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Edgerton-Fulton M, Abdul Y, Jamil S, Ergul A. Endothelin-1 (ET-1) contributes to senescence and phenotypic changes in brain pericytes in diabetes-mimicking conditions. Clin Sci (Lond) 2024; 138:1009-1022. [PMID: 39106080 DOI: 10.1042/cs20240328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 08/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mediates endothelial dysfunction and increases the risk of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Diabetes also dysregulates the ET system. ET-1-mediated constriction of brain microvascular pericytes (BMVPCs) has been shown to contribute to brain hypoperfusion. Cellular senescence, a process that arrests the proliferation of harmful cells and instigates phenotypical changes and proinflammatory responses in endothelial cells that impact their survival and function. Thus, we hypothesized that ET-1 mediates BMVPC senescence and phenotypical changes in diabetes-like conditions. Human BMVPCs were incubated in diabetes-like conditions with or without ET-1 (1 µmol/L) for 3 and 7 days. Hydrogen peroxide (100 µmol/L H2O2) was used as a positive control for senescence and to mimic ischemic conditions. Cells were stained for senescence-associated β-galactosidase or processed for immunoblotting and quantitative real-time PCR analyses. In additional experiments, cells were stimulated with ET-1 in the presence or absence of ETA receptor antagonist BQ-123 (20 μmol/L) or ETB receptor antagonist BQ-788 (20 μmol/L). ET-1 stimulation increased β-galactosidase accumulation which was prevented by BQ-123. ET-1 also increased traditional senescence marker p16 protein and pericyte-specific senescence markers, TGFB1i1, PP1CA, and IGFBP7. Furthermore, ET-1 stimulated contractile protein α-SMA and microglial marker ostepontin in high glucose suggesting a shift toward an ensheathing or microglia-like phenotype. In conclusion, ET-1 triggers senescence, alters ETA and ETB receptors, and causes phenotypical changes in BMVPCs under diabetes-like conditions. These in vitro findings need to be further studied in vivo to establish the role of ETA receptors in the progression of pericyte senescence and phenotypical changes in VCID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mia Edgerton-Fulton
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - Yasir Abdul
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - Sarah Jamil
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
| | - Adviye Ergul
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
- Ralph H Johnson VA Health Care System, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, U.S.A
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2
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Walkley SU, Molholm S, Jordan B, Marion RW, Wasserstein M. Using team-based precision medicine to advance understanding of rare genetic brain disorders. J Neurodev Disord 2024; 16:10. [PMID: 38491427 PMCID: PMC10941544 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-024-09518-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
We describe a multidisciplinary teamwork approach known as "Operation IDD Gene Team" developed by the Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (RFK IDDRC) at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. This initiative brings families affected by rare genetic diseases that cause intellectual and developmental disability together with physicians, basic scientists, and their trainees. At team meetings, family members share their child's medical and personal history, physicians describe the broader clinical consequences of the condition, and scientists provide accessible tutorials focused on the fundamental biology of relevant genes. When appropriate, possible treatment approaches are also discussed. The outcomes of team meetings have been overwhelmingly positive, with families not only expressing deep gratitude, but also becoming empowered to establish foundations dedicated to their child's specific condition. Physicians, and in particular the scientists and their trainees, have gained a deeper understanding of challenges faced by affected families, broadening their perspective on how their research can extend beyond the laboratory. Remarkably, research by the scientists following the Gene Team meetings have often included focus on the actual gene variants exhibited by the participating children. As these investigations progress and newly created foundations expand their efforts, national as well as international collaborations are forged. These developments emphasize the importance of rare diseases as windows into previously unexplored molecular and cellular processes, which can offer fresh insights into both normal function as well as more common diseases. Elucidating the mechanisms of and treatments for rare and ultra-rare diseases thus has benefits for all involved-families, physicians, and scientists and their trainees, as well as the broader medical community. While the RFK IDDRC's Operation IDD Gene Team program has focused on intellectual disabilities affecting children, we believe it has the potential to be applied to rare genetic diseases impacting individuals of any age and encompassing a wide variety of developmental disorders affecting multiple organ systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven U Walkley
- Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA.
| | - Sophie Molholm
- Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Bryen Jordan
- Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Robert W Marion
- Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Melissa Wasserstein
- Rose F. Kennedy Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
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3
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Schoenenberger MS, Halfter W, Ferrand A, Halfter K, Tzankov A, Scholl HPN, Henrich PB, Monnier CA. The biophysical and compositional properties of human basement membranes. FEBS J 2024; 291:477-488. [PMID: 37984833 DOI: 10.1111/febs.17007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Basement membranes are among the most widespread, non-cellular functional materials in metazoan organisms. Despite this ubiquity, the links between their compositional and biophysical properties are often difficult to establish due to their thin and delicate nature. In this article, we examine these features on a molecular level by combining results from proteomics, elastic, and nanomechanical analyses across a selection of human basement membranes. Comparing results between these different membranes connects certain compositional attributes to distinct nanomechanical signatures and further demonstrates to what extent water defines these properties. In all, these data underline BMs as stiff yet highly elastic connective tissue layers and highlight how the interplay between composition, mechanics and hydration yields such exceptionally adaptable materials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Willi Halfter
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alexia Ferrand
- Imaging Core Facility, Biozentrum of the University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Halfter
- Munich Cancer Registry, Institute of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Histopathology and Autopsy, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital and University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik P N Scholl
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel (IOB), Switzerland
| | - Paul Bernhard Henrich
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Switzerland
- Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
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4
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Shukla N, Kumari S, Verma P, Kushwah AS, Banarjee M, Sankhwar SN, Srivastava A, Ansari MS, Gautam NK. Genotypic Analysis of COL4A1 Gene in Diabetic Nephropathy and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: A Comparative Genetic Study. DNA Cell Biol 2023; 42:541-547. [PMID: 37540089 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2023.0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is specified by microalbuminuria, glomerular lesions, and renal fibrosis leading to end-stage renal disease. The pathophysiology of DN is multifactorial as a result of gene-environment interaction. Clinical studies suggested that gene mutations affect various pathways involved in DN, including extracellular matrix (ECM). During chronic hyperglycemia, collagen type-4-mediated ECM overproduction occurs, leading to renal fibrosis and DN development. In this study, COL4A1 gene variant rs605143 (G/A) was analyzed in diabetes and DN patients from the study population. We genotyped 386 study subjects, comprising 120 type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients, 120 DN, and 146 healthy controls. All study subjects were analyzed for biochemical assays by commercially available kits and genotypic analysis by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism and confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Statistical analyses were done using SPSS and GraphPad. Anthroclinicopathological parameters showed a significant association between T2DM and DN. Genotype AA of COL4A1 gene variant rs605143 (G/A) showed a significant association with T2DM and DN compared with controls with 5.87- and 8.01-folds risk, respectively. Mutant allele A also significantly associated with T2DM and DN independently compared with healthy controls with 2.29- and 2.81-time risk in the study population. This study's findings suggested that COL4A1 gene variant rs605143 (G/A) can be used as predictive biomarkers for T2DM and DN independently. However, this gene variant needs to be analyzed in a large sample to explore the shared genetic association between T2DM and DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Shukla
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shivani Kumari
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Poornima Verma
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Atar Singh Kushwah
- Department of Biological Science, Center for Nano Biotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, Alabama, USA
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Monisha Banarjee
- Molecular and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - S N Sankhwar
- Department of Urology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, India
| | - Aneesh Srivastava
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - M S Ansari
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Naveen Kumar Gautam
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, Sanjay Gandhi Post Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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5
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Sargazi Z, Zavareh S, Salehnia M. Differentiation of human endometrial mesenchymal cells to epithelial and stromal cells by seeding on the decellularized endometrial scaffold. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2023:10.1007/s11626-023-00779-x. [PMID: 37391569 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-023-00779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to construct the endometrial-like structure by co-culturing of human mesenchymal endometrial cells and uterine smooth muscle cells in the decellularized scaffold. After decellularization of the human endometrium, cell seeding was performed by centrifugation of human mesenchymal endometrial cells with different speeds and times in 15 experimental subgroups. Analysis of residual cell count in suspension was done in all subgroups and the method with the lower number of suspended cells was selected for subsequent study. Then, the human endometrial mesenchymal cells and the myometrial muscle cells were seeded on the decellularized tissue and cultured for 1 wk; then, differentiation of the seeded cells was assessed by morphological and gene expression analysis. The cell seeding method by centrifuging at 6020 g for 2 min showed the highest number of seeded cells and the lowest number of residual cells in suspension. In the recellularized scaffold, the endometrial-like was seen with some protrusions on their surface and the stromal cells had shown spindle and polyhedral morphology. The myometrial cells almost were homed at the periphery of the scaffold and mesenchymal cells penetrated in deeper parts similar to their arrangement in the native uterus. The more expression of endometrial-related genes such as SPP1, MMP2, ZO-1, LAMA2, and COL4A1 and low-level expression of the OCT4 gene as a pluripotency marker confirmed the differentiation of seeded cells. Endometrial-like structures were formed by the co-culturing of human endometrial mesenchymal cells and smooth muscle cells on the decellularized endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinat Sargazi
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Zavareh
- School of Biology, Damghan University, Damghan, Iran
| | - Mojdeh Salehnia
- Anatomy Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-111, Tehran, Iran.
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6
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Ma P, Wang S, Geng R, Gong Y, Li M, Xie D, Dong Y, Zheng T, Li B, Zhao T, Zheng Q. MiR-29a-deficiency causes thickening of the basilar membrane and age-related hearing loss by upregulating collagen IV and laminin. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1191740. [PMID: 37275774 PMCID: PMC10232818 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1191740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL) is the most common sensory degenerative disease and can significantly impact the quality of life in elderly people. A previous study using GeneChip miRNA microarray assays showed that the expression of miR-29a changes with age, however, its role in hearing loss is still unclear. In this study, we characterized the cochlear phenotype of miR-29a knockout (miR-29a-/-) mice and found that miR-29a-deficient mice had a rapid progressive elevation of the hearing threshold from 2 to 5 months of age compared with littermate controls as measured by the auditory brainstem response. Stereocilia degeneration, hair cell loss and abnormal stria vascularis (SV) were observed in miR-29a-/- mice at 4 months of age. Transcriptome sequencing results showed elevated extracellular matrix (ECM) gene expression in miR-29a-/- mice. Both Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that the key differences were closely related to ECM. Further examination with a transmission electron microscope showed thickening of the basilar membrane in the cochlea of miR-29a-/- mice. Five Col4a genes (Col4a1-a5) and two laminin genes (Lamb2 and Lamc1) were validated as miR-29a direct targets by dual luciferase assays and miR-29a inhibition assays with a miR-29a inhibitor. Consistent with the target gene validation results, the expression of these genes was significantly increased in the cochlea of miR-29a-/- mice, as shown by RT-PCR and Western blot. These findings suggest that miR-29a plays an important role in maintaining cochlear structure and function by regulating the expression of collagen and laminin and that the disturbance of its expression could be a cause of progressive hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Ma
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Shuli Wang
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruishuang Geng
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yongfeng Gong
- School of Basic Medicine, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Mulan Li
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Daoli Xie
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yaning Dong
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Tihua Zheng
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Department of Hearing and Speech Rehabilitation, School of Special Education, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Qingyin Zheng
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Department of Otolaryngology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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7
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Zhou N, Liu YD, Zhang Y, Gu TW, Peng LH. Pharmacological Functions, Synthesis, and Delivery Progress for Collagen as Biodrug and Biomaterial. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051443. [PMID: 37242685 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen has been widely applied as a functional biomaterial in regulating tissue regeneration and drug delivery by participating in cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, intercellular signal transmission, tissue formation, and blood coagulation. However, traditional extraction of collagen from animals potentially induces immunogenicity and requires complicated material treatment and purification steps. Although semi-synthesis strategies such as utilizing recombinant E. coli or yeast expression systems have been explored as alternative methods, the influence of unwanted by-products, foreign substances, and immature synthetic processes have limited its industrial production and clinical applications. Meanwhile, macromolecule collagen products encounter a bottleneck in delivery and absorption by conventional oral and injection vehicles, which promotes the studies of transdermal and topical delivery strategies and implant methods. This review illustrates the physiological and therapeutic effects, synthesis strategies, and delivery technologies of collagen to provide a reference and outlook for the research and development of collagen as a biodrug and biomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Zhou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu-Da Liu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ting-Wei Gu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Hua Peng
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China
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8
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Thakore P, Yamasaki E, Ali S, Solano AS, Labelle-Dumais C, Gao X, Chaumeil MM, Gould DB, Earley S. PI3K block restores age-dependent neurovascular coupling defects associated with cerebral small vessel disease. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.03.531032. [PMID: 36945616 PMCID: PMC10028793 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.03.531032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Neurovascular coupling (NVC), a vital physiological process that rapidly and precisely directs localized blood flow to the most active regions of the brain, is accomplished in part by the vast network of cerebral capillaries acting as a sensory web capable of detecting increases in neuronal activity and orchestrating the dilation of upstream parenchymal arterioles. Here, we report a Col4a1 mutant mouse model of cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD) with age-dependent defects in capillary-to-arteriole dilation, functional hyperemia in the brain, and memory. The fundamental defect in aged mutant animals was the depletion of the minor membrane phospholipid phosphatidylinositol 4,5 bisphosphate (PIP 2 ) in brain capillary endothelial cells, leading to the loss of inwardly rectifier K + (Kir2.1) channel activity. Blocking phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), an enzyme that diminishes the bioavailability of PIP 2 by converting it to phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP 3 ), restored Kir2.1 channel activity, capillary-to-arteriole dilation, and functional hyperemia. In longitudinal studies, chronic PI3K inhibition also improved the memory function of aged Col4a1 mutant mice. Our data suggest that PI3K inhibition is a viable therapeutic strategy for treating defective NVC and cognitive impairment associated with cSVD. One-sentence summary PI3K inhibition rescues neurovascular coupling defects in cerebral small vessel disease.
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Branyan K, Labelle-Dumais C, Wang X, Hayashi G, Lee B, Peltz Z, Gorman S, Li BQ, Mao M, Gould DB. Elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to cerebral small vessel disease in mouse models of Gould syndrome. Matrix Biol 2023; 115:48-70. [PMID: 36435425 PMCID: PMC10393528 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a leading cause of stroke and vascular cognitive impairment and dementia. Studying monogenic CSVD can reveal pathways that are dysregulated in common sporadic forms of the disease and may represent therapeutic targets. Mutations in collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) and alpha 2 (COL4A2) cause highly penetrant CSVD as part of a multisystem disorder referred to as Gould syndrome. COL4A1 and COL4A2 form heterotrimers [a1α1α2(IV)] that are fundamental constituents of basement membranes. However, their functions are poorly understood and the mechanism(s) by which COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause CSVD are unknown. We used histological, molecular, genetic, pharmacological, and in vivo imaging approaches to characterize central nervous system (CNS) vascular pathologies in Col4a1 mutant mouse models of monogenic CSVD to provide insight into underlying pathogenic mechanisms. We describe developmental CNS angiogenesis abnormalities characterized by impaired retinal vascular outgrowth and patterning, increased numbers of mural cells with abnormal morphologies, altered contractile protein expression in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) and age-related loss of arteriolar VSMCs in Col4a1 mutant mice. Importantly, we identified elevated TGFβ signaling as a pathogenic consequence of Col4a1 mutations and show that genetically suppressing TGFβ signaling ameliorated CNS vascular pathologies, including partial rescue of retinal vascular patterning defects, prevention of VSMC loss, and significant reduction of intracerebral hemorrhages in Col4a1 mutant mice aged up to 8 months. This study identifies a novel biological role for collagen α1α1α2(IV) as a regulator of TGFβ signaling and demonstrates that elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to CNS vascular pathologies caused by Col4a1 mutations. Our findings suggest that pharmacologically suppressing TGFβ signaling could reduce the severity of CSVD, and potentially other manifestations associated with Gould syndrome and have important translational implications that could extend to idiopathic forms of CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla Branyan
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Genki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Bryson Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Zoe Peltz
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Seán Gorman
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Bo Qiao Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Mao Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, 555 Mission Bay Boulevard South, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States; Department of Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bakar Aging Research Institute, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
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10
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Li X, Zhou L, Zhang X, Jin Y, Zhao B, Zhang D, Xi C, Ruan J, Zhu Z, Jia JM. Proteins secreted by brain arteriolar smooth muscle cells are instructive for neural development. Mol Brain 2022; 15:97. [PMID: 36451193 PMCID: PMC9710182 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-022-00983-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intercellular communication between vascular and nerve cells mediated by diffusible proteins has recently emerged as a critical intrinsic program for neural development. However, whether the vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) secretome regulates the connectivity of neural circuits remains unknown. Here, we show that conditioned medium from brain VSMC cultures enhances multiple neuronal functions, such as neuritogenesis, neuronal maturation, and survival, thereby improving circuit connectivity. However, protein denaturation by heating compromised these effects. Combined omics analyses of donor VSMC secretomes and recipient neuron transcriptomes revealed that overlapping pathways of extracellular matrix receptor signaling and adhesion molecule integrin binding mediate VSMC-dependent neuronal development. Furthermore, we found that human arterial VSMCs promote neuronal development in multiple ways, including expanding the time window for nascent neurite initiation, increasing neuronal density, and promoting synchronized firing, whereas human umbilical vein VSMCs lack this capability. These in vitro data indicate that brain arteriolar VSMCs may carry direct instructive information for neural development through intercellular communication in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuzhao Li
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Lili Zhou
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.13402.340000 0004 1759 700XZhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Yuxiao Jin
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Bingrui Zhao
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Chengjie Xi
- grid.40263.330000 0004 1936 9094Biotechnology Master’s Program, Brown University, Providence, USA
| | - Jiayu Ruan
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
| | - Jie-Min Jia
- grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Key Laboratory of Growth Regulation and Translational Research of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, 310024 China ,grid.494629.40000 0004 8008 9315Laboratory of Neurovascular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, 310024 China
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11
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Ishikawa Y, Taga Y, Coste T, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Mizuno K, Tournier-Lasserve E, Gould DB. Lysyl hydroxylase 3-mediated post-translational modifications are required for proper biosynthesis of collagen α1α1α2(IV). J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102713. [PMID: 36403858 PMCID: PMC9761383 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens are the most abundant proteins in the body and among the most biosynthetically complex. A molecular ensemble of over 20 endoplasmic reticulum resident proteins participates in collagen biosynthesis and contributes to heterogeneous post-translational modifications. Pathogenic variants in genes encoding collagens cause connective tissue disorders, including osteogenesis imperfecta, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and Gould syndrome (caused by mutations in COL4A1 and COL4A2), and pathogenic variants in genes encoding proteins required for collagen biosynthesis can cause similar but overlapping clinical phenotypes. Notably, pathogenic variants in lysyl hydroxylase 3 (LH3) cause a multisystem connective tissue disorder that exhibits pathophysiological features of collagen-related disorders. LH3 is a multifunctional collagen-modifying enzyme; however, its precise role(s) and substrate specificity during collagen biosynthesis has not been defined. To address this critical gap in knowledge, we generated LH3 KO cells and performed detailed quantitative and molecular analyses of collagen substrates. We found that LH3 deficiency severely impaired secretion of collagen α1α1α2(IV) but not collagens α1α1α2(I) or α1α1α1(III). Amino acid analysis revealed that LH3 is a selective LH for collagen α1α1α2(IV) but a general glucosyltransferase for collagens α1α1α2(IV), α1α1α2(I), and α1α1α1(III). Importantly, we identified rare variants that are predicted to be pathogenic in the gene encoding LH3 in two of 113 fetuses with intracranial hemorrhage-a cardinal feature of Gould syndrome. Collectively, our findings highlight a critical role of LH3 in α1α1α2(IV) biosynthesis and suggest that LH3 pathogenic variants might contribute to Gould syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, California, USA.
| | - Yuki Taga
- Nippi Research Institute of Biomatrix, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Thibault Coste
- Université Paris Cité, Inserm Neurodiderot, AP-HP Paris, France
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Research Department, Shriners Hospital for Children, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, School of Medicine, California, USA; Department Anatomy, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Bakar Aging Research Institute, and Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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12
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Roy A, Gauld JW. Molecular Dynamics Investigation on the Effects of Protonation and Lysyl Hydroxylation on Sulfilimine Cross-links in Collagen IV. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39680-39689. [PMID: 36385809 PMCID: PMC9647856 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Collagen IV networks are an essential component of basement membranes that are important for their structural integrity and thus that of an organism's tissues. Improper functioning of these networks has been associated with several diseases. Cross-links, such as sulfilimine bonds interconnecting NC1 domains, are critical for forming and mechanically stabilizing these collagen IV networks. More specifically, the sulfilimine cross-links form between methionine (Met93) and lysine/hydroxylsine (Lys211/Hyl211) residues of NC1 domains. Therefore, the dynamic nature of the sulfilimine bond in collagen IV is crucial for network formation. To understand the dynamic nature of a neutral and protonated sulfilimine bond in collagen IV, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on four sulfilimine cross-linked systems (i.e., Met93S-NLys211, Met93S-NHLys211 +, Met93S-NHyl211, and Met93S-NHHyl211 +) of collagen IV. The MD results showed that the neutral Met93S-NLys211 system has the smallest protein backbone and showed the cross-linked residues' RMSD value. The conformational change analyses showed that the conformations of the sulfilimine cross-linked residues take on a U-shape for the Met93S-NHyl211 and Met93S-HNHyl211 + systems, whereas the conformations of the sulfilimine cross-linked residues are more open for the Met93S-NLys211, and Met93S-NHLys211 + systems. Protonation is a crucial biochemical process to stabilize the protein structure or the biological cross-links. Furthermore, the protonation of the sulfilimine bond could potentially influence hydrogen bond interaction with near amino acid residues, and according to water distribution analyses, the sulfilimine bond can potentially exist in one or more protonation states.
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13
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Seo GY, Takahashi D, Wang Q, Mikulski Z, Chen A, Chou TF, Marcovecchio P, McArdle S, Sethi A, Shui JW, Takahashi M, Surh CD, Cheroutre H, Kronenberg M. Epithelial HVEM maintains intraepithelial T cell survival and contributes to host protection. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm6931. [PMID: 35905286 PMCID: PMC9422995 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm6931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Intraepithelial T cells (IETs) are in close contact with intestinal epithelial cells and the underlying basement membrane, and they detect invasive pathogens. How intestinal epithelial cells and basement membrane influence IET survival and function, at steady state or after infection, is unclear. The herpes virus entry mediator (HVEM), a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, is constitutively expressed by intestinal epithelial cells and is important for protection from pathogenic bacteria. Here, we showed that at steady-state LIGHT, an HVEM ligand, binding to epithelial HVEM promoted the survival of small intestine IETs. RNA-seq and addition of HVEM ligands to epithelial organoids indicated that HVEM increased epithelial synthesis of basement membrane proteins, including collagen IV, which bound to β1 integrins expressed by IETs. Therefore, we proposed that IET survival depended on β1 integrin binding to collagen IV and showed that β1 integrin-collagen IV interactions supported IET survival in vitro. Moreover, the absence of β1 integrin expression by T lymphocytes decreased TCR αβ+ IETs in vivo. Intravital microscopy showed that the patrolling movement of IETs was reduced without epithelial HVEM. As likely consequences of decreased number and movement, protective responses to Salmonella enterica were reduced in mice lacking either epithelial HVEM, HVEM ligands, or β1 integrins. Therefore, IETs, at steady state and after infection, depended on HVEM expressed by epithelial cells for the synthesis of collagen IV by epithelial cells. Collagen IV engaged β1 integrins on IETs that were important for their maintenance and for their protective function in mucosal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goo-Young Seo
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Qingyang Wang
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Angeline Chen
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Sara McArdle
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ashu Sethi
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jr-Wen Shui
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Charles D Surh
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Academy of Immunology and Microbiology, Pohang, South Korea
| | | | - Mitchell Kronenberg
- La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.,Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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14
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Jain P, Rauer SB, Möller M, Singh S. Mimicking the Natural Basement Membrane for Advanced Tissue Engineering. Biomacromolecules 2022; 23:3081-3103. [PMID: 35839343 PMCID: PMC9364315 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c00402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Advancements in the field of tissue engineering have
led to the
elucidation of physical and chemical characteristics of physiological
basement membranes (BM) as specialized forms of the extracellular
matrix. Efforts to recapitulate the intricate structure and biological
composition of the BM have encountered various advancements due to
its impact on cell fate, function, and regulation. More attention
has been paid to synthesizing biocompatible and biofunctional fibrillar
scaffolds that closely mimic the natural BM. Specific modifications
in biomimetic BM have paved the way for the development of in vitro models like alveolar-capillary barrier, airway
models, skin, blood-brain barrier, kidney barrier, and metastatic
models, which can be used for personalized drug screening, understanding
physiological and pathological pathways, and tissue implants. In this
Review, we focus on the structure, composition, and functions of in vivo BM and the ongoing efforts to mimic it synthetically.
Light has been shed on the advantages and limitations of various forms
of biomimetic BM scaffolds including porous polymeric membranes, hydrogels,
and electrospun membranes This Review further elaborates and justifies
the significance of BM mimics in tissue engineering, in particular
in the development of in vitro organ model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puja Jain
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | | | - Martin Möller
- DWI-Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials e.V, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Smriti Singh
- Max-Planck-Institute for Medical Research, Heidelberg 69028, Germany
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15
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Mao M, Labelle-Dumais C, Tufa SF, Keene DR, Gould DB. Elevated TGFβ signaling contributes to ocular anterior segment dysgenesis in Col4a1 mutant mice. Matrix Biol 2022; 110:151-173. [PMID: 35525525 PMCID: PMC10410753 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD) refers to a collection of developmental disorders affecting the anterior structures of the eye. Although a number of genes have been implicated in the etiology of ASD, the underlying pathogenetic mechanisms remain unclear. Mutations in genes encoding collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) and alpha 2 (COL4A2) cause Gould syndrome, a multi-system disorder that often includes ocular manifestations such as ASD and glaucoma. COL4A1 and COL4A2 are abundant basement membrane proteins that provide structural support to tissues and modulate signaling through interactions with other extracellular matrix proteins, growth factors, and cell surface receptors. In this study, we used a combination of histological, molecular, genetic and pharmacological approaches to demonstrate that altered TGFβ signaling contributes to ASD in mouse models of Gould syndrome. We show that TGFβ signaling was elevated in anterior segments from Col4a1 mutant mice and that genetically reducing TGFβ signaling partially prevented ASD. Notably, we identified distinct roles for TGFβ1 and TGFβ2 in ocular defects observed in Col4a1 mutant mice. Importantly, we show that pharmacologically promoting type IV collagen secretion or reducing TGFβ signaling ameliorated ocular pathology in Col4a1 mutant mice. Overall, our findings demonstrate that altered TGFβ signaling contributes to COL4A1-related ocular dysgenesis and implicate this pathway as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of Gould syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Sara F Tufa
- Shriners Children's, Micro-Imaging Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Douglas R Keene
- Shriners Children's, Micro-Imaging Center, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Department of Anatomy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States; Bakar Aging Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States.
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16
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Bateman JF, Shoulders MD, Lamandé SR. Collagen misfolding mutations: the contribution of the unfolded protein response to the molecular pathology. Connect Tissue Res 2022; 63:210-227. [PMID: 35225118 PMCID: PMC8977234 DOI: 10.1080/03008207.2022.2036735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in collagen genes cause a broad range of connective tissue pathologies. Structural mutations that impact procollagen assembly or triple helix formation and stability are a common and important mutation class. How misfolded procollagens engage with the cellular proteostasis machinery and whether they can elicit a cytotoxic unfolded protein response (UPR) is a topic of considerable research interest. Such interest is well justified since modulating the UPR could offer a new approach to treat collagenopathies for which there are no current disease mechanism-targeting therapies. This review scrutinizes the evidence underpinning the view that endoplasmic reticulum stress and chronic UPR activation contributes significantly to the pathophysiology of the collagenopathies. While there is strong evidence that the UPR contributes to the pathology for collagen X misfolding mutations, the evidence that misfolding mutations in other collagen types induce a canonical, cytotoxic UPR is incomplete. To gain a more comprehensive understanding about how the UPR amplifies to pathology, and thus what types of manipulations of the UPR might have therapeutic relevance, much more information is needed about how specific misfolding mutation types engage differentially with the UPR and downstream signaling responses. Most importantly, since the capacity of the proteostasis machinery to respond to collagen misfolding is likely to vary between cell types, reflecting their functional roles in collagen and extracellular matrix biosynthesis, detailed studies on the UPR should focus as much as possible on the actual target cells involved in the collagen pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F. Bateman
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Shireen R. Lamandé
- Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Australia
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17
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Wang Y, Shi C, Li Y, Yu W, Wei S, Fan Y, Mao C, Yang Z, Yu L, Zhao Z, Li S, Gao Y, Xu Y. Genetic Study of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease in Chinese Han Population. Front Neurol 2022; 13:829438. [PMID: 35401403 PMCID: PMC8990910 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.829438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) is a syndrome of clinical, neuroimaging, and neuropathological manifestations caused by disorders that affect small cerebral vessels. Although the pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear, some studies have demonstrated that genetic variants contribute to the development of CSVD. Our study aimed to explore the genetic characteristics of CSVD in the Chinese Han population. We enrolled 182 sporadic CSVD Chinese Han patients whose magnetic resonance imaging results showed grade 2-3 white matter lesions. Target region sequencing of seven monogenic CSVD-related genes, including NOTCH3, HTRA1, COL4A1, COL4A2, GLA, TREX1, and CTSA, was performed, and we identified pathogenic variants by screening the sequencing results and functional predictive analysis. All variants were predicted to be pathogenic by the SIFT Score, Polymorphism Phenotyping-2 score, Mutation Taster, Splice site score calculation, and MaxEntScan. All variants were validated in 300 healthy controls. In total, eight variants were identified in patients with CSVD, including five novel variants, c.1774C>T (NOTCH3), c.3784C>T (NOTCH3), c. 1207C>T (HTRA1), and c. 1274+1G> A (HTRA1), c.1937G>C (COL4A1) and three reported mutations. None of these variants were present in 300 healthy controls. No pathogenic variants in COL4A2, GLA, TREX1, and CTSA were detected. This study identified five novel variants in CSVD-related genes in Chinese Han patients with sporadic CSVD. Our results expand the genetic profile of CSVD.
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18
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Zajac AL, Horne-Badovinac S. Kinesin-directed secretion of basement membrane proteins to a subdomain of the basolateral surface in Drosophila epithelial cells. Curr Biol 2022; 32:735-748.e10. [PMID: 35021047 PMCID: PMC8891071 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial tissues are lined with a sheet-like basement membrane (BM) extracellular matrix at their basal surfaces that plays essential roles in adhesion and signaling. BMs also provide mechanical support to guide morphogenesis. Despite their importance, we know little about how epithelial cells secrete and assemble BMs during development. BM proteins are sorted into a basolateral secretory pathway distinct from other basolateral proteins. Because BM proteins self-assemble into networks, and the BM lines only a small portion of the basolateral domain, we hypothesized that the site of BM protein secretion might be tightly controlled. Using the Drosophila follicular epithelium, we show that kinesin-3 and kinesin-1 motors work together to define this secretion site. Similar to all epithelia, the follicle cells have polarized microtubules (MTs) along their apical-basal axes. These cells collectively migrate, and they also have polarized MTs along the migratory axis at their basal surfaces. We find follicle cell MTs form one interconnected network, which allows kinesins to transport Rab10+ BM secretory vesicles both basally and to the trailing edge of each cell. This positions them near the basal surface and the basal-most region of the lateral domain for exocytosis. When kinesin transport is disrupted, the site of BM protein secretion is expanded, and ectopic BM networks form between cells that impede migration and disrupt tissue architecture. These results show how epithelial cells can define a subdomain on their basolateral surface through MT-based transport and highlight the importance of controlling the exocytic site of network-forming proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison L. Zajac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Sally Horne-Badovinac
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, The University of Chicago, 920 East 58th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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19
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Yang AC, Vest RT, Kern F, Lee DP, Agam M, Maat CA, Losada PM, Chen MB, Schaum N, Khoury N, Toland A, Calcuttawala K, Shin H, Pálovics R, Shin A, Wang EY, Luo J, Gate D, Schulz-Schaeffer WJ, Chu P, Siegenthaler JA, McNerney MW, Keller A, Wyss-Coray T. A human brain vascular atlas reveals diverse mediators of Alzheimer’s risk. Nature 2022; 603:885-892. [DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04369-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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20
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Thomas MH, Gui Y, Garcia P, Karout M, Gomez Ramos B, Jaeger C, Michelucci A, Gaigneaux A, Kollmus H, Centeno A, Schughart K, Balling R, Mittelbronn M, Nadeau JH, Sauter T, Williams RW, Sinkkonen L, Buttini M. Quantitative trait locus mapping identifies a locus linked to striatal dopamine and points to collagen IV alpha-6 chain as a novel regulator of striatal axonal branching in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2021; 20:e12769. [PMID: 34453370 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dopaminergic neurons (DA neurons) are controlled by multiple factors, many involved in neurological disease. Parkinson's disease motor symptoms are caused by the demise of nigral DA neurons, leading to loss of striatal dopamine (DA). Here, we measured DA concentration in the dorsal striatum of 32 members of Collaborative Cross (CC) family and their eight founder strains. Striatal DA varied greatly in founders, and differences were highly heritable in the inbred CC progeny. We identified a locus, containing 164 genes, linked to DA concentration in the dorsal striatum on chromosome X. We used RNAseq profiling of the ventral midbrain of two founders with substantial difference in striatal DA-C56BL/6 J and A/J-to highlight potential protein-coding candidates modulating this trait. Among the five differentially expressed genes within the locus, we found that the gene coding for the collagen IV alpha 6 chain (Col4a6) was expressed nine times less in A/J than in C57BL/6J. Using single cell RNA-seq data from developing human midbrain, we found that COL4A6 is highly expressed in radial glia-like cells and neuronal progenitors, indicating a role in neuronal development. Collagen IV alpha-6 chain (COL4A6) controls axogenesis in simple model organisms. Consistent with these findings, A/J mice had less striatal axonal branching than C57BL/6J mice. We tentatively conclude that DA concentration and axonal branching in dorsal striatum are modulated by COL4A6, possibly during development. Our study shows that genetic mapping based on an easily measured Central Nervous System (CNS) trait, using the CC population, combined with follow-up observations, can parse heritability of such a trait, and nominate novel functions for commonly expressed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie H Thomas
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg
| | - Yujuan Gui
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pierre Garcia
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg.,National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg
| | - Mona Karout
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Borja Gomez Ramos
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Christian Jaeger
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Alessandro Michelucci
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Anthoula Gaigneaux
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Heike Kollmus
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Arthur Centeno
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Klaus Schughart
- Department of Infection Genetics, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany.,Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Michel Mittelbronn
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg.,Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg.,National Center of Pathology (NCP), Laboratoire National de Santé (LNS), Dudelange, Luxembourg.,Neuro-Immunology Group, Department of Oncology (DONC), Luxembourg Institute of Health (LIH), Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Joseph H Nadeau
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Thomas Sauter
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lasse Sinkkonen
- Department of Life Sciences and Medicine (DLSM), University of Luxembourg, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Esch/Alzette, Luxembourg.,Luxembourg Centre of Neuropathology (LCNP), Luxembourg
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21
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Song Y, Overmass M, Fan J, Hodge C, Sutton G, Lovicu FJ, You J. Application of Collagen I and IV in Bioengineering Transparent Ocular Tissues. Front Surg 2021; 8:639500. [PMID: 34513910 PMCID: PMC8427501 DOI: 10.3389/fsurg.2021.639500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagens represent a major group of structural proteins expressed in different tissues and display distinct and variable properties. Whilst collagens are non-transparent in the skin, they confer transparency in the cornea and crystalline lens of the eye. There are 28 types of collagen that all share a common triple helix structure yet differ in the composition of their α-chains leading to their different properties. The different organization of collagen fibers also contributes to the variable tissue morphology. The important ability of collagen to form different tissues has led to the exploration and application of collagen as a biomaterial. Collagen type I (Col-I) and collagen type IV (Col-IV) are the two primary collagens found in corneal and lens tissues. Both collagens provide structure and transparency, essential for a clear vision. This review explores the application of these two collagen types as novel biomaterials in bioengineering unique tissue that could be used to treat a variety of ocular diseases leading to blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Song
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Morgan Overmass
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jiawen Fan
- Key Laboratory of Myopia of State Health Ministry, Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Sciences, Eye and Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT) Hospital, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chris Hodge
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales (NSW) Tissue Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Vision Eye Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Gerard Sutton
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- New South Wales (NSW) Tissue Bank, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Vision Eye Institute, Chatswood, NSW, Australia
| | - Frank J. Lovicu
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Discipline of Anatomy and Histology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jingjing You
- Save Sight Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Ramos L, Galbinski S, Nacul A, Jiménez MF, Frantz N, Bos-Mikich A. Detailed Morphological Analysis of Cryoinjury in Human Ovarian Tissue Following Vitrification or Slow Freezing. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:2374-2381. [PMID: 34398410 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00716-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue represents a key procedure for fertility preservation. The two most widely used cryopreservation methods for human ovarian cortex samples are slow freezing\thawing (SF\T) and vitrification\warming (V\W). The aim of the present study was to analyze the effects of SF\T and V\W using a metal chamber, on specific follicle and oocyte structures and on the stromal organization post-cryopreservation. We did histology analysis of SF\T and V\W ovarian fragments from nine healthy subjects. Overall results showed that cryopreserved tissues presented significant rates of damage in primordial and primary follicles. Altered nuclear structure of primordial follicles and cell detachment from primordial and primary follicles were the main injuries observed after V/W and SF/T. The stromal components were similarly well preserved after cryopreservation. We conclude that both cryopreservation methods may be used for fertility preservation purposes with similar outcomes in terms of follicular and stromal integrity. Detachment of follicle cells from basal membrane represents an important cryoinjury that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ramos
- Department of Morphological Sciences, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil
| | | | - A Nacul
- FÊMINA Hospital, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - M F Jiménez
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - N Frantz
- Nilo Frantz Research and Human Reproduction Center, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - A Bos-Mikich
- Department of Morphological Sciences, ICBS, Federal University of Rio Grande Do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite 500, Porto Alegre, RS, 90050-170, Brazil.
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23
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Are COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene polymorphisms associated with cerebral palsy? Turk J Phys Med Rehabil 2021; 67:242-249. [PMID: 34396076 PMCID: PMC8343154 DOI: 10.5606/tftrd.2021.5481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aims to investigate the association of COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene polymorphisms with susceptibility to risk of developing cerebral palsy (CP) and severity of CP. Patients and methods Between December 2016 and June 2017, a total of 176 patients with CP (101 males, 75 females; mean age 71.8±37.9 months; range, 24 to 184 months) and age-, sex-, and ethnically-matched 178 (90 males, 88 females; mean age 69.3±55.2 months; range, 24 to 214 months) controls were included. Two polymorphisms of COL4A1 (rs1961495) and COL4A2 (rs9521733) genes were typed from genomic deoxyribonucleic acid. Genotype distributions and allelic frequencies were compared between the patient and control groups. Gross Motor Function Classification System, the use of medical drugs, type of involvement, number of affected limbs, accompanying conditions, birth weight, gestational age, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were used to evaluate the disease severity and their relationships with the COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene polymorphisms. Results There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of genotype distribution and allele frequency of COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene polymorphisms (p>0.05). In addition, there was no relationship between severity of CP and two gene polymorphisms (p>0.05). A significant association was detected between the COL4A2 polymorphism and growth retardation in CP. The TT genotype (57.1%) and T allele (76.2%) were higher, compared to CC (4.8%) and CT genotypes (38.1%) and C allele (23.8%) in patients with CP with growth retardation (p=0.03 for genotype and p=0.01 for allele frequency). Conclusion These findings suggest that COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene polymorphisms are not associated with susceptibility to CP in a group of Turkish populations, although COL4A2 gene polymorphism may be associated with growth retardation in patients with CP.
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24
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Maurice P, Guilbaud L, Garel J, Mine M, Dugas A, Friszer S, Maisonneuve E, Moutard ML, Coste T, Héron D, Tournier-Lasserve E, Garel C, Jouannic JM. Prevalence of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations in severe fetal multifocal hemorrhagic and/or ischemic cerebral lesions. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2021; 57:783-789. [PMID: 32515830 DOI: 10.1002/uog.22106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish the prevalence of COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene mutations in fetuses presenting with a phenotype suggestive of cerebral injury. METHODS This was a single-center retrospective analysis of all cases of fetal cerebral anomalies suggestive of COL4A1 or COL4A2 gene mutation over the period 2009-2018. Inclusion criteria were: (1) severe and/or multifocal hemorrhagic cerebral lesions; (2) multifocal ischemic-hemorrhagic cerebral lesions. These anomalies could be of different ages and associated with schizencephaly or porencephaly. Between fetuses with and those without a mutation, we compared gestational age at the time of diagnosis, parity and fetal gender. RESULTS Among the 956 cases of cerebral anomaly diagnosed in our center during the 10-year study period, 18 fetuses were identified for inclusion. A pathogenic COL4A1 gene mutation was found in five of these cases, among which four were de-novo mutations. A variant of unknown significance was found in four fetuses: in the COL4A1 gene in one case and in the COL4A2 gene in three cases. No COL4A1 or COL4A2 mutation was found in the remaining nine fetuses. The median (interquartile range) gestational age at diagnosis was significantly lower in cases with a mutation (24 (22-26) weeks) than in cases without a mutation (32 (29.5-34.5) weeks) (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS A phenotype suggestive of cerebral injury was found in 18 of the 956 (1.9%) cases in our population, in 28% of which there was an associated COL4A1 or COL4A2 mutation. COL4A1 and COL4A2 gene mutations should be sought systematically in cases of severe and/or multifocal hemorrhagic or ischemic-hemorrhagic cerebral lesions, with or without schizencephaly or porencephaly. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Maurice
- Service de Médecine Fœtale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - L Guilbaud
- Service de Médecine Fœtale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J Garel
- Service de Radiopédiatrie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - M Mine
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire Neurovasculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - A Dugas
- Service de Médecine Fœtale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - S Friszer
- Service de Médecine Fœtale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - E Maisonneuve
- Service de Médecine Fœtale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - M-L Moutard
- Service de Neuropédiatrie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - T Coste
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire Neurovasculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - D Héron
- Service de Génétique, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Paris, France
| | - E Tournier-Lasserve
- Service de Génétique Moléculaire Neurovasculaire, Hôpital Saint-Louis, APHP, Paris, France
| | - C Garel
- Service de Radiopédiatrie, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - J-M Jouannic
- Service de Médecine Fœtale, Hôpital Armand Trousseau APHP, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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25
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Mao M, Popli T, Jeanne M, Hoff K, Sen S, Gould DB. Identification of fibronectin 1 as a candidate genetic modifier in a Col4a1 mutant mouse model of Gould syndrome. Dis Model Mech 2021; 14:dmm048231. [PMID: 34424299 PMCID: PMC8106953 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.048231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type IV alpha 1 and alpha 2 (COL4A1 and COL4A2) are major components of almost all basement membranes. COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause a multisystem disorder that can affect any organ but typically involves the cerebral vasculature, eyes, kidneys and skeletal muscles. In recent years, patient advocacy and family support groups have united under the name of Gould syndrome. The manifestations of Gould syndrome are highly variable, and animal studies suggest that allelic heterogeneity and genetic context contribute to the clinical variability. We previously characterized a mouse model of Gould syndrome caused by a Col4a1 mutation in which the severities of ocular anterior segment dysgenesis (ASD), myopathy and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were dependent on genetic background. Here, we performed a genetic modifier screen to provide insight into the mechanisms contributing to Gould syndrome pathogenesis and identified a single locus [modifier of Gould syndrome 1 (MoGS1)] on Chromosome 1 that suppressed ASD. A separate screen showed that the same locus ameliorated myopathy. Interestingly, MoGS1 had no effect on ICH, suggesting that this phenotype could be mechanistically distinct. We refined the MoGS1 locus to a 4.3 Mb interval containing 18 protein-coding genes, including Fn1, which encodes the extracellular matrix component fibronectin 1. Molecular analysis showed that the MoGS1 locus increased Fn1 expression, raising the possibility that suppression is achieved through a compensatory extracellular mechanism. Furthermore, we found evidence of increased integrin-linked kinase levels and focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation in Col4a1 mutant mice that is partially restored by the MoGS1 locus, implicating the involvement of integrin signaling. Taken together, our results suggest that tissue-specific mechanistic heterogeneity contributes to the variable expressivity of Gould syndrome and that perturbations in integrin signaling may play a role in ocular and muscular manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao Mao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Tanav Popli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Marion Jeanne
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Kendall Hoff
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Saunak Sen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 66 North Pauline St, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Douglas B. Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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26
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Pingel J, Kampmann ML, Andersen JD, Wong C, Døssing S, Børsting C, Nielsen JB. Gene expressions in cerebral palsy subjects reveal structural and functional changes in the gastrocnemius muscle that are closely associated with passive muscle stiffness. Cell Tissue Res 2021; 384:513-526. [PMID: 33515289 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-020-03399-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral palsy (CP) is a non-progressive motor disorder that affects posture and gait due to contracture development. The purpose of this study is to analyze a possible relation between muscle stiffness and gene expression levels in muscle tissue of children with CP. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) of gene transcripts was carried out in muscle biopsies from gastrocnemius muscle (n = 13 children with CP and n = 13 typical developed (TD) children). Passive stiffness of the ankle plantarflexors was measured. Structural changes of the basement membranes and the sarcomere length were measured. Twelve pre-defined gene target sub-categories of muscle function, structure and metabolism showed significant differences between muscle tissue of CP and TD children. Passive stiffness was significantly correlated to gene expression levels of HSPG2 (p = 0.02; R2 = 0.67), PRELP (p = 0.002; R2 = 0.84), RYR3 (p = 0.04; R2 = 0.66), C COL5A3 (p = 0.0007; R2 = 0.88), ASPH (p = 0.002; R2 = 0.82) and COL4A6 (p = 0.03; R2 = 0.97). Morphological differences in the basement membrane were observed between children with CP and TD children. The sarcomere length was significantly increased in children with CP when compared with TD (p = 0.04). These findings show that gene targets in the categories: calcium handling, basement membrane and collagens, were significantly correlated to passive muscle stiffness. A Reactome pathway analysis showed that pathways involved in DNA repair, ECM proteoglycans and ion homeostasis were amongst the most upregulated pathways in CP, while pathways involved in collagen fibril crosslinking, collagen fibril assembly and collagen turnover were amongst the most downregulated pathways when compared with TD children. These results underline that contracture formation and motor impairment in CP is an interplay between multiple factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pingel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marie-Louise Kampmann
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Dyrberg Andersen
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian Wong
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, 2650, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Simon Døssing
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Claus Børsting
- Section of Forensic Genetics, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Bo Nielsen
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Helene Elsass Center, Research & Development, 2920, Charlottenlund, Denmark
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Nicol L, Srikanth P, Henriksen K, Sun S, Smith R, Karsdal MA, Nagamani SCS, Shapiro J, Lee B, Leder BZ, Orwoll E. Widespread disturbance in extracellular matrix collagen biomarker responses to teriparatide therapy in osteogenesis imperfecta. Bone 2021; 142:115703. [PMID: 33099032 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a heritable disorder caused by abnormalities in synthesis or processing of type I collagen, is characterized by skeletal fragility. Type I collagen interacts with multiple components of the extracellular matrix (ECM) including other collagens types. Thus, alterations in structure or quantity may broadly affect ECM homeostasis. In fact, while OI is clinically categorized by severity of bone disease, patients can also present with extra-skeletal manifestations, including the pulmonary, muscle and cardiovascular systems. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is a regulator of skeletal homeostasis but the receptor for PTH/PTH1R is expressed in a variety of other tissues. Given interactions between type I collagen with other collagens in the ECM and the potential for PTH action on tissues beyond the skeleton, we explored whether serum levels of non-type I collagens are altered in response to teriparatide (human parathyroid hormone 1-34). We measured biomarkers of collagens II, III, IV, V, and VI in serum from individuals with type I and types III/IV OI in response to an 18 month course of teriparatide or placebo. These results were compared to similar biomarker measures in postmenopausal (PM) women without OI treated with teriparatide. In type I OI, teriparatide therapy increased concentrations of biomarkers of collagens II, III, IV, V, and VI. In individuals with types III/IV OI these biomarker changes in response to teriparatide were blunted, as we previously reported with collagen I biomarkers during teriparatide therapy. In contrast to OI, in PM women there were no effects of teriparatide on the collagen biomarkers we assessed (II, V, and VI). These findings suggest that in OI teriparatide therapy has abnormal effects on the homeostasis of many ECM collagens likely derived from skeletal as well as extra-skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Nicol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Priya Srikanth
- Biostatistics & Design Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | | | - Shu Sun
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Rosamund Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | | | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jay Shapiro
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, United States of America; Dept. Endocrinology and Diabetes, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Z Leder
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Eric Orwoll
- Department of Medicine, Bone and Mineral Unit, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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Chen D, Geng X, Lapinski PE, Davis MJ, Srinivasan RS, King PD. RASA1-driven cellular export of collagen IV is required for the development of lymphovenous and venous valves in mice. Development 2020; 147:dev192351. [PMID: 33144395 PMCID: PMC7746672 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
RASA1, a negative regulator of Ras-MAPK signaling, is essential for the development and maintenance of lymphatic vessel valves. However, whether RASA1 is required for the development and maintenance of lymphovenous valves (LVV) and venous valves (VV) is unknown. In this study, we show that induced disruption of Rasa1 in mouse embryos did not affect initial specification of LVV or central VV, but did affect their continued development. Similarly, a switch to expression of a catalytically inactive form of RASA1 resulted in impaired LVV and VV development. Blocked development of LVV was associated with accumulation of the basement membrane protein, collagen IV, in LVV-forming endothelial cells (EC), and could be partially or completely rescued by MAPK inhibitors and drugs that promote collagen IV folding. Disruption of Rasa1 in adult mice resulted in venous hypertension and impaired VV function that was associated with loss of EC from VV leaflets. In conclusion, RASA1 functions as a negative regulator of Ras signaling in EC that is necessary for EC export of collagen IV, thus permitting the development of LVV and the development and maintenance of VV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Xin Geng
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Philip E Lapinski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Michael J Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65102, USA
| | - R Sathish Srinivasan
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Philip D King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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29
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The co-deposition coating of collagen IV and laminin on hyaluronic acid pattern for better biocompatibility on cardiovascular biomaterials. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2020; 196:111307. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2020.111307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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30
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Wu AL, Liu YT, Chou HD, Chuang LH, Chen KJ, Chen YP, Liu L, Yeung L, Wang NK, Hwang YS, Wu WC, Lai CC. Role of growth factors and internal limiting membrane constituents in müller cell migration. Exp Eye Res 2020; 202:108352. [PMID: 33166502 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2020.108352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of growth factors and internal limiting membrane components on Müller cell migration. We studied the effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), somatomedin (IGF-1), platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), and stromal cell-derived factor-1 alpha (SDF-1α) as well as collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin on the proliferative and migratory activities of rat Müller cells in vitro. A water soluble tetrazolium-1 assay was used to quantify the viability of Müller cells in respective cultures, and analysis was performed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader. All the factors examined had significant proliferative effects on cultured Müller cells (p < .05). A two-well Ibidi silicone culture insert was used to assess Müller cell migration. Müller cells cultured in EGF, FGF, IGF-1, collagen IV, and laminin but not in SDF, PDGF, or fibronectin effectively increased the cell migratory activity (p < .001). In addition, combined EGF and collagen IV, combined FGF and collagen IV, and combined IGF-1 and laminin exhibited more significant (p < .001) effects on Müller cell migration compared with culture a single factor. In summary, this study revealed the combinatorial effects of various growth factors and individual internal limiting membrane constituents. This may assist Müller cell migration together with the macular hole healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- An-Lun Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Tung Liu
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Da Chou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Lan-Hsin Chuang
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Kuan-Jen Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Po Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Laura Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ling Yeung
- College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Kai Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Edward S. Harkness Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yih-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chi Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chun Lai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Ophthalmology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.
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Poerwosusanta H, Gunadi, Oktaviyanti IK, Kania N, Noor Z. Laparoscopic procedures impact on mast cell mediators, extracellular matrix and adhesion scoring system in rats. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 58:102-106. [PMID: 32963775 PMCID: PMC7490447 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Laparoscopic procedures under certain pressure have the potential to cause intra-abdominal adhesions. However, the pathomechanism of this disorder is unknown. Release of mast cell mediators due to mast cell degranulation is thought to be the cause. Materials and methods Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were grouped into five groups (n = 6 per group): one control group and four intervention groups to which 60 min insufflation was performed using carbon dioxide at 5, 8, 10 and 12 mmHg. Seven days after laparoscopy, we euthanized and evaluated the levels of histamine, tryptase, and chymase of peritoneal fluid, the thickness of ECM of peritoneal tissue, and intraabdominal adhesion scoring system. Results Histamine and tryptase levels in peritoneal fluid were significantly higher at the 10- and 12 mm Hg intervention compared to control (histamine: 0.50 ± 0.35 vs. 0.41 ± 0.41 vs. 0.04 ± 0.02 ng/mL, respectively; and tryptase: 0.69 ± 0.11 vs. 0.65 ± 0.05 vs. 0.48 ± 0.02 ng/ml respectively). The ECM was significantly thicker in the intervention groups at 10- and 12-mm Hg compared to control (71.3 [66.7–85.2] vs. 48.4 [34.5–50.3] vs. 10.25 [8.7–12.1] μm, respectively). Moreover, the intra-abdominal scoring was also significantly higher in the intervention groups at 10- and 12 mm Hg compared to control (4 [0–4] vs. 4.5 [4–5], vs. 0, respectively). Conclusions Laparoscopic procedures increase the release of mast cell mediators in peritoneal fluid, the thickness of ECM and intraabdominal adhesion scoring in rats, implying that it might increase the possibility of intrabdominal adhesion in humans. Laparoscopic procedures at specific pressures potentially cause intra-abdominal adhesion, however, its pathomechanism is still challenging to understand. Laparoscopic procedures increase the release of mast cell mediators in peritoneal fluid, the thickness of ECM and intraabdominal adhesion scoring in rats. Our findings imply that laparoscopic procedures might increase the possibility of intrabdominal adhesion in humans.
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Key Words
- ATP, Adenosine triphosphate
- CO2, Carbon dioxide
- CRAC, Calcium release-activated channels
- DAMPs, Damage Associated Molecular Patterns
- DNA, Deoxyribonucleic acid
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- ELISA, Enzyme-linked-immunosorbent-assay
- Extracellular matrix thickness
- GPCR, G Protein-Coupled Receptors
- Histamine
- Intra-abdominal adhesion
- Laparoscopy
- Mast cell mediators
- PAR-2, protease-activated receptor 2
- Protease
- ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor-beta
- TRPC, Transient receptor potential canonical
- TRPV4, Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4
- VDAC, Voltage-dependent anion channel
- pro-MMP9, pro Matrix metallopeptidase 9
- tPA, tissue plasminogen activator
- uPA, urokinase plasminogen activator
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Affiliation(s)
- Hery Poerwosusanta
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Gunadi
- Pediatric Surgery Division, Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Public Health and Nursing, Universitas Gajah Mada /Dr. Sardjito Hospital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
| | - Ika Kustiyah Oktaviyanti
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Nia Kania
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Zairin Noor
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
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Russo A, Pinto AM, Lopergolo D, Renieri A, Battisti C. An Italian family carrying a new mutation in the COL4A1 gene. J Neurol Sci 2020; 414:116815. [PMID: 32335342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2020.116815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Russo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | - A M Pinto
- Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - D Lopergolo
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - A Renieri
- Medical Genetics, University of Siena, Siena, Italy; Genetica Medica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - C Battisti
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Amruta N, Rahman AA, Pinteaux E, Bix G. Neuroinflammation and fibrosis in stroke: The good, the bad and the ugly. J Neuroimmunol 2020; 346:577318. [PMID: 32682140 PMCID: PMC7794086 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of death and the main cause of disability in surviving patients. The detrimental interaction between immune cells, glial cells, and matrix components in stroke pathology results in persistent inflammation that progresses to fibrosis. A substantial effort is being directed toward understanding the exact neuroinflammatory events that take place as a result of stroke. The initiation of a potent cytokine response, along with immune cell activation and infiltration in the ischemic core, has massive acute deleterious effects, generally exacerbated by comorbid inflammatory conditions. There is secondary neuroinflammation that promotes further injury, resulting in cell death, but conversely plays a beneficial role, by promoting recovery. This highlights the need for a better understanding of the neuroinflammatory and fibrotic processes, as well as the need to identify new mechanisms and potential modulators. In this review, we summarize several aspects of stroke-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and include a discussion of cytokine inhibitors/inducers, immune cells, and fibro-inflammation signaling inhibitors in order to identify new pharmacological means of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanappa Amruta
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Abir A Rahman
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Emmanuel Pinteaux
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
| | - Gregory Bix
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, A.V. Hill Building, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom; Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA.
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Chen L, Bai J, Li Y. miR‑29 mediates exercise‑induced skeletal muscle angiogenesis by targeting VEGFA, COL4A1 and COL4A2 via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:661-670. [PMID: 32467996 PMCID: PMC7339600 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated the molecular changes and related regulatory mechanisms in the response of skeletal muscle to exercise. The microarray dataset ‘GSE109657’ of the skeletal muscle response to high-intensity intermittent exercise training (HIIT) was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened and analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify the significant functional co-expressed gene modules. Moreover, functional enrichment analysis was performed for the DEGs in the significant modules. In addition, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network and microRNA (miR)-transcription factor (TF)-target regulatory network were constructed. A total of 530 DEGs in the skeletal muscle were screened after HIIT, suggesting an effect of HIIT on the skeletal muscle. Moreover, three significant modules (brown, blue and red modules) were identified after WGCNA, and the genes Collagen Type IV α1 Chain (COL4A1) and COL4A2 in the brown module showed the strongest correlation with HIIT. The DEGs in the three modules were significantly enriched in focal adhesion, extracellular matrix organization and the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Furthermore, the PPI network contained 104 nodes and 211 interactions. Vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA), COL4A1 and COL4A2 were the hub genes in the PPI network, and were all regulated by miR-29a/b/c. In addition, VEGFA, COL4A1 and COL4A2 were significantly upregulated in the skeletal muscle response to HIIT. Therefore, the present results suggested that the growth and migration of vascular endothelial cells, and skeletal muscle angiogenesis may be regulated by miR-29a/b/c targeting VEGFA, COL4A1 and COL4A2 via the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The present results may provide a theoretical basis to investigate the effect of exercise on skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Physical Education, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai 200240, P.R. China
| | - Jun Bai
- Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Li
- Office of Academic Research, Shanghai University of Medicine and Health Sciences Affiliated Zhoupu Hospital, Shanghai 201318, P.R. China
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Wang C, Liang S, Xing S, Xu K, Xiao H, Deng H, Wang X, Chen L, Ding J, Wang F. Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Activation in Alport Syndrome Varies Between Genotype and Cell Type. Front Genet 2020; 11:36. [PMID: 32117450 PMCID: PMC7025644 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Alport syndrome is a hereditary progressive chronic kidney disease caused by mutations in type IV collagen genes COL4A3/4/5. X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS) is caused by mutations in the COL4A5 gene and is the most common form of Alport syndrome. A strong correlation between the type of COL4A5 mutation and the age developing end-stage renal disease in male patients has been found. Mutation to the α (IV) chain causes retention of the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum lumen, which causes endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and subsequent exertion of deleterious intracellular effects through the activation of ERS. The exact time point that mutant type IV collagen α chain exerts its deleterious effects remains elusive. In this study, we explored the relationship between the COL4A5 genotype and cell type in ERS activation. We obtained skin fibroblasts from Alport syndrome patients with different COL4A5 mutation categories [i.e., a missense mutation (c.4298G > T, p.Gly1433Val) in exon 47, a splicing mutation (c.1949–1G > A) in intron 25 and an insertion (c.573_c.574insG, p. Pro193Alafs*23) in exon 10], and then reprogrammed these fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Interestingly, no significant dysregulation of ERS pathway markers was observed for the three COL4A5 mutant iPSCs; however, significant activation of ERS in COL4A5 mutant fibroblasts was observed. In addition, we found that the activation levels of some ERS markers in fibroblasts varied among the three COL4A5 mutation types. Mutant COL4A5 proteins were demonstrated to have different effects on cells at different stages of ontogenesis, providing a theoretical basis for choosing the timing of intervention. The observed differences in activation of ERS by the COL4A5 mutant fibroblasts may contribute to the intracellular molecular mechanisms that describe the correlation between genotype and clinical features in XLAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Shenghui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shijia Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Huijie Xiao
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Deng
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Liangyi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Cardiometabolic Molecular Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China
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Yuan M, Xie F, Xia X, Zhong K, Lian L, Zhang S, Yuan L, Ye J. UNC5C‑knockdown enhances the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells by potentiating the integrin α6/β4 signaling pathway. Int J Oncol 2020; 56:139-150. [PMID: 31789389 PMCID: PMC6910211 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Unc‑5 Netrin Receptor C (UNC5C) is a netrin‑1 dependence receptor that mediates the induction of apoptosis in the absence of netrin‑1. The present study found that UNC5C is heterogeneously expressed in breast cancer cell lines. By knocking down UNC5C in SK‑BR‑3 and ZR‑75‑30 cells and overexpressing UNC5c in MDA‑MB‑231 cells, it was demonstrated that UNC5C exerts an inhibitory effect on the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells. The mechanism involved a UNC5C‑knockdown‑induced enhancement of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)3, MMP7, MMP9 and MMP10 expression via activation of the PI3K/AKT, ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways. Notably, UNC5C directly interacted with integrin α6, which is involved in the growth and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Additionally, UNC5C‑knockdown enhanced the phosphorylation of FAK and SRC, which are key kinases in the netrin‑1/Unc5C and netrin‑1/integrin α6/β4 signaling pathways. This suggests that netrin‑1 functions as an integrator for both the netrin‑1/Unc5C and netrin‑1/integrin α6/β4 signaling pathways. UNC5C‑knockdown potentiated netrin‑1/integrin α6/β4 signaling. Given that UNC5C‑knockdown inhibited integrin‑liked protein kinase phosphorylation at Thr‑173, at least in SK‑BR‑3 cells, this may be an inhibitory phosphorylation site rather than activating phosphorylation site for relaying integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
| | - Fuan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
- Organ Transplantation Institute, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
| | - Xianyuan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
| | - Kai Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
| | - Lanlan Lian
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
| | - Shihui Zhang
- School of Life Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410083, P.R. China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
| | - Jun Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361102
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37
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Wu Y, Guo Y, Yuan J, Xu H, Chen Y, Zhang H, Yuan M, Deng H, Yuan L. A COL4A5 Missense Variant in a Han-Chinese Family with X-linked Alport Syndrome. Curr Mol Med 2019; 19:758-765. [PMID: 31490752 DOI: 10.2174/1566524019666190906144214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alport syndrome (AS) is an inherited familial nephropathy, characterized by progressive hematuric nephritis, bilateral sensorineural hypoacusis and ocular abnormalities. X-linked AS (XLAS) is the major AS form and is clinically heterogeneous, and it is associated with defects in the collagen type IV alpha 5 chain gene (COL4A5). OBJECTIVE The purpose of this research is to detect the genetic defect responsible for renal disorder in a 3-generation Han-Chinese pedigree. METHODS Detailed family history and clinical data of the family members were collected and recorded. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was applied in the proband to screen potential genetic variants, and then Sanger sequencing was used to verify the variant within the family. Two hundred unrelated ethnically matched normal individuals (male/female: 100/100, age 37.5 ± 5.5 years) without renal disorder were recruited as controls. RESULTS Three patients (I:1, II:1 and II:2) presented microscopic hematuria and proteinuria, and the patient I:1 developed uremia and end stage renal disease (ESRD) by age 55 and showed sensorineural hearing loss. Patient II:2 developed mild left ear hearing loss. Cataracts were present in patients I:1 and II:1. A COL4A5 gene missense variant, c.2156G>A (p.G719E), located in the Gly-X-Y repeats of exon 28, was identified to co-segregate with the renal disorder in this family. The variant was absent in 200 ethnically matched controls. CONCLUSION By conducting WES and Sanger sequencing, a COL4A5 missense variant, c.2156G>A (p.G719E), was identified to co-segregate with the renal disorder, and it is possible that this variant is the genetic cause of the disorder in this family. Our study may extend the mutation spectrum of XLAS and may be useful for genetic counseling of this family. Further functional studies associated with genetic deficiency are warranted in the following research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Medical Information, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jinzhong Yuan
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yong Chen
- Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyang Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hao Deng
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lamei Yuan
- Center for Experimental Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Basement membrane collagens and disease mechanisms. Essays Biochem 2019; 63:297-312. [PMID: 31387942 PMCID: PMC6744580 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are specialised extracellular matrix (ECM) structures and collagens are a key component required for BM function. While collagen IV is the major BM collagen, collagens VI, VII, XV, XVII and XVIII are also present. Mutations in these collagens cause rare multi-systemic diseases but these collagens have also been associated with major common diseases including stroke. Developing treatments for these conditions will require a collective effort to increase our fundamental understanding of the biology of these collagens and the mechanisms by which mutations therein cause disease. Novel insights into pathomolecular disease mechanisms and cellular responses to these mutations has been exploited to develop proof-of-concept treatment strategies in animal models. Combined, these studies have also highlighted the complexity of the disease mechanisms and the need to obtain a more complete understanding of these mechanisms. The identification of pathomolecular mechanisms of collagen mutations shared between different disorders represent an attractive prospect for treatments that may be effective across phenotypically distinct disorders.
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39
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Jayadev R, Chi Q, Keeley DP, Hastie EL, Kelley LC, Sherwood DR. α-Integrins dictate distinct modes of type IV collagen recruitment to basement membranes. J Cell Biol 2019; 218:3098-3116. [PMID: 31387941 PMCID: PMC6719451 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201903124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Basement membranes (BMs) are cell-associated extracellular matrices that support tissue integrity, signaling, and barrier properties. Type IV collagen is critical for BM function, yet how it is directed into BMs in vivo is unclear. Through live-cell imaging of endogenous localization, conditional knockdown, and misexpression experiments, we uncovered distinct mechanisms of integrin-mediated collagen recruitment to Caenorhabditis elegans postembryonic gonadal and pharyngeal BMs. The putative laminin-binding αINA-1/βPAT-3 integrin was selectively activated in the gonad and recruited laminin, which directed moderate collagen incorporation. In contrast, the putative Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-binding αPAT-2/βPAT-3 integrin was activated in the pharynx and recruited high levels of collagen in an apparently laminin-independent manner. Through an RNAi screen, we further identified the small GTPase RAP-3 (Rap1) as a pharyngeal-specific PAT-2/PAT-3 activator that modulates collagen levels. Together, these studies demonstrate that tissues can use distinct mechanisms to direct collagen incorporation into BMs to precisely control collagen levels and construct diverse BMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjay Jayadev
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Qiuyi Chi
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Daniel P Keeley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Eric L Hastie
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Laura C Kelley
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - David R Sherwood
- Department of Biology, Regeneration Next, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Chen L, Wei Y, Zhou X, Zhang Z, Chi W, Gong L, Jiang X, Zhang S. Morphologic, Biomechanical, and Compositional Features of the Internal Limiting Membrane in Pathologic Myopic Foveoschisis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 59:5569-5578. [PMID: 30480705 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-24676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate alterations in the morphologic, compositional, and biomechanical properties of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) in pathologic myopic foveoschisis (MF) eyes. Methods ILM specimens were peeled from 61 eyes with MF and 56 eyes with stage III/IV idiopathic macular hole (IMH) as a control. Samples were analyzed for transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, immunofluorescence, Western blotting, and atomic force microscopy. ILM characteristics were compared between the two groups. Results TEM findings revealed that thickness of the MF ILMs significantly decreased compared with that of IMH ILMs (0.753 ± 0.215 vs. 1.894 ± 0.247 μm; P < 0.0001). The vitreal side stiffness of the MF ILMs was markedly higher than that of the IMH ILMs (3.520 ± 0.803 vs. 0.879 ± 0.230 MPa, P < 0.0001). Comparing with the IMH group, collagen IV exhibited decreased concentration and different immunofluorescence distribution in ILMs of MF eyes, so also protein α3 (IV), α4 (IV), and α5 (IV). The immunofluorescence staining results showed that astrocytes were observed in none of the IMH eyes and in 12 of 16 MF eyes (75%, P < 0.0001). Conclusions These alterations in the MF ILMs appear to be associated with Müller cell and astrocyte reactive gliosis. The present findings contribute to a more in-depth understanding of the pathogenesis of MF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuezhi Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaotian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gong
- Instrumental Analysis and Research Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaochong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Labelle-Dumais C, Schuitema V, Hayashi G, Hoff K, Gong W, Dao DQ, Ullian EM, Oishi P, Margeta M, Gould DB. COL4A1 Mutations Cause Neuromuscular Disease with Tissue-Specific Mechanistic Heterogeneity. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:847-860. [PMID: 31051113 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Collagen type IV alpha 1 and alpha 2 chains form heterotrimers ([α1(IV)]2α2(IV)) that represent a fundamental basement membrane constituent. Dominant COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause a multisystem disorder that is marked by clinical heterogeneity and variable expressivity and that is generally characterized by the presence of cerebrovascular disease with ocular, renal, and muscular involvement. Despite the fact that muscle pathology is reported in up to one-third of individuals with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations and in animal models with mutations in COL4A1 and COL4A2 orthologs, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying COL4A1-related myopathy are unknown. In general, mutations are thought to impair [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) secretion. Whether pathogenesis results from intracellular retention, extracellular deficiency, or the presence of mutant proteins in basement membranes represents an important gap in knowledge and a major obstacle for developing targeted interventions. We report that Col4a1 mutant mice develop progressive neuromuscular pathology that models human disease. We demonstrate that independent muscular, neural, and vascular insults contribute to neuromyopathy and that there is mechanistic heterogeneity among tissues. Importantly, we provide evidence of a COL4A1 functional subdomain with disproportionate significance for tissue-specific pathology and demonstrate that a potential therapeutic strategy aimed at promoting [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) secretion can ameliorate or exacerbate myopathy in a mutation-dependent manner. These data have important translational implications for prediction of clinical outcomes based on genotype, development of mechanism-based interventions, and genetic stratification for clinical trials. Collectively, our data underscore the importance of the [α1(IV)]2α2(IV) network as a multifunctional signaling platform and show that allelic and tissue-specific mechanistic heterogeneities contribute to the variable expressivity of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations.
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Eble JA, Niland S. The extracellular matrix in tumor progression and metastasis. Clin Exp Metastasis 2019; 36:171-198. [PMID: 30972526 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-019-09966-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) constitutes the scaffold of tissues and organs. It is a complex network of extracellular proteins, proteoglycans and glycoproteins, which form supramolecular aggregates, such as fibrils and sheet-like networks. In addition to its biochemical composition, including the covalent intermolecular cross-linkages, the ECM is also characterized by its biophysical parameters, such as topography, molecular density, stiffness/rigidity and tension. Taking these biochemical and biophysical parameters into consideration, the ECM is very versatile and undergoes constant remodeling. This review focusses on this remodeling of the ECM under the influence of a primary solid tumor mass. Within this tumor stroma, not only the cancer cells but also the resident fibroblasts, which differentiate into cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), modify the ECM. Growth factors and chemokines, which are tethered to and released from the ECM, as well as metabolic changes of the cells within the tumor bulk, add to the tumor-supporting tumor microenvironment. Metastasizing cancer cells from a primary tumor mass infiltrate into the ECM, which variably may facilitate cancer cell migration or act as barrier, which has to be proteolytically breached by the infiltrating tumor cell. The biochemical and biophysical properties therefore determine the rates and routes of metastatic dissemination. Moreover, primed by soluble factors of the primary tumor, the ECM of distant organs may be remodeled in a way to facilitate the engraftment of metastasizing cancer cells. Such premetastatic niches are responsible for the organotropic preference of certain cancer entities to colonize at certain sites in distant organs and to establish a metastasis. Translational application of our knowledge about the cancer-primed ECM is sparse with respect to therapeutic approaches, whereas tumor-induced ECM alterations such as increased tissue stiffness and desmoplasia, as well as breaching the basement membrane are hallmark of malignancy and diagnostically and histologically harnessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes A Eble
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Stephan Niland
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstr. 15, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Dichgans M, Pulit SL, Rosand J. Stroke genetics: discovery, biology, and clinical applications. Lancet Neurol 2019; 18:587-599. [PMID: 30975520 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke, a leading cause of long-term disability and death worldwide, has a heritable component. Recent gene discovery efforts have expanded the number of known single-gene disorders associated with stroke and have linked common variants at approximately 35 genetic loci to stroke risk. These discoveries have highlighted novel mechanisms and pathways implicated in stroke related to large artery atherosclerosis, cardioembolism, and small vessel disease, and defined shared genetic influences with related vascular traits. Genetics has also successfully established causal relationships with risk factors and holds promise for prioritising targets for exploration in clinical trials. Genome-wide polygenic scores enable the identification of high-risk individuals before the emergence of vascular risk factors. Challenges ahead include a better understanding of rare variants and ancestral differences for integration of genetics into precision medicine, integration with other omics data, uncovering the genetic factors that govern stroke recurrence and stroke outcome, and the conversion of genetic discoveries to novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dichgans
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, Klinikum der Universität München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
| | - Sara L Pulit
- Department of Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Centre for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Program in Medical Population and Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jonathan Rosand
- Program in Medical Population and Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA; Henry and Allison McCance Center for Brain Health, and Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Nicol L, Morar P, Wang Y, Henriksen K, Sun S, Karsdal M, Smith R, Nagamani SCS, Shapiro J, Lee B, Orwoll E. Alterations in non-type I collagen biomarkers in osteogenesis imperfecta. Bone 2019; 120:70-74. [PMID: 30290234 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Osteogenesis imperfecta [1] is a rare disorder of connective tissue caused by abnormalities in the synthesis or processing of type I collagen. Type I collagen is the most abundant type of collagen and is expressed in almost all connective tissues. Given that type I collagen interacts with other collagens based in the extracellular matrix (ECM), we hypothesized changes in type I collagen in OI would result in perturbations in the homeostasis of other collagen types. We measured serum biomarkers of several non-type I collagens in patients with mild (type I) and moderate-to-severe (type III/IV) OI. Compared to controls, those with moderate-to severe OI had a higher mean level of the synthesis markers of collagen III (ProC3) (P = 0.02), and levels of collagen V (ProC5) (P = 0.07) were slightly, but not significantly, higher. Degradation markers of collage type IV (C4M2) (P = 0.04) and type VI (C6M) (P = 0.003) were also higher. In each case, a test for trend suggested levels were higher in moderate-to-severe OI, intermediate in mild OI, and lowest in controls (P = 0.06-0.002). These changes supports the hypothesis that mutations in type I collagen induce a widespread alteration in the ECM, and that the diverse clinical manifestations of OI reflect an extensive disruption in ECM biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsey Nicol
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America.
| | - Patrick Morar
- George Fox University, Newberg, OR, United States of America
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Biostatistics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
| | | | - Shu Sun
- Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Rosamund Smith
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, IN, United States of America
| | - Sandesh C S Nagamani
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jay Shapiro
- Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Dept. Endocrinology and Diabetes, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, United States of America
| | - Brendan Lee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Eric Orwoll
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, United States of America
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45
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Peynshaert K, Devoldere J, Minnaert AK, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Morphology and Composition of the Inner Limiting Membrane: Species-Specific Variations and Relevance toward Drug Delivery Research. Curr Eye Res 2019; 44:465-475. [PMID: 30638413 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2019.1565890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The inner limiting membrane (ILM) represents the structural boundary between the vitreous and the retina, and is suggested to act as a barrier for a wide range of retinal therapies. While it is widely acknowledged that the morphology of the human ILM exhibits regional variations and undergoes age-related changes, insight into its structure in laboratory animals is very limited. Besides presenting a detailed overview of the morphology and composition of the human ILM, this review specifically reflects on the species-specific differences in ILM structure. With these differences in mind, we furthermore summarize the most relevant reports on the barrier role of the ILM with regard to viral vectors, nanoparticles, anti-VEGF medication and stem cells. Overall, this review aims to deliberate on the impact of species-specific ILM variations on drug delivery research as well as to pinpoint knowledge gaps which future basic research should resolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Peynshaert
- a Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Joke Devoldere
- a Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - An-Katrien Minnaert
- a Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- a Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- a Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium.,b Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines , Ghent University , Ghent , Belgium
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Weaver LN, Drummond-Barbosa D. Maintenance of Proper Germline Stem Cell Number Requires Adipocyte Collagen in Adult Drosophila Females. Genetics 2018; 209:1155-1166. [PMID: 29884747 PMCID: PMC6063239 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.118.301137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells reside in specialized niches and are regulated by a variety of physiological inputs. Adipocytes influence whole-body physiology and stem cell lineages; however, the molecular mechanisms linking adipocytes to stem cells are poorly understood. Here, we report that collagen IV produced in adipocytes is transported to the ovary to maintain proper germline stem cell (GSC) number in adult Drosophila females. Adipocyte-derived collagen IV acts through β-integrin signaling to maintain normal levels of E-cadherin at the niche, thereby ensuring proper adhesion to GSCs. These findings demonstrate that extracellular matrix components produced in adipocytes can be transported to and incorporated into an established adult tissue to influence stem cell number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesley N Weaver
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - Daniela Drummond-Barbosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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Vllasaliu D, Thanou M, Stolnik S, Fowler R. Recent advances in oral delivery of biologics: nanomedicine and physical modes of delivery. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2018; 15:759-770. [PMID: 30033780 DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2018.1504017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Research into oral delivery of biologics has a long and rich history but has not produced technologies used in the clinic. The area has evolved in terms of strategies to promote oral biologics delivery from early chemical absorption enhancers to nanomedicine to devices. Continued activity in this area is justifiable considering the remarkable proliferation of biologics. AREAS COVERED The article discusses some physiological barriers to oral delivery of biologics, with a special focus on less characterized barriers such as the basement membrane. Recent progress in oral delivery of biologics via nanomedicine is subsequently covered. Finally, the emerging field of device-mediated gastrointestinal delivery of biotherapeutics is discussed EXPERT OPINION Oral delivery of biologics is considered a 'panacea' in drug delivery. Almost century-old approaches of utilizing chemical absorption enhancers have not produced clinically translated technologies. Nanomedicine for oral biologics delivery has demonstrated potential, but the field is relatively new, and technologies have not progressed to the clinic. Device-mediated oral biologics delivery (e.g. ultrasound or microneedles) is in its infancy. However, this space is likely to intensify owing to advances in electronics and materials, as well as the challenges and history related to clinical translation of alternative approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Driton Vllasaliu
- a School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Maya Thanou
- a School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine , King's College London , London , United Kingdom
| | - Snjezana Stolnik
- b Division of Drug Delivery and Tissue Engineering, Boots Science Building , University of Nottingham , Nottingham , United Kingdom
| | - Robyn Fowler
- c SuccinctChoice Medical Communications , London , United Kingdom
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Hayashi G, Labelle-Dumais C, Gould DB. Use of sodium 4-phenylbutyrate to define therapeutic parameters for reducing intracerebral hemorrhage and myopathy in Col4a1 mutant mice. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.034157. [PMID: 29895609 PMCID: PMC6078406 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.034157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Collagen type IV alpha 1 (COL4A1) and alpha 2 (COL4A2) form heterotrimers that constitute a major component of nearly all basement membranes. COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations cause a multisystem disorder that includes variable cerebrovascular and skeletal muscle manifestations. The pathogenicity of COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations is generally attributed to impaired secretion into basement membranes. Sodium 4-phenylbutyrate (4PBA) is a US Food and Drug Administration-approved drug that promotes mutant heterotrimer secretion in vitro and in vivo. Here, we use different 4PBA treatment paradigms to define therapeutic parameters for preventing cerebrovascular and muscular pathologies in Col4a1 mutant mice. We show the efficacy of long-term 4PBA treatment in reducing the severity of intracerebral hemorrhages (ICHs) in Col4a1 mutant mice aged up to 8 months. In addition, we demonstrate that maximal efficacy of 4PBA on ICH and myopathy was achieved when treatment was initiated prenatally, whereby even transient 4PBA administration had lasting benefits after being discontinued. Importantly, postnatal treatment with 4PBA also reduced ICH and skeletal myopathy severities in Col4a1 mutant mice, which has significant clinical implications for patients with COL4A1 and COL4A2 mutations. This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary:COL4A1 mutations cause a multisystem disorder by impairing secretion of COL4A1/A2 heterotrimers. We define parameters for reducing stroke and myopathy in Col4a1 mutant mice by pharmacologically promoting heterotrimer secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genki Hayashi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Cassandre Labelle-Dumais
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
| | - Douglas B Gould
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Anatomy, Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0730, USA
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Hernández-Aguilera A, Nielsen SH, Bonache C, Fernández-Arroyo S, Martín-Paredero V, Fibla M, Karsdal MA, Genovese F, Menendez JA, Camps J, Joven J. Assessment of extracellular matrix-related biomarkers in patients with lower extremity artery disease. J Vasc Surg 2018; 68:1135-1142.e6. [PMID: 29615349 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.12.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) is high (20%-25%) in the population older than 65 years, but patients are seldom identified until the disease is advanced. Circulating markers of disease activity might provide patients with a key opportunity for timely treatment. We tested the hypothesis that measuring blood-specific fragments generated during degradation of the extracellular matrix (ECM) could provide further insight into the pathophysiologic mechanism of arterial remodeling. METHODS The protein profile of diseased arteries from patients undergoing infrainguinal limb revascularization was assessed by a liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry, nontargeted proteomic approach. The information retrieved was the basis for measurement of neoepitope fragments of ECM proteins in the blood of 195 consecutive patients with LEAD by specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Histologic and proteomic analyses confirmed the structural disorganization of affected arteries. Fourteen of 81 proteins were identified as differentially expressed in diseased arteries with respect to healthy tissues. Most of them were related to ECM components, and the difference in expression was used in multivariate analyses to establish that severe arterial lesions in LEAD patients have a specific proteome. Analysis of neoepitope fragments in blood revealed that fragments of versican and collagen type IV, alone or in combination, segregated patients with mild to moderate symptoms (intermittent claudication, Fontaine I-II) from those with severe LEAD (critical limb ischemia, Fontaine III-IV). CONCLUSIONS We propose noninvasive candidate biomarkers with the ability to be clinically useful across the LEAD spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hernández-Aguilera
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Signe Holm Nielsen
- Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Cristina Bonache
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | | | - Montserrat Fibla
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain; Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari Joan XXIII, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Morten A Karsdal
- Fibrosis Biology and Biomarkers, Nordic Bioscience, Herlev, Denmark
| | | | - Javier A Menendez
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Jordi Camps
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
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50
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Matsubayashi Y, Louani A, Dragu A, Sánchez-Sánchez BJ, Serna-Morales E, Yolland L, Gyoergy A, Vizcay G, Fleck RA, Heddleston JM, Chew TL, Siekhaus DE, Stramer BM. A Moving Source of Matrix Components Is Essential for De Novo Basement Membrane Formation. Curr Biol 2017; 27:3526-3534.e4. [PMID: 29129537 PMCID: PMC5714436 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The basement membrane (BM) is a thin layer of extracellular matrix (ECM) beneath nearly all epithelial cell types that is critical for cellular and tissue function. It is composed of numerous components conserved among all bilaterians [1]; however, it is unknown how all of these components are generated and subsequently constructed to form a fully mature BM in the living animal. Although BM formation is thought to simply involve a process of self-assembly [2], this concept suffers from a number of logistical issues when considering its construction in vivo. First, incorporation of BM components appears to be hierarchical [3, 4, 5], yet it is unclear whether their production during embryogenesis must also be regulated in a temporal fashion. Second, many BM proteins are produced not only by the cells residing on the BM but also by surrounding cell types [6, 7, 8, 9], and it is unclear how large, possibly insoluble protein complexes [10] are delivered into the matrix. Here we exploit our ability to live image and genetically dissect de novo BM formation during Drosophila development. This reveals that there is a temporal hierarchy of BM protein production that is essential for proper component incorporation. Furthermore, we show that BM components require secretion by migrating macrophages (hemocytes) during their developmental dispersal, which is critical for embryogenesis. Indeed, hemocyte migration is essential to deliver a subset of ECM components evenly throughout the embryo. This reveals that de novo BM construction requires a combination of both production and distribution logistics allowing for the timely delivery of core components. Macrophages are major producers of basement membrane in the Drosophila embryo Basement membrane components require hierarchical deposition during development Macrophage migration is essential to evenly deliver a subset of matrix components Uneven macrophage dispersal leads to uneven matrix incorporation and lethality
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Matsubayashi
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
| | - Adam Louani
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Anca Dragu
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | | | - Eduardo Serna-Morales
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Lawrence Yolland
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Attila Gyoergy
- Institute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Gema Vizcay
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Roland A Fleck
- Centre for Ultrastructure Imaging, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - John M Heddleston
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Teng-Leong Chew
- Advanced Imaging Center, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Daria E Siekhaus
- Institute of Science and Technology, Am Campus 1, 3400 Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Brian M Stramer
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London SE1 1UL, UK.
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