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Wang X, Sahibzada KI, Du R, Lei Y, Wei S, Li N, Hu Y, Lv Y. Rhein Inhibits Cell Development and Aflatoxin Biosynthesis via Energy Supply Disruption and ROS Accumulation in Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2024; 16:285. [PMID: 39057925 PMCID: PMC11280830 DOI: 10.3390/toxins16070285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Aspergillus flavus and its carcinogenic secondary metabolites, aflatoxins, not only cause serious losses in the agricultural economy, but also endanger human health. Rhein, a compound extracted from the Chinese herbal medicine Rheum palmatum L. (Dahuang), exhibits good anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, and anti-oxidative effects. However, its effect and underlying mechanisms against Aspergillus flavus have not yet been fully illustrated. In this study, we characterized the inhibition effect of rhein on A. flavus mycelial growth, sporulation, and aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) biosynthesis and the potential mechanism using RNA-seq analysis. The results indicate that A. flavus mycelial growth and AFB1 biosynthesis were significantly inhibited by 50 μM rhein, with a 43.83% reduction in colony diameter and 87.2% reduction in AFB1 production. The RNA-seq findings demonstrated that the differentially expressed genes primarily participated in processes such as spore formation and development, the maintenance of cell wall and membrane integrity, management of oxidative stress, the regulation of the citric acid cycle, and the biosynthesis of aflatoxin. Biochemical verification experiments further confirmed that 50 μM rhein effectively disrupted cell wall and membrane integrity and caused mitochondrial dysfunction through disrupting energy metabolism pathways, leading to decreased ATP synthesis and ROS accumulation, resulting in impaired aflatoxin biosynthesis. In addition, a pathogenicity test showed that 50 μM rhein inhibited A. flavus spore growth in peanut and maize seeds by 34.1% and 90.4%, while AFB1 biosynthesis was inhibited by 60.52% and 99.43%, respectively. In conclusion, this research expands the knowledge regarding the antifungal activity of rhein and provides a new strategy to mitigate A. flavus contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Kashif Iqbal Sahibzada
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
- Department of Health Professional Technologies, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, The University of Lahore, Lahore 54570, Pakistan
| | - Ruibo Du
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yang Lei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Shan Wei
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Na Li
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yuansen Hu
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
| | - Yangyong Lv
- College of Biological Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, China; (X.W.); (K.I.S.); (R.D.); (Y.L.); (S.W.); (N.L.); (Y.H.)
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Kim K, Gao H, Li C, Li B. The glutathione biosynthesis is involved in metamorphosis, antioxidant function, and insecticide resistance in Tribolium castaneum. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2024; 80:2698-2709. [PMID: 38308415 DOI: 10.1002/ps.7976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced glutathione (GSH) synthesis is vital for redox homeostasis, cell-cycle regulation and apoptosis, and immune function. The glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (Gclc) is the first and rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, suggesting the potential use of Gclc as a pesticide target. However, the functional characterization of Gclc, especially its contribution in metamorphosis, antioxidant status and insecticide resistance, is unclear in Tribolium castaneum. RESULTS In this study, we identified and cloned Gclc from T. castaneum (TcGclc) and found that its expression began to increase significantly from the late larvae (LL) stage (3.491 ± 0.490-fold). Furthermore, RNA interference-mediated knockdown of TcGclc resulted in three types of aberration (100% total aberration rate) caused by the downregulation of genes related to the 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) pathway. This deficiency was partially rescued by exogenous 20E treatment (53.1% ± 3.2%), but not by antioxidant. Moreover, in the TcGclc knockdown group, GSH content was decreased to 62.3%, and total antioxidant capacity, glutathione peroxidase and total superoxide dismutase activities were reduced by 14.6%, 83.6%, and 82.3%, respectively. In addition, treatment with different insecticides upregulated expression of TcGclc significantly compared with a control group during the late larval stage (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that TcGclc has an extensive role in metamorphosis, antioxidant function and insecticide resistance in T. castaneum, thereby expanding our understanding of GSH functions and providing a scientific basis for pest control. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- KumChol Kim
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Life-Science, University of Science, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Han Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengjun Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biodiversity and Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Schroeder HT, De Lemos Muller CH, Heck TG, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. The dance of proteostasis and metabolism: Unveiling the caloristatic controlling switch. Cell Stress Chaperones 2024; 29:175-200. [PMID: 38331164 PMCID: PMC10939077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cstres.2024.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The heat shock response (HSR) is an ancient and evolutionarily conserved mechanism designed to restore cellular homeostasis following proteotoxic challenges. However, it has become increasingly evident that disruptions in energy metabolism also trigger the HSR. This interplay between proteostasis and energy regulation is rooted in the fundamental need for ATP to fuel protein synthesis and repair, making the HSR an essential component of cellular energy management. Recent findings suggest that the origins of proteostasis-defending systems can be traced back over 3.6 billion years, aligning with the emergence of sugar kinases that optimized glycolysis around 3.594 billion years ago. This evolutionary connection is underscored by the spatial similarities between the nucleotide-binding domain of HSP70, the key player in protein chaperone machinery, and hexokinases. The HSR serves as a hub that integrates energy metabolism and resolution of inflammation, further highlighting its role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. Notably, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase emerges as a central regulator, promoting the HSR during predominantly proteotoxic stress while suppressing it in response to predominantly metabolic stress. The complex relationship between 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and the HSR is finely tuned, with paradoxical effects observed under different stress conditions. This delicate equilibrium, known as caloristasis, ensures that cellular homeostasis is maintained despite shifting environmental and intracellular conditions. Understanding the caloristatic controlling switch at the heart of this interplay is crucial. It offers insights into a wide range of conditions, including glycemic control, obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases, reproductive abnormalities, and the optimization of exercise routines. These findings highlight the profound interconnectedness of proteostasis and energy metabolism in cellular function and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Trevisan Schroeder
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (FisCel) Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Carlos Henrique De Lemos Muller
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Thiago Gomes Heck
- Post Graduate Program in Integral Health Care (PPGAIS-UNIJUÍ/UNICRUZ/URI), Regional University of Northwestern Rio Grande Do Sul State (UNIJUI) and Post Graduate Program in Mathematical and Computational Modeling (PPGMMC), UNIJUI, Ijuí, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Mauricio Krause
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX), Department of Physiology, ICBS, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Paulo Ivo Homem de Bittencourt
- Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (FisCel) Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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Ekpono EU, Eze ED, Adam AM, Ibiam UA, Obasi OU, Ifie JE, Ekpono EU, Alum EU, Noreen S, Awuchi CG, Aja PM. Ameliorative Potential of Pumpkin Seed Oil ( Cucurbita pepo L.) Against Tramadol-Induced Oxidative Stress. Dose Response 2024; 22:15593258241226913. [PMID: 38234695 PMCID: PMC10793191 DOI: 10.1177/15593258241226913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Background of the Study The increase in the therapeutic use of tramadol in the management of moderate to severe pains in some disease conditions and its unregulated access has led to its associated toxicity and there is little or no information on the protection against its associated toxicity. Aim of the Study Considering the medicinal value of pumpkin seed oil, its availability, and neglected use, it becomes necessary to evaluate the possible potential of the seed oil in tramadol-induced oxidative stress in Wister Albino rats. Methods of the Study This study used fifty-six (56) albino rats to determine the impact of Cucurbita pepo seed oil (CPSO) on tramadol-induced oxidative stress. The rats were grouped into 7. After a week of acclimatization, rats in group 1 (normal control) had access to water and food, while rats in group 2 received 5 mL/Kg (b.w) of normal saline. 100 mg/kg of tramadol (TM) was delivered to groups 3-6 to induce toxicity. The third group (TM control) received no treatment, whilst the other 3 groups (TM-CPSO treatment groups) received 5, 2.5, and 1.5 mL/Kg of CPSO, respectively. Group 7 received only 5 mL/kg CPSO (CPSO group). Similarly, groups 2 through 7 had unrestricted access to food and water for 42 days and received treatments via oral intubation once per day. Indicators of oxidative stress were discovered in the brain homogenate. Results TM toxicity was demonstrated by a considerable increase (P < .05) in the brain MDA level and a significant drop (P < .05) in the brain GSH level, as well as a significant reduction (P < .05) in GPx, catalase, SOD, GST, and quinone reductase activities. Conclusion The dose-dependent delivery of CPSO was able to restore not only the activity but also the concentrations of the altered markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezebuilo U. Ekpono
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Federal Polytechnique, Oko, Nigeria
| | - Ejike D. Eze
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Afodun M Adam
- Department of Medical Imaging Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Rwanda, Rwanda
| | - Udu A. Ibiam
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Orji U. Obasi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Josiah E. Ifie
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Ejike U. Ekpono
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Esther U. Alum
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Research Publication and Extensions, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Sana Noreen
- University Institute of Diet and Nutritional Sciences, University of Lahore, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Chinaza G. Awuchi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi, Uganda
- School of Natural and Applied Sciences, Kampala International University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Patrick M. Aja
- Department of Biochemistry, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
- Department of Biochemistry, Kampala International University, Bushenyi, Uganda
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Neuroprotective effects of curculigoside against Alzheimer’s disease via regulation oxidative stress mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in L-Glu-exposed HT22 cells and APP/PS1 mice. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2022.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Afrin W, Furuya S, Yamamoto K. Characterization of a glutamate-cysteine ligase in Bombyx mori. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:2623-2631. [PMID: 36637620 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08191-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) is a crucial enzyme involved in the synthesis of glutathione (GSH). Despite various studies on glutathione transferase, and its essential role in detoxification and resistance to oxidative stress, GSH synthesis has not been described in Bombyx mori (silkworms) to date. Silkworms form part of the lepidopterans that are considered as a model of agricultural pests. This study aimed to understand the GSH synthesis by GCL in silkworms, which may help in developing insecticides to tackle agricultural pests. Based on the amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree, the B. mori GCL belongs to group 2, and is designated bmGCL. Recombinant bmGCL was overexpressed and purified to ensure homogeneity. Biochemical studies revealed that bmGCL uses ATP and Mg2+ to ligate glutamate and cysteine. High expression levels of bmgcl mRNA and GSH were observed in the silkworm fat body after exposure to insecticides and UV-B irradiation. Moreover, we found an increase in bmgcl mRNA and GSH content during pupation in the silkworm fat body. In this study, we characterized the B. mori GCL and analyzed its biochemical properties. These observations indicate that bmGCL might play an important role in the resistance to oxidative stress in the silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wazifa Afrin
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Shigeki Furuya
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kohji Yamamoto
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.
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Muraoka M, Ohno M, Tateishi M, Matsuura H, Nagano K, Hirata Y, Hirata K. Optimization of Reaction Conditions for γ-Glutamylcysteine Production from Glutathione Using a Phytochelatin Synthase-Like Enzyme from Nostoc sp. Pasteur Culture Collection 7120. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:1832-1836. [PMID: 34853266 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b21-00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamylcysteine (γ-EC) has antioxidant properties similar to those of glutathione (GSH) and acts as its precursor in mammals. There are a few procedures for the production of γ-EC, such as chemical synthesis or enzymatic synthesis from glutamate and cysteine; however, they are very costly and not suitable for industrial production. A phytochelatin synthase-like enzyme derived from Nostoc sp. Pasteur Culture Collection 7120 (NsPCS) catalyzes the hydrolysis of GSH to γ-EC and glycine in the absence of ATP or other additives. Our research aims to establish an alternative γ-EC production procedure with low cost and high productivity. To this end, we optimized the reaction conditions of NsPCS and characterized its properties in this study. We found that 200 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0, at 37 °C, had the highest NsPCS activity among the conditions we tested. Under these conditions, NsPCS had a Km of 385 µM and a Vmax of 26 mol/min/mg-protein. In addition, NsPCS converted 100 mM GSH into γ-EC with high yields. These results suggest that the NsPCS reaction has great potential for the low-cost, industrial-scale production of γ-EC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Muraoka
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Moeka Ohno
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Makoto Tateishi
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Hideyuki Matsuura
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | - Kazuya Nagano
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
| | | | - Kazumasa Hirata
- Applied Environmental Biology Laboratory, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University
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Idres YA, Tousch D, Cazals G, Lebrun A, Naceri S, Bidel LPR, Poucheret P. A Novel Sesquiterpene Lactone Xanthatin-13-(pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) Isolated from Burdock Leaf Up-Regulates Cells' Oxidative Stress Defense Pathway. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101617. [PMID: 34679753 PMCID: PMC8533074 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of our study was to identify novel molecules able to induce an adaptative response against oxidative stress during the first stages of metabolic syndrome. A cellular survival in vitro test against H2O2-based test was applied after pretreatment with various natural bitter Asteraceae extracts. This screening revealed potent protection from burdock leaf extract. Using chromatography and LC-MS—RMN, we then isolated and identified an original sesquiterpene lactone bioactive molecule: the Xanthatin-13-(pyrrolidine-2-carboxylic acid) (XPc). A real-time RT-qPCR experiment was carried out on three essential genes involved in oxidative stress protection: GPx, SOD, and G6PD. In presence of XPc, an over-expression of the G6PD gene was recorded, whereas no modification of the two others genes could be observed. A biochemical docking approach demonstrated that XPc had a high probability to directly interact with G6PD at different positions. One of the most probable docking sites corresponds precisely to the binding site of AG1, known to stabilize the G6PD dimeric form and enhance its activity. In conclusion, this novel sesquiterpene lactone XPc might be a promising prophylactic bioactive agent against oxidative stress and inflammation in chronic diseases such as metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanis A. Idres
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.I.); (D.T.); Tel.: +33-658587547 (Y.A.I.); +33-673466032 (D.T.)
| | - Didier Tousch
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
- Correspondence: (Y.A.I.); (D.T.); Tel.: +33-658587547 (Y.A.I.); +33-673466032 (D.T.)
| | - Guillaume Cazals
- Laboratoire de Mesure Physique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Aurélien Lebrun
- Laboratoire de Mesure Physique, Université de Montpellier, Place Eugène Bataillon, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France; (G.C.); (A.L.)
| | - Sarah Naceri
- Laboratoire de Biologie Fonctionnelle et Adaptative, Université de Paris, CNRS UMR 8251, 35 rue Héléne Brion, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Luc P. R. Bidel
- INRA, UMR AGAP, CIRAD, SupAgro, 2 Place Pierre Viala, 34060 Montpellier, France;
| | - Patrick Poucheret
- UMR 95 Qualisud, University Montpellier, CIRAD, SupAgro Montpellier, 15 Avenue Charles Flahault, BP 14491, CEDEX 5, 34093 Montpellier, France;
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Deka B, Barge SR, Bharadwaj S, Kashyap B, Manna P, Borah JC, Talukdar NC. Beneficial effect of the methanolic leaf extract of Allium hookeri on stimulating glutathione biosynthesis and preventing impaired glucose metabolism in type 2 diabetes. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 708:108961. [PMID: 34118216 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.108961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress resulting from the depletion of glutathione (GSH) level plays a vital role in generating various degenerative diseases, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). We tested the hypothesis that depleted glutathione levels can be enhanced and the impaired glucose metabolism can be prevented by supplementing Allium hookeri, a herb rich in organosulfur compounds, in a High Fat (HF) diet-induced T2D Male Sprague Dawley rat model. The experimental rats were divided into three groups (n = 6), namely normal diet, high-fat diet, and high-fat diet treated with A.hookeri methanolic leaf extract (250 mg/kg). Consumption of HF diet along with the plant extract resulted in significant reduction of the body weight (7.08%-14.89%) and blood glucose level (6.5%-16.4%) from the 13th week onward. There was a significant decrease in reactive oxygen species, oxidized glutathione (GSSG) levels, and an increase in GSH level in skeletal muscle tissues supplemented with the plant extract. The protein expressions of the signaling molecules such as GCLC and GR involved in GSH synthesis and of GLUT4 in glucose transport were also upregulated in the skeletal muscle tissues of the plant extract-treated group. Results of in vitro studies with muscle cell line (L6) further demonstrated the beneficial effect of the plant extract in increasing glucose uptake and maintaining the GSH/GSSH equilibrium via regulation of protein expression of GCLC/GR/GLUT4 signaling molecules in sodium palmitate (0.75 mM) treated cells. Overall this study suggests that dietary supplementation with Allium hookeri, can restore the glutathione level and regulate the blood glucose level in T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barsha Deka
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Sagar Ramrao Barge
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Simanta Bharadwaj
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Bhaswati Kashyap
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India; Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Cotton University, Panbazar, Guwahati, 781001, Assam, India
| | - Prasenjit Manna
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India; CSIR-North East Institute of Science and Technology, Biological Science and Technology Division, Jorhat, Assam, 785006, India
| | - Jagat Chandra Borah
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India
| | - Narayan Chandra Talukdar
- Chemical Biology Lab 1, Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology (IASST) Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati, 35, India; Assam Down Town University, Panikhaiti, Assam, 781068, India.
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Dave A, Craig JE, Alamein M, Skrzypiec K, Beltz J, Pfaff A, Burdon KP, Ercal N, de Iongh RU, Sharma S. Genotype, Age, Genetic Background, and Sex Influence Epha2-Related Cataract Development in Mice. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:3. [PMID: 34495288 PMCID: PMC8431977 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.12.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Age-related cataract is the leading cause of blindness worldwide. Variants in the EPHA2 gene increase the disease risk, and its knockout in mice causes cataract. We investigated whether age, sex, and genetic background, risk factors for age-related cataract, and Epha2 genotype influence Epha2-related cataract development in mice. Methods Cataract development was monitored in Epha2+/+, Epha2+/-, and Epha2-/- mice (Epha2Gt(KST085)Byg) on C57BL/6J and FVB:C57BL/6J (50:50) backgrounds. Cellular architecture of lenses, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and redox state were determined using histological, molecular, and analytical techniques. Results Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- mice on C57BL/6J background developed severe cortical cataracts by 18 and 38 weeks of age, respectively, compared to development of similar cataract significantly later in Epha2-/- mice and no cataract in Epha2+/- mice in this strain on FVB background, which was previously reported. On FVB:C57BL/6J background, Epha2-/- mice developed severe cortical cataract by 38 weeks and Epha2+/- mice exhibited mild cortical cataract up to 64 weeks of age. Progression of cataract in Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- female mice on C57BL/6J and mixed background, respectively, was slower than in matched male mice. N-cadherin and β-catenin immunolabeling showed disorganized lens fiber cells and disruption of lens architecture in Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- lenses, coinciding with development of severe cataracts. EPHA2 immunolabeling showed intracellular accumulation of the mutant EPHA2-β-galactosidase fusion protein that induced a cytoprotective ER stress response and in Epha2+/- lenses was also accompanied by glutathione redox imbalance. Conclusions Both, Epha2-/- and Epha2+/- mice develop age-related cortical cataract; age as a function of Epha2 genotype, sex, and genetic background influence Epha2-related cataractogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana Dave
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jamie E Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Mohammad Alamein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Karina Skrzypiec
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Justin Beltz
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, United States
| | - Annalise Pfaff
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, United States
| | - Kathryn P Burdon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia.,Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Nuran Ercal
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri, United States
| | - Robb U de Iongh
- Ocular Development Laboratory, Anatomy & Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Shiwani Sharma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
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11
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Santos D, Félix L, Luzio A, Parra S, Bellas J, Monteiro SM. Single and combined acute and subchronic toxic effects of microplastics and copper in zebrafish (Danio rerio) early life stages. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 277:130262. [PMID: 33773317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of the interaction between microplastics (MPs) and heavy metals is of special importance for risk assessment. In this study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to MPs (2 mg/L), two sub-lethal concentrations of copper (Cu, 60 and 125 μg/L) and their mixtures (Cu60 + MPs, Cu125 + MPs), from 2-h post-fertilization (hpf) until 14-days post-fertilization (dpf). Lethal and sublethal endpoints were evaluated, along with a set of biochemical and genetic biomarkers between 2 and 14 dpf. Exposure to MPs and Cu, single or combined, induced high mortality and oxidative stress in zebrafish larvae, with data showing that the antioxidant enzymes were inhibited at 6 dpf, increasing thereafter until 14 dpf, due to the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. MPs and Cu, single or combined, caused neurotoxicity in larvae by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase activity. There was an increased and significant effect of Cu + MPs groups on the evaluated biomarkers, concerning the corresponding Cu groups, suggesting that MPs may have a synergistic effect in relation to Cu. The Integrated Biomarker Response (IBR) evidenced that a higher degree of stress occurred at the larval period. Our findings highlight that MPs can act as a vector for heavy metals, therefore, influencing their bioavailability and toxicity in the organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dércia Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB); Department of Biology and Environment; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Luís Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB); Department of Biology and Environment; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Laboratory Animal Science, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Nº 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Investigação e Inovação Em Saúde (i3s), Universidade Do Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, Nº 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luzio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB); Department of Biology and Environment; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana Parra
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB); Department of Biology and Environment; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB); Department of Biology and Environment; University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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12
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Wijaya LS, Rau C, Braun TS, Marangoz S, Spegg V, Vlasveld M, Albrecht W, Brecklinghaus T, Kamp H, Beltman JB, Hengstler JG, van de Water B, Leist M, Schildknecht S. Stimulation of de novo glutathione synthesis by nitrofurantoin for enhanced resilience of hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:847-864. [PMID: 34021431 PMCID: PMC9525367 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity is not only a function of damage mechanisms, but is also determined by cellular resilience factors. Glutathione has been reported as essential element to counteract negative influences. The present work hence pursued the question how intracellular glutathione can be elevated transiently to render cells more resistant toward harmful conditions. The antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NFT) was identified to stimulate de novo synthesis of glutathione in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and in primary human hepatocytes. In intact cells, activation of NFT yielded a radical anion, which subsequently initiated nuclear-factor-erythroid 2-related-factor-2 (Nrf2)-dependent induction of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). Application of siRNA-based intervention approaches confirmed the involvement of the Nrf2-GCL axis in the observed elevation of intracellular glutathione levels. Quantitative activation of Nrf2 by NFT, and the subsequent rise in glutathione, were similar as observed with the potent experimental Nrf2 activator diethyl maleate. The elevation of glutathione levels, observed even 48 h after withdrawal of NFT, rendered cells resistant to different stressors such as the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone, the redox cycler paraquat, the proteasome inhibitors MG-132 or bortezomib, or high concentrations of NFT. Repurpose of the antibiotic NFT as activator of Nrf2 could thus be a promising strategy for a transient and targeted activation of the endogenous antioxidant machinery. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas S Wijaya
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carina Rau
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Theresa S Braun
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Serif Marangoz
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Spegg
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthijs Vlasveld
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hennicke Kamp
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Faculty of Life Sciences, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany.
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13
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Medina Pérez OM, Flórez-Vargas O, Rincón Cruz G, Rondón González F, Rocha Muñoz L, Sánchez Rodríguez LH. Glutathione-related genetic polymorphisms are associated with mercury retention and nephrotoxicity in gold-mining settings of a Colombian population. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8716. [PMID: 33888803 PMCID: PMC8062595 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88137-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) vapor can produce kidney injury, where the proximal tubule region of the nephron is the main target of the Hg-induced oxidative stress. Hg is eliminated from the body as a glutathione conjugate. Thus, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in glutathione-related genes might modulate the negative impact of this metal on the kidneys. Glutathione-related SNPs were tested for association with levels of Hg and renal function biomarkers between occupationally exposed (n = 160) and non-exposed subjects (n = 121). SNPs were genotyped by TaqMan assays in genomic DNA samples. Total mercury concentration was measured in blood, urine and hair samples. Regression analyses were performed to estimate the effects of SNPs on quantitative traits. Alleles GCLM rs41303970-T and GSTP1 rs4147581-C were significantly overrepresented in the exposed compared with the non-exposed group (P < 0.01). We found significant associations for GCLM rs41303970-T with higher urinary clearance rate of Hg (β = 0.062, P = 0.047), whereas GCLC rs1555903-C was associated with lower levels of estimated glomerular filtration rate in the non-exposed group (eGFR, β = − 3.22, P = 0.008) and beta-2-microglobulin in the exposed group (β-2MCG, β = − 19.32, P = 0.02). A SNP-SNP interaction analysis showed significant epistasis between GSTA1 rs3957356-C and GSS rs3761144-G with higher urinary levels of Hg in the exposed (β = 0.13, P = 0.04) but not in the non-exposed group. Our results suggest that SNPs in glutathione-related genes could modulate the pathogenesis of Hg nephrotoxicity in our study population by modulating glutathione concentrations in individuals occupationally exposed to this heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Marcela Medina Pérez
- Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental y Toxicogenética, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Oscar Flórez-Vargas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental y Toxicogenética, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.,Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Giovanna Rincón Cruz
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 32 No. 29-31; Building Roberto Serpa, Floor 5, Office 5, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Fernando Rondón González
- Grupo de Investigación en Microbiología y Genética, Escuela de Biología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Linda Rocha Muñoz
- Grupo de Investigación CienciaUDES, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Luz Helena Sánchez Rodríguez
- Grupo de Inmunología y Epidemiología Molecular, Escuela de Microbiología, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Carrera 32 No. 29-31; Building Roberto Serpa, Floor 5, Office 5, Bucaramanga, Colombia. .,Laboratorio de Toxicología Ambiental y Toxicogenética, Universidad Industrial de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia.
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14
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Jiang X, Xing X, Zhang Y, Zhang C, Wu Y, Chen Y, Meng R, Jia H, Cheng Y, Zhang Y, Su J. Lead exposure activates the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway, aggravates oxidative stress, and induces reproductive damage in female mice. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 207:111231. [PMID: 32916527 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lead, a common metallic contaminant, is widespread in the living environment, and has deleterious effects on the reproductive systems of humans and animals. Although numerous toxic effects of lead have been reported, the effects and underlying mechanisms of the impacts of lead exposure on the female reproductive system, especially oocyte maturation and fertility, remain unknown. In this study, mice were treated by gavage for seven days to evaluate the reproductive damage and role of Nrf2-mediated defense responses during lead exposure. Lead exposure significantly reduced the maturation and fertilization of oocytes in vivo. Additionally, lead exposure triggered oxidative stress with a decreased glutathione level, increased amount of reactive oxygen species, and abnormal mitochondrial distribution. Moreover, lead exposure caused histopathological and ultrastructural changes in oocytes and ovaries, along with decreases in the activities of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase, and glutathione-S transferase, and increases in the levels of malonaldehyde in mouse ovaries. Further experiments demonstrated that lead exposure activated the Nrf2 signaling pathway to protect oocytes against oxidative stress by enhancing the transcription levels of antioxidant enzymes. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that lead activates the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway and impairs oocyte maturation and fertilization by inducing oxidative stress, leading to a decrease in the fertility of female mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianlei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Xupeng Xing
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Yingbing Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Chengtu Zhang
- Xining Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810003, PR China
| | - Ying Wu
- Xining Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810003, PR China
| | - Yongzhong Chen
- Xining Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810003, PR China
| | - Ru Meng
- Xining Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Station, Xining, Qinghai Province, 810003, PR China
| | - Huiqun Jia
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Yuyao Cheng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
| | - Jianmin Su
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China.
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15
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Santos D, Félix L, Luzio A, Parra S, Cabecinha E, Bellas J, Monteiro SM. Toxicological effects induced on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) after an acute exposure to microplastics alone or co-exposed with copper. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 261:127748. [PMID: 32738713 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Data about the toxicological interactions of MPs and heavy metals in biota is limited, particularly in fish early life stages. This study aimed to evaluate the toxicological effects of MPs and copper (Cu), alone or combined, in zebrafish early life stages. Embryos were exposed from 2 until 96-h post-fertilization (hpf) to MPs (2 mg/L), three sub-lethal concentrations of Cu (15, 60 and 125 μg/L) and binary mixtures containing Cu and MPs (Cu15+MPs, Cu60+MPs, Cu125+MPs). Lethal and sub-lethal parameters, histopathological changes, biochemical biomarkers, gene expression and behavior were assessed. Our findings showed that Cu and Cu + MPs decreased embryos survival and hatching rate. Increased ROS levels were observed in larvae exposed to the two lowest Cu and Cu + MPs groups, suggesting an induction of oxidative stress. An increased CAT and GPx activities were observed in Cu and Cu + MPs, implying a response of the antioxidant defense system to overcome the metal and MPs stress. The sod1 expression was downregulated in all Cu groups and in the two highest Cu + MPs exposed groups. AChE was significantly inhibited in Cu and Cu + MPs groups, indicating neurotoxicity. A disruption of avoidance and social behaviors were also noticed in the Cu125 and Cu125+MPs exposed larvae. Evidences of Cu-toxicity modulation by MPs were observed in some endpoints. Overall, the findings of this study highlight that Cu alone or co-exposed with MPs lead to oxidative stress, neurotoxicity and ultimately behavioral alterations in early life stages of zebrafish, while MPs alone do not produce significant effects on zebrafish larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dércia Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Luís Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal; Institute for Research and Innovation in Health, Laboratory Animal Science, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Porto, Rua Alfredo Allen, nº 208, 4200-135, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Luzio
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Susana Parra
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Edna Cabecinha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Juan Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390, Vigo, Spain
| | - Sandra M Monteiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal
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16
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Neal SE, Buehne KL, Besley NA, Yang P, Silinski P, Hong J, Ryde IT, Meyer JN, Jaffe GJ. Resveratrol Protects Against Hydroquinone-Induced Oxidative Threat in Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2020; 61:32. [PMID: 32334435 PMCID: PMC7401947 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Oxidative stress in retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Resveratrol exerts a range of protective biologic effects, but its mechanism(s) are not well understood. The aim of this study was to investigate how resveratrol could affect biologic pathways in oxidatively stressed RPE cells. Methods Cultured human RPE cells were treated with hydroquinone (HQ) in the presence or absence of resveratrol. Cell viability was determined with WST-1 reagent and trypan blue exclusion. Mitochondrial function was measured with the XFe24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer. Expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit was evaluated by qPCR. Endoplasmic reticulum stress protein expression was measured by Western blot. Potential reactions between HQ and resveratrol were investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography mass spectrometry with resveratrol and additional oxidants for comparison. Results RPE cells treated with the combination of resveratrol and HQ had significantly increased cell viability and improved mitochondrial function when compared with HQ-treated cells alone. Resveratrol in combination with HQ significantly upregulated HO-1 mRNA expression above that of HQ-treated cells alone. Resveratrol in combination with HQ upregulated C/EBP homologous protein and spliced X-box binding protein 1. Additionally, new compounds were formed from resveratrol and HQ coincubation. Conclusions Resveratrol can ameliorate HQ-induced toxicity in RPE cells through improved mitochondrial bioenergetics, upregulated antioxidant genes, stimulated unfolded protein response, and direct oxidant interaction. This study provides insight into pathways through which resveratrol can protect RPE cells from oxidative damage, a factor thought to contribute to AMD pathogenesis.
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17
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The Antiaging Activity of Ergothioneine in UVA-Irradiated Human Dermal Fibroblasts via the Inhibition of the AP-1 Pathway and the Activation of Nrf2-Mediated Antioxidant Genes. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2576823. [PMID: 32104530 PMCID: PMC7038158 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2576823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
UVA irradiation induced ROS-mediated photo damage to the human skin leading to coarseness, wrinkling, pigmentation, and cutaneous malignancies. We investigated the dermatoprotective efficacies of submicromolar concentrations of ergothioneine (EGT, 0.125-0.5 μM), which occurs naturally as a sulfur-containing amino acid, in the mechanisms in human skin fibroblast (HSF) cells. UVA-induced AP-1 (c-Fos and c-Jun) translocation was found to be inhibited by EGT treatments with the parallel inhibition of the collagenolytic matrix metalloproteinase- (MMP-) 1 activation and type I procollagen degradation. Moreover, EGT mitigated UVA-induced ROS generation. An increase in the amount of antioxidant genes (HO-1, NQO-1, and γ-GCLC) from EGT and were associated with upregulated Nrf2 expressions in a dose-dependent or time-dependent manner. We confirmed this from Nrf2 translocation and increased nuclear ARE promoter activity that underlie EGT dermatoprotective activities. Also, glutathione (GSH) levels (from γ-GCLC) were significantly increased. Moreover, we showed that mediated by ERK, JNK, and PKC, signaling cascades mediate Nrf2 translocation. We confirmed this phenomenon by the suppressed nuclear Nrf2 activation in cells that were treated with respective inhibitors (PD98059, SP600125, and GF109203X). However, antioxidant protein expressions were impaired in Nrf2 knockdown cells to confirm that ARE/Nrf2 pathways and the inhibition of AP-1 had significant roles in EGT-mediated protective effects. We can conclude that ergothioneine ameliorated UVA-induced skin aging and is a useful food supplement for skin care products.
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18
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Liu K, Singer E, Cohn W, Micewicz ED, McBride WH, Whitelegge JP, Loo JA. Time-Dependent Measurement of Nrf2-Regulated Antioxidant Response to Ionizing Radiation Toward Identifying Potential Protein Biomarkers for Acute Radiation Injury. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1900035. [PMID: 31419066 PMCID: PMC7213060 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201900035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Potential acute exposure to ionizing radiation in nuclear or radiological accidents presents complex mass casualty scenarios that demand prompt triage and treatment decisions. Due to delayed symptoms and varied response of radiation victims, there is an urgent need to develop robust biomarkers to assess the extent of injuries in individuals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The transcription factor Nrf2 is the master of redox homeostasis and there is transcriptional evidence of Nrf2-dependent antioxidant response activation upon radiation. The biomarker potential of Nrf2-dependent downstream target enzymes is investigated by measuring their response in bone marrow extracted from C57Bl/6 and C3H mice of both genders for up to 4 days following 6 Gy total body irradiation using targeted MS. RESULTS Overall, C57Bl/6 mice have a stronger proteomic response than C3H mice. In both strains, male mice have more occurrences of upregulation in antioxidant enzymes than female mice. For C57Bl/6 male mice, three proteins show elevated abundances after radiation exposure: catalase, superoxide dismutase 1, and heme oxygenase 1. Across both strains and genders, glutathione S-transferase Mu 1 is consistently decreased. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study provides the basis for future development of organ-specific protein biomarkers used in diagnostic blood test for radiation injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA
| | - Elizabeth Singer
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Ewa D. Micewicz
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | | | - Julian P. Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA
| | - Joseph A. Loo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, UCLA
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, Molecular Biology Institute, and UCLA/DOE Institute for Genomics and Proteomics, UCLA
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19
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Zhang H, Liu H, Zhou L, Yuen J, Forman HJ. Temporal changes in glutathione biosynthesis during the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response of THP-1 macrophages. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:304-310. [PMID: 28993271 PMCID: PMC5699958 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
How macrophages maintain redox homeostasis in the inflammatory process, in which a large amount of oxidants are produced, remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the temporal changes in the intracellular glutathione (GSH), the master antioxidant, and the expression of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL), the rate-limiting enzyme for GSH biosynthesis, in the inflammatory response of human macrophages (THP1 cells) to lipopolysaccharide. Intracellular GSH concentration was decreased significantly in the early phase (~6h) of LPS exposure, and then gradually went back to the basal level in the late phase (9-24h). The expression level of the catalytic subunit of GCL (GCLC) followed a similar pattern of change as GSH: its mRNA and protein levels were reduced in the early phase and then back to basal level in the late phase. In contrast, the expression of the modifier subunit of GCL (GCLM) was significantly increased in the phase of LPS exposure. Activation Nrf2, the transcription factor involved in the induction of both GCLC and GCLM, occurred at as early as 3h after LPS exposure; whereas the activation of NF-κB occurred at as early as 30min. Inhibition of NF-κB signaling with SN50 prevented the decrease of GCLC and inhibited Nrf2 activation in response to LPS. These data demonstrate time-dependent changes in the expression of GCL and Nrf2 signaling during the inflammatory response, and that the regulation of GCLC and GCLM might be through different pathways in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, GER306B, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA.
| | - Honglei Liu
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Lulu Zhou
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, GER306B, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Jenay Yuen
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, GER306B, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Andrus Gerontology Center of the Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Ave, GER306B, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
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Santos J, Milthorpe BK, Herbert BR, Padula MP. Proteomic Analysis of Human Adipose Derived Stem Cells during Small Molecule Chemical Stimulated Pre-neuronal Differentiation. Int J Stem Cells 2017; 10:193-217. [PMID: 28844130 PMCID: PMC5741201 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc17036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Adipose derived stem cells (ADSCs) are acquired from abdominal liposuction yielding a thousand fold more stem cells per millilitre than those from bone marrow. A large research void exists as to whether ADSCs are capable of transdermal differentiation toward neuronal phenotypes. Previous studies have investigated the use of chemical cocktails with varying inconclusive results. Methods Human ADSCs were treated with a chemical stimulant, beta-mercaptoethanol, to direct them toward a neuronal-like lineage within 24 hours. Quantitative proteomics using iTRAQ was then performed to ascertain protein abundance differences between ADSCs, beta-mercaptoethanol treated ADSCs and a glioblastoma cell line. Results The soluble proteome of ADSCs differentiated for 12 hours and 24 hours was significantly different from basal ADSCs and control cells, expressing a number of remodeling, neuroprotective and neuroproliferative proteins. However toward the later time point presented stress and shock related proteins were observed to be up regulated with a large down regulation of structural proteins. Cytokine profiles support a large cellular remodeling shift as well indicating cellular distress. Conclusion The earlier time point indicates an initiation of differentiation. At the latter time point there is a vast loss of cell population during treatment. At 24 hours drastically decreased cytokine profiles and overexpression of stress proteins reveal that exposure to beta-mercaptoethanol beyond 24 hours may not be suitable for clinical application as our results indicate that the cells are in trauma whilst producing neuronal-like morphologies. The shorter treatment time is promising, indicating a reducing agent has fast acting potential to initiate neuronal differentiation of ADSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerran Santos
- Advanced Tissue Regeneration & Drug Delivery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Proteomics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Bruce K Milthorpe
- Advanced Tissue Regeneration & Drug Delivery Group, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Benjamin R Herbert
- Northern Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Matthew P Padula
- Proteomics Core Facility, School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Pharmacological Inhibition of Vanin Activity Attenuates Transplant Vasculopathy in Rat Aortic Allografts. Transplantation 2017; 100:1656-66. [PMID: 27014792 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of transplant vasculopathy is a major cause of graft loss and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients. Previous studies in mice have indicated that vanin-1, a member of the vanin protein family with pantetheinase activity, is possibly involved in neointima formation. Here, we investigated if RR6, a recently developed vanin inhibitor, could attenuate development of transplant vasculopathy. METHODS Abdominal allogeneic aorta transplantation from Dark Agouti to Brown Norway rats was performed. Surface neointima was quantified 2 and 4 weeks after transplantation. Systemic vanin activity was measured, and allograft leukocyte infiltration, glutathione-synthesizing capacity, matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression and neointimal smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation were assessed by immunohistochemistry. In vitro, the effects of RR6 on SMC proliferation (water-soluble tetrazolium-1 assay) and cytokine-induced apoptosis (flow cytometry) were investigated. RESULTS RR6 treatment significantly reduced systemic pantetheinase activity during the 4-week follow-up period. RR6 attenuated neointima formation 4 weeks after transplantation. Neointimal SMC proliferation and medial SMC matrix metalloproteinase 9 expression were not altered by RR6. However, RR6 significantly reduced neointimal macrophage influx that was accompanied by increased GCLC messenger RNA expression. In vitro, RR6 inhibited platelet-derived growth factor-induced SMC proliferation and protected SMCs from TNF-α-induced apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacological inhibition of vanin activity attenuates development of transplant vasculopathy. This was accompanied by reduced macrophage infiltration and increased glutathione-synthesizing capacity. In vitro, RR6 reduced SMC proliferation and apoptosis that was not confirmed in vivo. Further in-depth studies are warranted to reveal the underlying mechanism(s) of RR6-induced attenuation of transplant vasculopathy in vivo.
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Leite JSM, Cruzat VF, Krause M, Homem de Bittencourt PI. Physiological regulation of the heat shock response by glutamine: implications for chronic low-grade inflammatory diseases in age-related conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1186/s41110-016-0021-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Glutathione - From antioxidant to post-translational modifier. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 595:64-7. [PMID: 27095218 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Helmut Sies is one of the leading investigators in the multiple roles of glutathione (GSH) in biology. He has pioneered work on the role of GSH in preventing oxidative stress, in transport of GSSG, in protection of protein thiols from irreversible oxidation through mixed disulfide formation and demonstrated a role of protein glutathionylation in response to hormonal stimulation well before redox signaling became a major subject of investigation. Here I will describe the roles of GSH in several aspects of biology, the work of my laboratory in those findings, and how Helmut Sies work influenced our studies.
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Forman HJ. Redox signaling: An evolution from free radicals to aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 97:398-407. [PMID: 27393004 PMCID: PMC4996735 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Redox biology has evolved from studies of the pathology that involves oxidants to an understanding of how oxidants participate in normal as well as aberrant signal transduction. Although the concept that signal transduction involved changes in the redox state dates from the 1930s, the modern history of redox biology began with the discovery of superoxide dismutase by McCord and Fridovich. The initial focus was on free radicals and damage of macromolecules, which remains an important topic. But, over time it was realized that hydroperoxides, especially H2O2 produced by NADPH oxidases, and electrophiles derived from lipid peroxidation or metabolism, played essential roles in physiologically relevant signaling. The mechanisms through which H2O2 and other electrophiles signal became an important area of study that provided insight into how these reactive molecules were involved in major signaling pathways and regulation of transcription factors. Thus, the field of redox signaling that is the overlap of signal transduction with redox biology was established. Alterations in redox signaling are observed in aging, but we also now know that redox signaling is essential in physiological homeostasis and that sustained deviation from redox homeostasis results in disease. This is a review of the history of redox biology from a personal perspective of nearly fifty years working in this field that hopefully provides some insights for the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Jay Forman
- Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, 3715 McClintock Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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25
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Dequanter D, VAN DE Velde M, Bar I, Nuyens V, Rousseau A, Nagy N, Vanhamme L, Vanhaeverbeek M, Brohée D, Delrée P, Boudjeltia K, Lothaire P, Uzureau P. Nuclear localization of glutamate-cysteine ligase is associated with proliferation in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3660-3668. [PMID: 27284370 PMCID: PMC4887909 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the keystone of the cellular response toward oxidative stress. Elevated GSH content correlates with increased resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy of head and neck (HN) tumors. The purpose of the present cross-sectional study was to evaluate whether the expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) accounts for the increased GSH availability observed in HN squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). For that purpose, the messenger (m)RNA levels of the modifier (M) and catalytic (C) subunits of GCL and its putative regulators (namely, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, heme oxygenase-1 and nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha) were monitored in 35 surgical resections of untreated HNSCC. The localization of GCLM was evaluated using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. GCLM expression was significantly increased in tumor samples, compared with normal mucosa, both at the mRNA and protein level (P=0.029), but the pathway of GCLM activation remains to be elucidated. Protein expression of GCLM was detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus. GCLM and the proliferation marker Ki-67 displayed a similar distribution, being both mainly expressed at the periphery of tumor lobules. The present study reported increased expression of GCL and the rate-limiting enzyme of GSH synthesis, within HNSCC. The nuclear localization of GCLM and the concomitant expression of Ki-67 suggested that the localization of GSH synthesis contributes to the protection against oxidative stress within hotspots of cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Dequanter
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center of Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Maureen VAN DE Velde
- Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Liège B-4000, Belgium
| | - Isabelle Bar
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Vincent Nuyens
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Alexandre Rousseau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Nathalie Nagy
- Department of Pathological Anatomy, University Hospital Center in Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Luc Vanhamme
- Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Charleroi B-6041, Belgium
| | - Michel Vanhaeverbeek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Center in Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Dany Brohée
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital Center in Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Paul Delrée
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Pathology and Genetics, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium
| | - Karim Boudjeltia
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Philippe Lothaire
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Center of Charleroi, André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
| | - Pierrick Uzureau
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), André Vésale Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Montigny-le-Tilleul B-6110, Belgium
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Collí-Dulá RC, Friedman MA, Hansen B, Denslow ND. Transcriptomics analysis and hormonal changes of male and female neonatal rats treated chronically with a low dose of acrylamide in their drinking water. Toxicol Rep 2016; 3:414-426. [PMID: 28959563 PMCID: PMC5615912 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is known to produce follicular cell tumors of the thyroid in rats. RccHan Wistar rats were exposed in utero to a carcinogenic dose of acrylamide (3 mg/Kg bw/day) from gestation day 6 to delivery and then through their drinking water to postnatal day 35. In order to identify potential mechanisms of carcinogenesis in the thyroid glands, we used a transcriptomics approach. Thyroid glands were collected from male pups at 10 PM and female pups at 10 AM or 10 PM in order to establish whether active exposure to acrylamide influenced gene expression patterns or pathways that could be related to carcinogenesis. While all animals exposed to acrylamide showed changes in expected target pathways related to carcinogenesis such as DNA repair, DNA replication, chromosome segregation, among others; animals that were sacrificed while actively drinking acrylamide-laced water during their active period at night showed increased changes in pathways related to oxidative stress, detoxification pathways, metabolism, and activation of checkpoint pathways, among others. In addition, thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4), were increased in acrylamide-treated rats sampled at night, but not in quiescent animals when compared to controls. The data clearly indicate that time of day for sample collection is critical to identifying molecular pathways that are altered by the exposures. These results suggest that carcinogenesis in the thyroids of acrylamide treated rats may ensue from several different mechanisms such as hormonal changes and oxidative stress and not only from direct genotoxicity, as has been assumed to date.
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Key Words
- ADA, adenosine Deaminase
- ADRB2, adrenergic
- ASF1B, anti-Silencing Function 1B Histone Chaperone
- Acrylamide
- BRIP1, BRCA1 Interacting Protein C-Terminal Helicase 1
- BUB1B, BUB1 Mitotic Checkpoint Serine/Threonine Kinase B
- C1QTNF3, C1q and Tumor Necrosis Factor Related Protein 3
- C5, complement Component 5
- CALCR, calcitonin receptor
- CARD9, caspase recruitment domain family
- CCNA2, cyclin A2
- CCNG1, cyclin G1
- CD45, protein tyrosine phosphatase
- CD46, CD46 molecule
- CDC45, cell division cycle 45
- CDCA2, cell division cycle associated 2
- CDCA5, cell division cycle associated 5
- CENPT, centromere protein T
- CFB, complement factor B
- CGA, glycoprotein hormones
- CTLA4, cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4
- DAD1, defender against cell death 1
- DCTPP1, DCTP pyrophosphatase 1
- DNMT3A, DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 alpha
- DUOX2, dual oxidase 2
- GCG, glucagon
- GCLC, glutamate-cysteine ligase
- GOLGA3, golgin A3
- GSTM1, glutathione S-transferase Mu 1
- GSTP1, glutathione S-transferase Pi 1
- HPSE, heparanase
- HSPA5, heat shock 70 kDa protein 5
- HSPB1, heat shock 27 KDa protein
- HSPB2, heat shock 27 kDa protein 2
- HSPH1, heat shock 105 kDa/110 kDa protein 1
- HTATIP2, HIV-1 tat interactive protein 2
- ID1, inhibitor of DNA binding 1
- IGF2, Insulin-like growth factor 2 (somatomedin A)
- IL1B, interleukin 1
- INHBA, inhibin
- IYD, iodotyrosine deiodinase
- KIF20B, kinesin family member 20B
- KIF22, kinesin family Member 22
- KLK1, kallikrein 1
- LAMA2, laminin, alpha 2
- MCM8, minichromosome maintenance complex component 8
- MIF, macrophage migration inhibitory factor
- MIS18A, MIS18 kinetochore protein A
- NDC80, NDC80 kinetochore complex component
- NPPC, natriuretic peptide precursor C
- NPY, neuropeptide
- NUBP1, nucleotide binding protein 1
- ORC1, origin recognition complex
- PDE3A, phosphodiesterase 3A
- PINK1, PTEN induced putative kinase 1
- PLCD1, phospholipase C
- PLK1, polo-like kinase 1
- POMC, proopiomelanocortin
- PRKAA2, protein kinase
- PRL, prolactin
- PRODH, proline dehydrogenase
- PTGIS, prostaglandin I2 (prostacyclin) synthase
- PTGS1, prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 1
- RAB5A, RAB5A
- RAN, ras-related nuclear protein
- RRM2, ribonucleotide reductase M2
- RccHan Wistar
- SCL5A5, solute carrier family 5 (sodium iodide symporter)
- SELP, selectin P (granule membrane protein 140 kDa
- SPAG8, sperm associated antigen 8
- TACC3, transforming
- TBCB, tubulin folding cofactor B
- TFRC, transferrin receptor
- TOP2A, topoisomerase (DNA) II alpha
- TPO, thyroid peroxidase
- TSHR, thyroid stimulating hormone receptor
- TSN, translin
- Thyroid
- Transcriptomics
- VWF, Von Willebrand Factor
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyna Cristina Collí-Dulá
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Benjamin Hansen
- Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, D-211134, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Glutamate cysteine ligase and the age-related decline in cellular glutathione: The therapeutic potential of γ-glutamylcysteine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 593:12-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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Arnold MC, Forte JE, Osterberg JS, Di Giulio RT. Antioxidant Rescue of Selenomethionine-Induced Teratogenesis in Zebrafish Embryos. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2016; 70:311-20. [PMID: 26498942 PMCID: PMC4842345 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) is an essential micronutrient that can be found at toxic concentrations in surface waters contaminated by runoff from agriculture and coal mining. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to aqueous Se in the form of selenate, selenite, and l-selenomethionine (SeMet) in an attempt to determine if oxidative stress plays a role in selenium embryo toxicity. Selenate and selenite exposure did not induce embryo deformities (lordosis and craniofacial malformation). l-selenomethionine, however, induced significantly higher deformity rates at 100 µg/L compared with controls. SeMet exposure induced a dose-dependent increase in the catalytic subunit of glutamate-cysteine ligase (gclc) and reached an 11.7-fold increase at 100 µg/L. SeMet exposure also reduced concentrations of TGSH, RGSH, and the TGSH:GSSG ratio. Pretreatment with 100 µM N-acetylcysteine significantly reduced deformities in the zebrafish embryos secondarily treated with 400 µg/L SeMet from approximately 50–10 % as well as rescued all three of the significant glutathione level differences seen with SeMet alone. Selenite exposure induced a 6.6-fold increase in expression of the glutathione-S-transferase pi class 2 (gstp2) gene, which is involved in xenobiotic transformation and possibly oxidative stress. These results suggest that aqueous exposure to SeMet can induce significant embryonic teratogenesis in zebrafish that are at least partially attributed to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arnold
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Box 90328, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Zhang H, Davies KJA, Forman HJ. Oxidative stress response and Nrf2 signaling in aging. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 88:314-336. [PMID: 26066302 PMCID: PMC4628850 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 577] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Increasing oxidative stress, a major characteristic of aging, has been implicated in a variety of age-related pathologies. In aging, oxidant production from several sources is increased, whereas antioxidant enzymes, the primary lines of defense, are decreased. Repair systems, including the proteasomal degradation of damaged proteins, also decline. Importantly, the adaptive response to oxidative stress declines with aging. Nrf2/EpRE signaling regulates the basal and inducible expression of many antioxidant enzymes and the proteasome. Nrf2/EpRE activity is regulated at several levels, including transcription, posttranslation, and interactions with other proteins. This review summarizes current studies on age-related impairment of Nrf2/EpRE function and discusses the changes in Nrf2 regulatory mechanisms with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqiao Zhang
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology
| | - Kelvin J A Davies
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; Division of Molecular & Computational Biology, Department of Biological Sciences, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0191, USA
| | - Henry Jay Forman
- Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology; School of Natural Science, University of California at Merced, Merced, CA 95344, USA.
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Hseu YC, Lo HW, Korivi M, Tsai YC, Tang MJ, Yang HL. Dermato-protective properties of ergothioneine through induction of Nrf2/ARE-mediated antioxidant genes in UVA-irradiated Human keratinocytes. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 86:102-17. [PMID: 26021820 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UVA irradiation-induced skin damage and redox imbalance have been shown to be ameliorated by ergothioneine (EGT), a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid. However, the responsible molecular mechanism with nanomolar concentrations of EGT remains unclear. We investigated the dermato protective efficacies of EGT (125-500nM) against UVA irradiation (15J/cm(2)), and elucidated the underlying molecular mechanism in human keratinocyte-derived HaCaT cells. We found that EGT treatment prior to UVA exposure significantly increased the cell viability and prevented lactate dehydrogenase release into the medium. UVA-induced ROS and comet-like DNA formation were remarkably suppressed by EGT with a parallel inhibition of apoptosis, as evidenced by reduced DNA fragmentation (TUNEL), caspase-9/-3 activation, and Bcl-2/Bax dysregulation. Furthermore, EGT alleviated UVA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Dose-dependent increases of antioxidant genes, HO-1, NQO-1, and γ-GCLC and glutathione by EGT were associated with upregulated Nrf2 and downregulated Keap-1 expressions. This was confirmed by increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 and inhibition of Nrf2 degradation. Notably, augmented luciferase activity of ARE may explain Nrf2/ARE-mediated signaling pathways behind EGT dermato-protective properties. We further demonstrated that Nrf2 translocation was mediated by PI3K/AKT, PKC, or ROS signaling cascades. This phenomenon was confirmed with suppressed nuclear Nrf2 activation, and consequently diminished antioxidant genes in cells treated with respective pharmacological inhibitors (LY294002, GF109203X, and N-acetylcysteine). Besides, increased basal ROS by EGT appears to be crucial for triggering the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathways. Silencing of Nrf2 or OCTN1 (EGT carrier protein) signaling with siRNA showed no such protective effects of EGT against UVA-induced cell death, ROS, and apoptosis, which is evidence of the vitality of Nrf2 translocation and protective efficacy of EGT in keratinocytes. Our findings conclude that EGT at nanomolar concentrations effectively ameliorated UVA-induced skin damage, and may be considered as a desirable food supplement for skin protection and/or preparation of skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Cheng Hseu
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Heng-Wei Lo
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | | | - Yu-Cheng Tsai
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Meng-Ju Tang
- Department of Cosmeceutics, College of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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31
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Lim J, Nakamura BN, Mohar I, Kavanagh TJ, Luderer U. Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Modifier Subunit (Gclm) Null Mice Have Increased Ovarian Oxidative Stress and Accelerated Age-Related Ovarian Failure. Endocrinology 2015; 156:3329-43. [PMID: 26083875 PMCID: PMC4541624 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) is the one of the most abundant intracellular antioxidants. Mice lacking the modifier subunit of glutamate cysteine ligase (Gclm), the rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis, have decreased GSH. Our prior work showed that GSH plays antiapoptotic roles in ovarian follicles. We hypothesized that Gclm(-/-) mice have accelerated ovarian aging due to ovarian oxidative stress. We found significantly decreased ovarian GSH concentrations and oxidized GSH/oxidized glutathione redox potential in Gclm(-/-) vs Gclm(+/+) ovaries. Prepubertal Gclm(-/-) and Gclm(+/+) mice had similar numbers of ovarian follicles, and as expected, the total number of ovarian follicles declined with age in both genotypes. However, the rate of decline in follicles was significantly more rapid in Gclm(-/-) mice, and this was driven by accelerated declines in primordial follicles, which constitute the ovarian reserve. We found significantly increased 4-hydroxynonenal immunostaining (oxidative lipid damage marker) and significantly increased nitrotyrosine immunostaining (oxidative protein damage marker) in prepubertal and adult Gclm(-/-) ovaries compared with controls. The percentage of small ovarian follicles with increased granulosa cell proliferation was significantly higher in prepubertal and 2-month-old Gclm(-/-) vs Gclm(+/+) ovaries, indicating accelerated recruitment of primordial follicles into the growing pool. The percentages of growing follicles with apoptotic granulosa cells were increased in young adult ovaries. Our results demonstrate increased ovarian oxidative stress and oxidative damage in young Gclm(-/-) mice, associated with an accelerated decline in ovarian follicles that appears to be mediated by increased recruitment of follicles into the growing pool, followed by apoptosis at later stages of follicular development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhwan Lim
- Departments of Medicine (J.L., B.N.N., U.L.) and Developmental and Cell Biology (U.L.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (I.M., T.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Brooke N Nakamura
- Departments of Medicine (J.L., B.N.N., U.L.) and Developmental and Cell Biology (U.L.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (I.M., T.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Isaac Mohar
- Departments of Medicine (J.L., B.N.N., U.L.) and Developmental and Cell Biology (U.L.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (I.M., T.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Terrance J Kavanagh
- Departments of Medicine (J.L., B.N.N., U.L.) and Developmental and Cell Biology (U.L.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (I.M., T.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Ulrike Luderer
- Departments of Medicine (J.L., B.N.N., U.L.) and Developmental and Cell Biology (U.L.), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92617; and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences (I.M., T.J.K.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Hassan A, Ahn J, Suh Y, Choi YM, Chen P, Lee K. Selenium promotes adipogenic determination and differentiation of chicken embryonic fibroblasts with regulation of genes involved in fatty acid uptake, triacylglycerol synthesis and lipolysis. J Nutr Biochem 2014; 25:858-67. [PMID: 24838110 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Selenium (Se) has been utilized in the differentiation of primary pig and rat preadipocytes, indicating that it may have proadipogenic potential; however, some studies have also demonstrated that Se has antiadipogenic activity. In this study, chicken embryonic fibroblasts (CEFs) were used to investigate the role of Se in adipogenesis in vitro and in ovo. Se supplementation increased lipid droplet accumulation and inhibited proliferation of cultured CEFs isolated from 6-day-old embryos dose-dependently. This suggests that Se may play a role in cell cycle inhibition, thereby promoting the differentiation of fibroblasts to adipocytes. Se did not stimulate adipogenic differentiation of CEFs isolated from 9- to 12-day-old embryos, implying a permissive stage of adipogenic determination by Se at earlier embryonic ages. Microarray analysis comparing control and Se treatments on CEFs from 6-day-old embryos and confirmatory analysis by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction revealed that genes involved in adipocyte determination and differentiation, fatty acid uptake and triacylglycerol synthesis were up-regulated. In addition, up-regulation of an anti-lipolytic G0/G1 switch gene 2 and down-regulation of a prolipolytic monoglyceride lipase may lead to inhibition of lipolysis by Se. Both osteogenic and myogenic genes were down-regulated, and several genes related to oxidative stress response during adipogenesis were up-regulated. In ovo injection of Se at embryonic day 8 increased adipose tissue mass by 30% and caused adipocyte hypertrophy in 17-day-old chicken embryos, further supporting the proadipogenic role of Se during the embryonic development of chickens. These results suggest that Se plays a significant role in several mechanisms related to adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishlin Hassan
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210; The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Yeunsu Suh
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Young Min Choi
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Paula Chen
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210; The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Ph.D. Program in Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210.
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Sikalidis AK, Mazor KM, Lee JI, Roman HB, Hirschberger LL, Stipanuk MH. Upregulation of capacity for glutathione synthesis in response to amino acid deprivation: regulation of glutamate-cysteine ligase subunits. Amino Acids 2014; 46:1285-96. [PMID: 24557597 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-014-1687-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Using HepG2/C3A cells and MEFs, we investigated whether induction of GSH synthesis in response to sulfur amino acid deficiency is mediated by the decrease in cysteine levels or whether it requires a decrease in GSH levels per se. Both the glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunit mRNA levels were upregulated in response to a lack of cysteine or other essential amino acids, independent of GSH levels. This upregulation did not occur in MEFs lacking GCN2 (general control non-derepressible 2, also known as eIF2α kinase 4) or in cells expressing mutant eIF2α lacking the eIF2α kinase Ser(51) phosphorylation site, indicating that expression of both GCLC and GCLM was mediated by the GCN2/ATF4 stress response pathway. Only the increase in GCLM mRNA level, however, was accompanied by a parallel increase in protein expression, suggesting that the enhanced capacity for GSH synthesis depended largely on increased association of GCLC with its regulatory subunit. Upregulation of both GCLC and GLCM mRNA levels in response to cysteine deprivation was dependent on new protein synthesis, which is consistent with expression of GCLC and GCLM being mediated by proteins whose synthesis depends on activation of the GCN2/ATF4 pathway. Our data suggest that the regulation of GCLC expression may be mediated by changes in the abundance of transcriptional regulators, whereas the regulation of GCLM expression may be mediated by changes in the abundance of mRNA stabilizing or destabilizing proteins. Upregulation of GCLM levels in response to low cysteine levels may serve to protect the cell in the face of a future stress requiring GSH as an antioxidant or conjugating/detoxifying agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelos K Sikalidis
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
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El Aidy S, Merrifield CA, Derrien M, van Baarlen P, Hooiveld G, Levenez F, Doré J, Dekker J, Holmes E, Claus SP, Reijngoud DJ, Kleerebezem M. The gut microbiota elicits a profound metabolic reorientation in the mouse jejunal mucosa during conventionalisation. Gut 2013; 62:1306-14. [PMID: 22722618 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proper interactions between the intestinal mucosa, gut microbiota and nutrient flow are required to establish homoeostasis of the host. Since the proximal part of the small intestine is the first region where these interactions occur, and since most of the nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum, it is important to understand the dynamics of metabolic responses of the mucosa in this intestinal region. DESIGN Germ-free mice aged 8-10 weeks were conventionalised with faecal microbiota, and responses of the jejunal mucosa to bacterial colonisation were followed over a 30-day time course. Combined transcriptome, histology, (1)H NMR metabonomics and microbiota phylogenetic profiling analyses were used. RESULTS The jejunal mucosa showed a two-phase response to the colonising microbiota. The acute-phase response, which had already started 1 day after conventionalisation, involved repression of the cell cycle and parts of the basal metabolism. The secondary-phase response, which was consolidated during conventionalisation (days 4-30), was characterised by a metabolic shift from an oxidative energy supply to anabolic metabolism, as inferred from the tissue transcriptome and metabonome changes. Detailed transcriptome analysis identified tissue transcriptional signatures for the dynamic control of the metabolic reorientation in the jejunum. The molecular components identified in the response signatures have known roles in human metabolic disorders, including insulin sensitivity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. CONCLUSION This study elucidates the dynamic jejunal response to the microbiota and supports a prominent role for the jejunum in metabolic control, including glucose and energy homoeostasis. The molecular signatures of this process may help to find risk markers in the declining insulin sensitivity seen in human type 2 diabetes mellitus, for instance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar El Aidy
- Top Institute Food and Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Nair PMG, Park SY, Chung JW, Choi J. Transcriptional regulation of glutathione biosynthesis genes, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase and glutathione synthetase in response to cadmium and nonylphenol in Chironomus riparius. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:265-273. [PMID: 23686006 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We characterized Chironomus riparius glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis genes, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (cr-gcl) and glutathione synthetase (cr-gs) and studied their expression after cadmium (Cd) and nonylphenol (NP) exposure. The full length cDNA of the Cr-GCL catalytic subunit was 2185 base pair (bp) in length containing an open reading frame of 1905bp, a 13bp 5' and 267bp 3' untranslated regions. The theoretical molecular mass of the deduced amino acid sequence (633) was 72.65kDa with an estimated pI of 5.42. The partial cDNA of Cr-GS was 739bp in length consisting 221 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of Cr-GCL and Cr-GS cDNAs showed high conservation with homologs from other species. In phylogenetic analysis Cr-GCL and Cr-GS were grouped with equivalent genes from insects belonging to the dipteran order. The expression of cr-gcl and cr-gs was measured using quantitative real-time PCR after exposure to sub lethal concentrations of Cd (2, 10 and 20mg/L) and NP (10, 50 and 100μg/L) for 12, 24, 48 and 72h using real-time PCR methods. The mRNA expression of Cr-GCL and Cr-GS was significantly modulated after exposure to different concentrations of Cd and NP for different time periods. Total GSH levels showed a non-significant decrease after exposure to Cd for 24h. However, no change in GSH levels was observed after exposure to NP for 24h. These results suggest that Cr-GS and Cr-GCL expression is modulated by Cd and NP stress and may play an important role in detoxification of xenobiotics and antioxidant defense. We conclude that Cr-GS and Cr-GCL could be used as biomarkers of Cd and NP stress in aquatic environment for the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash M Gopalakrishnan Nair
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Young Park
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woong Chung
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- School of Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Energy and Environmental System Engineering, University of Seoul, 90 Jeonnong-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-743, Republic of Korea.
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Fisetin attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced cell damage by scavenging reactive oxygen species and activating protective functions of cellular glutathione system. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:66-74. [PMID: 23982916 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9681-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can induce cell damage by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in DNA damage and cell death. The aim of this study is to elucidate the protective effects of fisetin (3,7,3',4',-tetrahydroxy flavone) against H2O2-induced cell damage. Fisetin reduced the level of superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical in cell free system, and intracellular ROS generated by H2O2. Moreover, fisetin protected against H2O2-induced membrane lipid peroxidation, cellular DNA damage, and protein carbonylation, which are the primary cellular outcomes of H2O2 treatment. Furthermore, fisetin increased the level of reduced glutathione (GSH) and expression of glutamate-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit, which is decreased by H2O2. Conversely, a GSH inhibitor abolished the cytoprotective effect of fisetin against H2O2-induced cells damage. Taken together, our results suggest that fisetin protects against H2O2-induced cell damage by inhibiting ROS generation, thereby maintaining the protective role of the cellular GSH system.
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Backos DS, Fritz KS, McArthur DG, Kepa JK, Donson AM, Petersen DR, Foreman NK, Franklin CC, Reigan P. Glycation of glutamate cysteine ligase by 2-deoxy-d-ribose and its potential impact on chemoresistance in glioblastoma. Neurochem Res 2013; 38:1838-49. [PMID: 23743623 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1090-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant glutathione (GSH) plays a critical role in maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis but in tumors the GSH biosynthetic pathway is often dysregulated, contributing to tumor resistance to radiation and chemotherapy. Glutamate-cysteine ligase (GCL) catalyzes the first and rate-limiting reaction in GSH synthesis, and enzyme function is controlled by GSH feedback inhibition or by transcriptional upregulation of the catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits. However, it has recently been reported that the activity of GCLC and the formation of GCL can be modified by reactive aldehyde products derived from lipid peroxidation. Due to the susceptibility of GCLC to posttranslational modifications by reactive aldehydes, we examined the potential for 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR) to glycate GCLC and regulate enzyme activity and GCL formation. 2dDR was found to directly modify both GCLC and GCLM in vitro, resulting in a significant inhibition of GCLC and GCL enzyme activity without altering substrate affinity or feedback inhibition. 2dDR-mediated glycation also inhibited GCL subunit heterodimerization and formation of the GCL holoenzyme complex while not causing dissociation of pre-formed holoenzyme. This PTM could be of particular importance in glioblastoma (GBM) where intratumoral necrosis provides an abundance of thymidine, which can be metabolized by thymidine phosphorylase (TP) to form 2dDR. TP is expressed at high levels in human GBM tumors and shRNA knockdown of TP in U87 GBM cells results in a significant increase in cellular GCL enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald S Backos
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 East Montview Boulevard, V20-2102, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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Mani M, Khaghani S, Gol Mohammadi T, Zamani Z, Azadmanesh K, Meshkani R, Pasalar P, Mostafavi E. Activation of Nrf2-Antioxidant Response Element Mediated Glutamate Cysteine Ligase Expression in Hepatoma Cell line by Homocysteine. HEPATITIS MONTHLY 2013; 13:e8394. [PMID: 23967023 PMCID: PMC3743301 DOI: 10.5812/hepatmon.8394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Homocysteine is a sulfur-containing amino acid which formed (mainly in the liver) during the metabolism of methionine. Prior studies indicated the important role of hyperhomocysteinemia in pathogenesis and progression of alcoholic liver disease, liver steatosis and cirrhosis. One of the most important mechanisms by which homocysteine promote the development of hepatic injury is oxidative stress. Transcription factor Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, represents critical cellular defense mechanism that serves to maintain intracellular redox homeostasis and limit oxidative stress. Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (GCLc) is rate limiting enzyme in the synthesis of glutathione, an important endogenous antioxidant. OBJECTIVES This study was conducted to investigate whether homocysteine induces the Nrf2 dependent expression of GCLc in hepatoma cell line (HepG2) and whether this induction is mediated by antioxidant response element (ARE) which present within its promoter. MATERIALS AND METHODS Glutathione (GSH) content was measured by flow cytometry. Using electro mobility shift assay (EMSA) and western blotting, ARE-binding activity of Nrf2 for GCLc was demonstrated. Real time RT-PCR and western blotting were performed to evaluate whether homocysteine was able to induce mRNA and protein expression of GCL. RESULTS Exposure of HepG2 cells to 50 µMD/L homocysteine and western blotting of nuclear extracts revealed that Nrf2 is strongly stabilized and became detectable in nuclear extracts. EMSA demonstrated increased binding of Nrf2 to oligomers containing GCL promoter - specific ARE -binding site.A time- dependent increase in the gene and protein expression of GCL was observed. Additionally, GSH, which is prime scavenger of free radicals in cells, decreased initially. Elevation of GSH, following the initial decline, closely correlated with gene expression profile of GCLc, which is a rate-limiting enzyme in GSH synthesis. CONCLUSIONS Altogether, we provide direct evidence that homocysteine activates Nrf2-mediated antioxidant response, which protects HepG2 cells from oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monireh Mani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Shahnaz Khaghani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Shahnaz Khaghani, Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran. Tel.: +98-2188953004, Fax: +98-2164053384, E-mail:
| | - Taghi Gol Mohammadi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Zahra Zamani
- Department of Biochemistry, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, IR Iran
| | | | - Reza Meshkani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Parvin Pasalar
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ehsan Mostafavi
- Department of Epidemiology, Pasteur Institute, Tehran, IR Iran
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Giordano G, Kavanagh TJ, Faustman EM, White CC, Costa LG. Low-level domoic acid protects mouse cerebellar granule neurons from acute neurotoxicity: role of glutathione. Toxicol Sci 2013; 132:399-408. [PMID: 23315585 PMCID: PMC3693515 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kft002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Domoic acid (DomA) is a potent marine neurotoxin. By activating α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazoleproprionic acid/kainate receptors, DomA induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death in neurons. The effect of prolonged (10 days) exposure to a low, nontoxic concentration (5nM) of DomA on acute (intermediate concentration) neurotoxicity of this toxin was investigated in cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) from wild-type mice and mice lacking the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) modifier subunit (Gclm (/)). CGNs from Gclm (/) mice have very low glutathione (GSH) levels and are very sensitive to DomA toxicity. In CGNs from wild-type mice, prolonged exposure to 5nM DomA did not cause any overt toxicity but reduced oxidative stress-mediated apoptotic cell death induced by exposure to an intermediate concentration (100nM for 24h) of DomA. This protection was not observed in CGNs from Gclm (/) mice. Prolonged DomA exposure increased GSH levels in CGNs of wild-type but not Gclm (/) mice. Levels of GCLC (the catalytic subunit of GCL) protein and mRNA were increased in CGNs of both mouse strains, whereas levels of GCLM protein and mRNA, activity of GCL, and levels of GCL holoenzyme were only increased in CGNs of wild-type mice. Chronic DomA exposure also protected wild-type CGNs from acute toxicity of other oxidants. The results indicate that CGNs from Gclm (/) mice, which are already more sensitive to DomA toxicity, are unable to upregulate their GSH levels. As Gclm (/) mice may represent a model for a common human polymorphism in GCLM, such individuals may be at particular risk for DomA-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennaro Giordano
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98105, USA.
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Mohar I, Botta D, White CC, McConnachie LA, Kavanagh TJ. Glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) transgenic and gene-targeted mice for controlling glutathione synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; Chapter 6:Unit6.16. [PMID: 23045016 DOI: 10.1002/0471140856.tx0616s39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The tripeptide glutathione (GSH) has important antioxidant properties, scavenges free radicals, and serves as a cofactor for glutathione S-transferase conjugation of many xenobiotics. GSH is synthesized in two steps. The first and, often, rate-limiting step is the formation of γ-glutamylcysteine, which is catalyzed by the inducible heterodimeric enzyme glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). The two subunits of GCL are the catalytic subunit (GCLC) and the modifier subunit (GCLM). In this unit, the generation and basic characterization methodologies of transgenic mouse models that have been developed to (1) conditionally over express both GCL subunits; (2) lack GCLM (Gclm null); and (3) create a hybrid between Gclm conditional over-expressing mice on a Gclm null genetic background are discussed. These models can be used to explore the fundamental role of GCLC and GCLM in GSH synthesis, as well as the toxicological role of GSH and its synthesis in xenobiotic metabolism and response to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Mohar
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Effects of 18-kDa translocator protein knockdown on gene expression of glutamate receptors, transporters, and metabolism, and on cell viability affected by glutamate. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2012; 22:606-19. [PMID: 22732722 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283544531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Previously, several important roles for glutamate have been described for the biology of primary brain tumors. For example, glutamate has been suggested to promote glioma cell proliferation by the activation of the 2-amino-3-(5-methyl-3-oxo-1,2-oxazol-4-yl)propanoic acid (AMPA) subtype of glutamate receptors. In the present study, we determined the potential regulatory roles of the 18-kDa translocator protein (TSPO) in the glutamatergic system in relation to cell death of brain tumor cells through knockdown of the TSPO by genetic manipulation. MATERIALS AND METHODS With microarray analysis and validation of gene expression of particular genes using real-time PCR, we found effects because of small inhibitory RNA knockdown of the TSPO in human U118MG glioblastoma cells on gene expression of glutamate receptors, glutamate transporters, and enzymes for glutamate metabolism. We also applied antisense RNA to silence TSPO in rat C6 glioblastoma cells and assayed the effects on DNA fragmentation, indicative of apoptosis, because of glutamate exposure. RESULTS In particular, the effects of TSPO silencing in human U118MG cells related to glutamate metabolism indicate a net effect of a reduction in glutamate levels, which may potentially protect the cells in question from cell death. The TSPO knockdown in C6 cells showed that TSPO is required for the induction of apoptosis because of glutamate exposure. CONCLUSION These findings show that interactions between the TSPO and the glutamatergic system may play a role in tumor development of glioblastoma cells. This may also have implications for our understanding of the involvement of the TSPO in secondary brain damage and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Chan JKW, Kodani SD, Charrier JG, Morin D, Edwards PC, Anderson DS, Anastasio C, Van Winkle LS. Age-specific effects on rat lung glutathione and antioxidant enzymes after inhaling ultrafine soot. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 48:114-24. [PMID: 23065132 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0108oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vehicle exhaust is rich in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and is a dominant contributor to urban particulate pollution (PM). Exposure to PM is linked to respiratory and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in susceptible populations, such as children. PM can contribute to the development and exacerbation of asthma, and this is thought to occur because of the presence of electrophiles in PM or through electrophile generation via the metabolism of PAHs. Glutathione (GSH), an abundant intracellular antioxidant, confers cytoprotection through conjugation of electrophiles and reduction of reactive oxygen species. GSH-dependent phase II detoxifying enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase facilitate metabolism and conjugation, respectively. Ambient particulates are highly variable in composition, which complicates systematic study. In response, we have developed a replicable ultrafine premixed flame particle (PFP)-generating system for in vivo studies. To determine particle effects in the developing lung, 7-day-old neonatal and adult rats inhaled 22 μg/m(3) PFP during a single 6-hour exposure. Pulmonary GSH and related phase II detoxifying gene and protein expression were evaluated 2, 24, and 48 hours after exposure. Neonates exhibited significant depletion of GSH despite higher initial baseline levels of GSH. Furthermore, we observed attenuated induction of phase II enzymes (glutamate cysteine ligase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, and glutathione peroxidase) in neonates compared with adult rats. We conclude that developing neonates have a limited ability to deviate from their normal developmental pattern that precludes adequate adaptation to environmental pollutants, which results in enhanced cytotoxicity from inhaled PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jackie K W Chan
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California at Davis, Davis, California 95616-8732, USA
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Altraja S, Mahlapuu R, Soomets U, Altraja A. Cigarette smoke-induced differential regulation of glutathione metabolism in bronchial epithelial cells is balanced by an antioxidant tetrapeptide UPF1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:711-7. [PMID: 23062287 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2012.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium is a principal target for inhaled oxidants like cigarette smoke, which induce epithelial injury and thereby provoke pathogenesis of chronic airway diseases. Alterations in airway epithelial glutathione (GSH) metabolism are central in causing a loss of reducing environment, however, data are scarce on epithelial cells from larger bronchi. We showed a transient depletion of intracellular GSH in human bronchial epithelial cells after exposure to cigarette smoke condensate (CSC), which later followed by a prolonged elevation. Of the GSH-regulating enzymes, CSC increased mRNA expression of both catalytic (GCLC) and modifier (GCLM) subunits of glutamate-cysteine ligase. UPF1, a tetrapeptide GSH analogue, 4-methoxy-L-tyrosinyl-γ-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine, known to possess a 50-fold higher hydroxyl radical scavenging efficiency than does GSH, normalized the intracellular GSH level in the human bronchial epithelial cells under oxidative stress caused by CSC. UPF1 restored the GCLM and GSH reductase mRNA levels, which were significantly augmented by CSC treatment, back to the level of untreated control cells, referring to a successful establishment of control by UPF1 upon the over-accumulation of GSH. Moreover, UPF1 showed a significantly more potent antioxidant capacity than did N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and, compared to NAC, demonstrated a better potential to assure the whole GSH homeostasis in human bronchial epithelial cells. The current study suggests that UPF1 is capable of maintaining intracellular GSH level under CSC-induced oxidative stress in bronchial epithelial cells via balanced control over GSH-regulating enzymes, reflecting an improved perception of cellular redox conditions and thereby warranting improved adjustment of GSH accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siiri Altraja
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia.
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Franchi N, Ferro D, Ballarin L, Santovito G. Transcription of genes involved in glutathione biosynthesis in the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis exposed to metals. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 114-115:14-22. [PMID: 22417760 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to metals is known to generate oxidative stress risk in living organisms, which are able to respond with the induction of antioxidant defenses, both enzymatic and non-enzymatic. Glutathione (GSH) is considered to be an important cellular component involved in protecting cells, both as metal chelating agent and oxygen radical scavenger. In this work we used molecular techniques to analyze the nucleotide and predicted amino acid sequences of genes involved in GSH biosynthesis, γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (ci-gclc), γ-glutamyl-cysteine ligase modifier subunit (ci-gclm) and GSH synthase (ci-gs) in the solitary tunicate Ciona intestinalis. We also studied the transcription of the above genes after in vivo exposure to Cd, Cu and Zn by semiquantitativ RT-PCR to improve our knowledge about the relationship between metal-induced oxidative stress and GSH production and locate mRNA expression by in situ hybridization (ISH). These genes exhibit a good level of sequence conservation with metazoan homologs generally, especially for residues important for the activity of the enzymes. Phylogenetic analyses indicate that the three enzymes evolved in different ways, Ci-GCLC and Ci-GS being mostly correlated with invertebrate proteins, Ci-GCLM being as sister group of vertebrate GCLMs. Our in silico analyses of the ci-gs and ci-gclc promoter regions revealed putative consensus sequences similar to mammalian metal-responsive elements (MRE) and antioxidant response elements (ARE), indicating that the transcription of these genes may directly depend on metals and/or reactive oxygen species. Results highlight a statistically significant increase in gene transcription, demonstrating that metal treatments have inducible effects on these genes. They can modulate gene transcription not only through MREs but also through AREs, as a consequence of metal-dependent ROS formation. The ISH location of Ci-GS and Ci-GCLC mRNAs shows that the cells most involved in glutathione biosynthesis are circulating hemocytes. The data presented here emphasize the importance of complex metal regulation of ci-gclc, ci-gclm and ci-gs transcription, which can create an efficient detoxification pathway allowing C. intestinalis to survive in continued elevated presence of metals in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via U. Bassi 58/B, 35100 Padova, Italy
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Lagos CF, Araya-Secchi R, Thomas P, Pérez-Acle T, Tapia RA, Salas CO. Molecular modeling of Trypanosoma cruzi glutamate cysteine ligase and investigation of its interactions with glutathione. J Mol Model 2012; 18:2055-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-011-1224-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Zegura B, Gajski G, Straser A, Garaj-Vrhovac V, Filipič M. Microcystin-LR induced DNA damage in human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Mutat Res 2011; 726:116-122. [PMID: 22001196 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to microcystins, which are produced by freshwater cyanobacterial species, is of growing concern due to increasing appearance of cyanobacterial blooms as a consequence of global warming and increasing water eutrophication. Although microcystins are considered to be liver-specific, there is evidence that they may also affect other tissues. These substances have been shown to induce DNA damage in vitro and in vivo, but the mechanisms of their genotoxic activity remain unclear. In human peripheral blood lymphocytes (HPBLs) exposure to non-cytotoxic concentrations (0, 0.1, 1 and 10μg/ml) of microcystin-LR (MCLR) induced a dose- and time-dependent increase in DNA damage, as measured with the comet assay. Digestion of DNA from MCLR-treated HPBLs with purified formamidopyrimidine-DNA glycosylase (Fpg) displayed a greater number of DNA strand-breaks than non-digested DNA, confirming the evidence that MCLR induces oxidative DNA damage. With the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay no statistically significant induction of micronuclei, nucleoplasmic bridges and nuclear buds was observed after a 24-h exposure to MCLR. At the molecular level, no changes in the expression of selected genes involved in the cellular response to DNA damage and oxidative stress were observed after a 4-h exposure to MCLR (1μg/ml). After 24h, DNA damage-responsive genes (p53, mdm2, gadd45a, cdkn1a), a gene involved in apoptosis (bax) and oxidative stress-responsive genes (cat, gpx1, sod1, gsr, gclc) were up-regulated. These results provide strong support that MCLR is an indirectly genotoxic agent, acting via induction of oxidative stress, and that lymphocytes are also the target of microcystin-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zegura
- National Institute of Biology, Department for Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Armand AS, Laziz I, Djeghloul D, Lécolle S, Bertrand AT, Biondi O, De Windt LJ, Chanoine C. Apoptosis-inducing factor regulates skeletal muscle progenitor cell number and muscle phenotype. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27283. [PMID: 22076146 PMCID: PMC3208607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis Inducing Factor (AIF) is a highly conserved, ubiquitous flavoprotein localized in the mitochondrial intermembrane space. In vivo, AIF provides protection against neuronal and cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by oxidative stress. Conversely in vitro, AIF has been demonstrated to have a pro-apoptotic role upon induction of the mitochondrial death pathway, once AIF translocates to the nucleus where it facilitates chromatin condensation and large scale DNA fragmentation. Given that the aif hypomorphic harlequin (Hq) mutant mouse model displays severe sarcopenia, we examined skeletal muscle from the aif hypomorphic mice in more detail. Adult AIF-deficient skeletal myofibers display oxidative stress and a severe form of atrophy, associated with a loss of myonuclei and a fast to slow fiber type switch, both in "slow" muscles such as soleus, as well as in "fast" muscles such as extensor digitorum longus, most likely resulting from an increase of MEF2 activity. This fiber type switch was conserved in regenerated soleus and EDL muscles of Hq mice subjected to cardiotoxin injection. In addition, muscle regeneration in soleus and EDL muscles of Hq mice was severely delayed. Freshly cultured myofibers, soleus and EDL muscle sections from Hq mice displayed a decreased satellite cell pool, which could be rescued by pretreating aif hypomorphic mice with the manganese-salen free radical scavenger EUK-8. Satellite cell activation seems to be abnormally long in Hq primary culture compared to controls. However, AIF deficiency did not affect myoblast cell proliferation and differentiation. Thus, AIF protects skeletal muscles against oxidative stress-induced damage probably by protecting satellite cells against oxidative stress and maintaining skeletal muscle stem cell number and activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Armand
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - Iman Laziz
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - Dounia Djeghloul
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - Sylvie Lécolle
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - Anne T. Bertrand
- The Hubrecht Institute and Interuniversity Cardiology Institute Netherlands, Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Olivier Biondi
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
| | - Leon J. De Windt
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Christophe Chanoine
- Centre d’Etude de la Sensori-Motricité, UMR 8194 CNRS, Université Paris Descartes, Centre Universitaire des Saints-Pères, Paris, France
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Antolino-Lobo I, Meulenbelt J, Molendijk J, Nijmeijer SM, Scherpenisse P, van den Berg M, van Duursen MB. Induction of glutathione synthesis and conjugation by 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) and 3,4-dihydroxymethamphetamine (HHMA) in human and rat liver cells, including the protective role of some antioxidants. Toxicology 2011; 289:175-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2011.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2011] [Revised: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 08/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Sutherland KM, Edwards PC, Combs TJ, Van Winkle LS. Sex differences in the development of airway epithelial tolerance to naphthalene. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 302:L68-81. [PMID: 22003090 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00089.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to air pollution has been linked to pulmonary diseases. Naphthalene (NA), an abundant polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon in tobacco smoke and urban air, is a model toxicant for air pollution effects in the lung. Repeated exposures to NA in male mice result in tolerance, defined as the emergence of a resistant cell phenotype after prior exposure. Tolerance has not been studied in females. Females have sex differences in airway epithelial responses and in the prevalence of certain airway diseases. Male and female mice were exposed to a tolerance-inducing regimen of NA, and lungs were examined by airway level to characterize the cellular changes associated with repeated NA exposure and to assess the expression of genes and proteins involved in NA bioactivation and detoxification. The airway epithelium in treated males resembled that of controls. Females in the tolerant state were characterized by dense populations of ciliated cells in midlevel, distal, and bifurcating airways and a lower abundance of Clara cells at all airway levels. Cytotoxicity following a secondary challenge dose was also greater in females than males. Furthermore, females had decreased gene/protein expression of CYP2F2, a P-450 that metabolizes NA to a toxic epoxide, and glutamate-cysteine ligase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione synthesis, than NA-tolerant males at all airway levels examined. We conclude that, while females develop tolerance, sex differences exist in the tolerant state by airway level, and females remain more susceptible than males to repeated exposures to NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Sutherland
- Center for Health and Environment, Center School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, California 95616-8732, USA
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Izigov N, Farzam N, Savion N. S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine up-regulates cellular glutathione and protects vascular endothelial cells from oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:1131-9. [PMID: 21281712 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2010] [Revised: 01/10/2011] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and/or low cellular glutathione (GSH) levels are associated with the development and progression of numerous pathological conditions. Cells possess various antioxidant protection mechanisms, including GSH and phase II detoxifying enzymes. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) supplies cells with cysteine to increase GSH level but its efficacy is relatively low because of its limited tissue penetration. Allicin (diallyl thiosulfinate), a reactive sulfaorganic compound, increases cellular GSH and phase II detoxifying enzymes in vascular endothelial cells (EC). A novel compound was designed: S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC), a conjugate of S-allyl mercaptan (a component of allicin) and NAC. Both ASSNAC and NAC increased cellular GSH of ECs, reaching a maximum of up to four- and threefold increase after exposure for 24 or 6 h at a concentration of 0.2 or 1 mM, respectively. ASSNAC induced nuclear translocation of the activated transcription factor Nrf2 and expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes. EC exposure to tBuOOH resulted in 75% cytotoxicity, and pretreatment of cultures with 0.2 mM ASSNAC or 2mM NAC reduced cytotoxicity to 20 and 42%, respectively. In conclusion, ASSNAC is superior to NAC in protecting cells from oxidative stress because of its ability to up-regulate both GSH and the expression of phase II detoxifying enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nira Izigov
- Goldschleger Eye Research Institute, Tel Hashomer 52621, Israel
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