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Gharib E, Robichaud GA. From Crypts to Cancer: A Holistic Perspective on Colorectal Carcinogenesis and Therapeutic Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9463. [PMID: 39273409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25179463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 08/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) represents a significant global health burden, with high incidence and mortality rates worldwide. Recent progress in research highlights the distinct clinical and molecular characteristics of colon versus rectal cancers, underscoring tumor location's importance in treatment approaches. This article provides a comprehensive review of our current understanding of CRC epidemiology, risk factors, molecular pathogenesis, and management strategies. We also present the intricate cellular architecture of colonic crypts and their roles in intestinal homeostasis. Colorectal carcinogenesis multistep processes are also described, covering the conventional adenoma-carcinoma sequence, alternative serrated pathways, and the influential Vogelstein model, which proposes sequential APC, KRAS, and TP53 alterations as drivers. The consensus molecular CRC subtypes (CMS1-CMS4) are examined, shedding light on disease heterogeneity and personalized therapy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Gharib
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
| | - Gilles A Robichaud
- Département de Chimie et Biochimie, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada
- Atlantic Cancer Research Institute, Moncton, NB E1C 8X3, Canada
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2
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Hilovsky D, Hartsell J, Young JD, Liu X. Stable Isotope Tracing Analysis in Cancer Research: Advancements and Challenges in Identifying Dysregulated Cancer Metabolism and Treatment Strategies. Metabolites 2024; 14:318. [PMID: 38921453 PMCID: PMC11205609 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14060318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer, driving the development of therapies targeting cancer metabolism. Stable isotope tracing has emerged as a widely adopted tool for monitoring cancer metabolism both in vitro and in vivo. Advances in instrumentation and the development of new tracers, metabolite databases, and data analysis tools have expanded the scope of cancer metabolism studies across these scales. In this review, we explore the latest advancements in metabolic analysis, spanning from experimental design in stable isotope-labeling metabolomics to sophisticated data analysis techniques. We highlight successful applications in cancer research, particularly focusing on ongoing clinical trials utilizing stable isotope tracing to characterize disease progression, treatment responses, and potential mechanisms of resistance to anticancer therapies. Furthermore, we outline key challenges and discuss potential strategies to address them, aiming to enhance our understanding of the biochemical basis of cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalton Hilovsky
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Joshua Hartsell
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.H.); (J.H.)
| | - Jamey D. Young
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
| | - Xiaojing Liu
- Department of Molecular and Structural Biochemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; (D.H.); (J.H.)
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3
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West EE, Merle NS, Kamiński MM, Palacios G, Kumar D, Wang L, Bibby JA, Overdahl K, Jarmusch AK, Freeley S, Lee DY, Thompson JW, Yu ZX, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Green DR, Bohrer A, Mayer-Barber KD, Afzali B, Kazemian M, Scholl-Buergi S, Karall D, Huemer M, Kemper C. Loss of CD4 + T cell-intrinsic arginase 1 accelerates Th1 response kinetics and reduces lung pathology during influenza infection. Immunity 2023; 56:2036-2053.e12. [PMID: 37572656 PMCID: PMC10576612 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
Arginase 1 (Arg1), the enzyme catalyzing the conversion of arginine to ornithine, is a hallmark of IL-10-producing immunoregulatory M2 macrophages. However, its expression in T cells is disputed. Here, we demonstrate that induction of Arg1 expression is a key feature of lung CD4+ T cells during mouse in vivo influenza infection. Conditional ablation of Arg1 in CD4+ T cells accelerated both virus-specific T helper 1 (Th1) effector responses and its resolution, resulting in efficient viral clearance and reduced lung pathology. Using unbiased transcriptomics and metabolomics, we found that Arg1-deficiency was distinct from Arg2-deficiency and caused altered glutamine metabolism. Rebalancing this perturbed glutamine flux normalized the cellular Th1 response. CD4+ T cells from rare ARG1-deficient patients or CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ARG1-deletion in healthy donor cells phenocopied the murine cellular phenotype. Collectively, CD4+ T cell-intrinsic Arg1 functions as an unexpected rheostat regulating the kinetics of the mammalian Th1 lifecycle with implications for Th1-associated tissue pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E West
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Nicolas S Merle
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marcin M Kamiński
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Gustavo Palacios
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Dhaneshwar Kumar
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luopin Wang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jack A Bibby
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirsten Overdahl
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Alan K Jarmusch
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS), NIH, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Simon Freeley
- School of Immunology and Microbial Sciences, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, Great Maze Pond, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | - J Will Thompson
- Proteomics and Metabolomics Shared Resource, Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zu-Xi Yu
- Pathology Core, NHLBI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Naomi Taylor
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Sitbon
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Rare Tumor Initiative, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute (NCI), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA; Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier (IGMM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Andrea Bohrer
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Behdad Afzali
- Immunoregulation Section, Kidney Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Majid Kazemian
- Departments of Biochemistry and Computer Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sabine Scholl-Buergi
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Daniela Karall
- Clinic for Pediatrics I, Inherited Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martina Huemer
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetology, University Children's Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Department of Pediatrics, Landeskrankenhaus (LKH) Bregenz, Bregenz, Austria
| | - Claudia Kemper
- Complement and Inflammation Research Section (CIRS), National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Mirveis Z, Howe O, Cahill P, Patil N, Byrne HJ. Monitoring and modelling the glutamine metabolic pathway: a review and future perspectives. Metabolomics 2023; 19:67. [PMID: 37482587 PMCID: PMC10363518 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-023-02031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Analysis of the glutamine metabolic pathway has taken a special place in metabolomics research in recent years, given its important role in cell biosynthesis and bioenergetics across several disorders, especially in cancer cell survival. The science of metabolomics addresses the intricate intracellular metabolic network by exploring and understanding how cells function and respond to external or internal perturbations to identify potential therapeutic targets. However, despite recent advances in metabolomics, monitoring the kinetics of a metabolic pathway in a living cell in situ, real-time and holistically remains a significant challenge. AIM This review paper explores the range of analytical approaches for monitoring metabolic pathways, as well as physicochemical modeling techniques, with a focus on glutamine metabolism. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method and explore the potential of label-free Raman microspectroscopy, in conjunction with kinetic modeling, to enable real-time and in situ monitoring of the cellular kinetics of the glutamine metabolic pathway. KEY SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS Given its important role in cell metabolism, the ability to monitor and model the glutamine metabolic pathways are highlighted. Novel, label free approaches have the potential to revolutionise metabolic biosensing, laying the foundation for a new paradigm in metabolomics research and addressing the challenges in monitoring metabolic pathways in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Mirveis
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland.
- School of Physics and Optometric & Clinical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - Orla Howe
- School of Biological, Health and Sport Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Paul Cahill
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Nitin Patil
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
- School of Physics and Optometric & Clinical Sciences, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Ireland
| | - Hugh J Byrne
- FOCAS Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, City Campus, Camden Row, Dublin 8, Ireland
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5
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Wolfschmitt EM, Hogg M, Vogt JA, Zink F, Wachter U, Hezel F, Zhang X, Hoffmann A, Gröger M, Hartmann C, Gässler H, Datzmann T, Merz T, Hellmann A, Kranz C, Calzia E, Radermacher P, Messerer DAC. The effect of sodium thiosulfate on immune cell metabolism during porcine hemorrhage and resuscitation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125594. [PMID: 36911662 PMCID: PMC9996035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3), an H2S releasing agent, was shown to be organ-protective in experimental hemorrhage. Systemic inflammation activates immune cells, which in turn show cell type-specific metabolic plasticity with modifications of mitochondrial respiratory activity. Since H2S can dose-dependently stimulate or inhibit mitochondrial respiration, we investigated the effect of Na2S2O3 on immune cell metabolism in a blinded, randomized, controlled, long-term, porcine model of hemorrhage and resuscitation. For this purpose, we developed a Bayesian sampling-based model for 13C isotope metabolic flux analysis (MFA) utilizing 1,2-13C2-labeled glucose, 13C6-labeled glucose, and 13C5-labeled glutamine tracers. Methods After 3 h of hemorrhage, anesthetized and surgically instrumented swine underwent resuscitation up to a maximum of 68 h. At 2 h of shock, animals randomly received vehicle or Na2S2O3 (25 mg/kg/h for 2 h, thereafter 100 mg/kg/h until 24 h after shock). At three time points (prior to shock, 24 h post shock and 64 h post shock) peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and granulocytes were isolated from whole blood, and cells were investigated regarding mitochondrial oxygen consumption (high resolution respirometry), reactive oxygen species production (electron spin resonance) and fluxes within the metabolic network (stable isotope-based MFA). Results PBMCs showed significantly higher mitochondrial O2 uptake and lowerO 2 • - production in comparison to granulocytes. We found that in response to Na2S2O3 administration, PBMCs but not granulocytes had an increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption combined with a transient reduction of the citrate synthase flux and an increase of acetyl-CoA channeled into other compartments, e.g., for lipid biogenesis. Conclusion In a porcine model of hemorrhage and resuscitation, Na2S2O3 administration led to increased mitochondrial oxygen consumption combined with stimulation of lipid biogenesis in PBMCs. In contrast, granulocytes remained unaffected. Granulocytes, on the other hand, remained unaffected.O 2 • - concentration in whole blood remained constant during shock and resuscitation, indicating a sufficient anti-oxidative capacity. Overall, our MFA model seems to be is a promising approach for investigating immunometabolism; especially when combined with complementary methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva-Maria Wolfschmitt
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Hogg
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Josef Albert Vogt
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Fabian Zink
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich Wachter
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felix Hezel
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andrea Hoffmann
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Gröger
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Clair Hartmann
- Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Holger Gässler
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Intensive Care Medicine, Emergency Medicine and Pain Therapy, Federal Armed Forces Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Datzmann
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tamara Merz
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Andreas Hellmann
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Enrico Calzia
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Radermacher
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - David Alexander Christian Messerer
- Institute of Anesthesiological Pathophysiology and Process Engineering, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Clinic for Anesthesia and Intensive Care, University Hospital Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Transfusion Medicine and Hemostaseology, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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6
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Giacomello G, Otto C, Priller J, Ruprecht K, Böttcher C, Parr MK. 1,2- 13C 2-Glucose Tracing Approach to Assess Metabolic Alterations of Human Monocytes under Neuroinflammatory Conditions. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2023; 45:765-781. [PMID: 36661537 PMCID: PMC9857935 DOI: 10.3390/cimb45010051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is one of the common features in most neurological diseases including multiple sclerosis (MScl) and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). It is associated with local brain inflammation, microglial activation, and infiltration of peripheral immune cells into cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the central nervous system (CNS). It has been shown that the diversity of phenotypic changes in monocytes in CSF relates to neuroinflammation. It remains to be investigated whether these phenotypic changes are associated with functional or metabolic alteration, which may give a hint to their function or changes in cell states, e.g., cell activation. In this article, we investigate whether major metabolic pathways of blood monocytes alter after exposure to CSF of healthy individuals or patients with AD or MScl. Our findings show a significant alteration of the metabolism of monocytes treated with CSF from patients and healthy donors, including higher production of citric acid and glutamine, suggesting a more active glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and reduced production of glycine and serine. These alterations suggest metabolic reprogramming of monocytes, possibly related to the change of compartment (from blood to CSF) and/or disease-related. Moreover, the levels of serine differ between AD and MScl, suggesting different phenotypic alterations between diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginevra Giacomello
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Carolin Otto
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, School of Medicine, Technical University Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
- UK Dementia Research Institute (UK DRI), University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Klemens Ruprecht
- Department of Neurology, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chotima Böttcher
- Department of Neuropsychiatry and Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, a Cooperation between the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association and Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13125 Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Kristina Parr
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2 + 4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Hubbard BT, LaMoia TE, Goedeke L, Gaspar RC, Galsgaard KD, Kahn M, Mason GF, Shulman GI. Q-Flux: A method to assess hepatic mitochondrial succinate dehydrogenase, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase, and glutaminase fluxes in vivo. Cell Metab 2023; 35:212-226.e4. [PMID: 36516861 PMCID: PMC9887731 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) complex has recently been shown as capable of operating bidirectionally. Here, we develop a method (Q-Flux) capable of measuring absolute rates of both forward (VSDH(F)) and reverse (VSDH(R)) flux through SDH in vivo while also deconvoluting the amount of glucose derived from four discreet carbon sources in the liver. In validation studies, a mitochondrial uncoupler increased net SDH flux by >100% in awake rodents but also increased SDH cycling. During hyperglucagonemia, attenuated pyruvate cycling enhances phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase efficiency to drive increased gluconeogenesis, which is complemented by increased glutaminase (GLS) flux, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MUT) flux, and glycerol conversion to glucose. During hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, both pyruvate carboxylase and GLS are suppressed, while VSDH(R) is increased. Unstimulated MUT is a minor anaplerotic reaction but is readily induced by small amounts of propionate, which elicits glucagon-like metabolic rewiring. Taken together, Q-Flux yields a comprehensive picture of hepatic mitochondrial metabolism and should be broadly useful to researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon T Hubbard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Traci E LaMoia
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Leigh Goedeke
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rafael C Gaspar
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Katrine D Galsgaard
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Mario Kahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Graeme F Mason
- Department of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Departments of Psychiatry & Biomedical Engineering, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Gerald I Shulman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Cellular & Molecular Physiology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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8
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Forny P, Bonilla X, Lamparter D, Shao W, Plessl T, Frei C, Bingisser A, Goetze S, van Drogen A, Harshman K, Pedrioli PGA, Howald C, Poms M, Traversi F, Bürer C, Cherkaoui S, Morscher RJ, Simmons L, Forny M, Xenarios I, Aebersold R, Zamboni N, Rätsch G, Dermitzakis ET, Wollscheid B, Baumgartner MR, Froese DS. Integrated multi-omics reveals anaplerotic rewiring in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase deficiency. Nat Metab 2023; 5:80-95. [PMID: 36717752 PMCID: PMC9886552 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00720-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Methylmalonic aciduria (MMA) is an inborn error of metabolism with multiple monogenic causes and a poorly understood pathogenesis, leading to the absence of effective causal treatments. Here we employ multi-layered omics profiling combined with biochemical and clinical features of individuals with MMA to reveal a molecular diagnosis for 177 out of 210 (84%) cases, the majority (148) of whom display pathogenic variants in methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MMUT). Stratification of these data layers by disease severity shows dysregulation of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and its replenishment (anaplerosis) by glutamine. The relevance of these disturbances is evidenced by multi-organ metabolomics of a hemizygous Mmut mouse model as well as through identification of physical interactions between MMUT and glutamine anaplerotic enzymes. Using stable-isotope tracing, we find that treatment with dimethyl-oxoglutarate restores deficient tricarboxylic acid cycling. Our work highlights glutamine anaplerosis as a potential therapeutic intervention point in MMA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ximena Bonilla
- Biomedical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Lamparter
- Health 2030 Genome Center, Geneva, Switzerland
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wenguang Shao
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Plessl
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Frei
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Bingisser
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandra Goetze
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audrey van Drogen
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Keith Harshman
- Health 2030 Genome Center, Geneva, Switzerland
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick G A Pedrioli
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Martin Poms
- Division of Clinical Chemistry, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Florian Traversi
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Céline Bürer
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Cherkaoui
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Oncology, Gustave Roussy Cancer Center, Université Paris-Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Raphael J Morscher
- Division of Oncology and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Luke Simmons
- Division of Child Neurology, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Merima Forny
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ioannis Xenarios
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
- Agora Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ruedi Aebersold
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Zamboni
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gunnar Rätsch
- Biomedical Informatics, Department of Computer Science, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
- Medical Informatics Unit, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- AI Center, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Emmanouil T Dermitzakis
- Health 2030 Genome Center, Geneva, Switzerland.
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Bernd Wollscheid
- PHRT Swiss Multi-Omics Center, smoc.ethz.ch, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Institute of Translational Medicine, Department of Health Science and Technology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology/ETH Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland.
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Matthias R Baumgartner
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - D Sean Froese
- Division of Metabolism and Children's Research Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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9
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Oaks Z, Patel A, Huang N, Choudhary G, Winans T, Faludi T, Krakko D, Duarte M, Lewis J, Beckford M, Blair S, Kelly R, Landas SK, Middleton FA, Asara JM, Chung SK, Fernandez DR, Banki K, Perl A. Cytosolic aldose metabolism contributes to progression from cirrhosis to hepatocarcinogenesis. Nat Metab 2023; 5:41-60. [PMID: 36658399 PMCID: PMC9892301 DOI: 10.1038/s42255-022-00711-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress modulates carcinogenesis in the liver; however, direct evidence for metabolic control of oxidative stress during pathogenesis, particularly, of progression from cirrhosis to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), has been lacking. Deficiency of transaldolase (TAL), a rate-limiting enzyme of the non-oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), restricts growth and predisposes to cirrhosis and HCC in mice and humans. Here, we show that mitochondrial oxidative stress and progression from cirrhosis to HCC and acetaminophen-induced liver necrosis are critically dependent on NADPH depletion and polyol buildup by aldose reductase (AR), while this enzyme protects from carbon trapping in the PPP and growth restriction in TAL deficiency. Both TAL and AR are confined to the cytosol; however, their inactivation distorts mitochondrial redox homeostasis in opposite directions. The results suggest that AR acts as a rheostat of carbon recycling and NADPH output of the PPP with broad implications for disease progression from cirrhosis to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Oaks
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - A Patel
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - N Huang
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - G Choudhary
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - T Winans
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - T Faludi
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - D Krakko
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M Duarte
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - J Lewis
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - M Beckford
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - S Blair
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - R Kelly
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - S K Landas
- Departments of Pathology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - F A Middleton
- Departments of Neuroscience, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - J M Asara
- Division of Signal Transduction, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - S K Chung
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, China
| | - D R Fernandez
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - K Banki
- Departments of Pathology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - A Perl
- Departments of Medicine, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA.
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology, State University of New York, Norton College of Medicine, Syracuse, NY, USA.
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10
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Principles of reproducible metabolite profiling of enriched lymphocytes in tumors and ascites from human ovarian cancer. Nat Protoc 2022; 17:2668-2698. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-022-00729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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11
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Lapin A, Perfahl H, Jain HV, Reuss M. Integrating a dynamic central metabolism model of cancer cells with a hybrid 3D multiscale model for vascular hepatocellular carcinoma growth. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12373. [PMID: 35858953 PMCID: PMC9300625 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15767-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We develop here a novel modelling approach with the aim of closing the conceptual gap between tumour-level metabolic processes and the metabolic processes occurring in individual cancer cells. In particular, the metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma derived cell lines (HEPG2 cells) has been well characterized but implementations of multiscale models integrating this known metabolism have not been previously reported. We therefore extend a previously published multiscale model of vascular tumour growth, and integrate it with an experimentally verified network of central metabolism in HEPG2 cells. This resultant combined model links spatially heterogeneous vascular tumour growth with known metabolic networks within tumour cells and accounts for blood flow, angiogenesis, vascular remodelling and nutrient/growth factor transport within a growing tumour, as well as the movement of, and interactions between normal and cancer cells. Model simulations report for the first time, predictions of spatially resolved time courses of core metabolites in HEPG2 cells. These simulations can be performed at a sufficient scale to incorporate clinically relevant features of different tumour systems using reasonable computational resources. Our results predict larger than expected temporal and spatial heterogeneity in the intracellular concentrations of glucose, oxygen, lactate pyruvate, f16bp and Acetyl-CoA. The integrated multiscale model developed here provides an ideal quantitative framework in which to study the relationship between dosage, timing, and scheduling of anti-neoplastic agents and the physiological effects of tumour metabolism at the cellular level. Such models, therefore, have the potential to inform treatment decisions when drug response is dependent on the metabolic state of individual cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Lapin
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Chemical Process Engineering, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Holger Perfahl
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Harsh Vardhan Jain
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN, USA
| | - Matthias Reuss
- Stuttgart Research Center Systems Biology, University Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany.
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12
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Kiesel VA, Sheeley MP, Donkin SS, Wendt MK, Hursting SD, Teegarden D. Increased Ammonium Toxicity in Response to Exogenous Glutamine in Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells. Metabolites 2022; 12:469. [PMID: 35629973 PMCID: PMC9145280 DOI: 10.3390/metabo12050469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cancers, including breast cancers, show dependence on glutamine metabolism. The purpose of the present study was to determine the mechanistic basis and impact of differential glutamine metabolism in nonmetastatic and metastatic murine mammary cancer cells. Universally labeled 13C5-glutamine metabolic tracing, qRT-PCR, measures of reductive-oxidative balance, and exogenous ammonium chloride treatment were used to assess glutamine reprogramming. Results show that 4 mM media concentration of glutamine, compared with 2 mM, reduced viability only in metastatic cells, and that this decrease in viability was accompanied by increased incorporation of glutamine-derived carbon into the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. While increased glutamine metabolism in metastatic cells occurred in tandem with a decrease in the reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio, treatment with the antioxidant molecule N-acetylcysteine did not rescue cell viability. However, the viability of metastatic cells was more sensitive to ammonium chloride treatment compared with nonmetastatic cells, suggesting a role of metabolic reprogramming in averting nitrogen cytotoxicity in nonmetastatic cells. Overall, these results demonstrate the ability of nonmetastatic cancer cells to reprogram glutamine metabolism and that this ability may be lost in metastatic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Violet A. Kiesel
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (V.A.K.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Madeline P. Sheeley
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (V.A.K.); (M.P.S.)
| | - Shawn S. Donkin
- Department of Animal Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
| | - Michael K. Wendt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA;
- The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Stephen D. Hursting
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Nutrition Research Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Kannapolis, NC 28081, USA
| | - Dorothy Teegarden
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (V.A.K.); (M.P.S.)
- The Purdue Center for Cancer Research, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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13
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Hyperpolarized [5- 13C,4,4- 2H 2,5- 15N]-L-glutamine provides a means of annotating in vivo metabolic utilization of glutamine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2120595119. [PMID: 35512101 PMCID: PMC9172133 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2120595119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamine is the most abundant amino acid in human plasma, although it is challenging to determine glutamine’s metabolic fate noninvasively. In this work, we utilize established chemical methods to develop a platform for imaging glutamine metabolism using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging. Using this strategy, we are able to spatially measure glutaminolysis in vivo as well as develop a biomarker for the inhibition of glutaminase. Combining this biomarker with isotope tracing metabolomics connects this inhibition to reduced glutamine contribution to the tricarboxylic acid cycle. This provides an approach for future imaging of glutamine metabolism in humans. Glutamine is consumed by rapidly proliferating cells and can provide the carbon and nitrogen required for growth through various metabolic pathways. However, delineating the metabolic fate of glutamine is challenging to interrogate in vivo. Hyperpolarized magnetic resonance, by providing high transient nuclear magnetic resonance signals, provides an approach to measure fast biochemical processes in vivo. Aminohydrolysis of glutamine at carbon-5 plays an important role in providing nitrogen and carbon for multiple pathways. Here, we provide a synthetic strategy for isotope-enriched forms of glutamine that prolongs glutamine-C5 relaxation times and thereby reveals in vivo reactions involving carbon-5. We investigate multiple enrichment states, finding [5-13C,4,4-2H2,5-15N]-L-glutamine to be optimal for hyperpolarized measurement of glutamine conversion to glutamate in vivo. Leveraging this compound, we explore pancreatic cancer glutamine metabolism in vivo. Taken together, this work provides a means for studying glutamine metabolic flux in vivo and demonstrates on-target effects of metabolic enzyme inhibitors.
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14
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Wu X, Fan X, Crawford R, Xiao Y, Prasadam I. The Metabolic Landscape in Osteoarthritis. Aging Dis 2022; 13:1166-1182. [PMID: 35855332 PMCID: PMC9286923 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2021.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Wu
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
| | - Xiwei Fan
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Ross Crawford
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- The Prince Charles Hospital, Orthopedic Department, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Yin Xiao
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Indira Prasadam
- Centre for Biomedical Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Dr. Indira Prasadam, Centre for Biomedical Technologies, School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia.
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15
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Geeraerts X, Fernández-Garcia J, Hartmann FJ, de Goede KE, Martens L, Elkrim Y, Debraekeleer A, Stijlemans B, Vandekeere A, Rinaldi G, De Rycke R, Planque M, Broekaert D, Meinster E, Clappaert E, Bardet P, Murgaski A, Gysemans C, Nana FA, Saeys Y, Bendall SC, Laoui D, Van den Bossche J, Fendt SM, Van Ginderachter JA. Macrophages are metabolically heterogeneous within the tumor microenvironment. Cell Rep 2021; 37:110171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.110171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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16
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Faubert B, Tasdogan A, Morrison SJ, Mathews TP, DeBerardinis RJ. Stable isotope tracing to assess tumor metabolism in vivo. Nat Protoc 2021; 16:5123-5145. [PMID: 34535790 PMCID: PMC9274147 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-021-00605-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells undergo diverse metabolic adaptations to meet the energetic demands imposed by dysregulated growth and proliferation. Assessing metabolism in intact tumors allows the investigator to observe the combined metabolic effects of numerous cancer cell-intrinsic and -extrinsic factors that cannot be fully captured in culture models. We have developed methods to use stable isotope-labeled nutrients (e.g., [13C]glucose) to probe metabolic activity within intact tumors in vivo, in mice and humans. In these methods, the labeled nutrient is introduced to the circulation through an intravenous catheter prior to surgical resection of the tumor and adjacent nonmalignant tissue. Metabolism within these tissues during the infusion transfers the isotope label into metabolic intermediates from pathways supplied by the infused nutrient. Extracting metabolites from surgical specimens and analyzing their isotope labeling patterns provides information about metabolism in the tissue. We provide detailed information about this technique, from introduction of the labeled tracer through data analysis and interpretation, including streamlined approaches to quantify isotope labeling in informative metabolites extracted from tissue samples. We focus on infusions with [13C]glucose and the application of mass spectrometry to assess isotope labeling in intermediates from central metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle and nonessential amino acid synthesis. We outline practical considerations to apply these methods to human subjects undergoing surgical resections of solid tumors. We also discuss the method's versatility and consider the relative advantages and limitations of alternative approaches to introduce the tracer, harvest the tissue and analyze the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon Faubert
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
| | - Alpaslan Tasdogan
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Essen & German Cancer Consortium, Partner Site, Essen, Germany
| | - Sean J Morrison
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Thomas P Mathews
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Ralph J DeBerardinis
- Children's Research Institute and Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
- Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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17
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Glutamine Homeostasis and Its Role in the Adaptive Strategies of the Blind Mole Rat, Spalax. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11110755. [PMID: 34822413 PMCID: PMC8620300 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11110755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative metabolism is fine-tuned machinery that combines two tightly coupled fluxes of glucose and glutamine-derived carbons. Hypoxia interrupts the coordination between the metabolism of these two nutrients and leads to a decrease of the system efficacy and may eventually cause cell death. The subterranean blind mole rat, Spalax, is an underexplored, underground, hypoxia-tolerant mammalian group which spends its life under sharply fluctuating oxygen levels. Primary Spalax cells are an exceptional model to study the metabolic strategies that have evolved in mammals inhabiting low-oxygen niches. In this study we explored the metabolic frame of glutamine (Gln) homeostasis in Spalax skin cells under normoxic and hypoxic conditions and their impacts on the metabolism of rat cells. Targeted metabolomics employing liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was used to track the fate of heavy glutamine carbons (13C5 Gln) after 24 h under normoxia or hypoxia (1% O2). Our results indicated that large amounts of glutamine-originated carbons were detected as proline (Pro) and hydroxyproline (HPro) in normoxic Spalax cells with a further increase under hypoxia, suggesting a strategy for reduced Gln carbons storage in proteins. The intensity of the flux and the presence of HPro suggests collagen as a candidate protein that is most abundant in animals, and as the primary source of HPro. An increased conversion of αKG to 2 HG that was indicated in hypoxic Spalax cells prevents the degradation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) and, consequently, maintains cytosolic and mitochondrial carbons fluxes that were uncoupled via inhibition of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. A strong antioxidant defense in Spalax cells can be attributed, at least in part, to the massive usage of glutamine-derived glutamate for glutathione (GSH) production. The present study uncovers additional strategies that have evolved in this unique mammal to support its hypoxia tolerance, and probably contribute to its cancer resistance, longevity, and healthy aging.
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18
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Eylem CC, Baysal İ, Erikci A, Yabanoglu-Ciftci S, Zhang S, Kır S, Terzic A, Dzeja P, Nemutlu E. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based 18O stable isotope labeling of Krebs cycle intermediates. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1154:338325. [PMID: 33736808 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New technologies permit determining metabolomic profiles of human diseases by fingerprinting metabolites levels. However, to fully understand metabolomic phenotypes, metabolite levels and turnover rates are necessary to know. Krebs cycle is the major hub of energy metabolism and cell signaling. Traditionally, 13C stable isotope labeled substrates were used to track the carbon turnover rates in Krebs cycle metabolites. In this study, for the first time we introduce H2[18O] based stable isotope marker that permit tracking oxygen exchange rates in separate segments of Krebs cycle. The chromatographic and non-chromatographic parameters were systematically tested on the effect of labeling ratio of Krebs cycle mediators to increase selectivity and sensitivity of the method. We have developed a rapid, precise, and robust GC-MS method for determining the percentage of 18O incorporation to Krebs cycle metabolites. The developed method was applied to track the cancer-induced shift in the Krebs cycle dynamics of Caco-2 cells as compared to the control FHC cells revealing Warburg effects in Caco-2 cells. We demonstrate that unique information could be obtained using this newly developed 18O-labeling analytical technology by following the oxygen exchange rates of Krebs cycle metabolites. Thus, 18O-labeling of Krebs cycle metabolites expands the arsenal of techniques for monitoring the dynamics of cellular metabolism. Moreover, the developed method will allow to apply the 18O-labeling technique to numerous other metabolic pathways where oxygen exchange with water takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cemil Can Eylem
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - İpek Baysal
- Hacettepe University, Hacettepe University, Vocational School of Health Services, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Acelya Erikci
- Lokman Hekim University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | | | - Song Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Sedef Kır
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Andre Terzic
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Petras Dzeja
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
| | - Emirhan Nemutlu
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey.
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19
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Williams HC, Piron MA, Nation GK, Walsh AE, Young LEA, Sun RC, Johnson LA. Oral Gavage Delivery of Stable Isotope Tracer for In Vivo Metabolomics. Metabolites 2020; 10:E501. [PMID: 33302448 PMCID: PMC7764755 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) is a powerful tool for understanding disease. Advances in SIRM techniques have improved isotopic delivery and expanded the workflow from exclusively in vitro applications to in vivo methodologies to study systemic metabolism. Here, we report a simple, minimally-invasive and cost-effective method of tracer delivery to study SIRM in vivo in laboratory mice. Following a brief fasting period, we orally administered a solution of [U-13C] glucose through a blunt gavage needle without anesthesia, at a physiological dose commonly used for glucose tolerance tests (2 g/kg bodyweight). We defined isotopic enrichment in plasma and tissue at 15, 30, 120, and 240 min post-gavage. 13C-labeled glucose peaked in plasma around 15 min post-gavage, followed by period of metabolic decay and clearance until 4 h. We demonstrate robust enrichment of a variety of central carbon metabolites in the plasma, brain and liver of C57/BL6 mice, including amino acids, neurotransmitters, and glycolytic and tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates. We then applied this method to study in vivo metabolism in two distinct mouse models of diseases known to involve dysregulation of glucose metabolism: Alzheimer's disease and type II diabetes. By delivering [U-13C] glucose via oral gavage to the 5XFAD Alzheimer's disease model and the Lepob/ob type II diabetes model, we were able to resolve significant differences in multiple central carbon pathways in both model systems, thus providing evidence of the utility of this method to study diseases with metabolic components. Together, these data clearly demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of an oral gavage delivery method, and present a clear time course for 13C enrichment in plasma, liver and brain of mice following oral gavage of [U-13C] glucose-data we hope will aid other researchers in their own 13C-glucose metabolomics study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden C. Williams
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (H.C.W.); (M.A.P.); (G.K.N.); (A.E.W.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Margaret A. Piron
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (H.C.W.); (M.A.P.); (G.K.N.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Grant K. Nation
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (H.C.W.); (M.A.P.); (G.K.N.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Adeline E. Walsh
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (H.C.W.); (M.A.P.); (G.K.N.); (A.E.W.)
| | - Lyndsay E. A. Young
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA;
| | - Ramon C. Sun
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
- Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Lance A. Johnson
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA; (H.C.W.); (M.A.P.); (G.K.N.); (A.E.W.)
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
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20
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Jones AE, Sheng L, Acevedo A, Veliova M, Shirihai OS, Stiles L, Divakaruni AS. Forces, fluxes, and fuels: tracking mitochondrial metabolism by integrating measurements of membrane potential, respiration, and metabolites. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 320:C80-C91. [PMID: 33147057 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00235.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Assessing mitochondrial function in cell-based systems is a central component of metabolism research. However, the selection of an initial measurement technique may be complicated given the range of parameters that can be studied and the need to define the mitochondrial (dys)function of interest. This methods-focused review compares and contrasts the use of mitochondrial membrane potential measurements, plate-based respirometry, and metabolomics and stable isotope tracing. We demonstrate how measurements of 1) cellular substrate preference, 2) respiratory chain activity, 3) cell activation, and 4) mitochondrial biogenesis are enriched by integrating information from multiple methods. This manuscript is meant to serve as a perspective to help choose which technique might be an appropriate initial method to answer a given question, as well as provide a broad "roadmap" for designing follow-up assays to enrich datasets or resolve ambiguous results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony E Jones
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Li Sheng
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aracely Acevedo
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Michaela Veliova
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Orian S Shirihai
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Linsey Stiles
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California.,Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ajit S Divakaruni
- Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, California
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21
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Zeineldin M, Federico S, Chen X, Fan Y, Xu B, Stewart E, Zhou X, Jeon J, Griffiths L, Nguyen R, Norrie J, Easton J, Mulder H, Yergeau D, Liu Y, Wu J, Van Ryn C, Naranjo A, Hogarty MD, Kamiński MM, Valentine M, Pruett-Miller SM, Pappo A, Zhang J, Clay MR, Bahrami A, Vogel P, Lee S, Shelat A, Sarthy JF, Meers MP, George RE, Mardis ER, Wilson RK, Henikoff S, Downing JR, Dyer MA. MYCN amplification and ATRX mutations are incompatible in neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2020; 11:913. [PMID: 32060267 PMCID: PMC7021759 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-14682-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aggressive cancers often have activating mutations in growth-controlling oncogenes and inactivating mutations in tumor-suppressor genes. In neuroblastoma, amplification of the MYCN oncogene and inactivation of the ATRX tumor-suppressor gene correlate with high-risk disease and poor prognosis. Here we show that ATRX mutations and MYCN amplification are mutually exclusive across all ages and stages in neuroblastoma. Using human cell lines and mouse models, we found that elevated MYCN expression and ATRX mutations are incompatible. Elevated MYCN levels promote metabolic reprogramming, mitochondrial dysfunction, reactive-oxygen species generation, and DNA-replicative stress. The combination of replicative stress caused by defects in the ATRX-histone chaperone complex, and that induced by MYCN-mediated metabolic reprogramming, leads to synthetic lethality. Therefore, ATRX and MYCN represent an unusual example, where inactivation of a tumor-suppressor gene and activation of an oncogene are incompatible. This synthetic lethality may eventually be exploited to improve outcomes for patients with high-risk neuroblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maged Zeineldin
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Sara Federico
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xiang Chen
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital-Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Yiping Fan
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Beisi Xu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Elizabeth Stewart
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jongrye Jeon
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Lyra Griffiths
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rosa Nguyen
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jackie Norrie
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - John Easton
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather Mulder
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Donald Yergeau
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jianrong Wu
- Department of Biostatistics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Collin Van Ryn
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FlL, 32607, USA
| | - Arlene Naranjo
- Children's Oncology Group Statistics and Data Center, Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FlL, 32607, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Marcin M Kamiński
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Marc Valentine
- Cytogenetics Shared Resource, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Shondra M Pruett-Miller
- Center for Advanced Genome Engineering, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Alberto Pappo
- Department of Oncology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jinghui Zhang
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael R Clay
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Armita Bahrami
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Peter Vogel
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Seungjae Lee
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Anang Shelat
- Department of Chemical Biology and Therapeutics St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jay F Sarthy
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Michael P Meers
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Rani E George
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Elaine R Mardis
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Richard K Wilson
- The Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH, 43205, USA
| | - Steven Henikoff
- Basic Science Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - James R Downing
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Michael A Dyer
- Department of Developmental Neurobiology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital-Washington University Pediatric Cancer Genome Project, St. Louis, MO, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
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22
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Schoonjans CA, Gallez B. Metabolic Plasticity of Tumor Cells: How They Do Adapt to Food Deprivation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1219:109-123. [PMID: 32130696 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34025-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulated metabolism is a key hallmark of cancer cells and an enticing target for cancer treatment. Since the last 10 years, research on cancer metabolism has moved from pathway attention to network consideration. This metabolic complexity continuously adapt to new constraints in the tumor microenvironment. In this review, we will highlight striking changes in cancer cell metabolism compared to normal cells. Understanding this tumor metabolic plasticity suggests potential new targets and innovative combinatorial treatments for fighting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline A Schoonjans
- Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain), Louvain Drug Research Institute, Brussels, Belgium
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23
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Derdau V. New trends and applications in cyanation isotope chemistry. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2018; 61:1012-1023. [PMID: 29696683 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, newly developed cyanation methods are evaluated in regards to their usefulness in synthetic isotope chemistry. In combination with already established protocols in 13/14 C- or 11 C-isotope chemistry, this manuscript should help isotope scientists to choose the best possible method for their scientific cyanation problem, but with the main focus on 14 C-applications. Perhaps, most promising of the described novel cyanation reaction is the decarboxylation-cyanation-hydrolysis approach which makes a 1-step late-stage functionalization procedure possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker Derdau
- R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Sanofi Germany, Frankfurt/Main, Germany
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24
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A review of the basics of mitochondrial bioenergetics, metabolism, and related signaling pathways in cancer cells: Therapeutic targeting of tumor mitochondria with lipophilic cationic compounds. Redox Biol 2017; 14:316-327. [PMID: 29017115 PMCID: PMC5633086 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2017.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review is a sequel to the previous review on cancer metabolism published in this journal. This review focuses on the selective antiproliferative and cytotoxic effects of mitochondria-targeted therapeutics (MTTs) in cancer cells. Emerging research reveals a key role of mitochondrial respiration on tumor proliferation. Previously, a mitochondria-targeted nitroxide was shown to selectively inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation at submicromolar levels. This review is centered on the therapeutic use of MTTs and their bioenergetic profiling in cancer cells. Triphenylphosphonium cation conjugated to a parent molecule (e.g., vitamin-E or chromanol, ubiquinone, and metformin) via a linker alkyl chain is considered an MTT. MTTs selectively and potently inhibit proliferation of cancer cells and, in some cases, induce cytotoxicity. MTTs inhibit mitochondrial complex I activity and induce mitochondrial stress in cancer cells through generation of reactive oxygen species. MTTs in combination with glycolytic inhibitors synergistically inhibit tumor cell proliferation. This review discusses how signaling molecules traditionally linked to tumor cell proliferation affect tumor metabolism and bioenergetics (glycolysis, TCA cycle, and glutaminolysis).
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25
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Dong W, Keibler MA, Stephanopoulos G. Review of metabolic pathways activated in cancer cells as determined through isotopic labeling and network analysis. Metab Eng 2017; 43:113-124. [PMID: 28192215 PMCID: PMC5552450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism has emerged as an indispensable part of contemporary cancer research. During the past 10 years, the use of stable isotopic tracers and network analysis have unveiled a number of metabolic pathways activated in cancer cells. Here, we review such pathways along with the particular tracers and labeling observations that led to the discovery of their rewiring in cancer cells. The list of such pathways comprises the reductive metabolism of glutamine, altered glycolysis, serine and glycine metabolism, mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) induced reprogramming and the onset of acetate metabolism. Additionally, we demonstrate the critical role of isotopic labeling and network analysis in identifying these pathways. The alterations described in this review do not constitute a complete list, and future research using these powerful tools is likely to discover other cancer-related pathways and new metabolic targets for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Dong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mark A Keibler
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Gregory Stephanopoulos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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26
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Bruntz RC, Lane AN, Higashi RM, Fan TWM. Exploring cancer metabolism using stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM). J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11601-11609. [PMID: 28592486 PMCID: PMC5512057 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r117.776054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer. The changes in metabolism are adaptive to permit proliferation, survival, and eventually metastasis in a harsh environment. Stable isotope-resolved metabolomics (SIRM) is an approach that uses advanced approaches of NMR and mass spectrometry to analyze the fate of individual atoms from stable isotope-enriched precursors to products to deduce metabolic pathways and networks. The approach can be applied to a wide range of biological systems, including human subjects. This review focuses on the applications of SIRM to cancer metabolism and its use in understanding drug actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald C Bruntz
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40506; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Andrew N Lane
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40506; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506.
| | - Richard M Higashi
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40506; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - Teresa W-M Fan
- Center for Environmental and Systems Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, Lexington, Kentucky 40506; Department of Toxicology and Cancer Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506.
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27
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Xiao S, Zhou L. Gastric cancer: Metabolic and metabolomics perspectives (Review). Int J Oncol 2017; 51:5-17. [PMID: 28535006 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is one of the most malignant tumors worldwide and remains a major health threat in Asia-Pacific regions, while its pathological mechanism is generally unknown. Recent research has advanced the understanding of the relationship between metabolic reprogramming and carcinogenesis. In particular, metabolic regulation and cancer research are being further brought into sharp focus with the emergence of metabolomics. Not only can metabolomics provide global information on metabolic profiles of specific tumors, but it can also act as a promising tool to discover biomarkers regarding diagnosis, metastatic surveillance and chemotherapeutic sensitivity prediction. Meanwhile, metabolism-based anticancer therapies will be further discovered. Up to now, accumulative studies have highlighted the application of metabolomics in gastric cancer research regarding different aspects; therefore we summarized the current available results of how metabolic changes are linked to gastric carcinogenesis, and how metabolomics holds promise for the diagnosis, metastatic surveillance, treatment and prognosis prediction of gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Xiao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| | - Liya Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
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28
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Shin CS, Mishra P, Watrous JD, Carelli V, D'Aurelio M, Jain M, Chan DC. The glutamate/cystine xCT antiporter antagonizes glutamine metabolism and reduces nutrient flexibility. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15074. [PMID: 28429737 PMCID: PMC5413954 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
As noted by Warburg, many cancer cells depend on the consumption of glucose. We performed a genetic screen to identify factors responsible for glucose addiction and recovered the two subunits of the xCT antiporter (system xc−), which plays an antioxidant role by exporting glutamate for cystine. Disruption of the xCT antiporter greatly improves cell viability after glucose withdrawal, because conservation of glutamate enables cells to maintain mitochondrial respiration. In some breast cancer cells, xCT antiporter expression is upregulated through the antioxidant transcription factor Nrf2 and contributes to their requirement for glucose as a carbon source. In cells carrying patient-derived mitochondrial DNA mutations, the xCT antiporter is upregulated and its inhibition improves mitochondrial function and cell viability. Therefore, although upregulation of the xCT antiporter promotes antioxidant defence, it antagonizes glutamine metabolism and restricts nutrient flexibility. In cells with mitochondrial dysfunction, the potential utility of xCT antiporter inhibition should be further tested. The factors that limit the nutrient flexibility of cells remain largely unknown. Here, the authors identify the glutamate/cysteine antiporter xCT in a genetic screen for glucose dependency and show it determines the ability of cells to survive under conditions of low glucose by limiting the utilization of glutamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shik Shin
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Prashant Mishra
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA.,Children's Medical Center Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8502, USA
| | - Jeramie D Watrous
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - Valerio Carelli
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bellaria Hospital, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy.,Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DIBINEM), University of Bologna, Via Altura 3, 40139 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marilena D'Aurelio
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, A501, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Mohit Jain
- Department of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, California 92093, USA
| | - David C Chan
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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29
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Selivanov VA, Benito A, Miranda A, Aguilar E, Polat IH, Centelles JJ, Jayaraman A, Lee PWN, Marin S, Cascante M. MIDcor, an R-program for deciphering mass interferences in mass spectra of metabolites enriched in stable isotopes. BMC Bioinformatics 2017; 18:88. [PMID: 28158972 PMCID: PMC5291980 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-017-1513-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tracing stable isotopes, such as 13C using various mass spectrometry (MS) methods provides a valuable information necessary for the study of biochemical processes in cells. However, extracting such information requires special care, such as a correction for naturally occurring isotopes, or overlapping mass spectra of various components of the cell culture medium. Developing a method for a correction of overlapping peaks is the primary objective of this study. Results Our computer program-MIDcor (free at https://github.com/seliv55/mid_correct) written in the R programming language, corrects the raw MS spectra both for the naturally occurring isotopes and for the overlapping of peaks corresponding to various substances. To this end, the mass spectra of unlabeled metabolites measured in two media are necessary: in a minimal medium containing only derivatized metabolites and chemicals for derivatization, and in a complete cell incubated medium. The MIDcor program calculates the difference (D) between the theoretical and experimentally measured spectra of metabolites containing only the naturally occurring isotopes. The result of comparison of D in the two media determines a way of deciphering the true spectra. (1) If D in the complete medium is greater than that in the minimal medium in at least one peak, then unchanged D is subtracted from the raw spectra of the labeled metabolite. (2) If D does not depend on the medium, then the spectrum probably overlaps with a derivatized fragment of the same metabolite, and D is modified proportionally to the metabolite labeling. The program automatically reaches a decision regarding the way of correction. For some metabolites/fragments in the case (2) D was found to decrease when the tested substance was 13C labeled, and this isotopic effect also can be corrected automatically, if the user provides a measured spectrum of the substance in which the 13C labeling is known a priori. Conclusion Using the developed program improves the reliability of stable isotope tracer data analysis. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12859-017-1513-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly A Selivanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Adrián Benito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anibal Miranda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Esther Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ibrahim Halil Polat
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep J Centelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anusha Jayaraman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul W N Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Research and Education Institute, Torrance, CA, 90502, USA
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain.,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, 08028, Spain. .,Institute of Biomedicine of the Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB) and Associated Unit to CSIC, Barcelona, Spain.
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30
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Zhang Y, Avalos JL. Traditional and novel tools to probe the mitochondrial metabolism in health and disease. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 9. [PMID: 28067471 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial metabolism links energy production to other essential cellular processes such as signaling, cellular differentiation, and apoptosis. In addition to producing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) as an energy source, mitochondria are responsible for the synthesis of a myriad of important metabolites and cofactors such as tetrahydrofolate, α-ketoacids, steroids, aminolevulinic acid, biotin, lipoic acid, acetyl-CoA, iron-sulfur clusters, heme, and ubiquinone. Furthermore, mitochondria and their metabolism have been implicated in aging and several human diseases, including inherited mitochondrial disorders, cardiac dysfunction, heart failure, neurodegenerative diseases, diabetes, and cancer. Therefore, there is great interest in understanding mitochondrial metabolism and the complex relationship it has with other cellular processes. A large number of studies on mitochondrial metabolism have been conducted in the last 50 years, taking a broad range of approaches. In this review, we summarize and discuss the most commonly used tools that have been used to study different aspects of the metabolism of mitochondria: ranging from dyes that monitor changes in the mitochondrial membrane potential and pharmacological tools to study respiration or ATP synthesis, to more modern tools such as genetically encoded biosensors and trans-omic approaches enabled by recent advances in mass spectrometry, computation, and other technologies. These tools have allowed the large number of studies that have shaped our current understanding of mitochondrial metabolism. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1373. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1373 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - José L Avalos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Andlinger Center for Energy and the Environment, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
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31
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Leippe D, Sobol M, Vidugiris G, Cali JJ, Vidugiriene J. Bioluminescent Assays for Glucose and Glutamine Metabolism: High-Throughput Screening for Changes in Extracellular and Intracellular Metabolites. SLAS DISCOVERY 2016; 22:366-377. [DOI: 10.1177/1087057116675612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cell metabolism is a complex, dynamic network of regulated pathways. Interrogation of this network would benefit from rapid, sensitive techniques that are adaptable to high-throughput formats, facilitating novel compound screening. This requires assays that have minimal sample preparation and are adaptable to lower-volume 384-well formats and automation. Here we describe bioluminescent glucose, lactate, glutamine, and glutamate detection assays that are well suited for high-throughput analysis of two major metabolic pathways in cancer cells: glycolysis and glutaminolysis. The sensitivity (1–5 pmol/sample), broad linear range (0.1–100 µM), and wide dynamic range (>100-fold) are advantageous for measuring both extracellular and intracellular metabolites. Importantly, the assays incorporate rapid inactivation of endogenous enzymes, eliminating deproteinization steps required by other methods. Using ovarian cancer cell lines as a model system, the assays were used to monitor changes in glucose and glutamine consumption and lactate and glutamate secretion over time. Homogeneous formats of the lactate and glutamate assays were robust (Z′ = 0.6–0.9) and could be multiplexed with a real-time viability assay to generate internally controlled data. Screening a small-compound library with these assays resulted in the identification of both inhibitors and activators of lactate and glutamate production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Leippe
- Research and Development, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mary Sobol
- Research and Development, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - James J. Cali
- Research and Development, Promega Corporation, Madison, WI, USA
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Quek LE, Liu M, Joshi S, Turner N. Fast exchange fluxes around the pyruvate node: a leaky cell model to explain the gain and loss of unlabelled and labelled metabolites in a tracer experiment. Cancer Metab 2016; 4:13. [PMID: 27379180 PMCID: PMC4931697 DOI: 10.1186/s40170-016-0153-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glucose and glutamine are the two dominant metabolic substrates in cancer cells. In (13)C tracer experiments, however, it is necessary to account for all significant input substrates, as some natural (unlabelled) substrate in the medium, often derived from serum, can be metabolised by cells despite not showing signs of net consumption. RESULTS Using [U-(13)C6]-glucose tracers and measuring extracellular metabolite enrichments by GC-MS, we found that pancreatic cells HPDE and PANC-1 secrete lactate, pyruvate, TCA cycle metabolites and non-essential amino acids synthesised from glucose. Focusing our investigations on pyruvate exchange in HEK293 cells, we observed that the four metabolites pools, intracellular and extracellular lactate and pyruvate, had similar (13)C enrichment trajectories. This indicated that these metabolites can mix rapidly. Using a hybrid (13)C-MFA, we followed to show that the lactate exchange flux had increased when extracellular lactate concentration was increased by 10-fold. By allowing rapid exchange fluxes around the pyruvate node, (13)C-MFA revealed that PANC-1 cells cultured in [U-(13)C6]-glucose doubled the conversion of unlabelled substrates to pyruvate when treated with TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS The current work established the possibility that a cell's range of significant input substrates may be broader than anticipated. Metabolite exchange can affect intracellular enrichments. In particular, we showed that pyruvate was more strongly connected to lactate than to upstream glycolytic intermediates and that a fast lactate exchange may alter the outcome of flux analyses. Nevertheless, the leaky cell model may be an opportunity in disguise-the ability to continuously monitor metabolism using only the enrichments of extracellular metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lake-Ee Quek
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia ; The Charles Perkins Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Menghan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Sanket Joshi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
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Bröer A, Rahimi F, Bröer S. Deletion of Amino Acid Transporter ASCT2 (SLC1A5) Reveals an Essential Role for Transporters SNAT1 (SLC38A1) and SNAT2 (SLC38A2) to Sustain Glutaminolysis in Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13194-205. [PMID: 27129276 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.700534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Many cancer cells depend on glutamine as they use the glutaminolysis pathway to generate building blocks and energy for anabolic purposes. As a result, glutamine transporters are essential for cancer growth and are potential targets for cancer chemotherapy with ASCT2 (SLC1A5) being investigated most intensively. Here we show that HeLa epithelial cervical cancer cells and 143B osteosarcoma cells express a set of glutamine transporters including SNAT1 (SLC38A1), SNAT2 (SLC38A2), SNAT4 (SLC38A4), LAT1 (SLC7A5), and ASCT2 (SLC1A5). Net glutamine uptake did not depend on ASCT2 but required expression of SNAT1 and SNAT2. Deletion of ASCT2 did not reduce cell growth but caused an amino acid starvation response and up-regulation of SNAT1 to replace ASCT2 functionally. Silencing of GCN2 in the ASCT2(-/-) background reduced cell growth, showing that a combined targeted approach would inhibit growth of glutamine-dependent cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Bröer
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Farid Rahimi
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Stefan Bröer
- From the Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
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Whyard T, Waltzer WC, Waltzer D, Romanov V. Metabolic alterations in bladder cancer: applications for cancer imaging. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:77-83. [PMID: 26808412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Treatment planning, outcome and prognosis are strongly related to the adequate tumor staging for bladder cancer (BC). Unfortunately, a large discrepancy exists between the preoperative clinical and final pathologic staging. Therefore, an advanced imaging-based technique is crucial for adequate staging. Although Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is currently the best in vivo imaging technique for BC staging because of its excellent soft-tissue contrast and absence of ionizing radiation it lacks cancer-specificity. Tumor-specific positron emission tomography (PET), which is based on the Warburg effect (preferential uptake of glucose by cancer cells), exploits the radioactively-labeled glucose analogs, i.e., FDG. Although FDG-PET is highly cancer specific, it lacks resolution and contrast quality comparable with MRI. Chemical Exchange Saturation Transfer (CEST) MRI enables the detection of low concentrations of metabolites containing protons. BC is an attractive target for glucose CEST MRI because, in addition to the typical systemic administration, glucose might also be directly applied into the bladder to reduce toxicity-related complications. As a first stage of the development of a contrast-specific BC imaging technique we have studied glucose uptake by bladder epithelial cells and have observed that glucose is, indeed, consumed by BC cells with higher intensity than by non-transformed urothelial cells. This effect might be partly explained by increased expression of glucose transporters GLUT1 and GLUT3 in transformed cells as compared to normal urothelium. We also detected higher lactate production by BC cells which is another cancer-specific manifestation of the Warburg effect. In addition, we have observed other metabolic alterations in BC cells as compared to non-transformed cells: in particular, increased pyruvate synthesis. When glucose was substituted by glutamine in culture media, preferential uptake of glutamine by BC cells was observed. The preferential uptake of glucose by BC cells gives an opportunity to develop NMR based imaging procedures where glucose or its derivatives can serve as a contrasting agent. In addition, metabolic alterations observed in BC cells could provide the basis for development of new anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Whyard
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Wayne C Waltzer
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Douglas Waltzer
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Victor Romanov
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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Dasgupta S, Putluri N, Long W, Zhang B, Wang J, Kaushik AK, Arnold JM, Bhowmik SK, Stashi E, Brennan CA, Rajapakshe K, Coarfa C, Mitsiades N, Ittmann MM, Chinnaiyan AM, Sreekumar A, O'Malley BW. Coactivator SRC-2-dependent metabolic reprogramming mediates prostate cancer survival and metastasis. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1174-88. [PMID: 25664849 DOI: 10.1172/jci76029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic pathway reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer cell growth and survival and supports the anabolic and energetic demands of these rapidly dividing cells. The underlying regulators of the tumor metabolic program are not completely understood; however, these factors have potential as cancer therapy targets. Here, we determined that upregulation of the oncogenic transcriptional coregulator steroid receptor coactivator 2 (SRC-2), also known as NCOA2, drives glutamine-dependent de novo lipogenesis, which supports tumor cell survival and eventual metastasis. SRC-2 was highly elevated in a variety of tumors, especially in prostate cancer, in which SRC-2 was amplified and overexpressed in 37% of the metastatic tumors evaluated. In prostate cancer cells, SRC-2 stimulated reductive carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate to generate citrate via retrograde TCA cycling, promoting lipogenesis and reprogramming of glutamine metabolism. Glutamine-mediated nutrient signaling activated SRC-2 via mTORC1-dependent phosphorylation, which then triggered downstream transcriptional responses by coactivating SREBP-1, which subsequently enhanced lipogenic enzyme expression. Metabolic profiling of human prostate tumors identified a massive increase in the SRC-2-driven metabolic signature in metastatic tumors compared with that seen in localized tumors, further implicating SRC-2 as a prominent metabolic coordinator of cancer metastasis. Moreover, SRC-2 inhibition in murine models severely attenuated the survival, growth, and metastasis of prostate cancer. Together, these results suggest that the SRC-2 pathway has potential as a therapeutic target for prostate cancer.
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Tavares LC, Jarak I, Nogueira FN, Oliveira PJ, Carvalho RA. Metabolic evaluations of cancer metabolism by NMR-based stable isotope tracer methodologies. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45 Suppl 1:37-43. [PMID: 25524585 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells are widely recognized for being able to adapt their metabolism towards converting available nutrients into biomass to increase proliferation rates. MATERIALS AND METHODS We will review a series of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based stable isotope tracer methodologies for probing cancer metabolism. RESULTS The monitoring of such adaptations is of the utmost importance to unravel cancer metabolism and tumour growth. Several major metabolic targets have been recognized as promising foci and have been addressed by multiple studies in recent years. In this work are presented strategies to quantify glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway, Krebs cycle turnover and de novo lipogenesis by NMR isotopomer analysis. CONCLUSIONS Being able to adequately define the interplay between metabolic pathways allows the monitoring of their prevalence in tissues and such information is critical for an accurate knowledge of the metabolic distinctive nature of tumours towards devising more efficient antitumorigenic strategies. Discussed methodologies are currently available in the literature, but to date, no single review has compiled all their possible uses, particularly in an interdependent perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludgero C Tavares
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Niedenführ S, Wiechert W, Nöh K. How to measure metabolic fluxes: a taxonomic guide for (13)C fluxomics. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2014; 34:82-90. [PMID: 25531408 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reaction rates (fluxes) contribute fundamentally to our understanding of metabolic phenotypes and mechanisms of cellular regulation. Stable isotope-based fluxomics integrates experimental data with biochemical networks and mathematical modeling to 'measure' the in vivo fluxes within an organism that are not directly observable. In recent years, (13)C fluxomics has evolved into a technology with great experimental, analytical, and mathematical diversity. This review aims at establishing a unified taxonomy by means of which the various fluxomics methods can be compared to each other. By linking the developed modeling approaches to recent studies, their challenges and opportunities are put into perspective. The proposed classification serves as a guide for scientific 'travelers' who are striving to resolve research questions with the currently available (13)C fluxomics toolset.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wolfgang Wiechert
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nöh
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany.
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Alberghina L, Gaglio D. Redox control of glutamine utilization in cancer. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1561. [PMID: 25476909 PMCID: PMC4454159 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutamine utilization promotes enhanced growth of cancer cells. We propose a new concept map of cancer metabolism in which mitochondrial NADH and NADPH, in the presence of a dysfunctional electron transfer chain, promote reductive carboxylation from glutamine. We also discuss why nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is required in vivo for glutamine utilization by reductive carboxylation. Moreover, NADPH, generated by both the pentose phosphate pathway and the cancer-specific serine glycolytic diversion, appears to sustain glutamine utilization for amino-acid synthesis, lipid synthesis, and for ROS quenching. The fact that the supply of NAD+ precursors reduces tumor aggressiveness suggests experimental approaches to clarify the role of the NADH-driven redox network in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Alberghina
- 1] SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan and Rome, Italy [2] Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, Milan, Italy
| | - D Gaglio
- 1] SYSBIO Center for Systems Biology, Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan and Rome, Italy [2] Institute of Molecular Bioimaging and Physiology (IBFM), National Research Council (CNR), Via F.lli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan, Italy
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