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Bouzidi YS, Gendolla GHE. Cognitive conflict does not always mean high effort: Task difficulty's moderating effect on cardiac response. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14580. [PMID: 38615338 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
This article presents an experiment (N = 127 university students) testing whether the previously found impact of conflict primes on effort-related cardiac response is moderated by objective task difficulty. Recently, it has been shown that primed cognitive conflict increases cardiac pre-ejection period (PEP) reactivity-an index of effort intensity-during the performance of relatively easy tasks. This effect could be attributed to conflict-related negative affect. Consequently, as it has been shown for other types of negative affect, we expected conflict primes' effect to be task-context dependent and thus to be moderated by objective task difficulty. In a between-persons design, we manipulated conflict via embedded pictures of conflict-related vs. non-conflict-related Stroop items in a memory task. We expected primed conflict to increase effort in a relatively easy version of the task but to lead to disengagement when task difficulty was objectively high. PEP reactivity corroborated our predictions. Rather than always increasing effort, cognitive conflict's effect on resource mobilization was context-dependent and resulted in weak responses in a difficult task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann S Bouzidi
- FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Guido H E Gendolla
- FPSE, Section of Psychology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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2
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van Langen MJM, van Hulst BM, Durston S. Hidden in plain sight: how individual ADHD stakeholders have conflicting ideas about ADHD but do not address their own ambivalence. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:1921-1933. [PMID: 37688613 PMCID: PMC11211115 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-023-02290-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Psychiatric classifications refer to clusters of behavioral symptoms. We know much about how psychiatric classifications are intended to be used in theory. Yet the scientific study of the practice of classification to date is limited. We aimed to explore how individuals navigate and make sense of the complexity surrounding an ADHD classification. We used thematic analysis to analyse stakeholder perspectives from seven focus groups: adults classified with ADHD, adolescents classified with ADHD, parents of children classified with ADHD, clinicians, researchers, teachers, and policy makers. We found seven themes in how stakeholders navigate the classification ADHD. Yet, what stood out was an overarching discursive pattern: individual stakeholders expressed highly ambivalent ideas about ADHD but did not address their own ambivalence. We suggest that promoting a social kinds perspective on ADHD may help us navigate the complexity and ambivalence associated with ADHD more competently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myrte J M van Langen
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, HP A01.126 (B01.106), Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Branko M van Hulst
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, HP A01.126 (B01.106), Utrecht, The Netherlands
- LUMC Curium - Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sarah Durston
- University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX Utrecht, HP A01.126 (B01.106), Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3
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Béna J, Lacassagne D, Corneille O. Do uncontrolled processes contribute to evaluative learning? Insights from a new two-US process dissociation procedure and ambivalence measures. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241248138. [PMID: 38594226 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241248138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
The contribution of uncontrolled processes to evaluative learning has been examined in evaluative conditioning procedures by comparing evaluations of conditioned stimuli between tasks or within tasks but between learning instruction conditions. In the present research, we introduced a new procedure that keeps both tasks and instructions constant. In addition, we introduced ambivalence measures to address this uncontrollability question. The new procedure involves forming an impression of conditioned stimuli based on their pairing with one unconditioned stimulus while attending but discarding the influence of another unconditioned stimulus holding the same (congruent trials) versus a different (incongruent trials) valence. When the to-be-used and to-be-discarded unconditioned stimuli share the same (vs. a different) valence, controlled and uncontrolled processes should support the same (vs. opposite) responses. We used this approach in two preregistered experiments (Ntotal = 467) using dichotomous evaluative classifications (Experiments 1 and 2), evaluative ratings, and two measures of attitudinal ambivalence: mouse trajectories and felt ambivalence (Experiment 2). While we failed to find evidence for uncontrolled processes in evaluative classification frequencies separately in Experiments 1 and 2, analyses of aggregated classification frequencies across Experiments 1 and 2 suggested a small contribution of uncontrolled processes. In addition, we found larger felt ambivalence for incongruent than congruent trials. Overall, the present findings are mixed but support the possibility of a contribution of uncontrolled processes to evaluative learning, even when control is applied to a focal stimulus and additional influences come from a to-be-disregarded stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Béna
- UCLouvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
- Aix-Marseille Université, Centre de Recherche en Psychologie et Neurosciences, CNRS, UMR 7077, Marseille, France
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Kreienkamp J, Bringmann LF, Engler RF, de Jonge P, Epstude K. The Migration Experience: A Conceptual Framework and Systematic Scoping Review of Psychological Acculturation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2024; 28:81-116. [PMID: 37571846 PMCID: PMC10851656 DOI: 10.1177/10888683231183479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
ACADEMIC ABSTRACT One of the key challenges to researching psychological acculturation is the immense heterogeneity in theories and measures. These inconsistencies make it difficult to compare past literature, hinder straightforward measurement selections, and stifle theoretical integration. To structure acculturation, we propose to utilize the four basic aspects of human experiences (wanting, feeling, thinking, and doing) as a conceptual framework. We use this framework to build a theory-driven assessment of past theoretical (final N = 92), psychometric (final N = 233), and empirical literature (final N = 530). We find that the framework allows us to examine and compare past conceptualizations. For example, empirical works have understudied the more internal aspects of acculturation (i.e., motivations and feelings) compared with theoretical works. We, then, discuss the framework's novel insights including its temporal resolution, its comprehensive and cross-cultural structure, and how the framework can aid transparent and functional theories, studies, and interventions going forward. PUBLIC ABSTRACT This systematic scoping review indicates that the concept of psychological acculturation can be structured in terms of affect (e.g., feeling at home), behavior (e.g., language use), cognition (e.g., ethnic identification), and desire (e.g., independence wish). We find that the framework is useful in structuring past research and helps with new predictions and interventions. We, for example, find a crucial disconnect between theory and practice, which will need to be resolved in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura F. Bringmann
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Peter de Jonge
- University of Groningen, The Netherlands
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, Groningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Liu Z, Liu Q. Does Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) Ambivalence Influence Employees' Constructive Deviance? Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:70. [PMID: 38275353 PMCID: PMC10813663 DOI: 10.3390/bs14010070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The ambivalent experience of superior-subordinate relationships is widespread in organisations and has gradually become an important factor influencing employees to actively engage in extra-role behaviours. However, employees' constructive deviance is extremely important for organisational development as they are important extra-role behaviours for organisational innovation and change. Owing that academic research on the antecedents of employees' constructive extra-role behaviours has lacked attention to individual emotional variables such as the leader-member exchange ambivalence, by drawing on self-control resource theory and social cognitive theory, this study examined the effects of leader-member exchange ambivalence on employees' constructive deviance, as well as the role of ego depletion and role-breadth self-efficacy. Based on a two-point questionnaire survey of 332 employees from different industries in China, the study tested hypotheses with SPSS 27 and AMOS 27 and found that the more leader-member exchange ambivalence, the less likely they were to engage in employees' constructive deviance, leader-member exchange ambivalence affected employees' constructive deviance through ego depletion, and when role-breadth self-efficacy is high, the lower the ego depletion of employees with leader-member exchange ambivalence, the more likely they are to engage in employees' constructive deviance. This study is intended to guide organisations to pay attention to the problem of individual internal conflict arising from superior-subordinate relationships, to remove the barriers to constructive transgression by individuals, and to truly exploit the innovative capacity of individual organisations. The study suggests that managers should pay attention to the negative effects of employees' perceived ambivalent experiences of supervisor-subordinate relationships, maintain consistency, and build positive social exchange relationships with their employees. Organisations should strengthen the training of leaders and employees to eliminate the serious internal attrition that organisations face from social network relationships. And employees should face the limitations of resources and reduce dependence on the leader-member exchange relationship as the dependence for their work attitudes and behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qunying Liu
- School of Management, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China;
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Peng J, Zhang Q, Feng Y, Liu X. Optimization of construction safety resource allocation based on evolutionary game and genetic algorithm. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17097. [PMID: 37816774 PMCID: PMC10564868 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44262-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In the construction industry, ensuring the safety performance of a project relies heavily on the effective allocation of safety resources. As the importance of mental health in the construction industry increases, evolutionary game theory can be used to analyze the interaction mechanism of various factors affecting safety performance during the construction phase. The objective of this paper is to construct an analytical model that combines evolutionary game theory with genetic algorithms from the perspective of Leader-Member Exchange Ambivalence. The model aims to quantify and compare the various factors that influence achieving the expected safety state and identify the specific necessary constraints. Initially, we analyzed the relationships among construction site employees, divided them into superiors and subordinates, and established a game model and payoff matrix based on the research background. Next, we introduced genetic algorithms into the model via the replicator dynamic equation for optimization. We adjusted the coefficients of safety risk level, psychological expected return, moral identity, and other factors to simulate various construction site scenarios. Simulation and optimization results indicate that genetic algorithms provide more accurate reference values for safety resource allocation compared to preset or manually assigned values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junlong Peng
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China.
| | - Yue Feng
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
| | - Xiangjun Liu
- School of Transportation Engineering, Changsha University of Science and Technology, Changsha, 410114, China
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Ng WJR, See YHM, Wallace LE. When Objective Ambivalence Predicts Subjective Ambivalence: An Affect-Cognition Matching Perspective. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2023; 49:1495-1510. [PMID: 35819181 DOI: 10.1177/01461672221102015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Understanding when people are likely to feel ambivalent is important, as ambivalence is associated with key attitude outcomes, such as attitude-behavior consistency. Interestingly, the presence of conflicting positive and negative reactions (objective ambivalence) is weakly related to feeling conflicted (subjective ambivalence). We tested a novel situation that can influence the correspondence between objective and subjective ambivalence: whether a message and a recipient's topic match in affective versus cognitive orientation. When a person encounters a message with an affective or cognitive match to the topic, conflicting reactions may be more accessible, increasing feelings of ambivalence. Across five studies, greater objective-subjective ambivalence correspondence occurred with an affective-cognitive match between message and topic orientation. Studies 4 and 5 also demonstrated that this primarily occurred when the message was counterattitudinal. This work contributes to the literature explaining the gap between measures of objective and subjective ambivalence as well as how messages can influence attitude strength properties.
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Wirz CD, Howell EL, Scheufele DA, Brossard D, Xenos MA. Examining expertise: Synthetic biology experts' perceptions of risk, benefit, and the public for research and applications regulation. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:870-888. [PMID: 37204058 DOI: 10.1177/09636625231166652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Scientific experts can play an important role in decision-making surrounding policy for technical and value-laden issues, often in contexts that directly affect lay publics. Yet little is known about what characterizes scientific experts who want lay public involvement in decision-making. In this study, we examine how synthetic biology experts' perceptions of risks, benefits, and ambivalence for synthetic biology relate to views of lay publics, deference to scientific authority, and regulations. We analyzed survey data of researchers in the United States, who published academic articles relating to synthetic biology from 2000 to 2015. Scientific experts who see less risk and are more deferent to scientific authority appear to favor a more closed system in which regulations are sufficient, citizens should not be involved, and scientists know best. Conversely, scientific experts who see more potential for risk and see the public as bringing a valuable perspective appear to favor a more open, inclusive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Wirz
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, USA; University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
| | | | | | - Dominique Brossard
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA; Morgridge Institute for Research, USA
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9
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Nales P, Fischer AR. Breeding by intervening: Exploring the role of associations and deliberation in consumer acceptance of different breeding techniques. PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING OF SCIENCE (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2023; 32:889-906. [PMID: 37160874 PMCID: PMC10552337 DOI: 10.1177/09636625231168087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
New plant breeding techniques may play an important role in improving food quality, global food security and sustainability. Previous breeding techniques have, however, met with substantial resistance from society. This study examined the role of associations and deliberation in the evaluation of breeding techniques. Breeding techniques studied included conventional breeding, gene-editing, genetic modification (cisgenesis and transgenesis), marker-assisted breeding and synthetic biology. By using focus group discussions that included individual tasks, we found that when participants relied on their spontaneous associations, gene-editing was evaluated similarly as genetic modification. However, after information provision and group discussion, gene-editing was preferred over genetic modification. Perceived naturalness was found to be the main reason for obtaining different levels of acceptance, not only between gene-editing and genetic modification but across all breeding techniques examined. These findings highlight the importance of associations and show that beliefs about naturalness remain crucial in understanding how consumers evaluate breeding techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Nales
- Wageningen University & Research, The Netherlands
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10
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Robinson MD, Asad MR, Irvin RL. Emotional Intelligence as Evaluative Activity: Theory, Findings, and Future Directions. J Intell 2023; 11:125. [PMID: 37367527 DOI: 10.3390/jintelligence11060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The question of whether ability-related emotional intelligence (ability EI) predicts important life outcomes has attracted considerably more attention than the question of what ability EI consists of. In the present paper, the authors draw from the attitude and emotion literatures to suggest that the evaluation dimension of meaning is likely key in understanding how ability EI operates. Measures of ability EI predict the extent to which individuals can accurately evaluate words and measures of the latter type act as emotional intelligence measures. Extending this analysis, the paper reviews recent sources of data linking ability EI to attitudinal processes, such as those involved in attitude-behavior relationships and affective bipolarity. Individuals with high EI appear to experience their affect in more bipolar terms and they display evidence of greater decisiveness in their evaluations. Pursuing links of the present type will allow researchers to generate new predictions concerning the ability EI construct.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Robinson
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2765, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Muhammad R Asad
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2765, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
| | - Roberta L Irvin
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Dept. 2765, P.O. Box 6050, Fargo, ND 58108-6050, USA
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11
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Nowak A, Biesaga M, Ziembowicz K, Baran T, Winkielman P. Subjective consistency increases trust. Sci Rep 2023; 13:5657. [PMID: 37024511 PMCID: PMC10079673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32034-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Trust is foundational for social relations. Current psychological models focus on specific evaluative and descriptive content underlying initial impressions of trustworthiness. Two experiments investigated whether trust also depends on subjective consistency-a sense of fit between elements. Experiment 1 examined how consistency of simple verbal characterizations influences trust judgments. Experiment 2 examined how incidental visual consistency impacts trust judgments and economic decisions reflecting trust. Both experiments show that subjective consistency positively and uniquely predicts trust judgments and economic behavior. Critically, subjective consistency is a unique predictor of trust that is irreducible to the content of individual elements, either on the dimension of trust or the dimension of valence. These results show that trust impressions are not a simple sum of the contributing parts, but reflect a "gestalt". The results fit current frameworks emphasizing the role of predictive coding and coherence in social cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Nowak
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
- Department of Psychology, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, USA.
| | - Mikolaj Biesaga
- Robert Zajonc Institute for Social Studies, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Baran
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
- Faculty of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Science and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
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12
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Buursma P, Anraad C, van Empelen P, Ruiter RAC, van Keulen HM. The effect of emotion regulation strategies on decision-making about the maternal pertussis vaccination among pregnant women in the Netherlands: an experimental study. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2023; 107:107566. [PMID: 36459828 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess whether cognitive reappraisal and acceptance are effective emotion regulation strategies to decrease the influence of negative affect on intention to accept maternal pertussis vaccination (MPV) among pregnant women in the Netherlands. METHODS An experimental study with baseline and two follow-up measurements was conducted. Participants selected after baseline (N = 382) were randomized into two experimental groups (cognitive reappraisal, acceptance) and a control group. The effect of the experimental manipulations on negative affect was examined with multilevel analyses. A moderation analysis was performed to examine whether the manipulations moderated the association between negative affect and intention. RESULTS All groups showed a decrease in negative affect (all p's < 0.001), with no differences between groups. A small decrease in the influence of negative affect on intention was found among those who used acceptance. CONCLUSION No additional value of the emotion regulation strategies was found compared to the control group. However, exploratory analyses showed that acceptance seemed a promising strategy to decrease the influence of negative affect on intention to accept MPV. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS This study stressed the relevance for communication strategies to consider the emotions pregnant women experience during the decision-making process about the MPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Buursma
- VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1105, 1081 HV Amsterdam, the Netherlands; TNO Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, P.O. Box 3005, 2316 ZL Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Anraad
- TNO Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, P.O. Box 3005, 2316 ZL Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Work & Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Pepijn van Empelen
- TNO Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, P.O. Box 3005, 2316 ZL Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert A C Ruiter
- Department of Work & Social Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, the Netherlands.
| | - Hilde M van Keulen
- TNO Child Health, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research, P.O. Box 3005, 2316 ZL Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Primoceri P, Ullrich J. Cross-valence inhibition in forming and retrieving ambivalent attitudes. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:540-560. [PMID: 36065498 PMCID: PMC10087509 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Many things in life are ambivalent, and it might sometimes be useful or necessary to ignore their positive attributes when judging their negative attributes and vice versa. Cross-valence inhibition may complicate this task, leading people to underestimate the positive and negative attributes of ambivalent stimuli. In three studies (total N = 155), participants learned to associate combined evaluative information (gains and losses) with attributes of unfamiliar objects (size and colour of Chernoff faces). Participants then estimated (Studies 1-3) or experienced and recalled (Study 3) the gains and losses associated with novel ambivalent attribute combinations. As predicted, both in estimation and recall, participants rated gains (losses) to be lower, the higher the losses (gains) associated with the stimulus. The effect occurred only when the two attributes were evaluatively conflicting (Study 2). Cross-valence inhibition might lead to maladaptive behaviour when positive and negative attributes are in fact separable in hedonic experience.
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14
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Moisan C, Bélanger R, Calvin J, Shipaluk L, Fraser S, Morin V, Muckle G. Exploring ambivalence toward pregnancy among young Inuit women. CULTURE, HEALTH & SEXUALITY 2023; 25:94-109. [PMID: 35015967 DOI: 10.1080/13691058.2021.2022211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ambivalence toward pregnancy is an important predictor of early pregnancy as documented in diverse Western societies. Inuit women from Nunavik, a northern region of Quebec, Canada, experience a high rate of early pregnancy, yet no study has explored their attitudes toward pregnancy. Grounded in a participatory approach, this study aimed to explore ambivalence toward pregnancy, among other pregnancy-related attitudes, and identify themes underlying ambivalence among young Inuit women from Nunavik. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 15 women aged 16 to 20 years, who became pregnant during the year preceding the interview. We used an inductive approach to analyse the data. Eleven participants were identified as ambivalent toward pregnancy while three were characterised as having a favourable attitude, and one as unfavourable. Four themes related to ambivalence were identified: the value of childbearing/motherhood; the use of contraceptives; the likelihood of becoming pregnant; and the ideal age to become pregnant. A better understanding of young women's attitudes toward pregnancy could contribute to the development of culturally relevant programmes to more effectively support adolescents, pregnant adolescents and young mothers, and to lead to better care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Moisan
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Branch, CHU de Québec Research Center - Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Richard Bélanger
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Branch, CHU de Québec Research Center - Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Centre mère-enfant Soleil, CHU de Québec - Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | | | - Sarah Fraser
- School of Psychology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Véronique Morin
- Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Nunavik, Canada
| | - Gina Muckle
- Population Health and Optimal Health Practices Research Branch, CHU de Québec Research Center - Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
- School of Psychology, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
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15
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Ton GM, Stroebe K, van Zomeren M. The social tensions felt within: Explaining felt ambivalence about polarized societal debates through perceived opinion discrepancies in the social environment. BRITISH JOURNAL OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2023; 62:30-46. [PMID: 36089736 PMCID: PMC10087039 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Within the context of polarized societal debates (e.g. abortion, racism, climate change), scholars often assume that individuals have clear-cut positions, either in favour of or against the debated issue. However, recent work suggests that such debates can also be breeding grounds for felt ambivalence. Moving beyond previous work that mainly focused on ambivalence as internal cognitive conflict, we propose and test a social discrepancy hypothesis, which suggests that the discrepancies ambivalents perceive between and within their own opinion and the opinion of actors in their social network and society (e.g. friends, family, opinion-based groups) positively explain their levels of felt ambivalence. In doing so, we quantitatively extend recent qualitative work by examining whether these social tensions are indeed felt within. To this end, we employed a multi-survey research project (Ns = 184, 181, 187) in the context of different societal debates in the Netherlands. Supporting our hypothesis across different debates, results showed that ambivalents' perceived opinion differences in the social environment explained their felt ambivalence. This suggests that polarized societal debates offer social discrepancies that, for ambivalents at least, can facilitate an internalization of social tensions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonneke Marina Ton
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Katherine Stroebe
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Zomeren
- Department of Social Psychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Peng J, Zhang Q. Safety Performance Assessment of Construction Sites under the Influence of Psychological Factors: An Analysis Based on the Extension Cloud Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15378. [PMID: 36430093 PMCID: PMC9690856 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192215378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Psychological hazards within organizational structures of construction sites are difficult to detect and can have significant negative impacts on safety performances when such hazards erupt. At present, most safety performance assessment models for construction sites ignore psychological factors. Therefore, in order to reveal psychological hazards within construction site organizations and to avoid damage caused by psychological hazards to safety performances, this paper evaluates the safety performances of construction sites by focusing on leader-member exchange ambivalence as the main trigger point. The evaluation system and evaluation criteria are established through three aspects: building scale, emotional orientation, and stability factors. The hierarchical analysis method, game theory, and extension cloud model are combined to make evaluation results more objective and credible. Moreover, a construction project with high technical requirements, high investment, and complex construction conditions (defined as a complex project) and an ordinary construction project with low technical difficulty and simple construction conditions (defined as a general project) were selected for analysis. The evaluation results indicate that both complex projects and general projects have safety hazards regarding psychological orientations. Finally, this paper makes some suggestions from three aspects: management system and corporate culture, building site intelligence, and social opinion to improve the safety performances of construction sites. The evaluation results are the same as actual operation results, which verify that models proposed in this paper can be used for safety performance evaluations of actual construction projects and provide help for managers to grasp overall safety levels.
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Puteri B, Buttlar B, Jahnke B. Take it or leave it? Investigating the ambivalence and willingness to pay for suboptimal fruits and vegetables among organic consumers in Germany. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.934954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic fruits and vegetables are often visually “suboptimal” because organic farming uses neither pesticides nor synthetic fertilisers to improve the cosmetic appearance of the produce. Despite the organic sector's natural and sustainable image, such foods often never reach the market or are left on the shelf, greatly increasing food waste. The current work hypothesised that an important factor in the rejection of suboptimal food is consumers' experience of ambivalence regarding these products. Data were collected through an online survey of (occasional) organic consumers in Germany (n = 493), including an online mouse-tracking experiment. We investigated the interplay of ambivalence with environmental concerns and attitudes towards suboptimal food that influence people's willingness to pay (WTP) for suboptimal fruits and vegetables. Our findings suggest that environmentally concerned consumers have more favourable attitudes and experience less ambivalence towards suboptimal food. Only subjective ambivalence was found to be directly associated with consumers' WTP, however, while attitudes were not. Based on these results, we propose measures for policymakers and food retailers to reduce such ambivalence and thus increase organic consumers' acceptance for suboptimal food.
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18
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Torn but balanced: Trait ambivalence is negatively related to confirmation. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2022.111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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19
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Beyond the features: The role of consistency in impressions of trust. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022. [DOI: 10.32872/spb.9233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To be successful in social life, perceivers need to form impressions of other people's trustworthiness. Current models of this process emphasize the role of specific descriptive content–individual verbal and visual features determining trust impressions. In contrast, we describe three lines of our research showing that trust impressions also depend on consistency–a sense of fit–between features. The first line demonstrates that consistency of brief verbal characterizations increases trust judgments. The second line shows that trust judgments and behaviors are boosted by incidental consistency between the foreground and background of visual scenes. The third line observes that consistency between facial features enhances impressions of trustworthiness. In all these studies, consistency (measured via subjective ratings, reaction times, and physiological measures) positively and uniquely predicted trust judgments. Overall, our results, and related findings, show that trust impressions are not a simple sum of the contributing parts, but reflect a “gestalt.” We theoretically locate these findings in frameworks emphasizing the role of fluency, predictive coding, and coherence in social cognition.
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20
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Turel O, Qahri‐Saremi H. Responses to ambivalence toward social networking sites: A typological perspective. INFORMATION SYSTEMS JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/isj.12407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Turel
- School of Computing and Information Systems The University of Melbourne Melbourne Australia
| | - Hamed Qahri‐Saremi
- Computer Information Systems Department, College of Business Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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21
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Martín-Sánchez MB, Martínez-Borba V, Catalá P, Osma J, Peñacoba-Puente C, Suso-Ribera C. Development and psychometric properties of the maternal ambivalence scale in spanish women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2022; 22:625. [PMID: 35933351 PMCID: PMC9356446 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-022-04956-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND maternal ambivalence, which refers to experiencing mixed emotions about motherhood, like happiness and sadness, is frequent during the perinatal period. AIM Due to the relevance of this topic and the lack of psychometrically-sound instruments to measure it, this study aims to develop and test a measure of maternal ambivalence called the Maternal Ambivalence Scale (MAS). METHODS in this cross-sectional, observational study, participants were 1424 Spanish women recruited online who were either pregnant (33%) or recent mothers of children under 2 years (67%). They responded to the MAS and measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms and life satisfaction. Analyses included exploratory and confirmatory factor solutions for the MAS, internal consistency estimates (Cronbach's α) for all scales, as well as bivariate correlations to investigate sources of validity evidence. Comparisons between pregnant and postpartum women were also examined. RESULTS The assumptions for factor analysis about the relationship between items were met (Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin's [KMO] test = 0.90; Barlett's Chi-square sphericity test = 5853.89, p < .001). A three-factor solution (Doubts, Rejection, and Suppression) for the MAS showed a good model fit both in exploratory (Chi-square = 274.6, p < .001, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation [RMSEA] = 0.059, RMSEA 90% Confidence Interval [CI]=[0.052, 0.066], Comparative Fit Index [CFI] = 0.985, Tucker Lewis Index [TLI] = 0.974) and confirmatory analyses (Chi-square = 428.0, p < .001, RMSEA = 0.062, RMSEA 90% CI=[0.056, 0.068], CFI = 0.977, TLI = 0.971). Doubts (α = 0.83), Rejection (α = 0.70), and Suppression (α = 80) were associated with higher anxiety and depressive symptoms, as well as lower life satisfaction (all p < .001). Pregnant women presented greater Rejection (mean difference = 0.30, p = .037, 95% CI=[0.02, 0.58]) and less Suppression (mean difference=-0.47, p = .002, 95% CI=[-0.77,-0.17]) than mothers. CONCLUSION with this study, we provide clinicians and researchers with a novel tool that successfully captures the complex nature of maternal ambivalence. Given the associations of maternal ambivalence with important outcomes in perinatal women, this tool could be important for the prevention of distress associated with chronic ambivalence and to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions addressing ambivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Belén Martín-Sánchez
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain.,Clínica Gaitán. El Puerto de Santa María, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Verónica Martínez-Borba
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain
| | - Patricia Catalá
- Department of Psychology, Rey Juan Carlos University, Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge Osma
- Departament of Psychology and Sociology, Universidad de Zaragoza, Teruel, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Carlos Suso-Ribera
- Department of Basic and Clinical Psychology and Psychobiology, Jaume I University, Castellón, Spain. .,CIBER of Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CIBERobn, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, CB06/03, Spain.
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22
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Herr RM, Birmingham WC, van Harreveld F, van Vianen AEM, Fischer JE, Bosch JA. The relationship between ambivalence towards supervisor's behavior and employee's mental health. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9555. [PMID: 35688865 PMCID: PMC9187697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13533-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambivalence in social interactions has been linked to health-related outcomes in private relationships and recent research has started to expand this evidence to ambivalent leadership at the workplace by showing that ambivalent supervisor-employee relationships are related to higher stress levels in employees. However, the mental health consequences of ambivalent leadership have not been examined yet. Using a multilevel approach, this study estimated associations of ambivalent leadership with mental health indicators (depression, anxiety, vital exhaustion, fatigue) in 993 employees from 27 work groups. A total effect of ambivalent leadership was found for all four mental health measures, as well as within-group and between-group effects. The consistent relationships of ambivalent leadership with higher symptoms of mental ill-health at the individual- (i.e., within-group) and the group-level (i.e., between-group) support the existence of an un-confounded association, as well as group effects of collective ambivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael M Herr
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.
| | | | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Faculty of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Social Psychology Program, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annelies E M van Vianen
- Department of Work and Organizational Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joachim E Fischer
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Jos A Bosch
- Mannheim Institute of Public Health, Social and Preventive Medicine, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany.,Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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23
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Meating Conflict: Toward a Model of Ambivalence-Motivated Reduction of Meat Consumption. Foods 2022; 11:foods11070921. [PMID: 35407008 PMCID: PMC9040712 DOI: 10.3390/foods11070921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of people are concerned about eating meat, despite enjoying doing so. In the present research, we examined whether the desire to resolve this ambivalence about eating meat leads to a reduction in meat consumption. Our model of ambivalence-motivated meat reduction proposes that the pervasive nature of evaluative conflict motivates meat avoidance, and we highlight two potential mechanisms involved: the anticipation of ambivalence reduction through behavioral change, and information seeking for contents that facilitate meat reduction. Study 1 drew on a cross-sectional 6-day food diary with 7485 observations in a quota sample to investigate why meat-related ambivalence arises and to demonstrate the correlation of ambivalence with meat reduction. Two experiments investigated the causal direction of this association by showing that ambivalence-induced discomfort motivated participants to eat less meat when they introspected on their preexisting incongruent evaluations (Study 2 and 3), which was mediated by the aforementioned mechanisms involved (Study 3; preregistered). The studies utilized diverse samples from Germany, England, and the US (total N = 1192) and support the proposed model by indicating that behavioral change is an important coping strategy to resolve ambivalent discomfort in the context of meat consumption. Our model of ambivalence-motivated meat reduction contributes to theorizing on the consequences of ambivalence and the psychology of (not) eating meat.
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24
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Rothman NB, Vitriol JA, Moskowitz GB. Internal conflict and prejudice-regulation: Emotional ambivalence buffers against defensive responding to implicit bias feedback. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264535. [PMID: 35298470 PMCID: PMC8929642 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Becoming aware of bias is essential for prejudice-regulation. However, attempts to make people aware of bias through feedback often elicits defensive reactions that undermine mitigation efforts. In the present article, we introduce state emotional ambivalence—the simultaneous experience of positive and negative emotions “in the present moment”–as a buffer against defensive responding to implicit bias feedback. Two studies (N = 507) demonstrate that implicit bias feedback (vs. no feedback) increases defensiveness (rating the test as less valid, credible, and objective). However, high (vs. low) state emotional ambivalence, which was independent of bias feedback, attenuates this relationship between bias feedback and defensiveness, accounting for a larger share of the variance than negative emotions alone. In turn, this reduced defensiveness among individuals high (vs. low) in emotional ambivalence was associated with increased awareness of bias in the self and others. Results suggest that state emotional ambivalence is associated with increased bias awareness by creating a mindset in which individuals are less defensive to potentially threatening information about their own implicit racial bias. These results have important implications for research on stereotyping and prejudice, emotional ambivalence and psychological conflict, and defensiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi B. Rothman
- Department of Management, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Joseph A. Vitriol
- Department of Political Science, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, United States of America
| | - Gordon B. Moskowitz
- Department of Psychology, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States of America
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25
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Falls T, Anderson J. Attitudes towards Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples in Australia: a systematic review. AUSTRALIAN JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/00049530.2022.2039043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Falls
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Joel Anderson
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Australia
- Australian Research Centre in Sex, Health and Society, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia
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26
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Schneider IK, Dorrough AR, Frank C. Ambivalence and Self-Reported Adherence to Recommendations to Reduce the Spread of COVID-19. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1027/1864-9335/a000465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Abstract. Governments worldwide still, to some extent, rely on behavioral recommendations to reduce the spread of COVID-19. We examine the role of ambivalence toward both the specific recommendations (micro-ambivalence) and the pandemic as a whole (macro-ambivalence) about compliance. We predict that micro ambivalence relates negatively, whereas macro ambivalence relates positively to self-reported adherence to recommendations. We present two studies ( N = 691) supporting our hypotheses: the more ambivalent people are toward the behavioral recommendations (micro-level), the less they report following them. Conversely, the more ambivalent people are about the pandemic as a whole (macro-level), the more they report following recommendations. Our findings were replicated in a US sample and a representative German sample.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Celine Frank
- Department of Psychology, University of Cologne, Germany
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27
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Implicit Ambivalence: A Driving Force to Improve Relationship Problems. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL AND PERSONALITY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/19485506211034277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Implicit ambivalence involves holding strong positive and negative implicit evaluations toward the same object. This state is common in close relationships because even the most satisfying partnerships involve in conflicts and other frustrating experiences that can be explained away through effortful motivated reasoning yet remain in memory as mental representations involving the partner. In fact, it appears normative for implicit measures of partner attitudes to reveal implicit ambivalence. Despite being common, however, little is known about the consequences of implicit ambivalence. The present longitudinal investigation provides initial evidence that implicit ambivalence can motivate relationship improvements. Across two studies of newlywed couples ( N = 448 individuals), multilevel dyadic modeling revealed that higher implicit ambivalence was associated with higher motivation to make efforts to improve current marital problems, which predicted reduced marital-problems severity reported by the partner and increased marital satisfaction reported by both spouses 4 months later.
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28
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Schneider IK, Mattes A. Mix is different from nix: Mouse tracking differentiates ambivalence from neutrality. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2021.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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29
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(Not) Doing the Right Things for the Wrong Reasons: An Investigation of Consumer Attitudes, Perceptions, and Willingness to Pay for Bio-Based Plastics. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13126819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Fossil-based plastics are significant contributors to global warming through CO2 emissions. For more sustainable alternatives to be successful, it is important to ensure that consumers become aware of the benefits of innovations such as bio-based plastics, in order to create demand and a willingness to initially pay more. Given that consumer attitudes and (inaccurate) beliefs can influence the uptake of such new technologies, we investigated participants’ attitudes towards fossil-based and bio-based plastic, their perceived importance of recycling both types of plastic, their willingness to pay, and their perceptions of bio-based plastic in four studies (total N = 961). The pre-registered fourth study experimentally manipulated information about bio-based plastic and measured willingness to pay for different types of plastic. The results suggest participants hold very favourable attitudes and are willing to pay more for bio-based products. However, they also harbour misconceptions, especially overestimating bio-based plastic’s biodegradability, and they find it less important to recycle bio-based than fossil-based plastic. Study 4 provided evidence that educating consumers about the properties of bio-based plastic can dispel misconceptions and retain a favourable attitude and a high willingness to pay. We found mixed evidence for the effect of attitudes on willingness to pay, suggesting other psychological factors may also play a role. We discuss how attitudes and misconceptions affect the uptake of new sustainable technologies such as bio-based plastics and consumers’ willingness to purchase them.
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30
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Oh VYS, Tong EMW. Mixed Emotions, but Not Positive or Negative Emotions, Facilitate Legitimate Virus-Prevention Behaviors and Eudaimonic Outcomes in the Emergence of the COVID-19 Crisis. AFFECTIVE SCIENCE 2021; 2:311-323. [PMID: 33899002 PMCID: PMC8055749 DOI: 10.1007/s42761-021-00045-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We report four studies (N=1419) examining emotional reactions from March to April 2020, when COVID-19 exhibited exponentially increasing infections and fatalities. Specifically, we examined associations between emotions with self-reported intentions to enact virus-prevention behaviors that protect oneself from COVID-19 and eudaimonic functioning. Study 1A, 1B, and Study 2 provided naturalistic evidence that mixed emotions predicted legitimate virus-prevention behaviors and eudaimonic functioning in the USA and Singapore, and Study 2 also supported receptivity as a mediator. Finally, Study 3 provided experimental evidence that mixed emotions causally increased legitimate virus-prevention behaviors relative to neutral, positive emotion, and negative emotion conditions, whereas eudaimonic functioning was increased only relative to the neutral condition. Across all studies, positive and negative emotions were unrelated to legitimate virus-prevention behaviors, while relationships with eudaimonic functioning were inconsistent. While self-reported measures do not represent actual behaviors, the findings suggest a potential role for mixed emotions in pandemic-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Y S Oh
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eddie M W Tong
- Department of Psychology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Conner M, Wilding S, van Harreveld F, Dalege J. Cognitive-Affective Inconsistency and Ambivalence: Impact on the Overall Attitude-Behavior Relationship. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2021; 47:673-687. [PMID: 32749192 PMCID: PMC7961742 DOI: 10.1177/0146167220945900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
This research explored whether overall attitude is a stronger predictor of behavior when underlying cognitive-affective inconsistency or ambivalence is low versus high. Across three prospective studies in different behaviors and populations (Study 1: eating a low-fat diet, N = 136 adults, eating five fruit and vegetables per day, N = 135 adults; Study 2: smoking initiation, N = 4,933 adolescents; and Study 3: physical activity, N = 909 adults) we tested cognitive-affective inconsistency and ambivalence individually and simultaneously as moderators of the overall attitude-behavior relationship. Across studies, more similar effects were observed for inconsistency compared with ambivalence (in both individual and simultaneous analyses). Meta-analysis across studies supported this conclusion with both cognitive-affective inconsistency and ambivalence being significant moderators when considered on their own, but only inconsistency being significant when tested simultaneously. The reported studies highlight the importance of cognitive-affective inconsistency as a determinant of the strength of overall attitude.
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Philipp-Muller A, Wallace LE, Sawicki V, Patton KM, Wegener DT. Understanding When Similarity-Induced Affective Attraction Predicts Willingness to Affiliate: An Attitude Strength Perspective. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1919. [PMID: 32849128 PMCID: PMC7431687 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals reliably feel more attracted to those with whom they share similar attitudes. However, this affective liking does not always predict affiliative behavior, such as pursuing a friendship. The present research examined factors that influence the extent to which similarity-based affective attraction increases willingness to affiliate (i.e., behavioral attraction) – one potential step toward engaging in affiliative behavior. Research on attitude strength has identified attitude properties, such as confidence, that predict when an attitude is likely to impact relevant outcomes. We propose that when one’s attitudes possess these attitude strength-related properties, affective attraction to those who share that attitude will be more likely to spark willingness to affiliate. Across four studies on a variety of topics, participants (N = 428) reported their attitudes and various attitude properties regarding a topic. They were introduced to a target and learned the target’s stance on the issue. Participants reported their affective attraction and willingness to pursue friendship with the target. Consistent with past research, attitude similarity predicted affective attraction. More importantly, the relation between affective attraction and willingness to affiliate with the target was moderated by the attitude strength-related properties. A mini meta-analysis found this effect to be consistent across the four studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aviva Philipp-Muller
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Laura E Wallace
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Vanessa Sawicki
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Marion, OH, United States
| | | | - Duane T Wegener
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
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Itzchakov G, Amar M, Van Harreveld F. Don't let the facts ruin a good story: The effect of vivid reviews on attitude ambivalence and its coping mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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34
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Schneider IK, Gillebaart M, Mattes A. Meta-analytic evidence for ambivalence resolution as a key process in effortless self-control. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Informational and emotional daily messages to reduce red and processed meat consumption. Appetite 2019; 141:104331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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36
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Dealing with the meat paradox: Threat leads to moral disengagement from meat consumption. Appetite 2019; 137:73-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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37
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Qin X, Nagler RH, Fowler EF, Gollust SE. U.S. women's perceived importance of the harms and benefits of mammograms and associations with screening ambivalence: Results from a national survey. Prev Med 2019; 123:130-137. [PMID: 30890352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2019.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The American Cancer Society and the U.S. Preventive Task Force recently recommended that women initiate routine breast cancer screening at older ages (45 and 50, respectively) than previously recommended, and both organizations emphasize the importance of weighing the harms of mammograms against the benefits in making informed decisions. However, little is known from national samples about how women perceive the harms and benefits of mammograms, and how these perceptions relate to their attitudes about getting mammograms. To fill this gap, we surveyed a nationally representative sample of 557 U.S. women aged 30-59 about their perceptions of harms and benefits and their attitudinal ambivalence toward mammograms. We found that respondents overall perceived the benefits as more important than harms, but those who were aware of recent recommendations perceived mammogram harms as more important than those who were unaware. Women who had a mammogram within one year perceived the harms as less important and the benefits as more important, compared to those who had not had a mammogram in the past year. Those who perceived the harms as important were more ambivalent about screening than those who perceived harms as less important. We conclude that if the public health goal is to prevent the population harms from overuse of mammograms (e.g., overdiagnosis, false positives), simply providing women with information about harms and benefits may not lead to this outcome, since women are likely to perceive the benefits as more important than harms, and thus make an informed choice to obtain screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuanzi Qin
- Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Rebekah H Nagler
- University of Minnesota Hubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, 111 Murphy Hall, 206 Church St SE, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Erika Franklin Fowler
- Department of Government, Wesleyan University, 45 Wyllys Avenue, Middletown, CT 06459, USA
| | - Sarah E Gollust
- Division of Health Policy & Management, University of Minnesota School of Public Health, 420 Delaware St. S.E., Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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Weng J, DeMarree KG. An Examination of Whether Mindfulness Can Predict the Relationship Between Objective and Subjective Attitudinal Ambivalence. Front Psychol 2019; 10:854. [PMID: 31068857 PMCID: PMC6491762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ambivalence is a mixed reaction toward an attitudinal object. Ambivalence is often viewed as aversive and people are motivated to reduce it. However, the presence of both strong positive and negative attitudes toward an object (objective ambivalence; OA) does not always lead to consciously experienced conflicted and torn feelings (subjective ambivalence; SA) or psychological discomfort. We hypothesized that the way people think about their inner experience can affect whether ambivalent attitudes lead to increased conflicted feelings. In five studies, we examined whether mindfulness predicts the relationship between objective and subjective ambivalence. We predicted that the acceptance aspect of mindfulness would attenuate the relationship between OA and SA, based on the idea that acceptance makes people more tolerant and less judgmental toward their inner states in general (and OA in particular). Although some findings across five studies were consistent with the prediction showing that acceptance attenuated the OA–SA relationship, other findings were not and even showed that acceptance strengthened the OA–SA relationship. A meta-analysis of the interaction effect across all studies failed to find support for predictions (r = -0.036 and 95% CI [-0.087; 0.022]). We discuss possible reasons for these mixed findings, and the implications of these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Weng
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kenneth G DeMarree
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Conway E, Rosati P, Monks K, Lynn T. Voicing job satisfaction and dissatisfaction through Twitter: employees’ use of cyberspace. NEW TECHNOLOGY WORK AND EMPLOYMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ntwe.12135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
People sometimes report both pleasant and unpleasant feelings when presented with affective stimuli. However, what is reported as "mixed emotions" might reflect semantic knowledge about the stimulus (Russell, J. A. (2017). Mixed emotions viewed from the psychological constructionist perspective. Emotion Review, 9(2), 111-117). The following research examines to what degree self-reported mixed emotions represent actual feelings compared to knowledge about the stimulus. In a series of three experiments, participants reported either their feelings or their knowledge in response to affective stimuli. In Experiment 1, we sampled the entire IAPS pictorial space and examined the proportion of mixed emotion ratings using feelings-focused and knowledge-focused self-reports. We found a higher degree of mixed emotions under knowledge-focused than feelings-focused self-reports. In Experiment 2, we used a priori selected pictures to elicit mixed emotions. The proportion of mixed emotions was again higher under knowledge-focused instructions. In Experiment 3, we used movie clips that were previously used to elicit mixed emotions. In contrast to Experiments 1 and 2, there was no difference between feelings-focused and knowledge-focused self-reports. The results suggest a strong semantic component and a weak experiential component of self-reports in the case of pictorial stimuli. However, ambivalent movie clips elicited a stronger experiential component, thus supporting the existence of mixed emotions at the level of feelings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Itkes
- a Department of Psychology, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Zohar Eviatar
- a Department of Psychology, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.,b The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
| | - Assaf Kron
- a Department of Psychology, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel.,b The Institute of Information Processing and Decision Making, University of Haifa , Haifa , Israel
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Haddock G, Maio GR. Inter-individual differences in attitude content: Cognition, affect, and attitudes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Pillaud V, Cavazza N, Butera F. The Social Utility of Ambivalence: Being Ambivalent on Controversial Issues Is Recognized as Competence. Front Psychol 2018; 9:961. [PMID: 29988468 PMCID: PMC6024988 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Research on attitudinal ambivalence is flourishing, but no research has studied how others perceive its expression. We tested the hypothesis that the expression of attitudinal ambivalence could be positively valued if it signals careful consideration of an issue. More specifically, ambivalence should be judged higher on social utility (competence) but not on social desirability (warmth), compared to clear-cut attitudes. This should be the case for controversial (vs. consensual) issues, where ambivalence can signal some competence. The participants in four experiments indeed evaluated ambivalence higher on a measure of social utility, compared to clear-cut (pro-normative and counter-normative) attitudes, when the attitude objects were controversial; they judged pro-normative attitudes higher for both social utility and social desirability when the attitude objects were consensual. Attitudinal ambivalence can therefore be positively valued, as it is perceived as competence when the expression of criticism is socially accepted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pillaud
- Institut de Psychologie, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicoletta Cavazza
- Dipartimento di Comunicazione ed Economia, Università di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Butera
- Institut de Psychologie, Laboratoire de Psychologie Sociale, Université de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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Itzchakov G, Van Harreveld F. Feeling torn and fearing rue: Attitude ambivalence and anticipated regret as antecedents of biased information seeking. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Dalege J, Borsboom D, van Harreveld F, Waldorp LJ, van der Maas HLJ. Network Structure Explains the Impact of Attitudes on Voting Decisions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4909. [PMID: 28687776 PMCID: PMC5501836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05048-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Attitudes can have a profound impact on socially relevant behaviours, such as voting. However, this effect is not uniform across situations or individuals, and it is at present difficult to predict whether attitudes will predict behaviour in any given circumstance. Using a network model, we demonstrate that (a) more strongly connected attitude networks have a stronger impact on behaviour, and (b) within any given attitude network, the most central attitude elements have the strongest impact. We test these hypotheses using data on voting and attitudes toward presidential candidates in the US presidential elections from 1980 to 2012. These analyses confirm that the predictive value of attitude networks depends almost entirely on their level of connectivity, with more central attitude elements having stronger impact. The impact of attitudes on voting behaviour can thus be reliably determined before elections take place by using network analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Dalege
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Denny Borsboom
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frenk van Harreveld
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lourens J Waldorp
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Han L J van der Maas
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, 1018 WT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Itzchakov G, Kluger AN. Can holding a stick improve listening at work? The effect of Listening Circles on employees’ emotions and cognitions. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF WORK AND ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/1359432x.2017.1351429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Itzchakov
- School of Business Administration, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avraham N. Kluger
- School of Business Administration, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Johnson IR, Petty RE, Briñol P, See YHM. Persuasive message scrutiny as a function of implicit-explicit discrepancies in racial attitudes. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesp.2016.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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48
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Man V, Nohlen HU, Melo H, Cunningham WA. Hierarchical Brain Systems Support Multiple Representations of Valence and Mixed Affect. EMOTION REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073916667237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We review the psychological literature on the organization of valence, discussing theoretical perspectives that favor a single dimension of valence, multiple valence dimensions, and positivity and negativity as dynamic and flexible properties of mental experience that are contingent upon context. Turning to the neuroscience literature that spans three levels of analysis, we discuss how positivity and negativity can be represented in the brain. We show that the evidence points toward both separable and overlapping brain systems that support affective processes depending on the level of resolution studied. We move from large-scale brain networks that underlie generalized processing, to functionally specific subcircuits, finally to intraregional neuronal distributions, where the organization and interaction across levels allow for multiple types of valence and mixed evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Man
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Hannah U. Nohlen
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ozaki Y, Goto T, Kobayashi M, Hofmann W. Counteractive control over temptations: Promoting resistance through enhanced perception of conflict and goal value. SELF AND IDENTITY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2016.1269668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuka Ozaki
- Department of Social Psychology, Toyo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takayuki Goto
- Center for the Promotion of Excellence in Higher Education, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mai Kobayashi
- Department of Interpersonal and Social Psychology, Rissho University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wilhelm Hofmann
- Social Cognition Center Cologne, University of Cologne, Köln, Germany
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Itzchakov G, Kluger AN, Castro DR. I Am Aware of My Inconsistencies but Can Tolerate Them: The Effect of High Quality Listening on Speakers' Attitude Ambivalence. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY BULLETIN 2016; 43:105-120. [PMID: 27856728 DOI: 10.1177/0146167216675339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined how listeners characterized by empathy and a non-judgmental approach affect speakers' attitude structure. We hypothesized that high quality listening decreases speakers' social anxiety, which in turn reduces defensive processing. This reduction in defensive processing was hypothesized to result in an awareness of contradictions (increased objective-attitude ambivalence), and decreased attitude extremity. Moreover, we hypothesized that experiencing high quality listening would enable speakers to tolerate contradictory responses, such that listening would attenuate the association between objective- and subjective-attitude ambivalence. We obtained consistent support for our hypotheses across four laboratory experiments that manipulated listening experience in different ways on a range of attitude topics. The effects of listening on objective-attitude ambivalence were stronger for higher dispositional social anxiety and initial objective-attitude ambivalence (Study 4). Overall, the results suggest that speakers' attitude structure can be changed by a heretofore unexplored interpersonal variable: merely providing high quality listening.
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