM is needed, probably related to the higher muscle mass located in this region. On the contrary, all enzyme activities in PM returned to control levels in both refeeding protocols, but pair feeding seems to be advantageous since compensatory growth has been taking place without signs of oxidative stress. This work was addressed to gain knowledge on the physiology of a promising fish species in aquaculture like shi drum. The results displayed here show how the starving and further re-feeding events could generate oxidative stress situations characterized by high lipid peroxidation levels which may influence negatively on the quality of the edible part of the fish. This study opens an interesting field on this fish species which deserves being investigated in the future. Research on the metabolism of a new fish species with potential aquaculture practices is depicted. Starving and refeeding promote different metabolic alterations depending on body region of white muscle. Fasting and refeeding may influence the quality of the edible part of the fish.
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8
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Genome-Wide Identification and Characterization of Carboxypeptidase Genes in Silkworm (Bombyx mori). Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081203. [PMID: 27483237 PMCID: PMC5000601 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The silkworm (Bombyx mori) is an economically-important insect that can secrete silk. Carboxypeptidases have been found in various metazoan species and play important roles in physiological and biochemical reactions. Here, we analyzed the silkworm genome database and characterized 48 carboxypeptidases, including 34 metal carboxypeptidases (BmMCP1-BmMCP34) and 14 serine carboxypeptidases (BmSCP1-BmSCP14), to better understand their diverse functions. Compared to other insects, our results indicated that carboxypeptidases from silkworm have more family members. These silkworm carboxypeptidases could be divided into four families: Peptidase_M2 carboxypeptidases, Peptidase_M14 carboxypeptidases, Peptidase_S10 carboxypeptidases and Peptidase_S28 carboxypeptidases. Microarray analysis showed that the carboxypeptidases had distinct expression patterns, whereas quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated that the expression level of 13 carboxypeptidases significantly decreased after starvation and restored after re-feeding. Overall, our study provides new insights into the functional and evolutionary features of silkworm carboxypeptidases.
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9
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Abstract
Extended bouts of fasting are ingrained in the ecology of many organisms, characterizing aspects of reproduction, development, hibernation, estivation, migration, and infrequent feeding habits. The challenge of long fasting episodes is the need to maintain physiological homeostasis while relying solely on endogenous resources. To meet that challenge, animals utilize an integrated repertoire of behavioral, physiological, and biochemical responses that reduce metabolic rates, maintain tissue structure and function, and thus enhance survival. We have synthesized in this review the integrative physiological, morphological, and biochemical responses, and their stages, that characterize natural fasting bouts. Underlying the capacity to survive extended fasts are behaviors and mechanisms that reduce metabolic expenditure and shift the dependency to lipid utilization. Hormonal regulation and immune capacity are altered by fasting; hormones that trigger digestion, elevate metabolism, and support immune performance become depressed, whereas hormones that enhance the utilization of endogenous substrates are elevated. The negative energy budget that accompanies fasting leads to the loss of body mass as fat stores are depleted and tissues undergo atrophy (i.e., loss of mass). Absolute rates of body mass loss scale allometrically among vertebrates. Tissues and organs vary in the degree of atrophy and downregulation of function, depending on the degree to which they are used during the fast. Fasting affects the population dynamics and activities of the gut microbiota, an interplay that impacts the host's fasting biology. Fasting-induced gene expression programs underlie the broad spectrum of integrated physiological mechanisms responsible for an animal's ability to survive long episodes of natural fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M Secor
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, USA
| | - Hannah V Carey
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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10
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Eslamloo K, Morshedi V, Azodi M, Akhavan SR. Effect of starvation on some immunological and biochemical parameters in tinfoil barb (Barbonymus schwanenfeldii). JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2015.1124329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Eslamloo
- Fisheries Department, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Guilan, Sowmeh Sara, Guilan, Iran
| | - Vahid Morshedi
- Member of Young Researchers Chub, Ilam Azad University, Ilam, Iran
| | - Maryam Azodi
- Persian Gulf Research and Study Centre, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Sobhan R Akhavan
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Natural Resources, Khoramshahr University of Marine Science and Technology, Khorramshahr, Iran
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11
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Transcriptomic profiling of male European eel (Anguilla anguilla) livers at sexual maturity. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2015; 16:28-35. [PMID: 26253995 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The European eel Anguilla anguilla has a complex life cycle that includes freshwater, seawater and morphologically distinct stages as well as two extreme long distance migrations. Eels do not feed as they migrate across the Atlantic to the Sargasso Sea but nevertheless reach sexual maturity before spawning. It is not yet clear how existing energy stores are used to reach the appropriate developmental state for reproduction. Since the liver is involved in energy metabolism, protein biosynthesis and endocrine regulation it is expected to play a key role in the regulation of reproductive development. We therefore used microarrays to identify genes that may be involved in this process. Using this approach, we identified 231 genes that were expressed at higher and 111 genes that were expressed at lower levels in sexually mature compared with immature males. The up-regulated set includes genes involved in lipid metabolism, fatty acid synthesis and transport, mitochondrial function, steroid transport and bile acid metabolism. Several genes with putative enzyme functions were also expressed at higher levels at sexual maturity while genes involved in immune system processes and protein biosynthesis tended to be down-regulated at this stage. By using a high-throughput approach, we have identified a subset of genes that may be linked with the mobilization of energy stores for sexual maturation and migration. These results contribute to an improved understanding of eel reproductive biology and provide insight into the role of the liver in other teleosts with a long distance spawning migrations.
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12
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Gaillard M, Bernatchez L, Tremblay R, Audet C. Regional variation in energy storage strategies in American glass eels from Eastern Canada. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2015; 188:87-95. [PMID: 26119597 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2015.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Energy status was analyzed in glass eels captured during two early waves of arrival at the mouths of the Mersey River, Nova Scotia, Canada (MR), and Grande-Rivière-Blanche, Québec, Canada (GRB), and according to their salinity preference (freshwater, brackish, or saltwater). Glass eels captured in the GRB estuary were larger, more pigmented, and exhibited higher whole-body glycogen, phospholipid, and sterol and wax ester contents. Those from MR had a higher condition index and a higher whole-body triacylglycerol content, suggesting different patterns of storage and/or use of energy reserves. Within a river, a delay of two weeks in estuarine arrival was characterized by significantly lower energy reserves. No differences in energy storage were observed according to salinity preference. Thus, the results revealed the occurrence of different energy storage strategies according to glass eel migration distance and duration, but not according to salinity preference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Gaillard
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Louis Bernatchez
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Département de biologie, Université Laval, 1030 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Réjean Tremblay
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada
| | - Céline Audet
- Institut des Sciences de la Mer de Rimouski, Université du Québec à Rimouski, 310 Allée des Ursulines, Rimouski, QC G5L 3A1, Canada.
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13
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Damsteegt EL, Falahatimarvast A, McCormick SPA, Lokman PM. Triacylglyceride physiology in the short-finned eel, Anguilla australis—changes throughout early oogenesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 308:R935-44. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00436.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During certain stages in an animal's life cycle, energy requirements may exceed energy intake from the diet. The spawning migration of temperate eels is a textbook example of negative energy balance, forcing these fish to rely on stored fats (triacylglycerides) to provide their muscles with energy for swimming and their growing oocytes with the nutrients needed to develop and support healthy offspring. We predicted broad implications of this great need for endogenous triacylglycerides in terms of their packaging, transport, and ovarian uptake. To test this, serum lipid concentrations and transcript abundances of intestinal and hepatic triacylglyceride packagers and ovarian triacylglyceride modifiers and receivers were investigated throughout previtellogenesis (feeding phase) and into early vitellogenesis (fasting phase) in short-finned eels. A switch from exogenous to endogenous triacylglyceride packaging was seen as the liver upregulated transcript levels of apolipoprotein B and microsomal triacylglyceride transport protein and downregulated those of apolipoprotein E and lipoprotein lipase. In the intestine, the reverse response was observed. Furthermore, ovarian transcript abundances of triacylglyceride modifiers and receivers increased (apolipoprotein E, lipoprotein lipase, and vitellogenin receptor), indicative of increased triacylglyceride uptake during previtellogenesis. We propose that increased hepatic apolipoprotein B production is a conserved vertebrate response to prolonged periods of negative energy balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin L. Damsteegt
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | | | - Sally P. A. McCormick
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - P. Mark Lokman
- Department of Zoology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
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Podgorniak T, Milan M, Pujolar JM, Maes GE, Bargelloni L, De Oliveira E, Pierron F, Daverat F. Differences in brain gene transcription profiles advocate for an important role of cognitive function in upstream migration and water obstacles crossing in European eel. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:378. [PMID: 25962588 PMCID: PMC4427925 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1589-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND European eel is a panmictic species, whose decline has been recorded since the last 20 years. Among human-induced environmental factors of decline, the impact of water dams during species migration is questioned. The main issue of this study was to pinpoint phenotypic traits that predisposed glass eels to successful passage by water barriers. The approach of the study was individual-centred and without any a priori hypothesis on traits involved in the putative obstacles selective pressure. We analyzed the transcription level of 14,913 genes. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis of three tissues (brain, liver and muscle) from individuals sampled on three successive forebays separated by water obstacles indicated different gene transcription profiles in brain between the two upstream forebays. No differences in gene transcription levels were observed in liver and muscle samples among segments. A total of 26 genes were differentially transcribed in brain. These genes encode for, among others, keratins, cytokeratins, calcium binding proteins (S100 family), cofilin, calmodulin, claudin and thy-1 membrane glycoprotein. The functional analysis of these genes highlighted a putative role of cytoskeletal dynamics and synaptic plasticity in fish upstream migration. CONCLUSION Synaptic connections in brain are solicited while eels are climbing the obstacles with poorly designed fishways. Successful passage by such barriers can be related to spatial learning and spatial orientation abilities when fish is out of the water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Podgorniak
- Irstea Bordeaux, UR EABX, HYNES (Irstea - EDF R&D), 50 avenue de Verdun, Cestas, 33612, Cedex, France.
| | - Massimo Milan
- University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy.
| | - Jose Marti Pujolar
- University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy. .,Department of Bioscience, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 114, Aarhus C, DK-8000, Denmark.
| | - Gregory E Maes
- Centre for Sustainable Tropical Fisheries and Aquaculture, Comparative Genomics Centre, College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld 4811, Australia. .,Laboratory of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Genomics, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- University of Padova, Viale dell'Università 16, Legnaro, 35020, PD, Italy.
| | - Eric De Oliveira
- EDF R&D LNHE, HYNES (Irstea-EDF R&D), 6, quai Watier, Bat Q, Chatou, 78400, France.
| | - Fabien Pierron
- Univ. Bordeaux, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, F-33400, France. .,CNRS, EPOC, UMR 5805, Talence, F-33400, France.
| | - Francoise Daverat
- Irstea Bordeaux, UR EABX, HYNES (Irstea - EDF R&D), 50 avenue de Verdun, Cestas, 33612, Cedex, France.
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15
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Li C, Beck BH, Peatman E. Nutritional impacts on gene expression in the surface mucosa of blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 44:226-234. [PMID: 24378224 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/21/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Short-term feed deprivation is a common occurrence in both wild and farmed fish species, due to reproductive processes, seasonal variations in temperature, or in response to a disease outbreak. Fasting can have dramatic physiological and biological consequences for fish, including impacts on mucosal immunity which can, in turn, change host susceptibility to pathogens. Culture and selection of blue catfish (Ictalurus furcatus) has gained importance as the production of a channel catfish×blue catfish (Ictalurus punctatus×I. furcatus) hybrid has increased in the Southeast US. Following a recent examination of fasting-induced impacts on mucosal immunity in channel catfish, here we utilized Illumina-based RNA-seq expression profiling to compare changes in blue catfish gill and skin after a brief (7 day) period of fasting. Transcriptome sequencing and de novo assembly of over 194 million 100 base-pair transcript reads was followed by differential expression analysis. Fasting altered a total of 530 genes in the surface mucosa, including genes regulating the immune response, energy metabolism, mucus production, cellular cytoskeletal structure, cell proliferation, and antioxidant responses. In particular, fasting perturbed arginine synthesis and metabolism pathways in a manner likely altering macrophage activation states and immune readiness. Our findings highlight key mediators of the critical interaction between nutrition and immunity at points of pathogen adherence and entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Benjamin H Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, AR 72160, USA
| | - Eric Peatman
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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16
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Liu L, Li C, Su B, Beck BH, Peatman E. Short-term feed deprivation alters immune status of surface mucosa in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). PLoS One 2013; 8:e74581. [PMID: 24023952 PMCID: PMC3762756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-term feed deprivation (or fasting) is a common occurrence in aquacultured fish species whether due to season, production strategies, or disease. In channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) fasting impacts susceptibility to several bacterial pathogens including Flavobacterium columnare, the causative agent of columnaris disease. As columnaris gains entry through the gills and skin of fish, we examined here changes in transcriptional regulation induced in these surface mucosal tissues due to short-term (7 day) fasting. RNA-seq expression analysis revealed a total of 1,545 genes perturbed by fasting. Fasting significantly altered expression of critical innate immune factors in a manner consistent with lower immune fitness as well as dysregulating key genes involved in energy metabolism and cell cycling/proliferation. Downregulation of innate immune actors such as iNOS2b, Lysozyme C, and peptidoglycan recognition protein 6 is predicted to impact the delicate recognition/tolerance balance for commensal and pathogenic bacteria on the skin and gill. The highlighted expression profiles reveal potential mechanistic similarities between gut and surface mucosa and underscore the complex interrelationships between nutrition, mucosal integrity, and immunity in teleost fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Chao Li
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Baofeng Su
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Stuttgart National Aquaculture Research Center, Stuttgart, Arkansas, United States of America
| | - Eric Peatman
- Department of Fisheries and Allied Aquacultures, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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17
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Mohindra V, Tripathi RK, Singh RK, Lal KK. Molecular characterization and expression analysis of PPP1R3C in hypoxia-tolerant Indian catfish, Clarias batrachus (Linnaeus, 1758) under hypoxia. Gene 2013; 530:127-33. [PMID: 23948083 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2013] [Revised: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important environmental stressor that leads to rapid adaptive changes in metabolic organization. However, the molecular mechanisms of hypoxia tolerance in fish remain largely unknown. The present work was focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that may lead to tolerance of Clarias batrachus to hypoxic stress. Protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit 3C (PPP1R3C) is a new hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) targeted gene and is regulated by HIF-1 under hypoxic conditions. Overexpression of PPP1R3C increases glycogen accumulation through activation of several enzymes and processes. In this study, for the first time, full length cDNA of PPP1R3C from C. batrachus was characterized and its expression pattern in the brain, liver, muscle and spleen under short (progressive hypoxia; PH, 1h, 6h and 12h) and long-term (natural) hypoxic conditions was investigated. The complete cDNA of PPP1R3C was of 1499 bp, encoding 285 amino acid residues. The identified protein had a protein phosphatase 1 binding motif and a carbohydrate binding domain, thought to be involved in the regulation of glycogen metabolism. Short-term hypoxia exposure caused significant increase in PPP1R3C transcripts in the liver (6h; 6.96 fold and 12h; 3.91 fold) and muscle (progressive hypoxia; 3.46 fold), while, after long-term hypoxia exposure, significant up-regulation in the liver (7.77 fold) and spleen (6.59 fold) tissues was observed. No significant differences were observed in the brain for any time periods. Thus PPP1R3C may play an important role in the tolerance of C. batrachus to hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vindhya Mohindra
- National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources (ICAR), Canal Ring Road, P.O. Dilkusha, Lucknow 226002, UP, India.
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18
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Bizjak Mali L, Sepčić K, Bulog B. Long-term starvation in cave salamander effects on liver ultrastructure and energy reserve mobilization. J Morphol 2013; 274:887-900. [DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lilijana Bizjak Mali
- Department of Biology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 111; 1001; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 111; 1001; Ljubljana; Slovenia
| | - Boris Bulog
- Department of Biology; Biotechnical Faculty; University of Ljubljana; Večna pot 111; 1001; Ljubljana; Slovenia
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19
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Godavarthy P, Sunila Kumari Y, Bikshapathy E. Starvation induced cholesterogenesis in hepatic and extra hepatic tissues of climbing Perch, Anabas testudineus (Bloch). Saudi J Biol Sci 2012; 19:489-94. [PMID: 23961210 PMCID: PMC3730541 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/06/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholesterol is a structural lipid, which may be differentially utilized or synthesized in response to stress or during insulin deficient states such as starvation. In the present investigation we estimated the levels of cholesterol in Anabas testudineus, which was subjected to brief (15 days) and prolonged fasting (60 days). Tissues such as liver, kidney, brain, accessory respiratory organ, pectoral and lateral line muscle were selected for the study. Cholesterol content was estimated by the Crawford method (1958). Both the starvation regimes showed a significant increase in cholesterol levels in almost all the tissues, but for liver, which strangely showed an insignificant decline during the short-term starvation. This overall upsurge in cholesterol levels observed in all extra hepatic tissues may be attributed to the synthesis of stress hormones such as glucocorticoids, which may promote gluconeogenesis and adrenocorticoids, which may help the animal to combat the stressful condition of starvation. Anabas adapted well to starvation stress and survived all throughout the experimental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Padmavathi Godavarthy
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University College for Women, Koti, Hyderabad 500095, AP, India
| | - Y. Sunila Kumari
- Department of Zoology, Osmania University College for Women, Koti, Hyderabad 500095, AP, India
| | - E. Bikshapathy
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB), Uppal, Hyderabad 500007, AP, India
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20
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Caruso G, Denaro MG, Caruso R, Genovese L, Mancari F, Maricchiolo G. Short fasting and refeeding in red porgy (Pagrus pagrus, Linnaeus 1758): response of some haematological, biochemical and non specific immune parameters. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 81:18-25. [PMID: 22938791 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A short fasting-refeeding experience was applied to specimens of red porgy, Pagrus pagrus (Teleostei, Sparidae) to assess its effects on some physiological parameters. Haematological (haematocrit), biochemical (serum cortisol and glucose) and immunological (lysozyme, haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities) parameters were measured. For this study, two fish groups were considered: one was fasted for 14 days and then refed to satiation during further 7 and 15 days (indicated as fasted/refed group), the other was fed throughout the study and was taken as a control group. Significantly lower values were recorded for the condition index, the hepato-somatic index and viscero-somatic index in the fasted/refed group compared to the fed one. Fasting did not affect significantly the examined parameters, except for cortisol; refeeding for 7 days induced a significant increase in the haemoagglutinating titre and the spontaneous haemolytic activity, but when refeeding was extended to 14 days haemagglutinating and haemolytic values remained lower than those measured in fed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Caruso
- Italian National Research Council, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, IAMC-CNR, Messina, Italy.
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21
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Park IS, Hur JW, Choi JW. Hematological Responses, Survival, and Respiratory Exchange in the Olive Flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, during Starvation. ASIAN-AUSTRALASIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2012; 25:1276-84. [PMID: 25049691 PMCID: PMC4092947 DOI: 10.5713/ajas.2012.12128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A 12-wk experiment was conducted to examine the hematological changes, survival, and respiratory exchange in the olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, during starvation. The growth, survival and respiratory exchange rates of the starved group were lower than those of the fed group during the experiment. Blood analysis, including hematocrit, hemoglobin, red blood cells, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and mean corpuscular volume, did not differ significantly (p>0.05) between the fed and starved groups at the end of the experiment. There were no significant differences in plasma cortisol, glucose, Na(+), Cl(-), K(+), or aspartate aminotransferase between the fed and starved groups (p>0.05). Alanine aminotransferase levels were higher in the starved group than in the fed group, whereas plasma osmolality was lower in the starved group than in the fed group. It was shown that starved fish had various problems after four weeks, which did not occur in the fed group. Long-term starvation is infrequent in aquaculture farms. However, starvation studies of this kind are very useful for a basic understanding of how physiological changes affect fish health, life expectancy, and growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- I.-S. Park
- Water Resources and Environmental Research Center, K-water Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 462-1, Jeongmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-730,
Korea
| | - J. W. Hur
- Water Resources and Environmental Research Center, K-water Institute, Korea Water Resources Corporation, 462-1, Jeongmin-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-730,
Korea
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22
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Yabu T, Imamura S, Mizusawa N, Touhata K, Yamashita M. Induction of autophagy by amino acid starvation in fish cells. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2012; 14:491-501. [PMID: 22290406 PMCID: PMC3374110 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9432-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is well established as a starvation-induced process in yeast and mammalian cells and tissues. To elucidate the cellular mechanisms induced by starvation in fish, we characterized the induction of autophagy in cultured zebrafish cells under starvation conditions. As an autophagic marker protein, the microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3B protein (MAP1-LC3B) was cloned from the fish cells, and its expression and localization were characterized. In zebrafish embryonic (ZE) cells, posttranslational modifications produced two distinct forms of MAP1-LC3B, i.e., a cytosolic form and a membrane-bound form (types I and II, respectively). Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed fluorescently labeled autophagosomes in cells stably transfected with a green fluorescent protein (GFP)–MAP1-LC3B fusion protein and showed that this protein accumulated in punctate dots in a time-dependent manner in response to amino acid starvation. Starvation also induced the degradation of long-lived proteins. Treatment with 3-methyladenine and wortmannin, two class-III inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), repressed autophagy under starvation conditions, indicating that the PI3K class-III pathway regulates starvation-induced autophagy in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yabu
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
| | - Shintaro Imamura
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
| | - Nanami Mizusawa
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
| | - Ken Touhata
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
| | - Michiaki Yamashita
- National Research Institute of Fisheries Science, 2-12-4 Fukuura, Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 236-8648 Japan
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23
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Effect of starvation and refeeding on digestive enzyme activities in juvenile roach, Rutilus rutilus caspicus. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2012; 161:166-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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24
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Caruso G, Denaro MG, Caruso R, Mancari F, Genovese L, Maricchiolo G. Response to short term starvation of growth, haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune parameters in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and blackspot sea bream (Pagellus bogaraveo). MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2011; 72:46-52. [PMID: 21664688 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2011.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Growth, haematological (haematocrit), biochemical (serum cortisol and glucose), and non-specific immune (lysozyme, serum haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities, extracellular respiratory burst activity) parameters, were monitored in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax and blackspot sea bream Pagellus bogaraveo subjected to a 31 days starvation compared to fed fish, to assess the responses to feed deprivation of these health status indicators. While haematocrit, serum cortisol, glucose and haemolytic activity of both species did not undergo significant variation following starvation, probably due to the short period applied, some non-specific immune parameters were affected significantly. In the starved sea bass, mucus lysozyme content doubled (1.8 U/mL) compared to the initial value. Haemagglutinating activity was significantly lower in starved sea bass than in fed fish after 31 days. In blackspot sea bream, a slight, not significant, reduction in haemagglutinating activity occurred 11 days after starvation. Respiratory burst activity decreased significantly in the starved fish. In spite of the limited number of examined parameters, the opportunity to use a panel of several indicators to obtain a more complete picture of health status in fish was underlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Caruso
- Italian National Research Council, Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy.
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25
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Gee P, Stephenson D, Wright DE. Temporal discrimination learning of operant feeding in goldfish (Carassius auratus). J Exp Anal Behav 2010; 62:1-13. [PMID: 16812735 PMCID: PMC1334363 DOI: 10.1901/jeab.1994.62-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Operant temporal discrimination learning was investigated in goldfish. In the first experiment, there was a fixed daily change in illumination. Eight subjects were trained to operate a lever that reinforced each press with food. The period during which responses were reinforced was then progressively reduced until it was 1 hr in every 24. The final 1-hr feeding schedule was maintained over 4 weeks. The feeding period commenced at the same time each day throughout. The food dispensers were then made inactive, and a period of extinction ensued for 6 days. The pattern of responding suggested that the fish were able to exhibit temporal discrimination in anticipation of feeding time. This pattern of responding persisted for a limited number of days during the extinction procedure. The second experiment produced evidence that operant temporal discrimination could develop under continuous illumination.
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26
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Caruso G, Maricchiolo G, Micale V, Genovese L, Caruso R, Denaro MG. Physiological responses to starvation in the European eel (Anguilla anguilla): effects on haematological, biochemical, non-specific immune parameters and skin structures. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2010; 36:71-83. [PMID: 19093221 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-008-9290-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/03/2008] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The physiological effects of short-term starvation on some haematological, biochemical and non-specific immune response parameters together with the histological structure of the skin, were investigated in the European eel, Anguilla anguilla. Blood haemoglobin and haematocrit, serum glucose and cortisol, hemolysins, haemagglutinins, and lysozyme in the plasma, kidney and epidermal extract, were measured in fish after 31, 42 and 58 days of starvation, and compared to those of fed fish. Starvation did not affect haemoglobin and haematocrit values, while an increase in glucose and cortisol levels was found in starved eels by day 42. Haemolytic and haemagglutinating activities decreased in starved eels. On the other hand, starvation caused an increase in the lysozyme content in the epidermal extracts, while no significant variations were observed in kidney and plasma. On the whole, no major changes in metabolic, haematological and non-specific immune parameters were observed when short-term (less than 2 months) starvation was applied to the European eel, suggesting an adaptive response to starvation, rather than a typical alarm-stress response, allowing this species to withstand food deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Caruso
- Istituto per l'Ambiente Marino Costiero, National Research Council, Spianata S. Raineri 86, 98122 Messina, Italy.
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27
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McCue MD. Starvation physiology: reviewing the different strategies animals use to survive a common challenge. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2010; 156:1-18. [PMID: 20060056 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2010.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 427] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2009] [Revised: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
All animals face the possibility of limitations in food resources that could ultimately lead to starvation-induced mortality. The primary goal of this review is to characterize the various physiological strategies that allow different animals to survive starvation. The ancillary goals of this work are to identify areas in which investigations of starvation can be improved and to discuss recent advances and emerging directions in starvation research. The ubiquity of food limitation among animals, inconsistent terminology associated with starvation and fasting, and rationale for scientific investigations into starvation are discussed. Similarities and differences with regard to carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism during starvation are also examined in a comparative context. Examples from the literature are used to underscore areas in which reporting and statistical practices, particularly those involved with starvation-induced changes in body composition and starvation-induced hypometabolism can be improved. The review concludes by highlighting several recent advances and promising research directions in starvation physiology. Because the hundreds of studies reviewed here vary so widely in their experimental designs and treatments, formal comparisons of starvation responses among studies and taxa are generally precluded; nevertheless, it is my aim to provide a starting point from which we may develop novel approaches, tools, and hypotheses to facilitate meaningful investigations into the physiology of starvation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall D McCue
- Mitrani Department of Desert Ecology, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben-Gurion, Israel.
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Furné M, García-Gallego M, Hidalgo MC, Morales AE, Domezain A, Domezain J, Sanz A. Effect of starvation and refeeding on digestive enzyme activities in sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) and trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2008; 149:420-5. [PMID: 18328757 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2008.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 01/29/2008] [Accepted: 02/01/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The digestive enzyme activities were determined in Adriatic sturgeon and rainbow trout during starvation and refeeding period. Overall, the digestive enzyme activities are affected in the same sense in both species. The protease and lipase activities were decreased later than amylase activity. Even after 1 month of starvation, both species would be prepared to digest protein and lipids in an effective way. After 72 days of starvation, the digestive machinery of the sturgeon and of the trout shows an altered capacity to digest macronutrients. The capacity to digest proteins and lipids, after 60 days of refeeding, begins to become re-established in sturgeon and trout. In contrast, in this period, the capacity to digest carbohydrates remains depressed in both species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Furné
- Department Biología Animal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva, 18071 Granada, Spain
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Krogdahl A, Bakke-McKellep AM. Fasting and refeeding cause rapid changes in intestinal tissue mass and digestive enzyme capacities of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2005; 141:450-60. [PMID: 16046160 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2005] [Accepted: 06/08/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Fasting and refeeding effects on gastrointestinal morphology and digestive enzyme activities of Atlantic salmon, held in tanks of seawater at 9 degrees C and 31 per thousand salinity, were addressed in two trials. Trial 1: Fish (mean body mass 1190 g) were fasted for 40 days and intestines sampled at day 0, 2, 4, 11, 19 and 40. Trial 2: Fish (1334 g), fasted for 50 days, were refed and sampled at day 0, 3 and 7. Mass, length, protein, and maltase, lactase, and leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) activities were analyzed for stomach (ST), pyloric caeca (PC), proximal (PI), mid (MI), and distal intestine (DI). PC contributed 50% of gastrointestinal mass and 75% of enzyme capacity. Fasting decreased mass and enzyme capacities by 20-50% within two days, and 40-75% after 40 days. In PC, specific brush border membrane (BBM) maltase activity decreased whereas BBM LAP increased during fasting. Upon refeeding, enzyme capacities were mostly regenerated after one week. The results suggest that refeeding should start slowly with about 25% of estimated feed requirement during the first 3 days, but may then be stepped up rapidly. Investigations of digestive processes of fed fish should only be performed when intestines are feed-filled to avoid bias due to effects of fasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashild Krogdahl
- Aquaculture Protein Centre, Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, P.O. Box 8146 Dep., N-0033 Oslo, Norway.
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The effect of an artificial diet on the biochemical composition of the gonads of the sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis). Food Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00218-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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LIYANA-PATHIRANA CHANDRIKA, SHAHIDI FEREIDOON, WHITTICK ALAN, HOOPER ROBERT. LIPID AND LIPID SOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF GONADS OF GREEN SEA URCHIN (STRONGYLOCENTROTUS DROEBACHIENSIS). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-4522.2002.tb00213.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Figueiredo-Garutti ML, Navarro I, Capilla E, Souza RHS, Moraes G, Gutiérrez J, Vicentini-Paulino MLM. Metabolic changes in Brycon cephalus (Teleostei, Characidae) during post-feeding and fasting. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 132:467-76. [PMID: 12020663 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic changes during the transition from post-feeding to fasting were studied in Brycon cephalus, an omnivorous teleost from the Amazon Basin in Brazil. Body weight and somatic indices (liver and digestive tract), glycogen and glucose content in liver and muscle, as well as plasma glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), insulin and glucagon levels of B. cephalus, were measured at 0, 12, 24, 48, 72, 120, 168 and 336 h after the last feeding. At time 0 h (the moment of food administration, 09.00 h) plasma levels of insulin and glucagon were already high, and relatively high values were maintained until 24 h post-feeding. Glycemia was 6.42+/-0.82 mM immediately after food ingestion and 7.53+/-1.12 mM at 12 h. Simultaneously, a postprandial replenishment of liver and muscle glycogen reserves was observed. Subsequently, a sharp decrease of plasma insulin occurred, from 7.19+/-0.83 ng/ml at 24 h of fasting to 5.27+/-0.58 ng/ml at 48 h. This decrease coincided with the drop in liver glucose and liver glycogen, which reached the lowest value at 72 h of fasting (328.56+/-192.13 and 70.33+/-14.13 micromol/g, respectively). Liver glucose increased after 120 h and reached a peak 168 h post-feeding, which suggests that hepatic gluconeogenesis is occurring. Plasma FFA levels were low after 120 and 168 h and increased again at 336 h of fasting. During the transition from post-feeding to fast condition in B. cephalus, the balance between circulating insulin and glucagon quickly adjust its metabolism to the ingestion or deprivation of food.
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Hervant F, Mathieu J, Durand J. Behavioural, physiological and metabolic responses to long-term starvation and refeeding in a blind cave-dwelling (Proteus anguinus) and a surface-dwelling (Euproctus asper) salamander. J Exp Biol 2001; 204:269-81. [PMID: 11136613 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.204.2.269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term starvation and subsequent refeeding on haematological variables, behaviour, rates of oxygen consumption and intermediary and energy metabolism were studied in morphologically similar surface- and cave-dwelling salamanders. To provide a hypothetical general model representing the responses of amphibians to food stress, a sequential energy strategy has been proposed, suggesting that four successive phases (termed stress, transition, adaptation and recovery) can be distinguished. The metabolic response to prolonged food deprivation was monophasic in the epigean Euproctus asper (Salamandridae), showing an immediate, linear and large decrease in all the energy reserves. In contrast, the hypogean Proteus anguinus (Proteidae) displayed successive periods of glucidic, lipidic and finally lipido-proteic-dominant catabolism during the course of food deprivation. The remarkable resistance to long-term fasting and the very quick recovery from nutritional stress of this cave organism may be explained partly by its ability to remain in an extremely prolonged state of protein sparing and temporary torpor. Proteus anguinus had reduced metabolic and activity rates (considerably lower than those of most surface-dwelling amphibians). These results are interpreted as adaptations to a subterranean existence in which poor and discontinuous food supplies and/or intermittent hypoxia may occur for long periods. Therefore, P. anguinus appears to be a good example of a low-energy-system vertebrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hervant
- Hydrobiologie et Ecologie Souterraines (UMR CNRS 5023), Université Claude Bernard-Lyon 1, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France.
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Hervant F, Mathieu J, Barre H. Comparative study on the metabolic responses of subterranean and surface-dwelling amphipods to long-term starvation and subsequent refeeding. J Exp Biol 1999; 202 Pt 24:3587-95. [PMID: 10574735 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.202.24.3587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effects of long-term starvation and subsequent refeeding on intermediary and energy metabolism were investigated in two subterranean aquatic crustaceans, Niphargus rhenorhodanensis and Niphargus virei, and in a morphologically similar surface-dwelling species, Gammarus fossarum. The metabolic response to prolonged food deprivation was monophasic in G. fossarum, showing an immediate, linear and large decline in all of the energy reserves. In contrast, both subterranean organisms displayed successive periods of glucidic, proteo-glucidic then lipidic-dominant catabolism during food deprivation. In both subterranean species, lipids (51 % of the energy consumed during a 180-day starvation period) and proteins (44 %) were the most metabolized substrates in terms of total energy, whereas glycogen (5 %) contributed little energy. G. fossarum displayed a different energetic strategy: proteins comprised 56 % of the energy losses during a 28-day starvation period, total lipids some 39 % and glycogen reserves only 5 %. We propose an energy strategy for food-limited subterranean crustaceans involving the possession of (1) higher amounts of stored arginine phosphate, triglycerides and glycogen and (2) lower utilization rates of stored metabolites than G. fossarum and numerous other surface-dwelling crustaceans, making the fueling of food deprivation possible for a longer time. In addition, these species had a faster and more efficient assimilation of available nutrients during recovery from food deprivation, enabling preparation for a new nutritional stress. These specific adaptive responses might be considered, for N. virei and N. rhenorhodanensis, as an efficient energy-saving strategy for an environment where extended starvation periods alternate with sporadic feeding events, therefore improving their competitive advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Hervant
- Hydrobiologie et Ecologie Souterraines (ESA CNRS 5023) and Physiologie des Regulations Energetiques, Cellulaires et Moleculaires (UMR CNRS 5578), Universite Claude Bernard-Lyon I, F-69622 Villeurbanne Cedex, France. hervant@ci
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36
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Reid SG, Bernier NJ, Perry SF. The adrenergic stress response in fish: control of catecholamine storage and release. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART C, PHARMACOLOGY, TOXICOLOGY & ENDOCRINOLOGY 1998; 120:1-27. [PMID: 9827012 DOI: 10.1016/s0742-8413(98)00037-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In fish, the catecholamine hormones adrenaline and noradrenaline are released into the circulation, from chromaffin cells, during numerous 'stressful' situations. The physiological and biochemical actions of these hormones (the efferent adrenergic response) have been the focus of numerous investigations over the past several decades. However, until recently, few studies have examined aspects involved in controlling/modulating catecholamine storage and release in fish. This review provides a detailed account of the afferent limb of the adrenergic response in fish, from the biosynthesis of catecholamines to the exocytotic release of these hormones from the chromaffin cells. The emphasis is on three particular topics: (1) catecholamine biosynthesis and storage within the chromaffin cells including the different types of chromaffin cells and their varying arrangement amongst species; (2) situations eliciting the secretion of catecholamines (e.g. hypoxia, hypercapnia, chasing); (3) cholinergic and non-cholinergic (i.e. serotonin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, angiotensin, adenosine) control of catecholamine secretion. As such, this review will demonstrate that the control of catecholamine storage and release in fish chromaffin cells is a complex processes involving regulation via numerous hormones, neurotransmitters and second messenger systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Reid
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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37
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Echevarrı́a G, Martı́nez-Bebiá M, Zamora S. Evolution of Biometric Indices and Plasma Metabolites During Prolonged Starvation in European Sea Bass (Dicentrarchus labrax, L.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0300-9629(96)00416-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ndiaye D, Hayashi S. A lipoprotein secreted by cultured hepatocytes of silver or yellow eel: comparison with their plasma lipoproteins. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 116:209-16. [PMID: 9159884 DOI: 10.1016/s0305-0491(96)00245-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Cultured hepatocytes of silver eel actively secreted only chylomicron-like lipoprotein. The rate of secretion per mg cellular protein per 24 hr was 2.2 times higher compared with that by yellow eel hepatocytes. Silver eel hepatocytes secreted lipids 2.5 times higher through the lipoprotein than yellow eel hepatocytes. Main lipid was triacylglycerol in either secreted lipoprotein and composition of apolipoproteins of both secreted lipoproteins was the same. The incorporation of 3H-leucine into the lipoprotein secreted by silver eel hepatocytes was 2.4 times higher, but that of 14C-acetate was not significantly different. Protein and lipids composition of plasma lipoproteins of silver eel was significantly higher and lower compared with those of yellow eel, respectively. We suggest that the secreted lipoprotein of silver eel hepatocytes transport much more lipids to other tissues than that of yellow eel hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ndiaye
- United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Kagoshima University, Japan
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Ji H, Bradley TM, Tremblay GC. Lactate-dependent gluconeogenesis and atractyloside-sensitive flux through pyruvate carboxylase are reduced during smoltification of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-010x(19961215)276:6<375::aid-jez1>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Blasco J, FernÁndez J, GutiÉrrez J. Variations in tissue reserves, plasma metabolites and pancreatic hormones during fasting in immature carp (Cyprinus carpio). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(92)90594-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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43
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Cardiac Energy Metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s1546-5098(08)60335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
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Vijayan MM, Ballantyne JS, Leatherland JF. Cortisol-induced changes in some aspects of the intermediary metabolism of Salvelinus fontinalis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1991; 82:476-86. [PMID: 1652533 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90323-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cortisol was administered to brook charr (Salvelinus fontinalis) in the form of slow-release intraperitoneal implants (a) to investigate the effect of chronic cortisol stimulation (up to 60 days) on various aspects of intermediary metabolism, and (b) to determine whether such cortisol-induced changes were comparable to those seen in chronically fasted charr. Except for fish sampled at 1 and 6 h after implantation, there was no consistent increase in the plasma cortisol levels of the cortisol-implanted animals. Nevertheless, there were significant treatment effects (particularly after 60 days) on certain metabolite levels, and key hepatic enzymes, including a lowering of plasma glucose and hepatic glycogen concentrations, increased activities of FBPase, G6PDH, GK, and G3PDH, and reduced activities of PFK. When taken together these changes are indicative of a direct or indirect gluconeogenic action of cortisol, in which metabolites other than amino acids (possibly glycerol) are utilized as substrates. These metabolic changes differed from those found in food-deprived brook charr which appeared to use proteins, as well as lipids, as energy sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Vijayan
- Department of Zoology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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46
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Sheridan MA, Mommsen TP. Effects of nutritional state on in vivo lipid and carbohydrate metabolism of coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1991; 81:473-83. [PMID: 2055444 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(91)90175-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) were placed on five dietary regimes: fed 1 week, fasted 1 week, fed 3 weeks, fasted 3 weeks, and fasted 1 week/refed 2 weeks. Plasma levels of glucose, fatty acids, insulin, glucagon, and glucagon-like peptide (GLP) and the activities of key metabolic enzymes were determined. Plasma glucose levels in the fed control groups were 98.4 +/- 3.4 (SEM) and 104.8 +/- 4.7 mg/dl at 1 and 3 weeks, respectively. Plasma glucose in the fasted 1 week group was significantly elevated to 128.8 +/- 9.2 mg/dl. Animals fasted 3 weeks or fasted 1 week/refed 2 weeks displayed plasma glucose levels similar to those of fed animals. Fasted groups possessed significantly less liver glycogen than fed or fasted/refed groups. Plasma fatty acids were elevated only after 3 weeks of fasting (from 0.39 +/- 0.04 microEq/ml to 0.61 +/- 0.06 microEq/ml). This response was reflected in elevated liver lipase activity (from 6.02 +/- 0.44 nmol fatty acid released/hr/mg protein to 14.22 +/- 0.90 units). No significant alterations in liver lipogenesis, assessed by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and by 3H2O incorporation into fatty acids, were observed. Gluconeogenic flux, determined indirectly through kinetic parameters of pyruvate kinase, was enhanced in animals fasted 3 weeks and in animals recovering from a 1-week fast. Plasma insulin levels were highest in fed groups (7.7 +/- 2.3 and 5.9 +/- 1.4 ng/ml at 1 week and 3 weeks, respectively) and were significantly depressed in fasted groups. Plasma levels of glucagon and GLP were also depressed in fasted groups. These results indicate that plasma glucose levels are maintained in salmon during fasting and that fasting-induced hyperlipidemia is mediated by lipolytic enzyme activity. Insulin, glucagon, and GLP may interact with these enzyme systems to coordinate nutritional metabolism of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Sheridan
- Department of Zoology, North Dakota State University, Fargo 58105
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47
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Action of glucagon and glucagon-like peptide on glycogen metabolism of trout isolated hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90393-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Machado CR, Garofalo MA, Roselino JE, Kettelhut IC, Migliorini RH. Effects of starvation, refeeding, and insulin on energy-linked metabolic processes in catfish (Rhamdia hilarii) adapted to a carbohydrate-rich diet. Gen Comp Endocrinol 1988; 71:429-37. [PMID: 3056774 DOI: 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90272-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of starvation and of a short period of refeeding on energy-linked metabolic processes, as well as the effects of insulin administration, were investigated in an omnivorous fish (catfish, Rhamdia hilarii) previously adapted to a carbohydrate-rich diet. Following food deprivation blood sugar levels declined progressively to about 50% of fed values after 30 days. During the same period plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration increased twofold. Starvation resulted in reduced concentrations of lipid and glycogen in the liver and of glycogen, lipid, and protein in white muscle. However, taking into account the initial and final concentrations of tissue constituents, the liver weight, and the large fractions of body weight represented by muscle, it could be estimated that most of the energy utilized during starvation derived from the catabolism of muscle lipid and protein. Refeeding starved fishes for 48 hr induced several-fold increases in the rates of in vivo and in vitro incorporation of [14C]glucose into liver and muscle lipid and of [14C]glycine into liver and muscle protein. Incorporation of [14C]glucose into liver glycogen was also increased. However; refeeding did not affect the incorporation of labeled glucose into muscle glycogen, neither in vivo nor in vitro. Administration of pharmacological doses of insulin to normally fed catfishes resulted in marked increases in the in vivo incorporation of 14C from glucose into lipid and protein in both liver and muscle. In contrast, labeled glucose incorporation into muscle glycogen was not affected by insulin and label incorporation into liver glycogen was actually lower than that in noninjected controls.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- C R Machado
- Department of Morphology and Physiology, UNESP School of Veterinary Medicine, Brazil
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Merkle S, Hanke W. Long-term starvation in Xenopus laevis daudin—I. Effects on general metabolism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1988. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(88)90314-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Henderson
- Department of Biological Science, University of Stirling, Scotland, U.K
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