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Naccarato MC, Oliveira LM, Ferreira CB, Moreira TS, Takakura AC. Nucleus of the solitary tract neuronal degeneration and impaired hypoxia response in a model of Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2024; 380:114924. [PMID: 39147260 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2024.114924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2024] [Revised: 07/30/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/17/2024]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) involves the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SNpc) and manifests with both classic and non-classic motor symptoms, including respiratory failure. Our study aims to investigate the involvement of the commissural and intermediate nucleus of the solitary tract (cNTS and iNTS) in the attenuated respiratory response to hypoxia in PD. Using a PD rat model induced by bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum of male Wistar rats, we explored potential alterations in the population of Phox2b neurons or hypoxia-activated neurons in the NTS projecting to the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN). Additionally, we explored neuronal connectivity between SNpc and cNTS. Projections pathways were assessed using unilateral injection of the retrograde tracer Fluorogold (FG) in the cNTS and RTN. Neuronal activation was evaluated by analyzing fos expression in rats exposed to hypoxia. In the PD model, the ventilatory response, measured through whole-body plethysmography, was impaired at both baseline and in response to hypoxia. A reduction in Phox2b-expressing neurons or hypoxia-activated neurons projecting to the RTN was observed. Additionally, we identified an indirect pathway linking the SNpc and cNTS, which passes through the periaqueductal gray (PAG). In conclusion, our findings suggest impairment in the SNpc-PAG-cNTS pathway in the PD model, explaining the loss of Phox2b-expressing neurons or hypoxia-activated neurons in the cNTS and subsequent respiratory impairment during hypoxic stimulation. We propose that the reduced population of Phox2b-expressing neurons in the NTS may include the same neurons activated by hypoxia and projecting to the RTN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C Naccarato
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz M Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, 1900 9th Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Caroline B Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, USA
| | - Thiago S Moreira
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana C Takakura
- Department of Pharmacology, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, SP, 05508 Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Gautier-Stein A, Vily-Petit J, Rajas F, Mithieux G. Intestinal gluconeogenesis: A translator of nutritional information needed for glycemic and emotional balance. Biochimie 2024; 223:206-214. [PMID: 38040189 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
At the interface between the outside world and the self, the intestine is the first organ receiving nutritional information. One intestinal function, gluconeogenesis, is activated by various nutrients, particularly diets enriched in fiber or protein, and thus results in glucose production in the portal vein in the post-absorptive period. The detection of portal glucose induces a nervous signal controlling the activity of the central nuclei involved in the regulation of metabolism and emotional behavior. Induction of intestinal gluconeogenesis is necessary for the beneficial effects of fiber or protein-enriched diets on metabolism and emotional behavior. Through its ability to translate nutritional information from the diet to the brain's regulatory centers, intestinal gluconeogenesis plays an essential role in maintaining physiological balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amandine Gautier-Stein
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Villeurbanne, 69100, France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Lyon, 69372, France.
| | - Justine Vily-Petit
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Villeurbanne, 69100, France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Lyon, 69372, France
| | - Fabienne Rajas
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Villeurbanne, 69100, France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Lyon, 69372, France
| | - Gilles Mithieux
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Villeurbanne, 69100, France; Institut National de la Sante et de la Recherche Medicale, NUDICE, UMR_S 1213, Lyon, 69372, France
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Doyen M, Lambert C, Roeder E, Boutley H, Chen B, Pierson J, Verger A, Raffo E, Karcher G, Marie PY, Maskali F. Assessment of a one-week ketogenic diet on brain glycolytic metabolism and on the status epilepticus stage of a lithium-pilocarpine rat model. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5063. [PMID: 38424459 PMCID: PMC10904769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53824-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
The ketogenic diet (KD) has been shown to be effective in refractory epilepsy after long-term administration. However, its interference with short-term brain metabolism and its involvement in the early process leading to epilepsy remain poorly understood. This study aimed to assess the effect of a short-term ketogenic diet on cerebral glucose metabolic changes, before and after status epilepticus (SE) in rats, by using [18F]-FDG PET. Thirty-nine rats were subjected to a one-week KD (KD-rats, n = 24) or to a standard diet (SD-rats, n = 15) before the induction of a status epilepticus (SE) by lithium-pilocarpine administrations. Brain [18F]-FDG PET scans were performed before and 4 h after this induction. Morphological MRIs were acquired and used to spatially normalize the PET images which were then analyzed voxel-wisely using a statistical parametric-based method. Twenty-six rats were analyzed (KD-rats, n = 15; SD-rats, n = 11). The 7 days of the KD were associated with significant increases in the plasma β-hydroxybutyrate level, but with an unchanged glycemia. The PET images, recorded after the KD and before SE induction, showed an increased metabolism within sites involved in the appetitive behaviors: hypothalamic areas and periaqueductal gray, whereas no area of decreased metabolism was observed. At the 4th hour following the SE induction, large metabolism increases were observed in the KD- and SD-rats in areas known to be involved in the epileptogenesis process late-i.e., the hippocampus, parahippocampic, thalamic and hypothalamic areas, the periaqueductal gray, and the limbic structures (and in the motor cortex for the KD-rats only). However, no statistically significant difference was observed when comparing SD and KD groups at the 4th hour following the SE induction. A one-week ketogenic diet does not prevent the status epilepticus (SE) and associated metabolic brain abnormalities in the lithium-pilocarpine rat model. Further explorations are needed to determine whether a significant prevention could be achieved by more prolonged ketogenic diets and by testing this diet in less severe experimental models, and moreover, to analyze the diet effects on the later and chronic stages leading to epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Doyen
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France.
- Lorraine University, IADI, INSERM UMR 1254, 54000, Nancy, France.
| | - Clémentine Lambert
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital CHRU Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Emilie Roeder
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Henri Boutley
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Bailiang Chen
- CHRU-Nancy, INSERM UMR 1433, CIC, Innovation Technologique, Université de Lorraine, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Julien Pierson
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Antoine Verger
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, IADI, INSERM UMR 1254, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Emmanuel Raffo
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Children's Hospital CHRU Nancy, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Gilles Karcher
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Pierre-Yves Marie
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, IADI, INSERM UMR 1254, 54000, Nancy, France
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital, 54000, Nancy, France
| | - Fatiha Maskali
- NANCYCLOTEP-Molecular and Experimental Imaging Platform, 54000, Nancy, France
- Lorraine University, INSERM DCAC1116, 54000, Nancy, France
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Greiner EM, Petrovich G. Recruitment of Hippocampal and Thalamic Pathways to the Central Amygdala in the Control of Feeding Behavior Under Novelty. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3328572. [PMID: 37790294 PMCID: PMC10543251 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3328572/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
It is adaptive to restrict eating under uncertainty, such as during habituation to novel foods and unfamiliar environments. However, sustained restrictive eating is a core symptom of eating disorders and has serious long-term health consequences. Current therapeutic efforts are limited, because the neural substrates of restrictive eating are poorly understood. Using a model of feeding avoidance under novelty, our recent study identified forebrain activation patterns and found evidence that the central nucleus of the amygdala (CEA) is a core integrating node. The current study analyzed the activity of CEA inputs in male and female rats to determine if specific pathways are recruited during feeding under novelty. Recruitment of direct inputs from the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus (PVT), the infralimbic cortex (ILA), the agranular insular cortex (AI), the hippocampal ventral field CA1, and the bed nucleus of the stria terminals (BST) was assessed with combined retrograde tract tracing and Fos induction analysis. The study found that during consumption of a novel food in a novel environment, larger number of neurons within the PVTp and the CA1 that send monosynaptic inputs to the CEA were recruited compared to controls that consumed familiar food in a familiar environment. The ILA, AI, and BST inputs to the CEA were similarly recruited across conditions. There were no sex differences in activation of any of the pathways analyzed. These results suggest that the PVTp-CEA and CA1-CEA pathways underlie feeding inhibition during novelty and could be potential sites of malfunction in excessive food avoidance.
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Takemura A, Sugiyama Y, Yamamoto R, Kinoshita S, Kaneko M, Fuse S, Hashimoto K, Mukudai S, Umezaki T, Dutschmann M, Hirano S. Effect of pharmacological inhibition of the pontine respiratory group on swallowing interneurons in the dorsal medulla oblongata. Brain Res 2022; 1797:148101. [PMID: 36183794 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the role of neurons of the pontine respiratory group (PRG) overlapping with the Kölliker-Fuse nucleus in the regulation of swallowing, we compared the activity of swallowing motor activities and interneuron discharge in the dorsal swallowing group in the medulla before and after pharmacological inhibition of the PRG. METHODS In 23 in situ perfused brainstem preparation of rats, we recorded the activities of the vagus (VNA), hypoglossal (HNA), and phrenic nerves (PNA), and swallowing interneurons of the dorsal medulla during fictive swallowing elicited by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve or oral water injection. Subsequently, respiratory- and swallow-related motor activities and single unit cell discharge were assessed before and after local microinjection of the GABA-receptor agonist muscimol into the area of PRG ipsilateral to the recording sites of swallowing interneurons. RESULTS After muscimol injection, the amplitude and duration of swallow-related VNA bursts decreased to 71.3 ± 2.84 and 68.1 ± 2.76 % during electrically induced swallowing and VNA interburst intervals during repetitive swallowing decreased. Similar effects were observed for swallowing-related HNA. The swallowing motor activity was similarly qualitatively altered during physiologically induced swallowing. All 23 neurons were changed in either discharge duration or frequency after PRG inhibition, however, the general discharge patterns in relation to the motor output remained unchanged. CONCLUSION Descending synaptic inputs from PRG provide control of the primary laryngeal sensory gate and synaptic activity of the PRG partially determine medullary cell and cranial motor nerve activities that govern the pharyngeal stage of swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyo Takemura
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Ryota Yamamoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan; Department of Otolaryngology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-5852, Japan
| | - Shota Kinoshita
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Mami Kaneko
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shinya Fuse
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Keiko Hashimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Mukudai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Toshiro Umezaki
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, and the Voice and Swallowing Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka 814-0001, Japan
| | - Mathias Dutschmann
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Gate 11, Royal Parade, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
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Schneeberger M, Brice NL, Pellegrino K, Parolari L, Shaked JT, Page KJ, Marchildon F, Barrows DW, Carroll TS, Topilko T, Mulligan VM, Newman R, Doyle K, Bürli R, Barker DF, Glen A, Ortuño MJ, Nectow AR, Renier N, Cohen P, Carlton M, Heintz N, Friedman JM. Pharmacological targeting of glutamatergic neurons within the brainstem for weight reduction. Nat Metab 2022; 4:1495-1513. [PMID: 36411386 PMCID: PMC9684079 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00677-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Food intake and body weight are tightly regulated by neurons within specific brain regions, including the brainstem, where acute activation of dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) glutamatergic neurons expressing the glutamate transporter Vglut3 (DRNVglut3) drive a robust suppression of food intake and enhance locomotion. Activating Vglut3 neurons in DRN suppresses food intake and increases locomotion, suggesting that modulating the activity of these neurons might alter body weight. Here, we show that DRNVglut3 neurons project to the lateral hypothalamus (LHA), a canonical feeding center that also reduces food intake. Moreover, chronic DRNVglut3 activation reduces weight in both leptin-deficient (ob/ob) and leptin-resistant diet-induced obese (DIO) male mice. Molecular profiling revealed that the orexin 1 receptor (Hcrtr1) is highly enriched in DRN Vglut3 neurons, with limited expression elsewhere in the brain. Finally, an orally bioavailable, highly selective Hcrtr1 antagonist (CVN45502) significantly reduces feeding and body weight in DIO. Hcrtr1 is also co-expressed with Vglut3 in the human DRN, suggesting that there might be a similar effect in human. These results identify a potential therapy for obesity by targeting DRNVglut3 neurons while also establishing a general strategy for developing drugs for central nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Schneeberger
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
- Laboratory of Neurovascular Control of Homeostasis, Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
- Wu Tsai Institute for Brain and Cognition, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
| | | | - Kyle Pellegrino
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Luca Parolari
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jordan T Shaked
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - François Marchildon
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Douglas W Barrows
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas S Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Topilko
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, INSERM, CNRS, Hopital de la Pitié Salpétière, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Alexander R Nectow
- College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicolas Renier
- Sorbonne Université, Paris Brain Institute, INSERM, CNRS, Hopital de la Pitié Salpétière, Paris, France
| | - Paul Cohen
- Laboratory of Molecular Metabolism, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Nathaniel Heintz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Friedman
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA.
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Callera JC, De Luca LA, Menani JV. Involvement of V1-type vasopressin receptors on NaCl intake by hyperosmotic rats treated with muscimol in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Neurosci Lett 2022; 778:136601. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2022.136601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Piyush Shah D, Barik A. The Spino-Parabrachial Pathway for Itch. Front Neural Circuits 2022; 16:805831. [PMID: 35250493 PMCID: PMC8891797 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2022.805831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Itch-induced scratching is an evolutionarily conserved behavioral response that protects organisms from potential parasites/irritants in their immediate vicinity. How the exposure to a pruritogen is translated to the perception of itch and how that perception drives scratching directed towards the site of exposure remains poorly understood. In this review, we focus on the recent findings that shed light on the neural pathways in the brain that underlie itch-induced scratching. We compare the molecularly defined itch pathways with the known pain circuits as they have anatomical and functional overlap. We review the roles played by the neurons in the spinoparabrachial pathway-comprising of the neurons in the spinal cord and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), which acts as a hub for transmitting itch information across the brain. Lastly, we deliberate on scratching as a behavioral measure of the intensity of itch and its implication in unraveling the underlying supraspinal mechanisms. In summary, we provide a resource on the recent advances and discuss a path forward on our understanding of the neural circuits for itch.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnab Barik
- Centre for Neuroscience, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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Forstenpointner J, Elman I, Freeman R, Borsook D. The Omnipresence of Autonomic Modulation in Health and Disease. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 210:102218. [PMID: 35033599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a critical part of the homeostatic machinery with both central and peripheral components. However, little is known about the integration of these components and their joint role in the maintenance of health and in allostatic derailments leading to somatic and/or neuropsychiatric (co)morbidity. Based on a comprehensive literature search on the ANS neuroanatomy we dissect the complex integration of the ANS: (1) First we summarize Stress and Homeostatic Equilibrium - elucidating the responsivity of the ANS to stressors; (2) Second we describe the overall process of how the ANS is involved in Adaptation and Maladaptation to Stress; (3) In the third section the ANS is hierarchically partitioned into the peripheral/spinal, brainstem, subcortical and cortical components of the nervous system. We utilize this anatomical basis to define a model of autonomic integration. (4) Finally, we deploy the model to describe human ANS involvement in (a) Hypofunctional and (b) Hyperfunctional states providing examples in the healthy state and in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Forstenpointner
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, SH, Germany.
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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NODA M, MATSUDA T. Central regulation of body fluid homeostasis. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2022; 98:283-324. [PMID: 35908954 PMCID: PMC9363595 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na+ concentration ([Na+]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na+ is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na+] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na+] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na+] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na+] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu NODA
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Nagatsuta-cho 4259, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8503, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Takashi MATSUDA
- Homeostatic Mechanism Research Unit, Institute of Innovative Research, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
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Neuhuber WL, Berthoud HR. Functional anatomy of the vagus system - Emphasis on the somato-visceral interface. Auton Neurosci 2021; 236:102887. [PMID: 34634680 PMCID: PMC8627476 DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2021.102887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Due to its pivotal role in autonomic networks, the vagus attracts continuous interest from both basic scientists and clinicians. In particular, recent advances in vagus nerve stimulation strategies and their application to pathological conditions beyond epilepsy provide a good opportunity to recall basic features of vagal peripheral and central anatomy. In addition to the "classical" vagal brainstem nuclei, i.e., dorsal motor nucleus, nucleus ambiguus and nucleus tractus solitarii, the spinal trigeminal and paratrigeminal nuclei come into play as targets of vagal afferents. On the other hand, the nucleus of the solitary tract receives and integrates not only visceral but also somatic afferents. Thus, the vagus system participates significantly in what may be defined as "somato-visceral interface".
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried L Neuhuber
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Alexander University, Krankenhausstrasse 9, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Hans-Rudolf Berthoud
- Neurobiology of Nutrition & Metabolism Department, Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, 6400 Perkins Road, Baton Rouge, LA 70808, USA.
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12
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Brewer R, Murphy J, Bird G. Atypical interoception as a common risk factor for psychopathology: A review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:470-508. [PMID: 34358578 PMCID: PMC8522807 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inadequacy of a categorial approach to mental health diagnosis is now well-recognised, with many authors, diagnostic manuals and funding bodies advocating a dimensional, trans-diagnostic approach to mental health research. Variance in interoception, the ability to perceive one's internal bodily state, is reported across diagnostic boundaries, and is associated with atypical functioning across symptom categories. Drawing on behavioural and neuroscientific evidence, we outline current research on the contribution of interoception to numerous cognitive and affective abilities (in both typical and clinical populations), and describe the interoceptive atypicalities seen in a range of psychiatric conditions. We discuss the role that interoception may play in the development and maintenance of psychopathology, as well as the ways in which interoception may differ across clinical presentations. A number of important areas for further research on the role of interoception in psychopathology are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Brewer
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom
| | - Jennifer Murphy
- Department of Psychology, Royal Holloway, University of London, United Kingdom.
| | - Geoffrey Bird
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, United Kingdom
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Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis by exogenous and endogenous GDF15. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2106868118. [PMID: 34187898 PMCID: PMC8271778 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2106868118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An acute increase in the circulating concentration of glucocorticoid hormones is essential for the survival of severe somatic stresses. Circulating concentrations of GDF15, a hormone that acts in the brain to reduce food intake, are frequently elevated in stressful states. We now report that GDF15 potently activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis in mice and rats. A blocking antibody to the GDNF-family receptor α-like receptor completely prevented the corticosterone response to GDF15 administration. In wild-type mice exposed to a range of stressful stimuli, circulating levels of both corticosterone and GDF15 rose acutely. In the case of Escherichia coli or lipopolysaccharide injections, the vigorous proinflammatory cytokine response elicited was sufficient to produce a near-maximal HPA response, regardless of the presence or absence of GDF15. In contrast, the activation of the HPA axis seen in wild-type mice in response to the administration of genotoxic or endoplasmic reticulum toxins, which do not provoke a marked rise in cytokines, was absent in Gdf15 -/- mice. In conclusion, consistent with its proposed role as a sentinel hormone, endogenous GDF15 is required for the activation of the protective HPA response to toxins that do not induce a substantial cytokine response. In the context of efforts to develop GDF15 as an antiobesity therapeutic, these findings identify a biomarker of target engagement and a previously unrecognized pharmacodynamic effect, which will require monitoring in human studies.
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Uddin O, Anderson M, Smith J, Masri R, Keller A. Parabrachial complex processes dura inputs through a direct trigeminal ganglion-to-parabrachial connection. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2021; 9:100060. [PMID: 33537510 PMCID: PMC7840999 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2021.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Migraines cause significant disability and contribute heavily to healthcare costs. Irritation of the meninges' outermost layer (the dura mater), and trigeminal ganglion activation contribute to migraine initiation. Maladaptive changes in central pain-processing regions are also important in maintaining pain. The parabrachial complex (PB) is a central region that mediates chronic pain. PB receives diverse sensory information, including a direct input from the trigeminal ganglion. We hypothesized that PB processes inputs from the dura. Using in vivo electrophysiology recordings from single units in anesthetized rats we identified 58 neurons in lateral PB that respond reliably and with short latency to electrical dura stimulation. After injecting tracer into PB, anatomical examination reveals retrogradely labeled cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion. Neuroanatomical tract-tracing revealed a population of neurons in the trigeminal ganglion that innervate the dura and project directly to PB. These findings indicate that PB is strategically placed to process dura inputs and suggest that it is directly involved in the pathogenesis of migraine headaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Uddin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Michael Anderson
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Jesse Smith
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Radi Masri
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Asaf Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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Gabrielyan L, Liang H, Minalyan A, Hatami A, John V, Wang L. Behavioral Deficits and Brain α-Synuclein and Phosphorylated Serine-129 α-Synuclein in Male and Female Mice Overexpressing Human α-Synuclein. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 79:875-893. [PMID: 33361597 PMCID: PMC8577576 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alpha-synuclein (α-syn) is involved in pathology of Parkinson's disease, and 90% of α-syn in Lewy bodies is phosphorylated at serine 129 (pS129 α-syn). OBJECTIVE To assess behavior impairments and brain levels of α-syn and pS129 α-syn in mice overexpressing human α-syn under Thy1 promoter (Thy1-α-syn) and wild type (wt) littermates. METHODS Motor and non-motor behaviors were monitored, brain human α-syn levels measured by ELISA, and α-syn and pS129 α-syn mapped by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Male and female wt littermates did not show differences in the behavioral tests. Male Thy1-α-syn mice displayed more severe impairments than female counterparts in cotton nesting, pole tests, adhesive removal, finding buried food, and marble burying. Concentrations of human α-syn in the olfactory regions, cortex, nigrostriatal system, and dorsal medulla were significantly increased in Thy1-α-syn mice, higher in males than females. Immunoreactivity of α-syn was not simply increased in Thy1-α-syn mice but had altered localization in somas and fibers in a few brain areas. Abundant pS129 α-syn existed in many brain areas of Thy1-α-syn mice, while there was none or only a small amount in a few brain regions of wt mice. The substantia nigra, olfactory regions, amygdala, lateral parabrachial nucleus, and dorsal vagal complex displayed different distribution patterns between wt and transgenic mice, but not between sexes. CONCLUSION The severer abnormal behaviors in male than female Thy1-α-syn mice may be related to higher brain levels of human α-syn, in the absence of sex differences in the altered brain immunoreactivity patterns of α-syn and pS129 α-syn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilit Gabrielyan
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Honghui Liang
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Artem Minalyan
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
| | - Asa Hatami
- Drug Discovery Lab, Department of Neurology, UCLA
| | | | - Lixin Wang
- CURE/Digestive Disease Research Center, Med/Digestive, David Geffen Medical School, UCLA
- VA Great Los Angeles Health System
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16
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Huang D, Grady FS, Peltekian L, Geerling JC. Efferent projections of Vglut2, Foxp2, and Pdyn parabrachial neurons in mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 529:657-693. [PMID: 32621762 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB) is a complex structure located at the junction of the midbrain and hindbrain. Its neurons have diverse genetic profiles and influence a variety of homeostatic functions. While its cytoarchitecture and overall efferent projections are known, we lack comprehensive information on the projection patterns of specific neuronal subtypes in the PB. In this study, we compared the projection patterns of glutamatergic neurons here with a subpopulation expressing the transcription factor Foxp2 and a further subpopulation expressing the neuropeptide Pdyn. To do this, we injected an AAV into the PB region to deliver a Cre-dependent anterograde tracer (synaptophysin-mCherry) in three different strains of Cre-driver mice. We then analyzed 147 neuroanatomical regions for labeled boutons in every brain (n = 11). Overall, glutamatergic neurons in the PB region project to a wide variety of sites in the cerebral cortex, basal forebrain, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, diencephalon, and brainstem. Foxp2 and Pdyn subpopulations project heavily to the hypothalamus, but not to the cortex, basal forebrain, or amygdala. Among the few differences between Foxp2 and Pdyn cases was a notable lack of Pdyn projections to the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus. Our results indicate that genetic identity determines connectivity (and therefore, function), providing a framework for mapping all PB output projections based on the genetic identity of its neurons. Using genetic markers to systematically classify PB neurons and their efferent projections will enhance the translation of research findings from experimental animals to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Huang
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Fillan S Grady
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Lila Peltekian
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
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17
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Andrew DLE, May PJ, Warren S. Morphologic Characterization of Trigeminothalamic Terminal Arbors Arising From the Principal Nucleus in the Macaque. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:562673. [PMID: 33041774 PMCID: PMC7525072 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.562673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM) is amandatory relay for orofacial sensory information targeting the primary somatosensory cortex. We characterized the morphology of VPM axons arising in the principal trigeminal sensory nucleus (pV) through injections of biotinylated dextran amine (BDA) placed in pV of Macaca fascicularis and mulatta monkeys. Labeled terminals formed a patchy bilateral distribution. Within contralateral VPM, patches were found primarily, but not exclusively, within the laterally located, vertical segment, and in ipsilateral VPM, primarily, but not exclusively, in the medially located, horizontal segment. Two fiber types were labeled: thin and thick. Thin fibers were poorly branched and diffusely distributed. They were studded with small en passant boutons. Most labeled fibers were thick and they branched extensively to form distinctive terminal arbors decorated with numerous boutons that varied in size and shape. Quantitative analysis of thick fiber arbor features showed little difference between the sides, although contralateral boutons were significantly larger than ipsilateral ones. Bouton distribution with respect to counterstained somata suggests that proximal dendrites are their main target. Indeed, ultrastructural examination demonstrated that they provide large diameter dendrites with numerous contacts. Direct comparison of thick fiber terminal arbors to cytochrome oxidase (CO) staining revealed that these arbors are much smaller than individual CO-rich patches believed to designate rods containing discrete body area representations. Thus, each terminal arbor appears to heavily innervate a small number of VPM neurons within a rod. This relationship would serve to maintain relatively small receptive fields within the topographic representation of the face.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dona Lee E. Andrew
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Paul J. May
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
| | - Susan Warren
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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18
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Gasparini S, Howland JM, Thatcher AJ, Geerling JC. Central afferents to the nucleus of the solitary tract in rats and mice. J Comp Neurol 2020; 528:2708-2728. [PMID: 32307700 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) regulates life-sustaining functions ranging from appetite and digestion to heart rate and breathing. It is also the brain's primary sensory nucleus for visceral sensations relevant to symptoms in medical and psychiatric disorders. To better understand which neurons may exert top-down control over the NTS, here we provide a brain-wide map of all neurons that project axons directly to the caudal, viscerosensory NTS, focusing on a medial subregion with aldosterone-sensitive HSD2 neurons. Injecting an axonal tracer (cholera toxin b) into the NTS produces a similar pattern of retrograde labeling in rats and mice. The paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVH), lateral hypothalamic area, and central nucleus of the amygdala (CeA) contain the densest concentrations of NTS-projecting neurons. PVH afferents are glutamatergic (express Slc17a6/Vglut2) and are distinct from neuroendocrine PVH neurons. CeA afferents are GABAergic (express Slc32a1/Vgat) and are distributed largely in the medial CeA subdivision. Other retrogradely labeled neurons are located in a variety of brain regions, including the cerebral cortex (insular and infralimbic areas), bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periaqueductal gray, Barrington's nucleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, hindbrain reticular formation, and rostral NTS. Similar patterns of retrograde labeling result from tracer injections into different NTS subdivisions, with dual retrograde tracing revealing that many afferent neurons project axon collaterals to both the lateral and medial NTS subdivisions. This information provides a roadmap for studying descending axonal projections that may influence visceromotor systems and visceral "mind-body" symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Gasparini
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Jacob M Howland
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Andrew J Thatcher
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa city, Iowa, USA
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19
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Grady F, Peltekian L, Iverson G, Geerling JC. Direct Parabrachial-Cortical Connectivity. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:4811-4833. [PMID: 32383444 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhaa072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The parabrachial nucleus (PB) in the upper brain stem tegmentum includes several neuronal subpopulations with a wide variety of connections and functions. A subpopulation of PB neurons projects axons directly to the cerebral cortex, and limbic areas of the cerebral cortex send a return projection directly to the PB. We used retrograde and Cre-dependent anterograde tracing to identify genetic markers and characterize this PB-cortical interconnectivity in mice. Cortical projections originate from glutamatergic PB neurons that contain Lmx1b (81%), estrogen receptor alpha (26%), and Satb2 (20%), plus mRNA for the neuropeptides cholecystokinin (Cck, 48%) and calcitonin gene-related peptide (Calca, 13%), with minimal contribution from FoxP2+ PB neurons (2%). Axons from the PB produce an extensive terminal field in an unmyelinated region of the insular cortex, extending caudally into the entorhinal cortex, and arcing rostrally through the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, with a secondary terminal field in the medial prefrontal cortex. In return, layer 5 neurons in the insular cortex and other prefrontal areas, along with a dense cluster of cells dorsal to the claustrum, send a descending projection to subregions of the PB that contain cortically projecting neurons. This information forms the neuroanatomical basis for testing PB-cortical interconnectivity in arousal and interoception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fillan Grady
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Lila Peltekian
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Gabrielle Iverson
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
| | - Joel C Geerling
- Department of Neurology, Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA
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20
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Microstimulation in Different Parts of the Periaqueductal Gray Generates Different Types of Vocalizations in the Cat. J Voice 2020; 35:804.e9-804.e25. [PMID: 32147316 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In the cat four different types of vocalization, mews, howls, cries, and hisses were generated by microstimulation in different parts of the periaqueductal gray (PAG). While mews imply positive vocal expressions, howls, hisses, and cries represent negative vocal expressions. In the intermediate PAG, mews were generated in the lateral column, howls, and hisses in the ventrolateral column. Cries were generated in two other regions, the lateral column of the rostral PAG and the ventrolateral column of the caudal PAG. In order to define the specific motor patterns of the mews, howls, and cries, the following muscles were recorded during these vocalizations; larynx (cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid), tongue (genioglossus), jaw (digastric), and respiration muscles (diaphragm, internal intercostal, external, and internal abdominal oblique). During these mews, howls, and cries we analyzed the frequency, intensity, activation cascades power density, turns, and amplitude analysis of the electromyograms (EMGs). It appeared that each type of vocalization consists of a specific circumscribed motor coordination. The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the caudal medulla is known to serve as the final premotor interneuronal output system for vocalization. Although neurochemical microstimulation in the NRA itself also generated vocalizations, they only consisted of guttural sounds, the EMGs of which involved only small parts of the EMGs of the mews, howls, and cries generated by neurochemical stimulation in the PAG. These results demonstrate that positive and negative vocalizations are generated in different parts of the PAG. These parts have access to different groups of premotoneurons in the NRA, that, in turn, have access to different groups of motoneurons in the brainstem and spinal cord, resulting in different vocalizations. The findings would serve a valuable model for diagnostic assessment of voice disorders in humans.
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21
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Maric V, Ramanathan D, Mishra J. Respiratory regulation & interactions with neuro-cognitive circuitry. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2020; 112:95-106. [PMID: 32027875 PMCID: PMC10092293 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
It is increasingly being recognized that active control of breathing - a key aspect of ancient Vedic meditative practices, can relieve stress and anxiety and improve cognition. However, the underlying mechanisms of respiratory modulation of neurophysiology are just beginning to be elucidated. Research shows that brainstem circuits involved in the motor control of respiration receive input from and can directly modulate activity in subcortical circuits, affecting emotion and arousal. Meanwhile, brain regions involved in the sensory aspects of respiration, such as the olfactory bulb, are like-wise linked with wide-spread brain oscillations; and perturbing olfactory bulb activity can significantly affect both mood and cognition. Thus, via both motor and sensory pathways, there are clear mechanisms by which brain activity is entrained to the respiratory cycle. Here, we review evidence gathered across multiple species demonstrating the links between respiration, entrainment of brain activity and functional relevance for affecting mood and cognition. We also discuss further linkages with cardiac rhythms, and the potential translational implications for biorhythm monitoring and regulation in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vojislav Maric
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Dhakshin Ramanathan
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Mental Health, VA San Diego Medical Center, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jyoti Mishra
- Neural Engineering and Translation Labs, Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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Anti-cholinergics mecamylamine and scopolamine alleviate motion sickness-induced gastrointestinal symptoms through both peripheral and central actions. Neuropharmacology 2019; 146:252-263. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lateral parabrachial neurons innervate orexin neurons projecting to brainstem arousal areas in the rat. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2830. [PMID: 30808976 PMCID: PMC6391479 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Orexin (ORX) neurons in the hypothalamus send their axons to arousal-promoting areas. We have previously shown that glutamatergic neurons in the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPB) innervate ORX neurons. In this study, we examined potential pathways from the LPB to ORX neurons projecting to arousal-promoting areas in the brainstem by a combination of tract-tracing techniques in male Wistar rats. We injected the anterograde tracer biotinylated dextranamine (BDA) into the LPB and the retrograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit (CTb) into the ventral tegmental area, dorsal raphe nucleus, pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus, laterodorsal tegmental area, or locus coeruleus (LC). We then analyzed the BDA-labeled fibers and ORX-immunoreactive neurons in the hypothalamus. We found that double-labeled ORX and CTb neurons were the most abundant after CTb was injected into the LC. We also observed prominently overlapping distribution of BDA-labeled fibers, arising from neurons located in the lateral-most part of the dorsomedial nucleus and adjacent dorsal perifornical area. In these areas, we confirmed by confocal microscopy that BDA-labeled synaptophysin-immunoreactive axon terminals were in contiguity with cell bodies and dendrites of CTb-labeled ORX-immunoreactive neurons. These results suggest that the LPB innervates arousal-promoting areas via ORX neurons and is likely to promote arousal responses to stimuli.
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Sweet and bitter taste stimuli activate VTA projection neurons in the parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res 2019; 1714:99-110. [PMID: 30807736 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated neural projections from the parabrachial nucleus (PBN), a gustatory and visceral processing area in the brainstem, to the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in the midbrain. The VTA contains a large population of dopaminergic neurons that have been shown to play a role in reward processing. Anterograde neural tracing methods were first used to confirm that a robust projection from the caudal PBN terminates in the dorsal VTA; this projection was larger on the contralateral side. In the next experiment, we combined dual retrograde tracing from the VTA and the gustatory ventral posteromedial thalamus (VPMpc) with taste-evoked Fos protein expression, which labels activated neurons. Mice were stimulated through an intraoral cannula with sucrose, quinine, or water, and PBN sections were processed for immunofluorescent detection of Fos and retrograde tracers. The distribution of tracer-labeled PBN neurons demonstrated that the populations of cells projecting to the VTA or VPMpc are largely independent. Quantification of cells double labeled for Fos and either tracer demonstrated that sucrose and quinine were effective in activating both pathways. These results indicate that information about both appetitive and aversive tastes is delivered to a key midbrain reward interface via direct projections from the PBN.
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Barik A, Thompson JH, Seltzer M, Ghitani N, Chesler AT. A Brainstem-Spinal Circuit Controlling Nocifensive Behavior. Neuron 2018; 100:1491-1503.e3. [PMID: 30449655 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Response to danger needs to be rapid and appropriate. In humans, nocifensive behaviors often precede conscious pain perception. Much is known about local spinal cord circuits for simple reflexive responses, but the mechanisms underlying more complex behaviors remain poorly understood. We now describe a brainstem circuit that controls escape responses to select noxious stimuli. Tracing experiments characterized a highly interconnected excitatory circuit involving the dorsal spinal cord, parabrachial nucleus (PBNl), and reticular formation (MdD). A combination of chemogenetic, optogenetic, and genetic ablation approaches revealed that PBNlTac1 neurons are activated by noxious stimuli and trigger robust escape responses to heat through connections to the MdD. Remarkably, MdDTac1 neurons receive excitatory input from the PBN and target both the spinal cord and PBN; activation of these neurons phenocopies the behavioral effects of PBNlTac1 neuron stimulation. These findings identify a substrate for controlling appropriate behavioral responses to painful stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Barik
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - James Hunter Thompson
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Mathew Seltzer
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Nima Ghitani
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Alexander T Chesler
- National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH), NIH, Bethesda MD, USA.
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Autonomic regulation during sleep and wakefulness: a review with implications for defining the pathophysiology of neurological disorders. Clin Auton Res 2018; 28:509-518. [PMID: 30155794 DOI: 10.1007/s10286-018-0560-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular and respiratory parameters change during sleep and wakefulness. This observation underscores an important, albeit incompletely understood, role for the central nervous system in the differential regulation of autonomic functions. Understanding sleep/wake-dependent sympathetic modulations provides insights into diseases involving autonomic dysfunction. The purpose of this review was to define the central nervous system nuclei regulating sleep and cardiovascular function and to identify reciprocal networks that may underlie autonomic symptoms of disorders such as insomnia, sleep apnea, restless leg syndrome, rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, and narcolepsy/cataplexy. In this review, we examine the functional and anatomical significance of hypothalamic, pontine, and medullary networks on sleep, cardiovascular function, and breathing.
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Tryon VL, Mizumori SJY. A Novel Role for the Periaqueductal Gray in Consummatory Behavior. Front Behav Neurosci 2018; 12:178. [PMID: 30210313 PMCID: PMC6121074 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The periaqueductal gray (PAG) has a well-established role in pain processing, autonomic function and behavioral responses to fear. Anatomical work suggests the PAG may mediate food intake and reward processing as it has extensive reciprocal connections within brain circuits that mediate appetitive processes and consummatory behaviors such as prefrontal cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, parabrachial nucleus (PBN) and ventral tegmental area (Kelley et al., 2005). Therefore, we investigated if the PAG of hungry rats has a functional role in appetitive and consummatory behaviors. To address this, PAG was pharmacologically inactivated during a spatial working memory task with muscimol (0.1-0.3 μg), a GABAA agonist via intracranial infusion. Inactivation of PAG led to reduced intake of food rewards and increased errors on this task. To focus on the specific effects PAG inactivation had on food consumption, PAG was inactivated during two separate food intake tasks in a separate group of rats. Again, PAG inactivation resulted in a significant decrease in food consumption, as well as an increased latency to consume food. We next investigated PAG neural responses to reward encounters. A different group of rats performed the same task used in Experiment 1 while the in vivo activity of PAG neurons was recorded. In a subset of PAG neurons, reward encounters elicited phasic excitation. A separate subset of PAG neurons were inhibited during reward encounters. These responses scaled with the size of the reward, with sustained excitation or inhibition in response to large rewards compared to small. Our data also show that separate groups of PAG neurons in awake behaving animals display either increased and decreased neural responses to reward encounters. Additionally, a proportion of neurons were modulated by the animals' velocity. This study is the first to show that PAG neurons process reward-related information, perhaps to mediate consummatory behaviors related to food consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Lee Tryon
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Sheri J. Y. Mizumori
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
- Neuroscience Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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Umezaki T, Sugiyama Y, Fuse S, Mukudai S, Hirano S. Supportive effect of interferential current stimulation on susceptibility of swallowing in guinea pigs. Exp Brain Res 2018; 236:2661-2676. [PMID: 29974148 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-018-5325-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sensory-motor control of the pharyngeal swallow requires sensory afferent inputs from the pharynx and larynx evoked by introducing bolus into the pharynx. Patients with reduced sensitivity of the pharynx and larynx are likely to have a swallowing impairment, such as pre-swallow aspiration due to delayed swallow triggering. Interferential current stimulation applied to the neck is thought to improve the swallowing function of dysphagic patients, although the mechanism underlying the facilitatory effect of such stimulation remains unknown. In the present study, we examined the changes in the elicitability of swallowing due to the stimulation and the responses of the swallowing-related neurons in the nucleus tractus solitarius and in the area adjacent to the stimulation in decerebrate and paralyzed guinea pigs. The swallowing delay time was shortened by the stimulation, whereas the facilitatory effect of eliciting swallowing was attenuated by kainic acid injection into the nucleus tractus solitarius. Approximately half of the swallowing-related neurons responded to the stimulation. These data suggest that the interferential current stimulation applied to the neck could enhance the sensory afferent pathway of the pharynx and larynx, subserving excitatory inputs to the neurons of the swallowing pattern generator, thereby facilitating the swallowing reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiro Umezaki
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, and the Voice and Swallowing Center, Fukuoka Sanno Hospital, Fukuoka, 814-0001, Japan
| | - Yoichiro Sugiyama
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Shinya Fuse
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Mukudai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
| | - Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto, 602-8566, Japan
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29
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Zhang CK, Li ZH, Qiao Y, Zhang T, Lu YC, Chen T, Dong YL, Li YQ, Li JL. VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA-positive neurons in spinal trigeminal nucleus provide collateral projections to both the thalamus and the parabrachial nucleus in rats. Mol Brain 2018; 11:22. [PMID: 29650024 PMCID: PMC5897998 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-018-0362-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The trigemino-thalamic (T-T) and trigemino-parabrachial (T-P) pathways are strongly implicated in the sensory-discriminative and affective/emotional aspects of orofacial pain, respectively. These T-T and T-P projection fibers originate from the spinal trigeminal nucleus (Vsp). We previously determined that many vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT1 and/or VGLUT2) mRNA-positive neurons were distributed in the Vsp of the adult rat, and most of these neurons sent their axons to the thalamus or cerebellum. However, whether VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA-positive projection neurons exist that send their axons to both the thalamus and the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) has not been reported. Thus, in the present study, dual retrograde tract tracing was used in combination with fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA to identify the existence of VGLUT1 or VGLUT2 mRNA neurons that send collateral projections to both the thalamus and the PBN. Neurons in the Vsp that send collateral projections to both the thalamus and the PBN were mainly VGLUT2 mRNA-positive, with a proportion of 90.3%, 93.0% and 85.4% in the oral (Vo), interpolar (Vi) and caudal (Vc) subnucleus of the Vsp, respectively. Moreover, approximately 34.0% of the collateral projection neurons in the Vc showed Fos immunopositivity after injection of formalin into the lip, and parts of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-immunopositive axonal varicosities were in direct contact with the Vc collateral projection neurons. These results indicate that most collateral projection neurons in the Vsp, particularly in the Vc, which express mainly VGLUT2, may relay orofacial nociceptive information directly to the thalamus and PBN via axon collaterals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Kui Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Qiao
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.,Student Brigade, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Cheng Lu
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Chen
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Dong
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jin-Lian Li
- Department of Anatomy and K.K. Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China.
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30
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Yang CF, Feldman JL. Efferent projections of excitatory and inhibitory preBötzinger Complex neurons. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1389-1402. [PMID: 29473167 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The preBötzinger Complex (preBötC), a compact medullary region essential for generating normal breathing rhythm and pattern, is the kernel of the breathing central pattern generator (CPG). Excitatory preBötC neurons in rats project to major breathing-related brainstem regions. Here, we provide a brainstem connectivity map in mice for both excitatory and inhibitory preBötC neurons. Using a genetic strategy to label preBötC neurons, we confirmed extensive projections of preBötC excitatory neurons within the brainstem breathing CPG including the contralateral preBötC, Bötzinger Complex (BötC), ventral respiratory group, nucleus of the solitary tract, parahypoglossal nucleus, parafacial region (RTN/pFRG or alternatively, pFL /pFV ), parabrachial and Kölliker-Füse nuclei, as well as major projections to the midbrain periaqueductal gray. Interestingly, preBötC inhibitory projections paralleled the excitatory projections. Moreover, we examined overlapping projections in the pons in detail and found that they targeted the same neurons. We further explored the direct anatomical link between the preBötC and suprapontine brain regions that may govern emotion and other complex behaviors that can affect or be affected by breathing. Forebrain efferent projections were sparse and restricted to specific nuclei within the thalamus and hypothalamus, with processes rarely observed in cortex, basal ganglia, or other limbic regions, e.g., amygdala or hippocampus. We conclude that the preBötC sends direct, presumably inspiratory-modulated, excitatory and inhibitory projections in parallel to distinct targets throughout the brain that generate and modulate breathing pattern and/or coordinate breathing with other behaviors, physiology, cognition, or emotional state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy F Yang
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
| | - Jack L Feldman
- Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095-1763
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31
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Uddin O, Studlack P, Akintola T, Raver C, Castro A, Masri R, Keller A. Amplified parabrachial nucleus activity in a rat model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. NEUROBIOLOGY OF PAIN 2018; 3:22-30. [PMID: 29862375 PMCID: PMC5973803 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynpai.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The parabrachial (PB) complex mediates both ascending nociceptive signaling and descending pain modulatory information in the affective/emotional pain pathway. We hypothesized that PB hyperactivity influences chronic pain behavior after trigeminal nerve injury in rats. Following induction of neuropathic pain using the chronic constriction injury of the infraorbital nerve (CCI-ION) model, rats displayed spontaneous markers of pain and mechanical hyperalgesia extending beyond the receptive field of the injured nerve. PB neurons recorded from rats with CCI-ION displayed amplified activity, manifesting as significantly longer responses to sensory stimuli, compared to shams. These findings suggest that chronic neuropathic pain involves PB hyperactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Uddin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Paige Studlack
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Titilola Akintola
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Charles Raver
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Alberto Castro
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Radi Masri
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, 650 W. Baltimore St, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
| | - Asaf Keller
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States.,Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, 20 Penn St, HSF-II S251, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States
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32
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Barman SM, Yates BJ. Deciphering the Neural Control of Sympathetic Nerve Activity: Status Report and Directions for Future Research. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:730. [PMID: 29311801 PMCID: PMC5743742 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) contributes appreciably to the control of physiological function, such that pathological alterations in SNA can lead to a variety of diseases. The goal of this review is to discuss the characteristics of SNA, briefly review the methodology that has been used to assess SNA and its control, and to describe the essential role of neurophysiological studies in conscious animals to provide additional insights into the regulation of SNA. Studies in both humans and animals have shown that SNA is rhythmic or organized into bursts whose frequency varies depending on experimental conditions and the species. These rhythms are generated by brainstem neurons, and conveyed to sympathetic preganglionic neurons through several pathways, including those emanating from the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Although rhythmic SNA is present in decerebrate animals (indicating that neurons in the brainstem and spinal cord are adequate to generate this activity), there is considerable evidence that a variety of supratentorial structures including the insular and prefrontal cortices, amygdala, and hypothalamic subnuclei provide inputs to the brainstem regions that regulate SNA. It is also known that the characteristics of SNA are altered during stress and particular behaviors such as the defense response and exercise. While it is a certainty that supratentorial structures contribute to changes in SNA during these behaviors, the neural underpinnings of the responses are yet to be established. Understanding how SNA is modified during affective responses and particular behaviors will require neurophysiological studies in awake, behaving animals, including those that entail recording activity from neurons that generate SNA. Recent studies have shown that responses of neurons in the central nervous system to most sensory inputs are context-specific. Future neurophysiological studies in conscious animals should also ascertain whether this general rule also applies to sensory signals that modify SNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan M Barman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
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33
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Kaur S, Wang JL, Ferrari L, Thankachan S, Kroeger D, Venner A, Lazarus M, Wellman A, Arrigoni E, Fuller PM, Saper CB. A Genetically Defined Circuit for Arousal from Sleep during Hypercapnia. Neuron 2017; 96:1153-1167.e5. [PMID: 29103805 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The precise neural circuitry that mediates arousal during sleep apnea is not known. We previously found that glutamatergic neurons in the external lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBel) play a critical role in arousal to elevated CO2 or hypoxia. Because many of the PBel neurons that respond to CO2 express calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), we hypothesized that CGRP may provide a molecular identifier of the CO2 arousal circuit. Here, we report that selective chemogenetic and optogenetic activation of PBelCGRP neurons caused wakefulness, whereas optogenetic inhibition of PBelCGRP neurons prevented arousal to CO2, but not to an acoustic tone or shaking. Optogenetic inhibition of PBelCGRP terminals identified a network of forebrain sites under the control of a PBelCGRP switch that is necessary to arouse animals from hypercapnia. Our findings define a novel cellular target for interventions that may prevent sleep fragmentation and the attendant cardiovascular and cognitive consequences seen in obstructive sleep apnea. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satvinder Kaur
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Joshua L Wang
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Loris Ferrari
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Thankachan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School & VA Boston Healthcare, 1400 VFW Parkway, West Roxbury, MA, USA
| | - Daniel Kroeger
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne Venner
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael Lazarus
- International Institute for Integrative Sleep Medicine (WPI-IIIS), University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Andrew Wellman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Elda Arrigoni
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Patrick M Fuller
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Clifford B Saper
- Department of Neurology, Program in Neuroscience, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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McCall AA, Miller DM, Yates BJ. Descending Influences on Vestibulospinal and Vestibulosympathetic Reflexes. Front Neurol 2017; 8:112. [PMID: 28396651 PMCID: PMC5366978 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review considers the integration of vestibular and other signals by the central nervous system pathways that participate in balance control and blood pressure regulation, with an emphasis on how this integration may modify posture-related responses in accordance with behavioral context. Two pathways convey vestibular signals to limb motoneurons: the lateral vestibulospinal tract and reticulospinal projections. Both pathways receive direct inputs from the cerebral cortex and cerebellum, and also integrate vestibular, spinal, and other inputs. Decerebration in animals or strokes that interrupt corticobulbar projections in humans alter the gain of vestibulospinal reflexes and the responses of vestibular nucleus neurons to particular stimuli. This evidence shows that supratentorial regions modify the activity of the vestibular system, but the functional importance of descending influences on vestibulospinal reflexes acting on the limbs is currently unknown. It is often overlooked that the vestibulospinal and reticulospinal systems mainly terminate on spinal interneurons, and not directly on motoneurons, yet little is known about the transformation of vestibular signals that occurs in the spinal cord. Unexpected changes in body position that elicit vestibulospinal reflexes can also produce vestibulosympathetic responses that serve to maintain stable blood pressure. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes are mediated, at least in part, through a specialized group of reticulospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla that project to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord. However, other pathways may also contribute to these responses, including those that dually participate in motor control and regulation of sympathetic nervous system activity. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes differ in conscious and decerebrate animals, indicating that supratentorial regions alter these responses. However, as with vestibular reflexes acting on the limbs, little is known about the physiological significance of descending control of vestibulosympathetic pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew A McCall
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Derek M Miller
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
| | - Bill J Yates
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA , USA
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From Belly to Brain: Targeting the Ghrelin Receptor in Appetite and Food Intake Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020273. [PMID: 28134808 PMCID: PMC5343809 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ghrelin is the only known peripherally-derived orexigenic hormone, increasing appetite and subsequent food intake. The ghrelinergic system has therefore received considerable attention as a therapeutic target to reduce appetite in obesity as well as to stimulate food intake in conditions of anorexia, malnutrition and cachexia. As the therapeutic potential of targeting this hormone becomes clearer, it is apparent that its pleiotropic actions span both the central nervous system and peripheral organs. Despite a wealth of research, a therapeutic compound specifically targeting the ghrelin system for appetite modulation remains elusive although some promising effects on metabolic function are emerging. This is due to many factors, ranging from the complexity of the ghrelin receptor (Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor, GHSR-1a) internalisation and heterodimerization, to biased ligand interactions and compensatory neuroendocrine outputs. Not least is the ubiquitous expression of the GHSR-1a, which makes it impossible to modulate centrally-mediated appetite regulation without encroaching on the various peripheral functions attributable to ghrelin. It is becoming clear that ghrelin’s central signalling is critical for its effects on appetite, body weight regulation and incentive salience of food. Improving the ability of ghrelin ligands to penetrate the blood brain barrier would enhance central delivery to GHSR-1a expressing brain regions, particularly within the mesolimbic reward circuitry.
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36
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Lateral parabrachial nucleus and opioid mechanisms of the central nucleus of the amygdala in the control of sodium intake. Behav Brain Res 2017; 316:11-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Importance of the lateral parabrachial nucleus to sodium balance in fluid-depleted rats. Neurosci Res 2016; 111:41-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2016.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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38
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Dorsal and ventral aspects of the most caudal medullary reticular formation have differential roles in modulation and formation of the respiratory motor pattern in rat. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:4353-4368. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1165-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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39
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Importance of the central nucleus of the amygdala on sodium intake caused by deactivation of lateral parabrachial nucleus. Brain Res 2015; 1625:238-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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40
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Subramanian HH, Arun M, Silburn PA, Holstege G. Motor organization of positive and negative emotional vocalization in the cat midbrain periaqueductal gray. J Comp Neurol 2015; 524:1540-57. [PMID: 26235936 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Neurochemical microstimulation in different parts of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG) in the cat generates four different types of vocalization, mews, howls, cries, and hisses. Mews signify positive vocal expression, whereas howls, hisses, and cries signify negative vocal communications. Mews were generated in the lateral column of the intermediate PAG and howls and hisses in the ventrolateral column of the intermediate PAG. Cries were generated in two regions, the lateral column of the rostral PAG and the ventrolateral column of the caudal PAG. To define the specific motor patterns belonging to mews, howls, and cries, the following muscles were recorded during these vocalizations: larynx (cricothyroid, thyroarytenoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid), tongue (genioglossus), jaw (digastric), and respiration (diaphragm, internal intercostal, external abdominal oblique, and internal abdominal oblique) muscles. Furthermore, the frequency, intensity, activation cascades, and turns and amplitude analyses of the electromyograms (EMGs) during these vocalizations were analyzed. The results show that each type of vocalization consists of a specific, circumscribed motor coordination. The nucleus retroambiguus (NRA) in the caudal medulla serves as the final premotor interneuronal output system for vocalization. NRA neurochemical microstimulation also generated vocalizations (guttural sounds). Analysis of the EMGs demonstrated that these vocalizations consist of only small parts of the emotional voalizations generated by neurochemical stimulation in the PAG. These results demonstrate that motor organization of positive and negative emotional vocal expressions are segregated in the PAG and that the PAG uses the NRA as a tool to gain access to the motoneurons generating vocalization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mridula Arun
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation, Queensland Brain Institute.,School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, 4072, Australia
| | - Peter A Silburn
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation, Queensland Brain Institute
| | - Gert Holstege
- Asia-Pacific Centre for Neuromodulation, Queensland Brain Institute
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Freiria-Oliveira AH, Blanch GT, Pedrino GR, Cravo SL, Murphy D, Menani JV, Colombari DSA. Catecholaminergic neurons in the comissural region of the nucleus of the solitary tract modulate hyperosmolality-induced responses. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2015; 309:R1082-91. [PMID: 26333788 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00432.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Noradrenergic A2 neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) have been suggested to contribute to body fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular regulation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of lesions of A2 neurons of the commissural NTS (cNTS) on the c-Fos expression in neurons of the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei, arterial pressure, water intake, and urinary excretion in rats with plasma hyperosmolality produced by intragastric 2 M NaCl (2 ml/rat). Male Holtzman rats (280-320 g) received an injection of anti-dopamine-β-hydroxylase-saporin (12.6 ng/60 nl; cNTS/A2-lesion, n = 28) or immunoglobulin G (IgG)-saporin (12.6 ng/60 nl; sham, n = 24) into the cNTS. The cNTS/A2 lesions increased the number of neurons expressing c-Fos in the magnocellular PVN in rats treated with hypertonic NaCl (90 ± 13, vs. sham: 47 ± 20; n = 4), without changing the number of neurons expressing c-Fos in the parvocellular PVN or in the SON. Contrary to sham rats, intragastric 2 M NaCl also increased arterial pressure in cNTS/A2-lesioned rats (16 ± 3, vs. sham: 2 ± 2 mmHg 60 min after the intragastric load; n = 9), an effect blocked by the pretreatment with the vasopressin antagonist Manning compound (0 ± 3 mmHg; n = 10). In addition, cNTS/A2 lesions enhanced hyperosmolality-induced water intake (10.5 ± 1.4, vs. sham: 7.7 ± 0.8 ml/60 min; n = 8-10), without changing renal responses to hyperosmolality. The results suggest that inhibitory mechanisms dependent on cNTS/A2 neurons reduce water intake and vasopressin-dependent pressor response to an acute increase in plasma osmolality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre H Freiria-Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graziela T Blanch
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Pedrino
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Goias, Goiania, Goias, Brazil
| | - Sergio L Cravo
- Department of Physiology, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade-Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - David Murphy
- Henry Welcome Laboratories for Integrative Neuroscience and Endocrinology, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom; and Department of Physiology, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - José V Menani
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Débora S A Colombari
- Department of Pathology and Physiology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil;
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42
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Pavan CG, Roncari CF, Barbosa SP, De Paula PM, Colombari DS, De Luca LA, Colombari E, Menani JV. Activation of μ opioid receptors in the LPBN facilitates sodium intake in rats. Behav Brain Res 2015; 288:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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43
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Margatho L, Porcari C, Macchione A, da Silva Souza G, Caeiro X, Antunes-Rodrigues J, Vivas L, Godino A. Temporal dissociation between sodium depletion and sodium appetite appearance: Involvement of inhibitory and stimulatory signals. Neuroscience 2015; 297:78-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Koelsch S, Jacobs AM, Menninghaus W, Liebal K, Klann-Delius G, von Scheve C, Gebauer G. The quartet theory of human emotions: An integrative and neurofunctional model. Phys Life Rev 2015; 13:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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45
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Andrade C, De Oliveira L, Andrade-Franzé G, De Luca Jr L, Colombari DS, Menani J. Gabaergic and opioid receptors mediate the facilitation of NaCl intake induced by α2-adrenergic activation in the lateral parabrachial nucleus. Behav Brain Res 2015; 278:535-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Abstract
Evidence accumulated over 30 years, from experiments on animals and human subjects, has conclusively demonstrated that inputs from the vestibular otolith organs contribute to the control of blood pressure during movement and changes in posture. This review considers the effects of gravity on the body axis, and the consequences of postural changes on blood distribution in the body. It then separately considers findings collected in experiments on animals and human subjects demonstrating that the vestibular system regulates blood distribution in the body during movement. Vestibulosympathetic reflexes differ from responses triggered by unloading of cardiovascular receptors such as baroreceptors and cardiopulmonary receptors, as they can be elicited before a change in blood distribution occurs in the body. Dissimilarities in the expression of vestibulosympathetic reflexes in humans and animals are also described. In particular, there is evidence from experiments in animals, but not humans, that vestibulosympathetic reflexes are patterned, and differ between body regions. Results from neurophysiological and neuroanatomical studies in animals are discussed that identify the neurons that mediate vestibulosympathetic responses, which include cells in the caudal aspect of the vestibular nucleus complex, interneurons in the lateral medullary reticular formation, and bulbospinal neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla. Recent findings showing that cognition can modify the gain of vestibulosympathetic responses are also presented, and neural pathways that could mediate adaptive plasticity in the responses are proposed, including connections of the posterior cerebellar vermis with the vestibular nuclei and brainstem nuclei that regulate blood pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bill J Yates
- Departments of Otolaryngology and Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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47
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Gasparini S, Menani JV, Daniels D. Moxonidine into the lateral parabrachial nucleus modifies postingestive signals involved in sodium intake control. Neuroscience 2014; 284:768-774. [PMID: 25264033 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.09.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The activation of α2-adrenoceptors with bilateral injections of moxonidine (α2-adrenoceptor and imidazoline receptor agonist) into the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) increases 1.8% NaCl intake induced by treatment with furosemide (FURO)+captopril (CAP) subcutaneously. In the present study, we analyzed licking microstructure during water and 1.8% NaCl intake to investigate the changes in orosensory and postingestive signals produced by moxonidine injected into the LPBN. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with FURO+CAP combined with bilateral injections of vehicle or moxonidine (0.5 nmol/0.2 μl) into the LPBN. Bilateral injections of moxonidine into the LPBN increased FURO+CAP-induced 1.8% NaCl intake, without changing water intake. Microstructural analysis of licking behavior found that this increase in NaCl intake was a function of increased number of licking bursts from 15 to 75 min of the test (maximum of 49±9 bursts/bin, vs. vehicle: 2±2 bursts/bin). Analysis of the first 15 min of the test, when most of the licking behavior occurred, found no effect of moxonidine on the number of licks/burst for sodium intake (24±5 licks/burst, vs. vehicle: 27±8 licks/burst). This finding suggests that activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN affects postingestive signals that are important to inhibit and limit sodium intake by FURO+CAP-treated rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Gasparini
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil
| | - J V Menani
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, School of Dentistry, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, Brazil.
| | - D Daniels
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, United States
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48
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Holland RA, Leonard JJ, Kensey NA, Hannikainen PA, De Jonghe BC. Cisplatin induces neuronal activation and increases central AMPA and NMDA receptor subunit gene expression in mice. Physiol Behav 2014; 136:79-85. [PMID: 24582677 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Although rats and mice do not vomit, these species are widely studied as models of energy balance and sickness behavior. Previous work has shown that rats exhibit similar neuroanatomical activation of brain and visceral afferent pathways following cisplatin chemotherapy compared to vomiting species. However, the neural response to cisplatin in mice is understudied. Here, food intake, body weight, and central c-Fos immunofluorescence were analyzed in the hindbrains of male C57BL/6 mice following IP saline or cisplatin (5mg/kg, and 20mg/kg doses). As glutamate receptor signaling is classically linked to inhibitory feeding pathways in the rodent, gene expression of selected α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor subunits were assessed in the dorsal vagal complex (DVC), parabrachial nucleus (PBN), amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Our results show dose-dependent reductions in food intake and body weight following cisplatin treatment, as well as increases in cisplatin-induced c-Fos in the PBN and throughout the DVC. Quantitative PCR analysis shows cisplatin-induced increases in NMDA receptor subunit expression, particularly NR2B, in the DVC, PBN, BNST, and amygdala. In addition, upregulation of AMPA receptor subunits (GluA1 and/or GluA2) were observed in all regions examined except the amygdala. Taken together, these results suggest similar neural pathways mediating cisplatin effects in mice compared to other well-studied species, which are likely mediated by central upregulation of AMPA and NMDA receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby A Holland
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - John J Leonard
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas A Kensey
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Paavali A Hannikainen
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States
| | - Bart C De Jonghe
- Dept. of Biobehavioral Health Sciences School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, United States.
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49
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Andrade CAF, Andrade-Franzé GMF, De Paula PM, De Luca LA, Menani JV. Role of α2-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of body fluid homeostasis. Braz J Med Biol Res 2014; 47:11-8. [PMID: 24519089 PMCID: PMC3932968 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20133308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Central α2-adrenoceptors and the pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus
(LPBN) are involved in the control of sodium and water intake. Bilateral injections
of moxonidine (α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist) or
noradrenaline into the LPBN strongly increases 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by a
combined treatment of furosemide plus captopril. Injection of moxonidine into the
LPBN also increases hypertonic NaCl and water intake and reduces oxytocin secretion,
urinary sodium, and water excreted by cell-dehydrated rats, causing a positive sodium
and water balance, which suggests that moxonidine injected into the LPBN deactivates
mechanisms that restrain body fluid volume expansion. Pretreatment with specific
α2-adrenoceptor antagonists injected into the LPBN abolishes the
behavioral and renal effects of moxonidine or noradrenaline injected into the same
area, suggesting that these effects depend on activation of LPBN
α2-adrenoceptors. In fluid-depleted rats, the palatability of sodium is
reduced by ingestion of hypertonic NaCl, limiting intake. However, in rats treated
with moxonidine injected into the LPBN, the NaCl palatability remains high, even
after ingestion of significant amounts of 0.3 M NaCl. The changes in behavioral and
renal responses produced by activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN are
probably a consequence of reduction of oxytocin secretion and blockade of inhibitory
signals that affect sodium palatability. In this review, a model is proposed to show
how activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN may affect palatability
and, consequently, ingestion of sodium as well as renal sodium excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A F Andrade
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - G M F Andrade-Franzé
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - P M De Paula
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - L A De Luca
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
| | - J V Menani
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, AraraquaraSP, Brasil, Departamento de Fisiologia e Patologia, Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araraquara, SP, Brasil
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50
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Weiss MS, Victor JD, Di Lorenzo PM. Taste coding in the parabrachial nucleus of the pons in awake, freely licking rats and comparison with the nucleus of the solitary tract. J Neurophysiol 2013; 111:1655-70. [PMID: 24381029 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00643.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the rodent, the parabrachial nucleus of the pons (PbN) receives information about taste directly from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Here we examined how information about taste quality (sweet, sour, salty, and bitter) is conveyed in the PbN of awake, freely licking rats, with a focus on how this information is transformed from the incoming NTS signals. Awake rats with electrodes in the PbN had free access to a lick spout that delivered taste stimuli (5 consecutive licks; 100 mM NaCl, 10 mM citric acid, 0.01 mM quinine HCl, or 100 mM sucrose and water) or water (as a rinse) on a variable-ratio schedule. To assess temporal coding, a family of metrics that quantifies the similarity of two spike trains in terms of spike count and spike timing was used. PbN neurons (n = 49) were generally broadly tuned across taste qualities with variable response latencies. Some PbN neurons were quiescent during lick bouts, and others, some taste responsive, showed time-locked firing to the lick pattern. Compared with NTS neurons, spike timing played a larger role in signaling taste in the first 2 s of the response, contributing significantly in 78% (38/49) of PbN cells compared with 45% of NTS cells. Also, information from temporal coding increased at a faster rate as the response unfolded over time in PbN compared with NTS. Collectively, these data suggest that taste-related information from NTS converges in the PbN to enable a subset of PbN cells to carry a larger information load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Weiss
- Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York; and
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