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Synthesis and biological effects evaluation of benzoconduritols C and D from oxabenzonorbornadiene. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-021-02428-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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2
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Sarmah S, Roy AS. A review on prevention of glycation of proteins: Potential therapeutic substances to mitigate the severity of diabetes complications. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 195:565-588. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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S Shenoy R, Kumar D J, HG N, Manonmani H. In silico evaluation of naturally isolated triterpene glycosides (TG) from Gymnema sylvestre towards diabetic treatment. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08407. [PMID: 34917786 PMCID: PMC8646171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic disorder which is characterised by high levels of blood glucose. Most of the oral drugs available today for the treatment of diabetes are associated with various side-effects. Herbal medicines are considered relatively safer alternatives and Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is one such known traditional medicinal plant widely used for the treatment of diabetes. In our previous work, we isolated active triterpene glycosides (TG) from Gymnema sylvestre (GS) and screened for yeast α-glucosidase inhibitory activity in vitro. The present study aims to use in silico techniques to understand and predict the inhibitory role of the isolated triterpene glycosides (TG); Gymnemic acid I, IV, VII and gymnemagenin against disaccharidase enzymes. enzyme kinetic analysis using Lineweaver-Burk plot indicated that TG competitively inhibited yeast α-glucosidase at IC50 concentration with Ki 0.0028 μM. TG also exhibited significant inhibitory activity against mammalian sucrase and maltase respectively, compared to control. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS The molecular docking simulation reveals that TG is capable of docking well with crystallographic structures of the selected enzyme targets. Inhibition of α-glucosidases could delay the absorption of glucose in the blood during post-meal digestion. Thus the current study highlights the dietary intervention of TG towards the selected enzyme targets, thus making TG a potential nutraceutical candidate towards management of blood glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi S Shenoy
- Department of Food Protectants and Infestation Control, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
- Department of Biotechnology, B.M.S College of Engineering, Bangalore, India
| | - Jagadeesh Kumar D
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - Nagendra HG
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir M. Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology, Bangalore, India
| | - H.K. Manonmani
- Department of Food Protectants and Infestation Control, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
- Academy of Scientific & Innovative Research, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, Mysore, 570020, India
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Sinha P, Arunachalam KD, Nagarajan SK, Madhavan T, R Jayakumar A, Saiyad Musthafa M. Radio-protective efficacy of Gymnema sylvestre on Pangasius sutchi against gamma ( 60Co) irradiation. Int J Radiat Biol 2021; 98:212-229. [PMID: 34705596 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2022.1998701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Freshwater fish Pangasius sutchi was used in this study as a vertebrate model. We evaluated the induction of certain antioxidant enzymes in various vital organs. The radioprotective efficacy of Gymnema sylvestre leaves extract (GS) [25 mg/kg Body Weight (B.W)] and its bioactive compound Gymnemagenin (GG) [0.3 mg/kg B.W] was compared with Amifostine (Ami), the only radioprotector clinically approved by the US-FDA [Ami- 83.3 mg/kg B.W] against different doses of gamma radiation - 60Co (Lethal Dose: LD30-9.2 Gy, LD50-10.2 Gy and LD70-11.4 Gy). MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was done via stress marker enzymes, cell cycle analysis (CCA) and DNA damage assay prediction with molecular docking, which are reported here for the first time. The results indicate an elevated LPO level and decreased level of CAT, SOD and GSH due to oxidative stress initiation by 60Co Ionizing Radiation (IR) on 4th day and slightly reduced on 32nd day while the reverse observed when the fishes were pretreated with Ami, GS and GG. Similarly, CCA and dead/live cells counts were conducted with pretreatment of Ami, GS and GG against 60Co IR dose (LD50-10.2 Gy). RESULTS In CCA, G0/G1 phase was observed to be the highest in Ami and lowest in GG, against 60Co IR doses 10.2 Gy which was 51.76 ± 7.55. The dead cells range observed in pretreated group of Ami, GS and GG was lowest in Ami and highest in GG and live cells (highest in Ami and lowest in GG) as compared to 60Co IR group (86.43 ± 3.42 and 8.77 ± 5.95). Thus, antioxidant profile improvement by oxidative stress reduction and gradual progression of different phases of cell cycle except the apoptotic phase along with the live cells counts indicates that the radio-protective efficacy of GS is similar to Ami. CONCLUSION Predictive assessment was carried out by docking of Ami, various components of GS with p53, NF-κβ cells and Rad51 proteins structures responsible for CCA, apoptosis and repair mechanism. These structural proteins were docked with other structural proteins like USP7, TNF-α and partner and localizer of BRCA2 associated (PALB2/BRCA2) complex which made us perform these systemic efforts to find the functional activity of these known radio-protectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Sinha
- Center for Environmental and Nuclear Research (CENR), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Kantha Devi Arunachalam
- Center for Environmental and Nuclear Research (CENR), SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, India
| | | | - Thirumurthy Madhavan
- Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, SRMIST, Kattankulathur, India
| | - Arumugam R Jayakumar
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Neuropathology/Oncology Unit, Miami VA Foundation for Research and Education Inc, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Mohamed Saiyad Musthafa
- Unit of Research in Radiation Biology & Environmental Radioactivity (URRBER), P.G. & Research Department of Zoology, The New College (Autonomous), Affiliated to University of Madras, Chennai, India
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Devangan S, Varghese B, Johny E, Gurram S, Adela R. The effect of Gymnema sylvestre supplementation on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Phytother Res 2021; 35:6802-6812. [PMID: 34467577 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review and meta-analysis aims to find the effect of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) supplementation on glycemic control in type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). PubMed, Cochrane library, Google Scholar, and Science Direct were searched from inception to June 2020 to identify the studies that reported GS supplementation on glycemic parameters. Standardized mean difference (SMD) was calculated by comparing the post-intervention data with baseline data. SMDs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using a random-effects model. Our meta-analysis consisting of 10 studies with a total of 419 participants showed that GS supplementation significantly reduces fasting blood glucose (FBG) (SMD 1.57 mg/dl, 95% CI 2.22 to -0.93, p < .0001, I2 90%), postprandial blood glucose (PPBG) (SMD 1.04 mg/dl, 95% CI 1.53 to -0.54, p < .0001, I2 80%), and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) (SMD 3.91, 95% CI 7.35 to -0.16%, p < .0001, I2 99%) compared to baseline. Further, our study also found that GS significantly reduces triglycerides (SMD 1.81 mg/dl, 95% CI 2.95 to -0.66, p < .0001, I2 : 96%), and total cholesterol (SMD 4.10 mg/dl, 95% CI 7.21 to -0.99, p < .0001, I2 : 98%) compared to baseline. Our study shows that GS supplementation is effective in improving glycemic control and reducing lipid levels in T2DM patients and suggests that such supplementation might be used as an effective therapy for the management of T2DM and its associated complications to an extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suneel Devangan
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India.,Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Hajipur, Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Bincy Varghese
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ebin Johny
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Surender Gurram
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Ramu Adela
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Al-Jaidi BA, Odetallah HM, Chandrasekaran B, Amro R. Herbal Medications for the Management of Diabetes Mellitus: A Review. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083805666190820115332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder of the endocrine system affecting
people worldwide. It is a serious disorder that needs lifetime control which is mainly
treated by numerous chemical agents. Most of these chemical agents are associated with various
unpleasant adverse effects, as a result of which there is a growing interest towards the
alternative medicines which are found to be comparatively safer causing less adverse effects.
As there are many plant’s extracts which are evident to provide hypoglycemic effect, intensive
investigations are under progress to explore their advantageous effects on diabetic patients.
This article discusses some of these important plants that are either being used for diabetes
treatment or under investigation for future drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal A. Al-Jaidi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University (19392), Jordan
| | - Haifa'a Marouf Odetallah
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University (19392), Jordan
| | - Balakumar Chandrasekaran
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Philadelphia University, P.O BOX (1), Philadelphia University (19392), Jordan
| | - Razan Amro
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
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Phytopharmacological Possibilities of Bird Cherry Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L. Species and Their Bioactive Phytochemicals. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12071966. [PMID: 32630652 PMCID: PMC7399899 DOI: 10.3390/nu12071966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild cherry is a plant observed in the form of trees or shrubs. This species comprises about twenty kinds of plants and the most popular are two, Prunus padus L. and Prunus serotina L., whose properties and content of phytochemical compounds are subject to studies. Wild cherry contains many active compounds, including tocopherols, vitamins, polyphenols and terpenes, which can have beneficial effects on health. On the other hand, wild cherry contains cyanogenic glycosides. Nevertheless, current research results indicate pro-health properties associated with both P. serotina and P. padus. The aim of this study was to collect and present the current state of knowledge about wild cherry and to review available in vitro and in vivo studies concerning its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antidiabetic activity. Moreover, the current work presents and characterizes phytochemical content in the leaves, bark and fruits of P. padus and P. serotina and compiles data that indicate their health-promoting and functional properties and possibilities of using them to improve health. We find that the anatomical parts of P. padus and P. serotina can be a valuable raw material used in the food, pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as a source of bioactive compounds with multi-directional action.
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Gopalakrishnan R, Elumalai N, Alagirisamy R. Effect of polyherbal drug on oxidative stress and insulin resistance in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetic rats. ALL LIFE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2020.1776772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chikkarayapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Nandhakumar Elumalai
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chikkarayapuram, Chennai, India
| | - Renuka Alagirisamy
- Department of Biochemistry, Sri Muthukumaran Medical College Hospital and Research Institute, Chikkarayapuram, Chennai, India
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Singhal T, Mujeeb M, Ahad A, Aqil M, Rahman SO, Najmi AK, Siddiqui WA. Preparation, optimization and biological evaluation of gymnemic acid loaded niosomes against streptozotocin-nicotinamide induced diabetic-nephropathy in Wistar rats. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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De novo transcriptome of Gymnema sylvestre identified putative lncRNA and genes regulating terpenoid biosynthesis pathway. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14876. [PMID: 31619732 PMCID: PMC6795813 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51355-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gymnema sylvestre is a highly valuable medicinal plant in traditional Indian system of medicine and used in many polyherbal formulations especially in treating diabetes. However, the lack of genomic resources has impeded its research at molecular level. The present study investigated functional gene profile of G. sylvestre via RNA sequencing technology. The de novo assembly of 88.9 million high quality reads yielded 23,126 unigenes, of which 18116 were annotated against databases such as NCBI nr database, gene ontology (GO), KEGG, Pfam, CDD, PlantTFcat, UniProt & GreeNC. Total 808 unigenes mapped to 78 different Transcription Factor families, whereas 39 unigenes assigned to CYP450 and 111 unigenes coding for enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of terpenoids including transcripts for synthesis of important compounds like Vitamin E, beta-amyrin and squalene. Among them, presence of six important enzyme coding transcripts were validated using qRT-PCR, which showed high expression of enzymes involved in methyl-erythritol phosphate (MEP) pathway. This study also revealed 1428 simple sequence repeats (SSRs), which may aid in molecular breeding studies. Besides this, 8 putative long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) were predicted from un-annotated sequences, which may hold key role in regulation of essential biological processes in G. sylvestre. The study provides an opportunity for future functional genomic studies and to uncover functions of the lncRNAs in G. sylvestre.
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Al-Romaiyan A, Liu B, Persaud S, Jones P. A novel Gymnema sylvestre extract protects pancreatic beta-cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis. Phytother Res 2019; 34:161-172. [PMID: 31515869 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β, TNF-α, and interferon-γ are known to be involved in mediating β-cells death in diabetes mellitus (DM). Thus, protecting from β-cells death in patients with DM may be a useful target in alleviating symptoms of hyperglycemia. Traditional plant-based remedies have been used to treat DM for many centuries and may play a role in protecting β-cell from death. An example of these remedies is Gymnema sylvestre (GS) extract. In this study, we investigated the effect of this plant extract on β-cells apoptosis. Om Santal Adivasi (OSA®) maintained cell membrane integrity in MIN6 cells and mouse islets. Om Santal Adivasi significantly protected MIN6 cells and mouse islets from cytokine-induced apoptosis. In the presence of cytokines, OSA® significantly reduced the expression and activity of caspase-3. The antiapoptotic effect of OSA® as shown by microarray analysis is largely mediated by activating pathways involved in cell survival (mainly casein kinase II pathway) and the free radical scavenger system (specifically superoxide dismutase and catalase). This study indicates that the GS isolate OSA® protects against cytokine-induced apoptosis of β-cells by increasing the expression of cell survival pathways and free radical scavenger system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altaf Al-Romaiyan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Bo Liu
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Shanta Persaud
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Peter Jones
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Antidiabetic plant-derived nutraceuticals: a critical review. Eur J Nutr 2017; 57:1275-1299. [PMID: 29022103 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-017-1552-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the major health problems in the world, especially amongst the urban population. Chemically synthesized drugs used to decrease the ill effects of DM and its secondary complications cause adverse side effects, viz., weight gain, gastrointestinal disturbances, and heart failure. Currently, various other approaches, viz., diet control, physical exercise and use of antidiabetic plant-derived molecules/foods are advocated to manage DM, as they are economical with fewer or no side effects. This review mainly focuses on antidiabetic plants, chemically characterized plant molecules and plant-based foods in the treatment of DM. Very little science-based evidence is available on the mechanism of action of plant-derived food molecules on the DM targets. Critical DM targets include α-amylase, α-glucosidase, DPP-IV, aldose reductase, PPAR-γ, AMP kinase and GLUT4. In-depth studies carried out on a few of those targets with specific mechanisms of action are addressed in this review. This review may help future researchers in identifying a right plant molecule to treat DM or to develop food formulations for DM management.
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Pothuraju R, Sharma RK, Rather SA, Singh S. Comparative evaluation of anti-obesity effect of Aloe vera and Gymnema sylvestre supplementation in high-fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:403-407. [PMID: 27757271 PMCID: PMC5061484 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160623122710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Background: The aim of the present study was to investigate, anti-obesity effect of Aloe vera (AV), and Gymnema sylvestre (GS) whole extract powders administration to high-fat diet (HFD) fed C57BL/6J mice for 12 weeks. Materials and Methods: At the end of experiment, different parameters such as body weight, feed intake, organ weights, fasting blood glucose, oral glucose tolerance test, plasma lipid levels, and expression analysis of adipocytokines were evaluated. Results: At the end of experimental period, oral administration of both herbs showed a significant (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001) decrease in the plasma glucose and lipid levels in HFD fed mice. In addition, increased in the epididymal fat (E. fat) weight in the HFD group was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on GS administration alone. Finally, quantitative mRNA expression analysis of adiponectin gene was significantly up-regulated in AV supplementation. Further, no effect was observed with the both herbs on pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-a) in the E. fat tissue of HFD fed group. Conclusions: The anti-obesity and other metabolic studies depend on the type of diet, different parts of herbal extractions, and animal models used. Further studies are required in this area to strengthen the anti-obesity effects of herbs with active component, and it can be used a pro-drug instead of whole extract.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Satvinder Singh
- Department of Animal Biochemistry, NDRI, Karnal, Haryana, India
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Pothuraju R, Sharma R, Kavadi P, Chagalamarri J, Jangra S, Bhakri G, De S. Anti-obesity effect of milk fermented by Lactobacillus plantarum NCDC 625 alone and in combination with herbs on high fat diet fed C57BL/6J mice. Benef Microbes 2016; 7:375-85. [DOI: 10.3920/bm2015.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of dietary supplementation of milk fermented with indigenous probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum (LP625) alone and in combination with herbs (Aloe vera and Gymnema sylvestre) was investigated on high fat diet (HFD, 60 kcal% fat) fed mice for 12 weeks. Administration of LP625 alone or in combination with both herbs lowered the final body weight, however, a significant difference was observed with LP625 supplemented Gymnema sylvestre only as compared to the HFD fed group (25.06±0.18 vs 27.29±0.72 g, P<0.05). Similarly, the epididymal fat mass, fasting blood glucose and serum insulin levels were significantly (P<0.05) decreased by all treatment groups. In addition, a protective effect against the rise in serum and liver triglycerides, and in liver total cholesterol levels was found with the consumption of LP625 alone or in combination with herbs. Furthermore, the HFD fed mice showed a remarkable increase in the epididymal fat cell size, whereas administration of LP625 alone or in combination with herbs exhibited a significant decrease in the size. Finally, a significant increase in the relative mRNA expression of thermogenic proteins, i.e. uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2, 1.16±0.25 fold change, P<0.05) and a decrease in pro-inflammatory markers, such as tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 (1.55±0.18 and 3.10±0.58 fold change, respectively, P<0.05) were due to LP625 supplementation in the HFD fed group. This shows that LP625 alone or supplemented with herbs seems to protect against diet induced obesity by decreasing the body and epididymal fat weight through upregulation of UCP-2 expression and reduced expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Pothuraju
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - R.K. Sharma
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - P.K. Kavadi
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - J. Chagalamarri
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - S. Jangra
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - G. Bhakri
- Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
| | - S. De
- Animal Biotechnology Centre, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal 132001, India
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Kalita H, Boruah DC, Deori M, Hazarika A, Sarma R, Kumari S, Kandimalla R, Kotoky J, Devi R. Antidiabetic and Antilipidemic Effect of Musa balbisiana Root Extract: A Potent Agent for Glucose Homeostasis in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rat. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:102. [PMID: 27199747 PMCID: PMC4852310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Folklore studies have revealed that Musa balbisiana Colla (MB; Family: Musaceae) has high medicinal properties. The purpose of the present study is to evaluate antihyperglycemic, and antioxidant activity of MB extracts in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. In vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic activity of MB extracts, i.e., root extract (RE), shoot extract and inflorescence extract were determined by using various methods viz 1,-1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and a method to assess their possible effect on glucose diffusion across gastrointestinal tract and identify bioactive compound of potent extract. In vivo antilipidemic and antidiabetic activity was evaluated by administrating oral dose of RE for 15 days on STZ- induced diabetic rat. RE showed highest antioxidant activity by scavenging DPPH radical (IC50 32.96 μg/ml) and inhibit 30% glucose movement in vitro. The methanol extract of root showed the presence of calyx [4] arene category of the compound. Furthermore, RE treated rat revealed a reduction in fasting blood glucose (62.5%), serum total cholesterol (36.2%), triglyceride (54.5%), and low-density lipoprotein (50.94%) after 15 days as compared to STZ treated animal. There was an initiation of regenerative structures of the affected organs after 15 days of RE treatment. Histopathological observations clearly differentiate the structural changes in pancreas, liver, and kidney of STZ and RE treated group. The presence of calyx [4] arene class of compound may be responsible for its antioxidant and antidiabetic properties by absorbing glucose in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri Kalita
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | | | - Meetali Deori
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Ankita Hazarika
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Rahul Sarma
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Sima Kumari
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Raghuram Kandimalla
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Jibon Kotoky
- Drug Discovery Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
| | - Rajlakshmi Devi
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Life Sciences Division, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology Guwahati, India
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Martínez-Abundis E, Mendez-del Villar M, Pérez-Rubio KG, Zuñiga LY, Cortez-Navarrete M, Ramírez-Rodriguez A, González-Ortiz M. Novel nutraceutic therapies for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. World J Diabetes 2016; 7:142-52. [PMID: 27076875 PMCID: PMC4824685 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v7.i7.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Nutraceutic therapies such as berberine, bitter melon, Gymnema sylvestre, Irvingia gabonensis, resveratrol and ursolic acid have been shown to help control metabolic syndrome (MetS). The effect of berberine on glucose and lipid metabolism, hypertension, obesity and MetS has been evaluated in animal models and humans. Most clinical trials involving bitter melon have been conducted to evaluate its effect on glucose metabolism; nevertheless, some studies have reported favorable effects on lipids and blood pressure although there is little information about its effect on body weight. Gymnema sylvestre helps to decrease body weight and blood sugar levels; however, there is limited information on dyslipidemia and hypertension. Clinical trials of Irvingia gabonensis have shown important effects decreasing glucose and cholesterol concentrations as well decreasing body weight. Resveratrol acts through different mechanisms to decrease blood pressure, lipids, glucose and weight, showing its effects on the population with MetS. Finally, there is evidence of positive effects with ursolic acid in in vitro and in vivo studies on glucose and lipid metabolism and on body weight and visceral fat. Therefore, a review of the beneficial effects and limitations of the above-mentioned nutraceutic therapies is presented.
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Kumar PM, Venkataranganna MV, Manjunath K, Viswanatha GL, Ashok G. Methanolic leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre augments glucose uptake and ameliorates insulin resistance by upregulating glucose transporter-4, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma, adiponectin, and leptin levels in vitro. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016; 5:146-52. [PMID: 27104035 PMCID: PMC4835989 DOI: 10.5455/jice.20160224051727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aims: The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of methanolic leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre (MLGS) on glucose transport (GLUT) and insulin resistance in vitro. Materials and Methods: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-γ) and GLUT-4 expression were assessed in L6 myotubes for concluding the GLUT activity, and adiponectin and leptin expression was studied in 3T3 L1 murine adipocyte cell line to determine the effect of MLGS (250-750 μg/ml) on insulin resistance. Results: The findings of the experiments have demonstrated a significant and dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake in all the tested concentrations of MLGS, further the glucose uptake activity of MLGS (750 μg/ml) was at par with rosiglitazone (50 μg/ml). Concomitantly, MLGS has shown enhanced GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ gene expressions in L6 myotubes. Furthermore, cycloheximide (CHX) had completely abolished the glucose uptake activity of MLGS when co-incubated, which further confirmed that glucose uptake activity of MLGS was linked to enhanced expression of GLUT-4 and PPAR-γ. In addition, in another experimental set, MLGS showed enhanced expression of adiponectin and leptin, thus confirms the ameliorative effect of MLGS on insulin resistance. Conclusion: These findings suggest that MLGS has an enhanced glucose uptake activity in L6 myotubes, and ameliorate the insulin resistance in 3T3 L1 murine adipocyte cell line in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kirangadur Manjunath
- Department of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Bangalore University, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Godavarthi Ashok
- Radiant Research Services Pvt. Ltd., Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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In-silico analysis of gymnemagenin from Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) R.Br. with targets related to diabetes. J Theor Biol 2016; 391:95-101. [PMID: 26711684 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Toma A, Makonnen E, Mekonnen Y, Debella A, Adisakwattana S. Antidiabetic activities of aqueous ethanol and n-butanol fraction of Moringa stenopetala leaves in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:242. [PMID: 26187590 PMCID: PMC4506633 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0779-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Moringa stenopetala has been used in traditional health systems to treat diabetes mellitus. The aim of this study was to investigate the antidiabetic activity of aqueous ethanol and n-butanol fraction of Moringa stenopetala leaves in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. Methods The aqueous ethanol extract and n-butanol fraction of Moringa stenopetala leaves hydroalcoholic (500 mg/kg body weight) and metformin (150 mg/kg body weight) were administered to diabetic rats. Blood glucose, lipid profiles, liver and kidney function were examined after 14 days of experiment. Histopathological profile of the pancreas was also observed in diabetic rats at the end of study. An oral sucrose challenge test was also carried out to assess the post prandial effect of the extract. Results Oral administration of the aqueous ethanol and n-butanol extracts of Moringa stenopetala leaves (500 mg/kg body weight) and metformin (150 mg/kg) significantly reduced blood glucose level (P < 0.05), improved serum lipid profiles, liver enzymes and kidney functions in diabetic rats after 14 days. The extracts also improved damage of islet of Langerhan’s in diabetic rats. The plant material reduced the post-prandial glucose level (P < 0.001) at the dose of 750 mg/kg. Conclusion These findings revealed that both the aqueous ethanol and n-butanol extracts of Moringa stenopetala leaves possess antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic properties, and alleviate STZ-induced pancreatic damage in diabetic rats. The beneficial effects of plant material in inhibition of diabetes-induced complications are being investigated.
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Sheoran S, Panda BP, Admane PS, Panda AK, Wajid S. Ultrasound-assisted extraction of gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre leaves and its effect on insulin-producing RINm-5 F β cell lines. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2015; 26:97-104. [PMID: 25469471 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gymnema sylvestre is an important anti-diabetic medicinal plant, hence it is necessary to study the effective extraction of its active medicinal components. OBJECTIVE To develop an efficient ultrasound-assisted extraction method for anti-diabetic gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre leaves and measure their effect on insulin-producing RINm-5 F β cells. METHODS Box-Behnken's design and response surface methodology was applied to the ultrasound-assisted extraction of gymnemic acids from Gymnema sylvestre leaves. Analysis of gymnemic acids was carried out by high-performance thin-layer chromatography by converting total gymnemic acids into gymnemagenin by alkali hydrolysis. Effects of extracts on insulin production were tested on cultured, insulin-producing RINm-5 F β cell lines. RESULTS The point prediction tool of the design expert software predicted 397.9 mg gymnemic acids per gram of the defatted G. sylvestre leaves using ultrasound-assisted extraction, with ethanol at 60 °C for 30 min. The predicted condition shows 93.34% validity under experimental conditions. The ultrasound-assisted extract caused up to about four times more insulin production from RINm-5 F β cells than extracts obtained from Soxhlet extraction. CONCLUSIONS Response surface methodology was successfully used to improve the extraction of gymnemic acids from G. sylvestre leaves. The ultrasound-assisted extraction process may be a better alternative to prepare such herbal extracts because it saves time and may prevent excess degradation of the target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Sheoran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Microbial and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Laboratory, Centre for Advanced Research in Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Karthick V, Kumar VG, Dhas TS, Singaravelu G, Sadiq AM, Govindaraju K. Effect of biologically synthesized gold nanoparticles on alloxan-induced diabetic rats-an in vivo approach. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2014; 122:505-511. [PMID: 25092583 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Development of novel antidiabetic agents using various organic compounds and biomolecules has been in practice for a long time. Recently, nanomaterials are also being used in antidiabetic studies for their unique properties such as small size, biocompatibility and ability to penetrate cell membrane for carrying drugs. Herein, in vivo antidiabetic activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) synthesized using the antidiabetic potent plant Gymnema sylvestre R. Br on wistar albino rats has been evaluated. The formation of AuNPs and their morphology were confirmed using spectroscopic and microscopic analyses, respectively. The treatment of AuNPs has shown significant reduction in blood glucose level on diabetic rats. AuNPs were also tested for its anti-inflammatory effect by estimating the serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP).
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Affiliation(s)
- V Karthick
- Nanoscience Division, Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, India
| | - V Ganesh Kumar
- Nanoscience Division, Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, India.
| | - T Stalin Dhas
- Nanoscience Division, Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, India
| | - G Singaravelu
- Nanoscience Division, Department of Zoology, Thiruvalluvar University, Vellore 632115, India
| | - A Mohamed Sadiq
- Department of Biochemistry, Adhiparasakthi College of Arts and Science, Kalavai 632506, India
| | - K Govindaraju
- Nanoscience Division, Centre for Ocean Research, Sathyabama University, Chennai 600119, India
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Daradka HM, Abas MM, Mohammad MAM, Jaffar MM. Antidiabetic effect of Artemisia absinthium extracts on alloxan-induced diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1963-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang Y, Dawid C, Kottra G, Daniel H, Hofmann T. Gymnemic acids inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:5925-5931. [PMID: 24856809 DOI: 10.1021/jf501766u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the activity of botanicals used in Chinese Traditional Medicine as hypoglycemic agents for diabetes type II prevention and/or treatment, extracts prepared from 26 medicinal herbs were screened for their inhibitory activity on sodium-dependent glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) by using two-electrode voltage-clamp recording of glucose uptake in Xenopus laevis oocytes microinjected with cRNA for SGLT1. Showing by far the strongest SGLT1 inhibitory effect, the phytochemicals extracted from Gymnema sylvestre (Retz.) Schult were located by means of activity-guided fractionation and identified as 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-2-tigloyl-22-O-2-tigloyl gymnemagenin (1) and 3-O-β-D-glucuronopyranosyl-21-O-2-methylbutyryl-22-O-2-tigloyl gymnemagenin (2) by means of LC-MS/MS, UPLC-TOF/MS, and 1D/2D-NMR experiments. Both saponins exhibited low IC50 values of 5.97 (1) and 0.17 μM (2), the latter of which was in the same range as found for the high-affinity inhibitor phlorizin (0.21 μM). As SGLT1 is found in high levels in brush-border membranes of intestinal epithelial cells, these findings demonstrate for the first time the potential of these saponins for inhibiting electrogenic glucose uptake in the gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Chair of Food Chemistry and Molecular Sensory Science, Technische Universitaet Muenchen , Lise-Meitner-Straße 34, D-85354 Freising, Germany
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Pothuraju R, Sharma RK, Chagalamarri J, Jangra S, Kumar Kavadi P. A systematic review of Gymnema sylvestre in obesity and diabetes management. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:834-840. [PMID: 24166097 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity is associated with many health-related problems. Currently, more than 300 million people are considered to be obese. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), by 2030, 87 and 439 million people will be affected in India and the world, respectively. Today, herbal medicines are gaining interest in the treatment of obesity and diabetes, because of their minimal side effects. Gymnemic acid - an active component isolated from Gymnema sylvestre - has anti-obesity and antidiabetic properties, decreases body weight and also inhibits glucose absorption. Several components extracted from Gymnema prevent the accumulation of triglycerides in muscle and liver, and also decrease fatty acid accumulation in the circulation. In this paper, an attempt has been made to review the effects of various extracts from Gymnema sylvestre in the regulation of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in both animal and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Pothuraju
- Division of Animal Biochemistry, National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, -132001, (Haryana), India
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Anandakirouchenane E, Sarath Chandiran I, Kanimozhi V, Kadalmani B. Antioxidant and protective effect of Curculigo orchioides on liver, pancreas and kidney tissue in alloxan induced diabetic experimental rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dit.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Ahmed ABA, Rao AS, Rao MV, Taha RM. HPTLC/HPLC and gravimetric methodology for the identification and quantification of gymnemic acid fromGymnema sylvestremethanolic extracts. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2013. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.25.2013.2.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Pyridazine and its related compounds. Part 34. Hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity of some novel condensed pyridazine sulfonamides. Med Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-013-0605-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Usmani S, Amir M, Mujeeb M, Ahmad A, YT K. ESTABLISHMENT OF CELL SUSPENSION CULTURE AND QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF GYMNEMAGENIN IN PLANT AND IN VITRO CULTURE OF GYMNEMA SYLVESTRE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.704609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Usmani
- a Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohd Amir
- a Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
| | - Mohd Mujeeb
- a Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
| | - Ajaz Ahmad
- b Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratory, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy , King Saud University , Riyadh , Saudi Arabia
| | - Kamal YT
- a Plant Tissue Culture Laboratory, Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy , Jamia Hamdard , New Delhi , India
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Kamble B, Gupta A, Patil D, Janrao S, Khatal L, Duraiswamy B. Quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in Gymnema sylvestre extract and its marketed formulations using the HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2013; 24:135-140. [PMID: 22987643 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Gymnema sylvestre, with gymnemic acids as active pharmacological constituents, is a popular ayurvedic herb and has been used to treat diabetes, as a remedy for cough and as a diuretic. However, very few analytical methods are available for quality control of this herb and its marketed formulations. OBJECTIVES To develop and validate a new, rapid, sensitive and selective HPLC-ESI (electrospray ionisation)-MS/MS method for quantitative estimation of gymnemagenin in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations. METHOD HPLC-ESI-MS/MS method using a multiple reactions monitoring mode was used for quantitation of gymnemagenin. Separation was carried out on a Luna C-18 column using gradient elution of water and methanol (with 0.1% formic acid and 0.3% ammonia). RESULTS The developed method was validated as per International Conference on Harmonisation Guideline ICH-Q2B and found to be accurate, precise and linear over a relatively wide range of concentrations (5.280-305.920 ng/mL). Gymnemagenin contents were found from 0.056 ± 0.002 to 4.77 ± 0.59% w/w in G. sylvestre and its marketed formulations. CONCLUSION The method established is simple, rapid, with high sample throughput, and can be used as a tool for quality control of G. sylvestre and its formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhagyashree Kamble
- Department of Pharmacognosy, J.S.S. College of Pharmacy, Rocklands, Ootacamund 643 001, Tamilnadu, India.
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David BC, Sudarsanam G. Antimicrobial activity of Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae). JOURNAL OF ACUTE DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2221-6189(13)60131-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Al-Romaiyan A, Liu B, Docherty R, Huang GC, Amiel S, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. Investigation of intracellular signalling cascades mediating stimulatory effect of a Gymnema sylvestre extract on insulin secretion from isolated mouse and human islets of Langerhans. Diabetes Obes Metab 2012; 14:1104-13. [PMID: 22775778 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2012.01660.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Traditional plant-based remedies such as Gymnema sylvestre (GS) extracts have been used to treat diabetes mellitus for many centuries. We have shown previously that a novel GS extract, OSA®, has a direct effect on insulin secretion but its mode of action has not been studied in detail Thus this study investigated the possible underlying mechanism(s) by which OSA® exerts its action. METHODS The effects of OSA® on [Ca(2+)]i and K(+) conductances were assessed by Ca(2+) microfluorimetry and electrophysiology in dispersed mouse islets and MIN6 β-cells, respectively. Isolated mouse (from 20 to 25 mice) and human (from 3 donors) islets, and MIN6 β-cells, were used to investigate whether the stimulatory effect of OSA® on insulin secretion was dependent on the presence of extracellular calcium and protein kinase activation. RESULTS OSA ®-induced insulin secretion from mouse islets and MIN6 β-cells was inhibited by nifedipine, a voltage-gated Ca(2+) channel blocker, and by the removal of extracellular Ca(2+), respectively. OSA® did not affect the activities of KATP channels or voltage-dependent K(+) channels in MIN6 β-cells but it caused an increase in intracellular Ca(2+) ([Ca(2+)]i) concentrations in Fura-2-loaded mouse islet cells. The insulin secretagogue effect of OSA® was dependent, in part, on protein kinase activation since incubating mouse or human islets with staurosporine, a general protein kinase inhibitor, resulted in partial inhibition of OSA®-induced insulin secretion. Experiments using permeabilized, Ca(2+)-clamped MIN6 β-cells revealed a Ca(2+)-independent component action of OSA® at a late stage in the stimulus-response coupling pathway. OSA®-induced insulin secretion was unexpectedly associated with a decrease in intracellular cAMP levels. CONCLUSIONS These data indicate that the GS isolate OSA® stimulates insulin secretion from mouse and human islets in vitro, at least in part as a consequence of Ca(2+) influx and protein kinase activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Romaiyan
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Diabetes and Nutritional Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
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Ulbricht C, Abrams TR, Basch E, Davies-Heerema T, Foppa I, Hammerness P, Rusie E, Tanguay-Colucci S, Taylor S, Ulbricht C, Varghese M, Weissner W, Woods J. An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.) by the Natural Standard Research Collaboration. J Diet Suppl 2012; 8:311-30. [PMID: 22432729 DOI: 10.3109/19390211.2011.597977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
An evidence-based systematic review of gymnema (Gymnema sylvestre R. Br.), including written and statistical analysis of scientific literature, expert opinion, folkloric precedent, history, pharmacology, kinetics/dynamics, interactions, adverse effects, toxicology, and dosing.
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Ballali S, Lanciai F. Functional food and diabetes: a natural way in diabetes prevention? Int J Food Sci Nutr 2011; 63 Suppl 1:51-61. [PMID: 22107597 DOI: 10.3109/09637486.2011.637487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes shows a wide range of variation in prevalence around the world and it is expected to affect 300 million by the year 2025. In a prevention framework where banning policies and educational strategies lead the interventions, functional foods (FFs) with their specific health effects could, in the future, indicate a new mode of thinking about the relationships between food and health in everyday life. Functional ingredients, such as stevioside, cinnamon, bitter melon, garlic and onion, ginseng, Gymnema sylvestre and fenugreek, have been addressed for their specific actions towards different reactions involved in diabetes development. New strategies involving the use of FF should be validated through large-scale population trials, considering validated surrogate end points to evaluate the effect of FF in prevention of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Sharma RK, Patki PS. Double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical evaluation of an Ayurvedic formulation (GlucoCare capsules) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. J Ayurveda Integr Med 2011; 1:45-51. [PMID: 21829301 PMCID: PMC3149392 DOI: 10.4103/0975-9476.59827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus describes a metabolic disorder of multiple etiologies characterized by insulin resistance, relative insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia with disturbances of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. The goal for treatment of diabetes is to prevent its acute manifestations and long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications. The present study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an Ayurvedic formulation (GlucoCare Capsules) in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. Fifty NIDDM patients of pitta-kapha prakriti attending the outpatient department of the Government Ayurvedic Medical College, Guwahati, Assam, India were included in the study, and randomly divided into 2 groups, GlucoCare and placebo. All received either GlucoCare or placebo in a dose of 2 capsules twice daily, before meals for 3 months. All 50 patients completed the study - no drop outs, withdrawals or patients lost to follow up. The GlucoCare group showed significant improvement in symptoms from the 2(nd) month till the end of the study. GlucoCare was well tolerated by all patients throughout the treatment period with no evidence of adverse effects. The study indicates clinical efficacy of GlucoCare Capsules in the management of NIDDM in those belonging to pitta-kapha prakriti. The formulation is well tolerated and appears safe in the dosage used.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Sharma
- Department of Dravyaguna and Rasashastra, Government Ayurvedic College, Guwahati, Assam, India
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Ramkumar KM, Vanitha P, Uma C, Suganya N, Bhakkiyalakshmi E, Sujatha J. Antidiabetic activity of alcoholic stem extract of Gymnema montanum in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:3390-4. [PMID: 21978819 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 09/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of alcoholic stem extract of Gymnema montanum (GMSt) on blood glucose, plasma insulin, and carbohydrate metabolic enzymes were studied in experimental diabetes. Diabetes mellitus was induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of STZ (60 mg/kg bw). Five days after STZ induction, diabetic rats received GMSt orally at the doses of 25, 50, 100 and 200mg/kg daily for 3 weeks. Graded doses of stem extract showed a significant reduction in blood glucose levels and improvement in plasma insulin levels. The effect was more pronounced in 100 and 200mg/kg than 50mg/kg. GMSt showed significant increase in hexokinase, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and glycogen content in liver of diabetic rats while there was significant reduction in the levels of glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. The present study clearly indicated significant antidiabetic effect with the stem extract of G. montanum and lends support for its traditional usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunga Mohan Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM University, Kattankulathur 603 203, Tamilnadu, India.
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Pathan RA, Bhandari U. Gymnemic Acid-Phospholipid Complex: Preparation and Characterization. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2010.498256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and histopathological analysis of Dillenia indica (L.) leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2011; 4:347-52. [PMID: 21771674 DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(11)60101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 05/15/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate antidiabetic, hypolipidemic histopathological analysis of Dillenia indica (D. indica) methanolic leaves (DIME) extract in alloxan induced diabetic rat by administering oral doses (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight). METHODS Blood glucose levels were measured using blood glucose test strips with elegance glucometer on weekly intervals till the end of study (i.e. 3 weeks). Other parameters e.g. liver profile, renal profile and total lipid levels were determined in normal and alloxan induced diabetic rats after oral administration of the extract for 21 days. Histopathological changes in diabetic rat organs (pancreas, liver and kidney) were also observed after extract treatment. RESULTS Daily oral administration DIME (250 and 500 mg/kg body weight) and glibenclamide (10 mg/kg) showed beneficial effects on blood glucose level (P < 0.001) as well as improving kidney, liver functions and hyperlipidaemia due to diabetes. The extract treatment also showed to enhanced serum insulin level and body weight of diabetic rats as compared to diabetic control group. Furthermore, the extract has a favorable effect on the histopathological changes of the pancreas, liver and kidney in alloxan induced diabetes. CONCLUSIONS D. indica possess antidiabetic property as well improve body weight, liver profile, renal profile and total lipid levels. DIME has also favorable effect to inhibit the histopathological changes of the pancreas and kidney in alloxan induced diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Kumar
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kurukshetra University, Haryana, India
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Al-Romaiyan A, Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Maity CR, Chatterjee SK, Koley N, Biswas T, Chatterji AK, Huang GC, Amiel SA, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. A novel Gymnema sylvestre extract stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vivo and in vitro. Phytother Res 2011; 24:1370-6. [PMID: 20812281 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many plant-based products have been suggested as potential antidiabetic agents, but few have been shown to be effective in treating the symptoms of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in human studies, and little is known of their mechanisms of action. Extracts of Gymnema sylvestre (GS) have been used for the treatment of T2DM in India for centuries. The effects of a novel high molecular weight GS extract, Om Santal Adivasi, (OSA(R)) on plasma insulin, C-peptide and glucose in a small cohort of patients with T2DM are reported here. Oral administration of OSA(R) (1 g/day, 60 days) induced significant increases in circulating insulin and C-peptide, which were associated with significant reductions in fasting and post-prandial blood glucose. In vitro measurements using isolated human islets of Langerhans demonstrated direct stimulatory effects of OSA(R) on insulin secretion from human ß-cells, consistent with an in vivo mode of action through enhancing insulin secretion. These in vivo and in vitro observations suggest that OSA(R) may provide a potential alternative therapy for the hyperglycemia associated with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Al-Romaiyan
- Diabetes Research Group, King's College London, London, SE1 1UL, UK.
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Kumar S, Kumar V, Prakash O. Antihyperglycemic, antihyperlipidemic potential and histopathological analysis of ethyl acetate fraction of Callistemon lanceolatus leaves extract on alloxan induced diabetic rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.5455/jeim.010611.or.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Ahmed ABA, Rao AS, Rao MV. In vitro callus and in vivo leaf extract of Gymnema sylvestre stimulate β-cells regeneration and anti-diabetic activity in Wistar rats. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 17:1033-1039. [PMID: 20537514 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2010.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2009] [Revised: 02/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A methanol extract of Gymnema sylvestre leaf and callus showed anti-diabetic activities through regenerating β-cells. Optimum callus was developed under stress conditions of blue light with 2,4-D (1.5 mg/l) and KN (0.5 mg/l), which induced maximum biomass of green compact callus at 45 days, as determined by growth curve analysis. Leaf and optimum callus extracts contains gymnemic acid, which was analyzed using TLC, HPTLC and HPLC methods. The research reported here deals with leaf and callus extracts of G. sylvestre, which significantly increase the weight of the whole body, liver, pancreas and liver glycogen content in alloxan-induced diabetic rats (Wistar rats). The gymnemic acid of leaf and callus extracts significantly increases the regeneration of β-cells in treated rats, when compared with the standard diabetic rats. It could have potential as a pharmaceutical drug for insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Plant Science, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus and particularly noninsulin-dependent diabetes (type 2 diabetes) is an increasingly prevalent condition worldwide with serious consequences of multiorgan involvement and in particular cardiovascular and renal disease. Obesity is a significant risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and its incidence has doubled in the past 2 decades among younger adults, adolescents, and children globally. Inflammation and insulin resistance are the underlying mechanisms for metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its increased risk of cardiovascular, renal, and pulmonary morbidity and mortality. MetS is affecting younger populations with adverse consequences seen in later years. Dietary supplements and herbals are often marketed for these conditions. This article review common herbals and supplements marketed or used by patients with diabetes, obesity, and MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wadie Najm
- Department of Family Medicine, University of California, Irvine School of Medicine, 101 The City Drive South, Irvine, Building 200, Suite 512, Orange, CA, USA.
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Venkatesh S, Madhava Reddy B, Dayanand Reddy G, Mullangi R, Lakshman M. Antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of Helicteres isora roots in alloxan-induced diabetic rats: a possible mechanism of action. J Nat Med 2010; 64:295-304. [PMID: 20238178 DOI: 10.1007/s11418-010-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2009] [Accepted: 02/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The antihyperglycemic and hypolipidemic activities of Helicteres isora Linn. (Sterculiaceae) root extracts were investigated in alloxan-induced diabetic rats and a possible mechanism of the blood glucose lowering action was studied. Alloxan-induced diabetic rats experienced 69.13 and 51.14%, 22.60 and 21.89%, 30.12 and 19.96%, and 50.05 and 34.29% reduction in blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and urea levels following oral administration of butanol and aqueous ethanol extracts of H. isora root, respectively, at 250 mg/kg for 10 days. The beneficial effects of these extracts were supported by evidence from histological examinations of the liver, pancreas, and kidney. Following the treatment with both extracts, the degenerative changes caused by alloxan in pancreatic cells were restored, particularly with the butanol extract. Histological examination convincingly showed the restoration of pancreatic islets, kidney glomeruli, and liver to its normal size. These results suggest that H. isora roots possess antidiabetic principles and can be useful for treatment of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sama Venkatesh
- G. Pulla Reddy College of Pharmacy, Mehdipatnam, Hyderabad 500 028, India.
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Daisy P, Eliza J, Mohamed Farook KAM. A novel dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate isolated from Gymnema sylvestre possessing normoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity on STZ-induced diabetic rats. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 126:339-344. [PMID: 19703537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/12/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Gymnema sylvestre (Asclepiadaceae) is emerging as a potential treatment for the management of diabetes. The leaves are used in herbal medicine preparations. The present study was carried out to isolate and identify the putative antidiabetic compound based on bioassay-guided fractionation. MATERIALS AND METHODS An active compound dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate has been isolated from Gymnema sylvestre acetone extract and its optimum dose has been determined and patented. An optimum dose of dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate (20mg/kg body weight) was orally administered for 45 days to streptozotocin diabetic rats for the assessment of plasma glucose, insulin, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), tissue glycogen, lipid parameters such as triglycerides, total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol and activities of hepatic marker enzymes, such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and acid phosphatase (ACP) in normal and streptozotocin diabetic rats. RESULTS Dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate at 20mg dose produced significant effects on all biochemical parameters studied compared to diabetic control group. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that dihydroxy gymnemic triacetate, the compound from Gymnema sylvestre, possessed hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic activity in long-term treatment and hence it could be used as a drug for treating diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pitchai Daisy
- Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Holy Cross College, Trichy 620002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Subash-Babu P, Ignacimuthu S, Agastian P, Varghese B. Partial regeneration of beta-cells in the islets of Langerhans by Nymphayol a sterol isolated from Nymphaea stellata (Willd.) flowers. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:2864-70. [PMID: 19272781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2009] [Accepted: 02/12/2009] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Reduction of the beta-cell mass is critical in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus. The discovery of agents which induce regeneration of pancreatic beta-cells would be useful to develop new therapeutic approaches to treat diabetes. The present study was aimed at identifying a new agent for the control of diabetes through regeneration of pancreatic beta cells and insulin secretory potential. Nymphaea stellata flower chloroform extract (NSFCExt) showed significant plasma glucose lowering effect. Further NSFCExt was utilized to isolate and identify the lead compound based on bioassay guided fractionation; we found Nymphayol (25,26-dinorcholest-5-en-3beta-ol) a new crystal [space group P2(1) (No. 4), a=9.618(5), b=7.518(5), c=37.491(5)]. It was purified by repeat column. The structure was determined on the basis of X-ray crystallography and spectral data. Oral administration of Nymphayol for 45 days significantly (p<0.05) lowered the blood glucose level and more importantly it effectively increased the insulin content in diabetic rats. In addition, Nymphayol increased the number of beta cell mass enormously. Islet-like cell clusters in the islets of Langerhans were clearly observed based on histochemical and immunohistochemical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Subash-Babu
- Division of Ethnopharmacology, Entomology Research Institute, Loyola College, Chennai 600 034, Tamil Nadu, India
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Geil P, Shane-McWhorter L. Dietary Supplements in the Management of Diabetes: Potential Risks and Benefits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 108:S59-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2008.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Daisy P, Eliza J, Ignacimuthu S. Influence of Costus speciosus (Koen.) Sm. Rhizome Extracts on Biochemical Parameters in Streptozotocin Induced Diabetic Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - James Eliza
- Department of Biotechnology, Holy Cross College
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Ishijima S, Takashima T, Ikemura T, Izutani Y. Gymnemic acid interacts with mammalian glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Mol Cell Biochem 2007; 310:203-8. [PMID: 18080092 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-007-9681-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2007] [Accepted: 12/05/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In a previous study, we found interaction of gymnemic acid (GA) with glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), a key enzyme in glycolysis. We now examined interaction of GA with glycolytic and related enzymes. We found that (1) GA induced a band smearing of glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PDH) as well as that of GAPDH in SDS-PAGE, (2) GA diminished the G3PDH band detected by an antibody to phosphoserine, and (3) GA inhibited the G3PDH activity. The GA-induced smearing of the G3PDH band was diminished by prior incubation of GA with gamma-cyclodextrin. GA gave no effects on the electrophoretic and phosphoserine bands of other glycolytic enzymes. NAD and NADH diminished the GA-induced smearing of the G3PDH and GAPDH bands in different concentration-dependent manner. Pretreatment of G3PDH with heated SDS-containing buffer or pretreatment with hydroxylamine diminished the GA-induced smearing of G3PDH. Deacylation of GA by alkaline hydrolysis diminished the smearing of G3PDH band, thereby indicating that the acyl moieties of GA were necessary for the GA-induced smearing of G3PDH. These results indicated the interaction of GA with G3PDH, an enzyme involved in glycerol metabolism. These studies suggest that GA may have some pharmacological activities including antidiabetic activity and lipid lowering effects via interaction with GAPDH and G3PDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumio Ishijima
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto Prefectural University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan.
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Leach MJ. Gymnema sylvestre for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. J Altern Complement Med 2007; 13:977-83. [DOI: 10.1089/acm.2006.6387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Leach
- School of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, North Terrace Adelaide, South Australia
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