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Aghajani Mir M. Illuminating the pathogenic role of SARS-CoV-2: Insights into competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulatory networks. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 122:105613. [PMID: 38844190 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2024.105613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The appearance of SARS-CoV-2 in 2019 triggered a significant economic and health crisis worldwide, with heterogeneous molecular mechanisms that contribute to its development are not yet fully understood. Although substantial progress has been made in elucidating the mechanisms behind SARS-CoV-2 infection and therapy, it continues to rank among the top three global causes of mortality due to infectious illnesses. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), being integral components across nearly all biological processes, demonstrate effective importance in viral pathogenesis. Regarding viral infections, ncRNAs have demonstrated their ability to modulate host reactions, viral replication, and host-pathogen interactions. However, the complex interactions of different types of ncRNAs in the progression of COVID-19 remains understudied. In recent years, a novel mechanism of post-transcriptional gene regulation known as "competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA)" has been proposed. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), circular RNAs (circRNAs), and viral ncRNAs function as ceRNAs, influencing the expression of associated genes by sequestering shared microRNAs. Recent research on SARS-CoV-2 has revealed that disruptions in specific ceRNA regulatory networks (ceRNETs) contribute to the abnormal expression of key infection-related genes and the establishment of distinctive infection characteristics. These findings present new opportunities to delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, offering potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets. This progress paves the way for a more comprehensive understanding of ceRNETs, shedding light on the intricate mechanisms involved. Further exploration of these mechanisms holds promise for enhancing our ability to prevent viral infections and develop effective antiviral treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Aghajani Mir
- Deputy of Research and Technology, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran.
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Clinical validation of SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical immunosensor based on the spike-ACE2 complex. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114940. [PMID: 38608761 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Advances in health, especially in prevention, diagnosis, and treatment, have significantly impacted the way of facing emerging infectious diseases. Yet, events such as the COVID-19 pandemic have shown that there is still a long way to go. Therefore, an urgent need exists for portable and easily deployable point-of-care (POC) detection tools. Biosensors at the POC remain in the laboratory in an analytical characterization step and are not yet mature enough to reach the market massively. In this context, it is necessary to progress in validating these devices to demonstrate their relevance in detecting different disease biomarkers. This work reports on the clinical validation of an electrochemical immunosensor for detecting SARS-CoV-2. METHODS A monocentric retrospective cohort study was conducted with 150 random nasopharyngeal swabs or tracheal aspiration samples tested by RT-PCR. The immunosensor based on magnetic beads and chronoamperometry detected SARS-CoV-2 through the spike-angiotensin-converting protein (ACE2) immunocomplex. RESULTS This biosensor demonstrated 96.04 % clinical sensitivity and 87.75 % clinical specificity in detecting SARS-CoV-2 in the samples, highly correlated with the RT-PCR gold standard. CONCLUSIONS It demonstrates the potential of electrochemical biosensors to be implemented as highly sensitive and easily deployable detection strategies even in remote locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering. Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 Nº 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering. Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 Nº 52-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia.
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Kakavandi S, Hajikhani B, Azizi P, Aziziyan F, Nabi-Afjadi M, Farani MR, Zalpoor H, Azarian M, Saadi MI, Gharesi-Fard B, Terpos E, Zare I, Motamedifar M. COVID-19 in patients with anemia and haematological malignancies: risk factors, clinical guidelines, and emerging therapeutic approaches. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:126. [PMID: 38360719 PMCID: PMC10868124 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Extensive research in countries with high sociodemographic indices (SDIs) to date has shown that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be directly associated with more severe outcomes among patients living with haematological disorders and malignancies (HDMs). Because individuals with moderate to severe immunodeficiency are likely to undergo persistent infections, shed virus particles for prolonged periods, and lack an inflammatory or abortive phase, this represents an overall risk of morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. In cases suffering from HDMs, further investigation is needed to achieve a better understanding of triviruses and a group of related variants in patients with anemia and HDMs, as well as their treatment through vaccines, drugs, and other methods. Against this background, the present study aimed to delineate the relationship between HDMs and the novel COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Besides, effective treatment options for HDM cases were further explored to address this epidemic and its variants. Therefore, learning about how COVID-19 manifests in these patients, along with exploiting the most appropriate treatments, may lead to the development of treatment and care strategies by clinicians and researchers to help patients recover faster. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Kakavandi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Bahareh Hajikhani
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Paniz Azizi
- Psychological and Brain Science Departments, Program in Neuroscience, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Fatemeh Aziziyan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nabi-Afjadi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Ramezani Farani
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Nano Bio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Inha University, Incheon, 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Hamidreza Zalpoor
- Student Research Committee, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy & Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education & Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azarian
- Department of Radiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Evangelos Terpos
- Department of Clinical Therapeutics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iman Zare
- Research and Development Department, Sina Medical Biochemistry Technologies Co., Ltd., Shiraz, 7178795844, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Motamedifar
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS Research Center, Institute of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Domingues KZA, Cobre AF, Lazo REL, Amaral LS, Ferreira LM, Tonin FS, Pontarolo R. Systematic review and evidence gap mapping of biomarkers associated with neurological manifestations in patients with COVID-19. J Neurol 2024; 271:1-23. [PMID: 38015300 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12090-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to synthesize the existing evidence on biomarkers related to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients who presented neurological events. METHODS A systematic review of observational studies (any design) following PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines and the Cochrane Collaboration recommendations was performed (PROSPERO: CRD42021266995). Searches were conducted in PubMed and Scopus (updated April 2023). The methodological quality of nonrandomized studies was assessed using the Newcastle‒Ottawa Scale (NOS). An evidence gap map was built considering the reported biomarkers and NOS results. RESULTS Nine specific markers of glial activation and neuronal injury were mapped from 35 studies published between 2020 and 2023. A total of 2,237 adult patients were evaluated in the included studies, especially during the acute phase of COVID-19. Neurofilament light chain (NfL) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) biomarkers were the most frequently assessed (n = 27 studies, 77%, and n = 14 studies, 40%, respectively). Although these biomarkers were found to be correlated with disease severity and worse outcomes in the acute phase in several studies (p < 0.05), they were not necessarily associated with neurological events. Overall, 12 studies (34%) were judged as having low methodological quality, 9 (26%) had moderate quality, and 9 (26%) had high quality. CONCLUSIONS Different neurological biomarkers in neurosymptomatic COVID-19 patients were identified in observational studies. Although the evidence is still scarce and conflicting for some biomarkers, well-designed longitudinal studies should further explore the pathophysiological role of NfL, GFAP, and tau protein and their potential use for COVID-19 diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Z A Domingues
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - A F Cobre
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - R E L Lazo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - L S Amaral
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - L M Ferreira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil
| | - F S Tonin
- H&TRC- Health & Technology Research Center, ESTeSL, Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde, Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, 1990-096, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - R Pontarolo
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80210-170, Brazil.
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Ray SK, Mukherjee S. Innovation and Patenting Activities During COVID-19 and Advancement of Biochemical and Molecular Diagnosis in the Post- COVID-19 Era. Recent Pat Biotechnol 2024; 18:210-226. [PMID: 37779409 DOI: 10.2174/0118722083262217230921042127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is to escalate globally and acquire new mutations quickly, so accurate diagnostic technologies play a vital role in controlling and understanding the epidemiology of the disease. A plethora of technologies acquires diagnosis of individuals and informs clinical management of COVID. Some important biochemical parameters for COVID diagnosis are the elevation of liver enzymes, creatinine, and nonspecific inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and Interleukin 6 (IL-6). The main progression predictors are lymphopenia, elevated D-dimer, and hyperferritinemia, although it is also necessary to consider LDH, CPK, and troponin in the marker panel of diagnosis. Owing to the greater sensitivity and accuracy, molecular technologies such as conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR), reverse transcription (RT)-PCR, nested PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP), and xMAP technology have been extensively used for COVID diagnosis for some time now. To make so many diagnostics accessible to general people, many techniques may be exploited, including point of care (POC), also called bedside testing, which is developing as a portable promising tool in pathogen identification. Some other lateral flow assay (LFA)-centered techniques like SHERLOCK, CRISPR-Cas12a (AIOD-CRISPR), and FNCAS9 editor limited uniform detection assay (FELUDA), etc. have shown auspicious results in the rapid detection of pathogens. More recently, low-cost sequencing and advancements in big data management have resulted in a slow but steady rise of next-generation sequencing (NGS)-based approaches for diagnosis that have potential relevance for clinical purposes and may pave the way toward a better future. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, various institutions provided free, specialized websites and tools to promote research and access to critically needed advanced solutions by alleviating research and analysis of data within a substantial body of scientific and patent literature regarding biochemical and molecular diagnosis published since January 2020. This circumstance is unquestionably unique and difficult for anyone using patent information to find pertinent disclosures at a specific date in a trustworthy manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Kumar Ray
- Independent Researcher, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
| | - Sukhes Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh-462020, India
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Rohilla A, Rohilla S. Drug Repositioning: A Monetary Stratagem to Discover a New Application of Drugs. Curr Drug Discov Technol 2024; 21:e101023222023. [PMID: 38629171 DOI: 10.2174/0115701638253929230922115127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Drug repurposing, also referred to as drug repositioning or drug reprofiling, is a scientific approach to the detection of any new application for an already approved or investigational drug. It is a useful policy for the invention and development of new pharmacological or therapeutic applications of different drugs. The strategy has been known to offer numerous advantages over developing a completely novel drug for certain problems. Drug repurposing has numerous methodologies that can be categorized as target-oriented, drug-oriented, and problem-oriented. The choice of the methodology of drug repurposing relies on the accessible information about the drug molecule and like pharmacokinetic, pharmacological, physicochemical, and toxicological profile of the drug. In addition, molecular docking studies and other computer-aided methods have been known to show application in drug repurposing. The variation in dosage for original target diseases and novel diseases presents a challenge for researchers of drug repurposing in present times. The present review critically discusses the drugs repurposed for cancer, covid-19, Alzheimer's, and other diseases, strategies, and challenges of drug repurposing. Moreover, regulatory perspectives related to different countries like the United States (US), Europe, and India have been delineated in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankur Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacology, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chandigarh University, Gharuan, 140413, Mohali, India
| | - Seema Rohilla
- Department of Pharmacy, Panipat Institute of Engineering and Technology, Panipat, Haryana, India
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Batheja D, Goel S, Fransman W, Mantsoki A, Ongarello S, Laxminarayan R. Understanding the value of biobank attributes to researchers using a conjoint experiment. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22728. [PMID: 38123601 PMCID: PMC10733358 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49394-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Biobanks are important in biomedical and public health research, and future healthcare research relies on their strength and capacity. However, there are financial challenges related to the operation of commercial biobanks and concerns around the commercialization of biobanks. Non-commercial biobanks depend on grant funding to operate and could be valuable to researchers if they can enable access to quality specimens at lower costs. The objective of this study is to estimate the value of specific biobank attributes. We used a rating-based conjoint experiment approach to study how researchers valued handling fee, access, quality, characterization, breadth of consent, access to key endemics, and time taken to fulfil requests. We found that researchers placed the greatest relative importance on the quality of specimens (26%), followed by the characterization of specimens (21%). Researchers with prior experience purchasing biological samples also valued access to key endemic in-country sites (11.6%) and low handling fees (5.5%) in biobanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepshikha Batheja
- One Health Trust, Obeya Pulse, First Floor, 7/1, Halasur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560102, India.
| | - Srishti Goel
- One Health Trust, Obeya Pulse, First Floor, 7/1, Halasur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560102, India
| | | | | | | | - Ramanan Laxminarayan
- One Health Trust, Obeya Pulse, First Floor, 7/1, Halasur Road, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560102, India
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8
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Rafique Q, Rehman A, Afghan MS, Ahmad HM, Zafar I, Fayyaz K, Ain Q, Rayan RA, Al-Aidarous KM, Rashid S, Mushtaq G, Sharma R. Reviewing methods of deep learning for diagnosing COVID-19, its variants and synergistic medicine combinations. Comput Biol Med 2023; 163:107191. [PMID: 37354819 PMCID: PMC10281043 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2023.107191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has necessitated the development of reliable diagnostic methods for accurately detecting the novel coronavirus and its variants. Deep learning (DL) techniques have shown promising potential as screening tools for COVID-19 detection. In this study, we explore the realistic development of DL-driven COVID-19 detection methods and focus on the fully automatic framework using available resources, which can effectively investigate various coronavirus variants through modalities. We conducted an exploration and comparison of several diagnostic techniques that are widely used and globally validated for the detection of COVID-19. Furthermore, we explore review-based studies that provide detailed information on synergistic medicine combinations for the treatment of COVID-19. We recommend DL methods that effectively reduce time, cost, and complexity, providing valuable guidance for utilizing available synergistic combinations in clinical and research settings. This study also highlights the implication of innovative diagnostic technical and instrumental strategies, exploring public datasets, and investigating synergistic medicines using optimised DL rules. By summarizing these findings, we aim to assist future researchers in their endeavours by providing a comprehensive overview of the implication of DL techniques in COVID-19 detection and treatment. Integrating DL methods with various diagnostic approaches holds great promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of COVID-19 diagnostics, thus contributing to effective control and management of the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qandeel Rafique
- Department of Internal Medicine, Sahiwal Medical College, Sahiwal, 57040, Pakistan.
| | - Ali Rehman
- Department of General Medicine Govt. Eye and General Hospital Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Sher Afghan
- Department of Internal Medicine District Headquarter Hospital Faislaabad, 62300, Pakistan.
| | - Hafiz Muhamad Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine District Headquarter Hospital Bahawalnagar, 62300, Pakistan.
| | - Imran Zafar
- Department of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Virtual University Pakistan, 44000, Pakistan.
| | - Kompal Fayyaz
- Department of National Centre for Bioinformatics, Quaid-I-Azam University Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Quratul Ain
- Department of Chemistry, Government College Women University Faisalabad, 03822, Pakistan.
| | - Rehab A Rayan
- Department of Epidemiology, High Institute of Public Health, Alexandria University, 21526, Egypt.
| | - Khadija Mohammed Al-Aidarous
- Department of Computer Science, College of Science and Arts in Sharurah, Najran University, 51730, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Summya Rashid
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 173, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Gohar Mushtaq
- Center for Scientific Research, Faculty of Medicine, Idlib University, Idlib, Syria.
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Rasashastra and Bhaishajya Kalpana, Faculty of Ayurveda, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India.
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Martín R, Rios-Covian D, Huillet E, Auger S, Khazaal S, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Sokol H, Chatel JM, Langella P. Faecalibacterium: a bacterial genus with promising human health applications. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad039. [PMID: 37451743 PMCID: PMC10410495 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In humans, many diseases are associated with alterations in gut microbiota, namely increases or decreases in the abundance of specific bacterial groups. One example is the genus Faecalibacterium. Numerous studies have underscored that low levels of Faecalibacterium are correlated with inflammatory conditions, with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the forefront. Its representation is also diminished in the case of several diseases, including colorectal cancer (CRC), dermatitis, and depression. Additionally, the relative presence of this genus is considered to reflect, at least in part, intestinal health status because Faecalibacterium is frequently present at reduced levels in individuals with gastrointestinal diseases or disorders. In this review, we first thoroughly describe updates to the taxonomy of Faecalibacterium, which has transformed a single-species taxon to a multispecies taxon over the last decade. We then explore the links discovered between Faecalibacterium abundance and various diseases since the first IBD-focused studies were published. Next, we examine current available strategies for modulating Faecalibacterium levels in the gut. Finally, we summarize the mechanisms underlying the beneficial effects that have been attributed to this genus. Together, epidemiological and experimental data strongly support the use of Faecalibacterium as a next-generation probiotic (NGP) or live biotherapeutic product (LBP).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Martín
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - David Rios-Covian
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Eugénie Huillet
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sandrine Auger
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Sarah Khazaal
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Luis G Bermúdez-Humarán
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Harry Sokol
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, CRSA, AP-HP, Saint Antoine Hospital, Gastroenterology Department, F-75012 Paris, France
- Paris Centre for Microbiome Medicine (PaCeMM) FHU, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Chatel
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Philippe Langella
- Paris-Saclay University, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Micalis Institute, 78350, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Dong T, Wang M, Liu J, Ma P, Pang S, Liu W, Liu A. Diagnostics and analysis of SARS-CoV-2: current status, recent advances, challenges and perspectives. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6149-6206. [PMID: 37325147 PMCID: PMC10266450 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06665c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The disastrous spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has induced severe public healthcare issues and weakened the global economy significantly. Although SARS-CoV-2 infection is not as fatal as the initial outbreak, many infected victims suffer from long COVID. Therefore, rapid and large-scale testing is critical in managing patients and alleviating its transmission. Herein, we review the recent advances in techniques to detect SARS-CoV-2. The sensing principles are detailed together with their application domains and analytical performances. In addition, the advantages and limits of each method are discussed and analyzed. Besides molecular diagnostics and antigen and antibody tests, we also review neutralizing antibodies and emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. Further, the characteristics of the mutational locations in the different variants with epidemiological features are summarized. Finally, the challenges and possible strategies are prospected to develop new assays to meet different diagnostic needs. Thus, this comprehensive and systematic review of SARS-CoV-2 detection technologies may provide insightful guidance and direction for developing tools for the diagnosis and analysis of SARS-CoV-2 to support public healthcare and effective long-term pandemic management and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Dong
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
- School of Pharmacy, Medical College, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Mingyang Wang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Junchong Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Pengxin Ma
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Shuang Pang
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
| | - Wanjian Liu
- Qingdao Hightop Biotech Co., Ltd 369 Hedong Road, Hi-tech Industrial Development Zone Qingdao 266112 China
| | - Aihua Liu
- Institute for Chemical Biology & Biosensing, College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University 308 Ningxia Road Qingdao 266071 China
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Gajula SNR, Khairnar AS, Jock P, Kumari N, Pratima K, Munjal V, Kalan P, Sonti R. LC-MS/MS: A sensitive and selective analytical technique to detect COVID-19 protein biomarkers in the early disease stage. Expert Rev Proteomics 2023; 20:5-18. [PMID: 36919634 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2023.2191845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The COVID-19 outbreak has put enormous pressure on the scientific community to detect infection rapidly, identify the status of disease severity, and provide an immediate vaccine/drug for the treatment. Relying on immunoassay and a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) led to many false-negative and false-positive reports. Therefore, detecting biomarkers is an alternative and reliable approach for determining the infection, its severity, and disease progression. Recent advances in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) enable the protein biomarkers even at low concentrations, thus facilitating clinicians to monitor the treatment in hospitals. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the role of LC-MS/MS in identifying protein biomarkers and discusses the clinically significant protein biomarkers such as Serum amyloid A, Interleukin-6, C-Reactive Protein, Lactate dehydrogenase, D-dimer, cardiac troponin, ferritin, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate transaminase, gelsolin and galectin-3-binding protein in COVID-19, and their analysis by LC-MS/MS in the early stage. EXPERT OPINION Clinical doctors monitor significant biomarkers to understand, stratify, and treat patients according to disease severity. Knowledge of clinically significant COVID-19 protein biomarkers is critical not only for COVID-19 caused by the coronavirus but also to prepare us for future pandemics of other diseases in detecting by LC-MS/MS at the early stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Nageswara Rao Gajula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Ankita Sahebrao Khairnar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Pallavi Jock
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Nikita Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Kendre Pratima
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Vijay Munjal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Pavan Kalan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
| | - Rajesh Sonti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hyderabad, Balanagar, India
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12
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Clancy J, Hoffmann CS, Pickett BE. Transcriptomics secondary analysis of severe human infection with SARS-CoV-2 identifies gene expression changes and predicts three transcriptional biomarkers in leukocytes. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2023; 21:1403-1413. [PMID: 36785619 PMCID: PMC9908618 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the causative agent of COVID-19, which has greatly affected human health since it first emerged. Defining the human factors and biomarkers that differentiate severe SARS-CoV-2 infection from mild infection has become of increasing interest to clinicians. To help address this need, we retrieved 269 public RNA-seq human transcriptome samples from GEO that had qualitative disease severity metadata. We then subjected these samples to a robust RNA-seq data processing workflow to calculate gene expression in PBMCs, whole blood, and leukocytes, as well as to predict transcriptional biomarkers in PBMCs and leukocytes. This process involved using Salmon for read mapping, edgeR to calculate significant differential expression levels, and gene ontology enrichment using Camera. We then performed a random forest machine learning analysis on the read counts data to identify genes that best classified samples based on the COVID-19 severity phenotype. This approach produced a ranked list of leukocyte genes based on their Gini values that includes TGFBI, TTYH2, and CD4, which are associated with both the immune response and inflammation. Our results show that these three genes can potentially classify samples with severe COVID-19 with accuracy of ∼88% and an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 92.6--indicating acceptable specificity and sensitivity. We expect that our findings can help contribute to the development of improved diagnostics that may aid in identifying severe COVID-19 cases, guide clinical treatment, and improve mortality rates.
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13
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Kulabhusan PK, Pishva P, Çapkın E, Tambe P, Yüce M. Aptamer-based Emerging Tools for Viral Biomarker Detection: A Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Curr Med Chem 2023; 30:910-934. [PMID: 35156569 DOI: 10.2174/1568009622666220214101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Viral infections can cause fatal illnesses to humans as well as animals. Early detection of viruses is therefore crucial to provide effective treatment to patients. Recently, the Covid-19 pandemic has undoubtedly given an alarming call to develop rapid and sensitive detection platforms. The viral diagnostic tools need to be fast, affordable, and easy to operate with high sensitivity and specificity equivalent or superior to the currently used diagnostic methods. The present detection methods include direct detection of viral antigens or measuring the response of antibodies to viral infections. However, the sensitivity and quantification of the virus are still a significant challenge. Detection tools employing synthetic binding molecules like aptamers may provide several advantages over the conventional methods that use antibodies in the assay format. Aptamers are highly stable and tailorable molecules and are therefore ideal for detection and chemical sensing applications. This review article discusses various advances made in aptamer-based viral detection platforms, including electrochemical, optical, and colorimetric methods to detect viruses, specifically SARS-Cov-2. Considering the several advantages, aptamers could be game-changing in designing high-throughput biosensors for viruses and other biomedical applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabir Kumar Kulabhusan
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Parsa Pishva
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Eda Çapkın
- Sabanci University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
| | - Prajakta Tambe
- Wellcome-- Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Meral Yüce
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research, and Application Centre, Istanbul, 34956, Turkey
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14
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Marsán-Suárez V, Casado-Hernández I, Hernández-Ramos E, Díaz-Domínguez G, Triana-Marrero Y, Duarte-Pérez Y, Miranda-Navarro J, Bringas-Pérez R, Simón-Pita AM, Hernández-Rego YDLM, Miguel-Morales M, Patria-Sánchez M, Zamora-González Y, Romero-Díaz Y, Aquino-Rojas S, González-Díaz I, Merlín-Linares JC, Leyva-Rodríguez A, Rodríguez-Pérez M, Benito-Caballero O, Navarro-Mariño JA, Elejalde-Larrinaga AR, Elejalde-Tamayo C, Tam-Rey LM, Ruiz-Villegas L, de la Guardia-Peña OM, Jerez-Barcel Y, Chang-Monteagudo A, Lam-Díaz RM, Macías-Abraham CM. Biomarkers of sequela in adult patients convalescing from COVID-19. ADVANCES IN BIOMARKER SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 4:36-53. [PMID: 36404876 PMCID: PMC9645947 DOI: 10.1016/j.abst.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Different biomarkers for SARS-CoV-2 have been linked to detection, diagnosis, treatment, disease progression, and development of new drugs and vaccines. The objective of this research was to evaluate various hematological, biochemicals, immunological, radiological and spirometric parameters in 20 adult patients convalescing from COVID-19 and their possible relationship with the clinical course of the disease. The frequencies of categorical variables were compared using the chi-square and Fisher's exact test. The levels of statistical significance were denoted in each figure legend. Two-dimensional clustering analysis was performed using MeV software from TIGR. The tests with P value of ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Most of the patients studied presented alterations in dissimilar laboratory, radiological and spirometric parameters, which were related to the clinical evolution of the disease. The results obtained show that certain hematological, biochemical, immunological and radiological parameters can be considered as biomarkers of sequela in adult COVID-19 patients, which allows their stratification, according to the degree of involvement or sequela, into three groups: I (mild degree of involvement or sequela), without lung lesions on computerized axial tomography (CT scan) and high values of IgG, C3 and hemoglobin, II (moderate degree of involvement or sequel), without lung lesions on CT scan, characterized by high levels of CD3+/CD4+ T lymphocytes and the rest of the variables with low values and III (severe degree of involvement or sequela), with lung lesions on CT scan and high values of erythrocyte sedimentation rate, monocytes and neutrophils, associated with lymphopenia and decreased concentrations of IgG and C3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vianed Marsán-Suárez
- Dr. in Medical Sciences, 1st and 2nd Degree Specialist in Immunology, Associated Professor, Assistant Researcher, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Imilla Casado-Hernández
- Degree in Biology, Assistant Professor, Assistant Researcher, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Elizabeth Hernández-Ramos
- Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Gabriela Díaz-Domínguez
- Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Assistant Researcher, Department of Immunochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Yenisey Triana-Marrero
- 1st Degree Specialist Physician in Comprehensive General Medicine and Immunology, Instructor Teacher, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Yaneisy Duarte-Pérez
- 1st Degree Specialist Physician in Comprehensive General Medicine and Immunology, Instructor Teacher, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Jamilet Miranda-Navarro
- Assistant Researcher, Master of Science in Mathematics Bioinformatics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Cuba
| | - Ricardo Bringas-Pérez
- Doctor in Biological Sciences, Professor and Senior Researcher, Bioinformatics Department, Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (CIGB), Cuba
| | - Ana María Simón-Pita
- Graduate in Health Technology, Assistant Teacher, Assistant Researcher, Department of Morphology and Pathological Anatomy, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | | | - Maydelín Miguel-Morales
- Degree in Biochemistry, Associated Research, Assistant Professor, Enzyme and Haemostasis Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Mysleidis Patria-Sánchez
- Graduate in Health Technology, Enzyme e and Haemostasis Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Yaneth Zamora-González
- Graduate in Health Technology, Assistant Teacher, Assistant Researcher, Enzyme and Haemostasis Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Yisenia Romero-Díaz
- Degree in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Assistant Researcher, Immunohematology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Suharmi Aquino-Rojas
- Degree in Health Technology, Transfusion Medicine Specialist, Assistant Teacher, Immunohematology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Ihosvani González-Díaz
- Graduate in Clinical Laboratory, Immunohematology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Julio César Merlín-Linares
- Degree in Biochemistry, Assistant Researcher, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Aymara Leyva-Rodríguez
- Degree in Biology, Aspiring Researcher, Immunochemistry and Immunology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Maylín Rodríguez-Pérez
- 1th and 2nd Degree Specialist Physician in Microbiology, Assistant Researcher, Assistant Teacher, Master in Parasitology, Microbiology Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Onasi Benito-Caballero
- 1th Degree Specialist Physician in Comprehensive General Medicine and Imaging, Imaging Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - José Antonio Navarro-Mariño
- 1th and 2nd Degree Specialist in Comprehensive General Medicine and 1st in Imaging, Master in Diagnostic Media, Imaging Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Angel René Elejalde-Larrinaga
- 1th and 2nd Degree Specialist in Pneumology, Assistant Professor, Assistant Researcher, Master in Public Health and Population Aging, Imaging Department, Institute of Oncology and Radiobiology, Cuba
| | - Claudia Elejalde-Tamayo
- 1th Degree Specialist Physician in Comprehensive General Medicine and Pulmonology, Spirometry Department, "Clinical Surgical University Hospital" Comandante Manuel Fajardo, Cuba
| | - Lázara Minerva Tam-Rey
- Degree in Health Technology, Aspiring Researcher, External Services Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Laura Ruiz-Villegas
- Degree in Biology, Aspiring Researcher, Coordinator of Clinical Trials, Department of Teaching and Research, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Odalis María de la Guardia-Peña
- Medical Specialist of 1st and 2nd Degree in Immunology, Assistant Professor and Researcher, External Services Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Yanet Jerez-Barcel
- 1th Degree Specialist Physician in Comprehensive General Medicine and Immunology, Instructor Teacher, Blood Bank Department, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Arturo Chang-Monteagudo
- Specialist Physician of 1st Degree in Comprehensive General Medicine and 2nd Degree in Immunology, Master in Biochemistry, Mention in Immunology, Assistant Professor and Researcher, Technical Deputy Director, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Rosa María Lam-Díaz
- Medical Specialist in Biostatistics, Assistant Researcher, Department of Teaching and Research, Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
| | - Consuelo Milagros Macías-Abraham
- Dr. in Medical Sciences, 1st and 2nd Degree Specialist in Immunology, Professor and Senior Researcher, Director of the Institute of Hematology and Immunology, Cuba
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15
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Cherusseri J, Savio CM, Khalid M, Chaudhary V, Numan A, Varma SJ, Menon A, Kaushik A. SARS-CoV-2-on-Chip for Long COVID Management. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:890. [PMID: 36291027 PMCID: PMC9599615 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has become a "wicked evil" in this century due to its extended progression and huge human mortalities. Although the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 viral infection is made simple and practical by employing reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) investigation, the process is costly, complex, time-consuming, and requires experts for testing and the constraints of a laboratory. Therefore, these challenges have raised the paradigm of on-site portable biosensors on a single chip, which reduces human resources and enables remote access to minimize the overwhelming burden on the existing global healthcare sector. This article reviews the recent advancements in biosensors for long coronavirus disease (COVID) management using a multitude of devices, such as point-of-care biosensors and lab-on-chip biosensors. Furthermore, it details the shift in the paradigm of SARS-CoV-2-on-chip biosensors from the laboratory to on-site detection with intelligent and economical operation, representing near-future diagnostic technologies for public health emergency management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayesh Cherusseri
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Claire Mary Savio
- Department of Engineering, Amity University Dubai, Dubai International Academic City P.O. Box 345019, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Vishal Chaudhary
- Research Cell & Department of Physics, Bhagini Nivedita College, University of Delhi, Delhi 110043, India
- SUMAN Laboratory (Sustainable Materials and Advanced Nanotechnology), New Delhi 110072, India
| | - Arshid Numan
- Graphene & Advanced 2D Materials Research Group (GAMRG), School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
- Sunway Materials Smart Science & Engineering (SMS2E) Research Cluster, Sunway University, No. 5, Jalan Universiti, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Sreekanth J. Varma
- Materials for Energy Storage and Optoelectronic Devices Group, Department of Physics, Sanatana Dharma College, University of Kerala, Alappuzha 688003, India
| | - Amrutha Menon
- Advanced Bio-Energy Devices Laboratory, Research & Development Division, JC Puli Energy Private Limited, Koduvayur, Palakkad 678501, India
| | - Ajeet Kaushik
- NanoBioTech Laboratory, Health System Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Florida Polytechnic University, Lakeland, FL 33805, USA
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, India
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16
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Tsagkaris C, Bilal M, Aktar I, Aboufandi Y, Tas A, Aborode AT, Suvvari TK, Ahmad S, Shkodina A, Phadke R, Emhamed MS, Baig AA, Alexiou A, Ashraf GM, Kamal MA. Cytokine storm and neuropathological alterations in patients with neurological manifestations of COVID-19. Curr Alzheimer Res 2022; 19:CAR-EPUB-126211. [PMID: 36089786 DOI: 10.2174/1567205019666220908084559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), a respiratory pathogen with neuroinvasive potential. Neurological COVID-19 manifestations include loss of smell and taste, headache, dizziness, stroke, and potentially fatal encephalitis. Several studies found elevated proinflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6 IL-8, IL-10 IL-16, IL-17A, and IL-18 in severely and critically ill COVID-19 patients, which may persist even after apparent recovery from infection. Biomarker studies on CSF and plasma and serum from COVID-19 patients have also shown a high level of IL-6, intrathecal IgG, neurofilament light chain (NFL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and tau protein. Emerging evidence on the matter has established the concept of COVID-19 associated neuroinflammation, in the context of COVID-19 associated cytokine storm. While the short-term implications of this condition are extensively documented, its long-term implications are yet to be understood. The association of the aforementioned cytokines with the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, may increase COVID-19 patients' risk to develop neurodegenerative diseases. Analysis of proinflammatory cytokines and CSF biomarkers in patients with COVID-19 can contribute to the early detection of the disease's exacerbation, monitoring the neurological implications of the disease and devising risk scales, and identifying treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- College of Pharmacy, Liaquat University of Medical and health Sciences, Jamshoro, Pakistan
| | - Irem Aktar
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | - Ahmet Tas
- Istanbul University, Istanbul Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul,Turkey
| | | | | | - Shoaib Ahmad
- Punjab Medical College, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Faisalabad Medical University, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | - Atif Amin Baig
- Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Malaysia
| | - Athanasios Alexiou
- Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Hebersham, 2770 NSW, Australia
- AFNP Med Austria, 1010 Wien, Austria
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- Pre-Clinical Research Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, 21589 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, 22254 Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- West China School of Nursing / Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P. O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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17
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Khaksarinejad R, Arabpour Z, RezaKhani L, Parvizpour F, Rasmi Y. Biomarker based biosensors: An opportunity for diagnosis of COVID-19. Rev Med Virol 2022; 32:e2356. [PMID: 35478470 PMCID: PMC9111147 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis and treatment of diseases are crucial research areas of human health. For early diagnosis, one method that has proven efficient is the detection of biomarkers which can provide real-time and accurate biological information. Most biomarker detection is currently carried out at localised dedicated laboratories using large and automated analysers, increasing waiting time and costs. Smaller, faster, and cheaper devices could potentially replace these time-consuming laboratory analyses and make analytical results available as point-of-care diagnostics. Innovative biosensor-based strategies could allow biomarkers to be tested reliably in a decentralised setting. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 patients has a key role in order to use quarantine and treatment strategies in a timely manner. Raised levels of several biomarkers in COVID-19 patients are associated with respiratory infections or dysfunction of various organs. Through clinical studies of COVID-19 patient biomarkers such as ferritin, Interleukins, albumin and …are found to reveals significant differences in their excretion ranges from healthy patients and patients with SARS-CoV-2, in addition to the development of biomarkers based biosensor such as stated biomarkers can be used and to investigate more specific biomarkers further proteomic analysis can be performed. This review presents several biomarker alterations in COVID-19 patients such as salivary, circulatory, coagulation, cardiovascular, renal, liver, C-reactive protein (CRP), immunological and inflammatory biomarkers. Also, biomarker sensors based on electrochemical, optical, and lateral flow characteristics which have potential applications for SARS-COV-2 in the recent COVID-19 pandemic, will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Khaksarinejad
- Department of ToxicologyFaculty of Medical SciencesTarbiat Modares UniversityTehranIran
| | - Zohreh Arabpour
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Leila RezaKhani
- Fertility and Infertility Research CenterHealth Technology InstituteKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
- Department of Tissue EngineeringSchool of MedicineKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Farzad Parvizpour
- Iranian Tissue Bank and Research CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Yousef Rasmi
- Department of BiochemistryFaculty of MedicineUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
- Cellular and Molecular Research CenterUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
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18
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Vásquez V, Orozco J. Detection of COVID-19-related biomarkers by electrochemical biosensors and potential for diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of the course of the disease in the context of personalized medicine. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:1003-1031. [PMID: 35970970 PMCID: PMC9378265 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04237-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
As a more efficient and effective way to address disease diagnosis and intervention, cutting-edge technologies, devices, therapeutic approaches, and practices have emerged within the personalized medicine concept depending on the particular patient's biology and the molecular basis of the disease. Personalized medicine is expected to play a pivotal role in assessing disease risk or predicting response to treatment, understanding a person's health status, and, therefore, health care decision-making. This work discusses electrochemical biosensors for monitoring multiparametric biomarkers at different molecular levels and their potential to elucidate the health status of an individual in a personalized manner. In particular, and as an illustration, we discuss several aspects of the infection produced by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) as a current health care concern worldwide. This includes SARS-CoV-2 structure, mechanism of infection, biomarkers, and electrochemical biosensors most commonly explored for diagnostics, prognostics, and potentially assessing the risk of complications in patients in the context of personalized medicine. Finally, some concluding remarks and perspectives hint at the use of electrochemical biosensors in the frame of other cutting-edge converging/emerging technologies toward the inauguration of a new paradigm of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Vásquez
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
| | - Jahir Orozco
- grid.412881.60000 0000 8882 5269Max Planck Tandem Group in Nanobioengineering, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Exact Sciences, University of Antioquia, Complejo Ruta N, Calle 67 N° 52-20, Medellín, 050010 Colombia
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19
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Thapa S, Singh KRB, Verma R, Singh J, Singh RP. State-of-the-Art Smart and Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080637. [PMID: 36005033 PMCID: PMC9405813 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Thus, this review provides an outline of SARS-CoV-2, of the traditional tools to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, and of the role of emerging nanomaterials with unique properties for fabricating biosensor devices to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease; however, considerably more is undetermined and yet to be explored. Hence, this review highlights the utility of various nanobiosensor devices for SARS-CoV-2 determination. Further, it also emphasizes the future outlook of nanobiosensing technologies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshitij RB Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Verma
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (R.P.S.)
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak 484887, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (R.P.S.)
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20
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Wei H, Zhang C, Du X, Zhang Z. Research progress of biosensors for detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants based on ACE2. Talanta 2022; 251:123813. [PMID: 35952504 PMCID: PMC9356646 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is ravaging the world, causing serious crisis in economy and human health. The top priority is the detection and drug development of the novel coronavirus. The gold standard for real-time diagnosis of coronavirus disease is the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), which is usually operatively complex and time-consuming. Biosensors are known for their low cost and rapid detection, which are developing rapidly in detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The current study showed that the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 will bind to angiotensin-converting hormone 2 (ACE2) to mediate the entry of the virus into cells. Interestingly, the affinity between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein increases with the mutation of the virus. Using ACE2 as a biosensor recognition receptor to detect SARS-CoV-2 will effectively avoid the decline of detection accuracy and false negative caused by variants. In fact, due to the variation of the virus, it may even lead to enhanced detection performance. In addition, ACE2-specific drugs to prevent SARS-CoV-2 from entering cells will be effectively evaluated using the biosensors even with virus mutations. Here, we reviewed the biosensors for rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 by ACE2 and discussed the advantages of ACE2 as an antibody for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants. The review also discussed the value of ACE2-based biosensors for screening for drugs that modulate the interaction between ACE2 and SARS-CoV-2.
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Ali AH, Yaqub AH, Faraj IA. Tumor biomarkers CEA, CA19.9, CA15.3 and AFP levels in the serum of patients with COVID-19. UKRAINIAN BIOCHEMICAL JOURNAL 2022. [DOI: 10.15407/ubj94.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis is very important to reduce morbidity and mortality in COVID-19 infected patients. The aim of this study was to detect of tumor antigens CEA, CA19.9, CA15.3, and AFP and to compare their levels in the serum of 69 COVID-19 patients and 69 healthy individuals who did not have COVID-19. The levels of CEA, CA19.9, CA15.3, and AFP in the serum were measured using ELISA. The levels of the tumor biomarkers in the serum of COVID-19 patients were found to be 7.74 ± 4.65 ng/ml for CEA, 29.33 ± 16.35 U/ml for CA19.9, 23.24 ± 13.48 U/ml for CA15.3 and 7.46 ± 5.57 ng/ml for AFP, while in the serum of healthy control patients 9.73 ± 43.58 ng/ml for CEA, 20.66 ± 11.1 for CA19.9, 19.64 ± 10.99 U/ml for CA15.3, and 3.83 ± 9.20 ng/ml for AFP, indicating no differences in the levels of the studied tumor biomarkers in the two experimental groups. It is concluded that tumor biomarkers CEA, CA19.9, CA15.3, and AFP cannot be used as effective screening tools for patients with COVID-19.
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22
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Li D, Zhou Z, Sun J, Mei X. Prospects of NIR fluorescent nanosensors for green detection of SARS-CoV-2. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 362:131764. [PMID: 35370362 PMCID: PMC8964475 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is continuously causing hazards for the world. Effective detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can relieve the impact, but various toxic chemicals are also released into the environment. Fluorescence sensors offer a facile analytical strategy. During fluorescence sensing, biological samples such as tissues and body fluids have autofluorescence, giving false-positive/negative results because of the interferences. Fluorescence near-infrared (NIR) nanosensors can be designed from low-toxic materials with insignificant background signals. Although this research is still in its infancy, further developments in this field have the potential for sustainable detection of SARS-CoV-2. Herein, we summarize the reported NIR fluorescent nanosensors with the potential to detect SARS-CoV-2. The green synthesis of NIR fluorescent nanomaterials, environmentally compatible sensing strategies, and possible methods to reduce the testing frequencies are discussed. Further optimization strategies for developing NIR fluorescent nanosensors to facilitate greener diagnostics of SARS-CoV-2 for pandemic control are proposed.
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Key Words
- 5 G, the fifth generation technology standard for broadband cellular networks
- ACE2, Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2
- AIE, aggregation-induced emission
- AIE810NP, an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) nanoparticle (λem = 810 nm)
- AIEgens, AIE luminogens
- ASOs, antisense oligonucleotides
- AuNP, Gold nanoparticle
- CF647, a cyanine-based far-red fluorescent dye
- COVID-19, The pandemic of the novel coronavirus disease 2019
- CP-MNB, capture probe-conjugated magnetic bead particle
- CdS, core/shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide
- CoPhMoRe, corona phase molecular recognition
- Cy7Cl, a cationic cyanine dye
- DCNPs, Down-conversion nanoparticles
- DPV, Differential pulse voltammetry
- DSNP, down shifting nanoparticles
- DSNP@MY-1057-GPC-3, active targeting antibody glypican-3 (GPC-3) was conjugated with DSNP@MY-1057
- E, envelope
- EB-NS, prepared by the layered pigment CaCuSi4O10 (Egyptian Blue, EB) via ball milling and facile tip sonication into NIR fluorescent nanosheets
- ENMs, electrospun nanofibrous membranes
- Environmental-friendly
- FLU, an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses
- FRET, fluorescence resonance energy transfer
- Green synthesis
- HA1, hemagglutinin subunit.
- HA1., hemagglutinin subunit
- HAS, serum albumin
- HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma
- IONPs, iron oxide nanoparticles.
- IONPs., iron oxide nanoparticles
- IgG A, IgG aggregation
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- IgM, immunoglobulin M
- LED, light emitting diode
- LICOR, IRDye-800CW
- Low-toxic
- M, membrane
- MCU, microcontroller unit
- MERS, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- N protein, nucleocapsid protein
- N, nucleocapsid
- NIR
- NIR, Near-Infrared
- NIR775, an H2S-inert fluorophore
- Nanosensor
- P, FITC-labelled GzmB substrate peptides
- PBS, Phosphate-buffered saline
- PCR, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- PEG, branched by Polyethylene glycol
- PEG1000 PE, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)− 1000]
- PEG2000 PE, (1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine-N-[methoxy(polyethylene glycol)− 2000);
- POC, point-of-care
- PS, polystyrene
- Pb-Ag2S ODs, lead doped Ag2S quantum dots
- QDs, quantum dots
- QY, quantum yield
- R, R represents a common recognition element for the target
- RCA, rolling circle amplification
- RNA, ribonucleic acid
- S RBD, SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain
- S protein, spike protein
- S, spike
- SAM, self-assembled monolayer
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
- SPNs, semiconducting polymer nanoparticles.
- SPNs., semiconducting polymer nanoparticles
- SWCNTs, single-walled carbon nanotubes
- Si-RP, silica-reporter probe
- VIS, visible
- VTM, viral transport medium
- pGOLD, plasmonic gold
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Department of Basic Science, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Zipeng Zhou
- Department of Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Department of Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
| | - Xifan Mei
- Department of Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Engineering of Liaoning, Jinzhou Medical University, 40 Songpo Road, Jinzhou 121001, China
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Levi Y, Yamin D, Brandes T, Shmueli E, Patalon T, Peretz A, Gazit S, Nahir B. Early Oxygen Treatment Measurements Can Predict COVID-19 Mortality: A Preliminary Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2022; 10:healthcare10061146. [PMID: 35742198 PMCID: PMC9222284 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare10061146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Halting the rapid clinical deterioration, marked by arterial hypoxemia, is among the greatest challenges clinicians face when treating COVID-19 patients in hospitals. While it is clear that oxygen measures and treatment procedures describe a patient’s clinical condition at a given time point, the potential predictive strength of the duration and extent of oxygen supplementation methods over the entire course of hospitalization for a patient death from COVID-19 has yet to be assessed. In this study, we aim to develop a prediction model for COVID-19 mortality in hospitals by utilizing data on oxygen supplementation modalities of patients. We analyzed the data of 545 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 complications admitted to Assuta Ashdod Medical Center, Israel, between 7 March 2020, and 16 March 2021. By solely analyzing the daily data on oxygen supplementation modalities in 182 random patients, we could identify that 75% (9 out of 12) of individuals supported by reservoir oxygen masks during the first two days died 3–30 days following hospital admission. By contrast, the mortality rate was 4% (4 out of 98) among those who did not require any oxygenation supplementation. Then, we combined this data with daily blood test results and clinical information of 545 patients to predict COVID-19 mortality. Our Random Forest model yielded an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) score on the test set of 82.5%, 81.3%, and 83.0% at admission, two days post-admission, and seven days post-admission, respectively. Overall, our results could essentially assist clinical decision-making and optimized treatment and management for COVID-19 hospitalized patients with an elevated risk of mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosi Levi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (Y.L.); (T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Dan Yamin
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (Y.L.); (T.B.); (E.S.)
- Center for Combatting Pandemics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- Correspondence:
| | - Tomer Brandes
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (Y.L.); (T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Erez Shmueli
- Department of Industrial Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel; (Y.L.); (T.B.); (E.S.)
| | - Tal Patalon
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 68125, Israel; (T.P.); (S.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Asaf Peretz
- Internal Medicine COVID-19 Ward, Samson Assuta Ashdod University Hospital, Ashdod 7747629, Israel;
| | - Sivan Gazit
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 68125, Israel; (T.P.); (S.G.); (B.N.)
| | - Barak Nahir
- Kahn Sagol Maccabi (KSM) Research & Innovation Center, Maccabi Healthcare Services, Tel Aviv 68125, Israel; (T.P.); (S.G.); (B.N.)
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24
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Vásquez V, Navas MC, Jaimes JA, Orozco J. SARS-CoV-2 electrochemical immunosensor based on the spike-ACE2 complex. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1205:339718. [PMID: 35414393 PMCID: PMC8941303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Rapid, straightforward, and massive diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is one of the more important measures to mitigate the current pandemics. This work reports on an immunosensor to rapidly detect the spike protein from the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The immunosensing device entraps the spike protein linked to angiotensin-converting enzyme host receptor (ACE2) protein in a sandwich between carboxylated magnetic beads functionalized with an anti-spike antibody and an anti-ACE2 antibody, further labeled with streptavidin (poly)horseradish peroxidase (HRP) reporter enzyme. The particles were confined at the surface of screen-printed gold electrodes, whose signal resulting from the interaction of the enzyme with a mediator was recorded in a portable potentiostat. The immunosensor showed a sensitivity of 0.83 μA∗mL/μg and a limit of detection of 22.5 ng/mL of spike protein, with high reproducibility. As a proof-of-concept, it detected commercial spike protein-supplemented buffer solutions, pseudovirions, isolated viral particles and ten nasopharyngeal swab samples from infected patients compared to samples from three healthy individuals paving the way to detect the virus closer to the patient.
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25
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Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Kalashgrani MY, Gholami A, Omidifar N, Babapoor A, Vijayakameswara Rao N, Chiang WH. Recent Advances in Plasma-Engineered Polymers for Biomarker-Based Viral Detection and Highly Multiplexed Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12050286. [PMID: 35624587 PMCID: PMC9138656 DOI: 10.3390/bios12050286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Infectious diseases remain a pervasive threat to global and public health, especially in many countries and rural urban areas. The main causes of such severe diseases are the lack of appropriate analytical methods and subsequent treatment strategies due to limited access to centralized and equipped medical centers for detection. Rapid and accurate diagnosis in biomedicine and healthcare is essential for the effective treatment of pathogenic viruses as well as early detection. Plasma-engineered polymers are used worldwide for viral infections in conjunction with molecular detection of biomarkers. Plasma-engineered polymers for biomarker-based viral detection are generally inexpensive and offer great potential. For biomarker-based virus detection, plasma-based polymers appear to be potential biological probes and have been used directly with physiological components to perform highly multiplexed analyses simultaneously. The simultaneous measurement of multiple clinical parameters from the same sample volume is possible using highly multiplexed analysis to detect human viral infections, thereby reducing the time and cost required to collect each data point. This article reviews recent studies on the efficacy of plasma-engineered polymers as a detection method against human pandemic viruses. In this review study, we examine polymer biomarkers, plasma-engineered polymers, highly multiplexed analyses for viral infections, and recent applications of polymer-based biomarkers for virus detection. Finally, we provide an outlook on recent advances in the field of plasma-engineered polymers for biomarker-based virus detection and highly multiplexed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (W.-H.C.)
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC V1V 1V7, Canada;
| | - Masoomeh Yari Kalashgrani
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Ahmad Gholami
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran; (M.Y.K.); (A.G.)
| | - Navid Omidifar
- Department of Pathology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71468-64685, Iran;
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Mohaghegh Ardabil, Ardabil 56199-11367, Iran;
| | - Neralla Vijayakameswara Rao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Hung Chiang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei City 106335, Taiwan;
- Correspondence: (S.M.M.); (W.-H.C.)
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26
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Yeh YC, Doan LH, Huang ZY, Chu LW, Shi TH, Lee YR, Wu CT, Lin CH, Chiang ST, Liu HK, Chuang TH, Ping YH, Liu HS, Huang CYF. Honeysuckle ( Lonicera japonica) and Huangqi ( Astragalus membranaceus) Suppress SARS-CoV-2 Entry and COVID-19 Related Cytokine Storm in Vitro. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:765553. [PMID: 35401158 PMCID: PMC8990830 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.765553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is threatening human health worldwide but no effective treatment currently exists for this disease. Current therapeutic strategies focus on the inhibition of viral replication or using anti-inflammatory/immunomodulatory compounds to improve host immunity, but not both. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds could be promising candidates due to their safety and minimal toxicity. In this study, we have developed a novel in silico bioinformatics workflow that integrates multiple databases to predict the use of honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) and Huangqi (Astragalus membranaceus) as potential anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Using extracts from honeysuckle and Huangqi, these two herbs upregulated a group of microRNAs including let-7a, miR-148b, and miR-146a, which are critical to reduce the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, these herbs suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6 or TNF-α, which were both identified in the cytokine storm of acute respiratory distress syndrome, a major cause of COVID-19 death. Furthermore, both herbs partially inhibited the fusion of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein-transfected BHK-21 cells with the human lung cancer cell line Calu-3 that was expressing ACE2 receptors. These herbs inhibited SARS-CoV-2 Mpro activity, thereby alleviating viral entry as well as replication. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that honeysuckle and Huangqi have the potential to be used as an inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 virus entry that warrants further in vivo analysis and functional assessment of miRNAs to confirm their clinical importance. This fast-screening platform can also be applied to other drug discovery studies for other infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chieh Yeh
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan.,Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ly Hien Doan
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biotechnology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Zi-Yi Huang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,ASUS Intelligent Cloud Services, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hau Shi
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ray Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Tao Wu
- Division of Big Data, Phalanx Biotech Group, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Lin
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Tuan Chiang
- Chuang Song Zong Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Ligang Plant, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Kang Liu
- National Research Institute of Chinese Medicine (NRICM), Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taipei, Taiwan.,Ph. D. Program in the Clinical Drug Development of Herbal Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Program in Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsin Ping
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biophotonics, College of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Sheng Liu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.,Center for Cancer Research, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,M.Sc. Program in Tropical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Ying F Huang
- Program in Molecular Medicine, College of Life Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biotechnology and Laboratory Science in Medicine, School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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27
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Combination of Enrichment Using Gene Ontology and Transcriptomic Analysis Revealed Contribution of Interferon Signaling to Severity of COVID-19. Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2022; 2022:3515001. [PMID: 35422859 PMCID: PMC9002903 DOI: 10.1155/2022/3515001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction The severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) was known to be affected by hyperinflammation. Identification of important proteins associated with hyperinflammation is critical. These proteins can be a potential target either as biomarkers or targets in drug discovery. Therefore, we combined enrichment analysis of these proteins to identify biological knowledge related to hyperinflammation. Moreover, we conducted transcriptomic data analysis to reveal genes contributing to disease severity. Methods We performed large-scale gene function analyses using gene ontology to identify significantly enriched biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components associated with our proteins. One of the appropriate methods to functionally group large-scale protein-protein interaction (PPI) data into small-scale clusters is fuzzy K-partite clustering. We collected the transcriptomics data from GEO Database (GSE 164805 and GPL26963 platform). Moreover, we created a data set and analyzed gene expression using Orange Data-mining version 3.30. PPI analysis was performed using the STRING database with a confidence score >0.9. Results This study indicated that four proteins were associated with 25 molecular functions, three were associated with 22 cellular components, and one was associated with ten biological processes. All GOs of molecular function, cellular components, and 9 of 14 biological processes were associated with important cytokines related to the COVID-19 cytokine storm present in the resulting cluster. The expression analysis showed the interferon-related genes IFNAR1, IFI6, IFIT1, and IFIT3 were significant genes, whereas PPIs showed their interactions were closely related. Conclusion A combination of enrichment using GOs and transcriptomic analysis showed that hyperinflammation and severity of COVID-19 may be caused by interferon signaling.
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28
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Díaz-Troyano N, Gabriel-Medina P, Weber S, Klammer M, Barquín-DelPino R, Castillo-Ribelles L, Esteban A, Hernández-González M, Ferrer-Costa R, Pumarola T, Rodríguez-Frías F. Soluble Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 as a Prognostic Biomarker for Disease Progression in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2. Diagnostics (Basel) 2022; 12:diagnostics12040886. [PMID: 35453934 PMCID: PMC9031748 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12040886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Predicting disease severity in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 is difficult. Soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (sACE2) arises from the shedding of membrane ACE2 (mACE2), which is a receptor for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. We evaluated the predictive value of sACE2 compared with known biomarkers of inflammation and tissue damage (CRP, GDF-15, IL-6, and sFlt-1) in 850 patients with and without SARS-CoV-2 with different clinical outcomes. For univariate analyses, median differences between biomarker levels were calculated for the following patient groups (classified by clinical outcome): RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 positive (Groups 1−4); RT-PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 negative following previous SARS-CoV-2 infection (Groups 5 and 6); and ‘SARS-CoV-2 unexposed’ patients (Group 7). Median levels of CRP, GDF-15, IL-6, and sFlt-1 were significantly higher in hospitalized patients with SARS-CoV-2 compared with discharged patients (all p < 0.001), whereas levels of sACE2 were significantly lower (p < 0.001). ROC curve analysis of sACE2 provided cut-offs for predicting hospital admission (≤0.05 ng/mL (positive predictive value: 89.1%) and ≥0.42 ng/mL (negative predictive value: 84.0%)). These findings support further investigation of sACE2, as a single biomarker or as part of a panel, to predict hospitalization risk and disease severity in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Díaz-Troyano
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo Gabriel-Medina
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stephen Weber
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany; (S.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Martin Klammer
- Roche Diagnostics GmbH, 82377 Penzberg, Germany; (S.W.); (M.K.)
| | - Raquel Barquín-DelPino
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
| | - Laura Castillo-Ribelles
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Angels Esteban
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
| | - Manuel Hernández-González
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Immunology Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Ferrer-Costa
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
| | - Tomas Pumarola
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Microbiology Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Rodríguez-Frías
- Biochemistry Department (Clinical Laboratories), Vall d’Hebron University Hospital, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (N.D.-T.); (P.G.-M.); (R.B.-D.); (L.C.-R.); (A.E.); (R.F.-C.)
- Vall d’Hebron Research Institute, 08035 Barcelona, Spain; (M.H.-G.); (T.P.)
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Wang Y, Tang CY, Wan XF. Antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 viruses. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2841-2881. [PMID: 34905077 PMCID: PMC8669429 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03806-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic characterization of emerging and re-emerging viruses is necessary for the prevention of and response to outbreaks, evaluation of infection mechanisms, understanding of virus evolution, and selection of strains for vaccine development. Primary analytic methods, including enzyme-linked immunosorbent/lectin assays, hemagglutination inhibition, neuraminidase inhibition, micro-neutralization assays, and antigenic cartography, have been widely used in the field of influenza research. These techniques have been improved upon over time for increased analytical capacity, and some have been mobilized for the rapid characterization of the SARS-CoV-2 virus as well as its variants, facilitating the development of highly effective vaccines within 1 year of the initially reported outbreak. While great strides have been made for evaluating the antigenic properties of these viruses, multiple challenges prevent efficient vaccine strain selection and accurate assessment. For influenza, these barriers include the requirement for a large virus quantity to perform the assays, more than what can typically be provided by the clinical samples alone, cell- or egg-adapted mutations that can cause antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and circulating viruses, and up to a 6-month duration of vaccine development after vaccine strain selection, which allows viruses to continue evolving with potential for antigenic drift and, thus, antigenic mismatch between the vaccine strain and the emerging epidemic strain. SARS-CoV-2 characterization has faced similar challenges with the additional barrier of the need for facilities with high biosafety levels due to its infectious nature. In this study, we review the primary analytic methods used for antigenic characterization of influenza and SARS-CoV-2 and discuss the barriers of these methods and current developments for addressing these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Wang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Cynthia Y Tang
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Xiu-Feng Wan
- MU Center for Influenza and Emerging Infectious Diseases (CIEID), University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Bond Life Sciences Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Institute for Data Science and Informatics, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, College of Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
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Nwanochie E, Linnes JC. Review of non-invasive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory pathogens in exhaled breath condensate. J Breath Res 2022; 16:10.1088/1752-7163/ac59c7. [PMID: 35235925 PMCID: PMC9104940 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ac59c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged to cause high viral infectivity and severe respiratory illness in humans (COVID-19). Worldwide, limited pandemic mitigation strategies, including lack of diagnostic test availability, resulted in COVID-19 overrunning health systems and spreading throughout the global population. Currently, proximal respiratory tract (PRT) specimens such as nasopharyngeal swabs are used to diagnose COVID-19 because of their relative ease of collection and applicability in large scale screening. However, localization of SARS-CoV-2 in the distal respiratory tract (DRT) is associated with more severe infection and symptoms. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is a sample matrix comprising aerosolized droplets originating from alveolar lining fluid that are further diluted in the DRT and then PRT and collected via condensation during tidal breathing. The COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in recent resurgence of interest in EBC collection as an alternative, non-invasive sampling method for the staging and accurate detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections. Herein, we review the potential utility of EBC collection for detection of SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory infections. While much remains to be discovered in fundamental EBC physiology, pathogen-airway interactions, and optimal sampling protocols, EBC, combined with emerging detection methods, presents a promising non-invasive sample matrix for detection of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeka Nwanochie
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline C Linnes
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
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Amara U, Rashid S, Mahmood K, Nawaz MH, Hayat A, Hassan M. Insight into prognostics, diagnostics, and management strategies for SARS CoV-2. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8059-8094. [PMID: 35424750 PMCID: PMC8982343 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra07988c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The foremost challenge in countering infectious diseases is the shortage of effective therapeutics. The emergence of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak has posed a great menace to the public health system globally, prompting unprecedented endeavors to contain the virus. Many countries have organized research programs for therapeutics and management development. However, the longstanding process has forced authorities to implement widespread infrastructures for detailed prognostic and diagnostics study of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS CoV-2). This review discussed nearly all the globally developed diagnostic methodologies reported for SARS CoV-2 detection. We have highlighted in detail the approaches for evaluating COVID-19 biomarkers along with the most employed nucleic acid- and protein-based detection methodologies and the causes of their severe downfall and rejection. As the variable variants of SARS CoV-2 came into the picture, we captured the breadth of newly integrated digital sensing prototypes comprised of plasmonic and field-effect transistor-based sensors along with commercially available food and drug administration (FDA) approved detection kits. However, more efforts are required to exploit the available resources to manufacture cheap and robust diagnostic methodologies. Likewise, the visualization and characterization tools along with the current challenges associated with waste-water surveillance, food security, contact tracing, and their role during this intense period of the pandemic have also been discussed. We expect that the integrated data will be supportive and aid in the evaluation of sensing technologies not only in current but also future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Umay Amara
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 608000 Pakistan
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus 54000 Pakistan
| | - Sidra Rashid
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus 54000 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mahmood
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 608000 Pakistan
| | - Mian Hasnain Nawaz
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus 54000 Pakistan
| | - Akhtar Hayat
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre in Biomedical Materials (IRCBM), COMSATS University Islamabad Lahore Campus 54000 Pakistan
| | - Maria Hassan
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 608000 Pakistan
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Stehlík M, Kisel'ák J, Dinamarca A, Alvarado E, Plaza F, Medina FA, Stehlíková S, Marek J, Venegas B, Gajdoš A, Li Y, Katuščák S, Bražinová A, Zeintl E, Lu Y. REDACS: Regional emergency-driven adaptive cluster sampling for effective COVID-19 management. STOCHASTIC ANALYSIS AND APPLICATIONS 2022; 41:474-508. [PMID: 37982071 PMCID: PMC10655945 DOI: 10.1080/07362994.2022.2033126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
As COVID-19 is spreading, national agencies need to monitor and track several metrics. Since we do not have perfect testing programs on the hand, one needs to develop an advanced sampling strategies for prevalence study, control and management. Here we introduce REDACS: Regional emergency-driven adaptive cluster sampling for effective COVID-19 management and control and justify its usage for COVID-19. We show its advantages over classical massive individual testing sampling plans. We also point out how regional and spatial heterogeneity underlines proper sampling. Fundamental importance of adaptive control parameters from emergency health stations and medical frontline is outlined. Since the Northern hemisphere entered Autumn and Winter season (this paper was originally submitted in November 2020), practical illustration from spatial heterogeneity of Chile (Southern hemisphere, which already experienced COVID-19 winter outbreak peak) is underlying the importance of proper regional heterogeneity of sampling plan. We explain the regional heterogeneity by microbiological backgrounds and link it to behavior of Lyapunov exponents. We also discuss screening by antigen tests from the perspective of "on the fly" biomarker validation, i.e., during the screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Stehlík
- Linz Institute of Technology & Department of Applied Statistics, J. Kepler University in Linz, Linz, Austria
- Instituto de Estadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andrés Bello, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - J Kisel'ák
- Institute of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, P.J.Šafárik University, Košice, Slovakia
| | - A Dinamarca
- Centro de Micro-Bioinnovación, Escuela de Nutrición y Dietética, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - E Alvarado
- Instituto de Estadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - F Plaza
- Instituto de Estadística, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Instituto de Fomento Pesquero, Chile
| | - F A Medina
- Biostatistics Program, School of Public Health, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - S Stehlíková
- Linz Institute of Technology & Department of Applied Statistics, J. Kepler University in Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - J Marek
- University of Pardubice, Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - B Venegas
- Departamento de Estomatología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Talca, Chile
| | - A Gajdoš
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Andrés Bello, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Y Li
- The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - S Katuščák
- Emeritus Prof.STU, Senior Konzulting, ESK
| | - A Bražinová
- Institute of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine in Bratislava, Comenius University, Slovak Republic
| | - E Zeintl
- Linz Institute of Technology & Department of Applied Statistics, J. Kepler University in Linz, Linz, Austria
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Elements and COVID-19: A Comprehensive Overview of Studies on Their Blood/Urinary Levels and Supplementation with an Update on Clinical Trials. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11020215. [PMID: 35205082 PMCID: PMC8869171 DOI: 10.3390/biology11020215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary COVID-19 is a disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus spreading mainly through person-to-person contact. It has caused millions of deaths around the world and lasting health problems in individuals who have survived the disease. This review concisely summarizes certain issues related to COVID-19 with a focus on elements and gives an update on clinical trials where some minerals will be tested/have been tested alone or in combination with drugs, vitamins, or plant extracts/herbal formulations in COVID-19 patients and in those at higher COVID-19 risk. Abstract The current report provides a brief overview of the clinical features, hematological/biochemical abnormalities, biomarkers, and AI-related strategies in COVID-19; presents in a nutshell the pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapeutic options; and concisely summarizes the most important aspects related to sociodemographic and behavioral factors as well as comorbidities having an impact on this disease. It also gives a brief outline of the effect of selected elements on immune response and collects data on the levels of micro-/macro-elements and toxic metals in the blood/urine of SARS-CoV-2 infected patients and on supplementation with minerals in COVID-19 subjects. Moreover, this review provides an overview of clinical trials based on the use of minerals alone or in combination with other agents that can provide effective responses toward SARS-CoV-2 infection. The knowledge compiled in this report lays the groundwork for new therapeutic treatments and further research on biomarkers that should be as informative as possible about the patient’s condition and can provide more reliable information on COVID-19 course and prognosis. The collected results point to the need for clarification of the importance of mineral supplementation in COVID-19 and the relationships of the levels of some minerals with clinical improvement.
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Role of Polypeptide Inflammatory Biomarkers in the Diagnosis and Monitoring of COVID-19. Int J Pept Res Ther 2022; 28:59. [PMID: 35095356 PMCID: PMC8785374 DOI: 10.1007/s10989-022-10366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic that took over the world in December 2019 has had everlasting devastating impacts on the lives of people globally. It manifests a huge symptom spectrum ranging from asymptomatic to critically ill patients with an unpredictable outcome. Timely diagnosis and assessment of disease severity is imperative for effective treatment. Possibilities exist that by the time symptoms appear the viral load might increase beyond control. However, it is advisable to get adequately diagnosed as soon as the first symptom appears. There is an immediate requirement of reliable biomarkers of COVID-19 manifesting an early onset for effective clinical management, stratification of high risk patients and ensuring ideal resource allocation. In this review, we attempt to explore and describe important polypeptide inflammatory biomarkers, namely C-reactive protein, Procalcitonin, Ferritin, Lactate Dehydrogenase, Serum amyloid A, Interleukin-6, Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and LIGHT used in the detection and management of COVID-19. Viral pathogenesis and the role of these inflammatory biomarkers is highlighted, based on the evidences available till date. An integrative data monitoring along with their correlation with the natural disease progression is of utmost importance in the management of COVID-19. So further research and in-depth analysis of these biomarkers is warranted in the present scenario.
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Rasalkar AA, Bhatia S, Katte T, Narayanan P, Vinjamuri S, Shettihalli AK, Kabade S, Manas RN, Kadappa V, Reddy DNS. COVID-19 and its impact on cancer, HIV, and mentally ill patients. LESSONS FROM COVID-19 2022. [PMCID: PMC9347297 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-99878-9.00006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and its disease, COVID-19 is a global pandemic creating an unprecedented medical as well economic havoc across the world. Despite the wide spread global infection rates, the death rate is low for COVID-19. However, COVID-19 patients with other comorbid conditions face severe health complications irrespective of their gender or age. As the management of COVID-19 patients is taking up health resources, it is getting difficult to treat patients suffering from other dreadful diseases like cancer, HIV, and mental health issues. In this chapter, we discuss the effects of COVID-19 and management of cancer patients of main cancer subtypes (e.g., breast, lung, blood cancers), and patients affected with HIV and mental health issues. Finally, we also add a perspective on Ayurvedic treatment and its efficacy on COVID-19 patients.
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Wanhella KJ, Fernandez-Patron C. Biomarkers of ageing and frailty may predict COVID-19 severity. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 73:101513. [PMID: 34838734 PMCID: PMC8611822 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the novel coronavirus, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) - the culprit of an ongoing pandemic responsible for the loss of over 3 million lives worldwide within a year and a half. While the majority of SARS-CoV-2 infected people develop no or mild symptoms, some become severely ill and may die from COVID-19-related complications. In this review, we compile and comment on a number of biomarkers that have been identified and are expected to enhance the detection, protection and treatment of individuals at high risk of developing severe illnesses, as well as enable the monitoring of COVID-19 prognosis and responsiveness to therapeutic interventions. Consistent with the emerging notion that the majority of COVID-19 deaths occur in older and frail individuals, we researched the scientific literature and report the identification of a subset of COVID-19 biomarkers indicative of increased vulnerability to developing severe COVID-19 in older and frail patients. Mechanistically, increased frailty results from reduced disease tolerance, a phenomenon aggravated by ageing and comorbidities. While biomarkers of ageing and frailty may predict COVID-19 severity, biomarkers of disease tolerance may predict resistance to COVID-19 with socio-economic factors such as access to adequate health care remaining as major non-biomolecular influencers of COVID-19 outcomes.
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Rasool G, Riaz M, Abbas M, Fatima H, Qamar MM, Zafar F, Mahmood Z. COVID-19: Clinical laboratory diagnosis and monitoring of novel coronavirus infected patients using molecular, serological and biochemical markers: A review. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2022; 36:3946320221115316. [PMID: 35840546 PMCID: PMC9289644 DOI: 10.1177/03946320221115316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a novel coronavirus disease, has provoked a variety of health and safety concerns, and socioeconomic challenges around the globe. The laboratory diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 was quickly established utilizing nucleic acid amplification techniques (NAAT) after the disease causing virus has been identified, and its genetic sequence has been determined. In addition to NAAT, serological tests based on antibodies testing against SARS-CoV-2 were introduced for diagnostic and epidemiologic studies. Other biochemical investigations include monitoring of peripheral blood cells count, platelets/lymphocyte ratio, coagulation profile, cardiac, and inflammatory markers such as cytokines storm are also crucial in combating COVID-19 pandemic. Further, accurate and reliable laboratory results for SARS-CoV-2 play very important role in the initiation of early treatment and timely management of COVID-19 patients, provide support in clinical decision-making process to control infection, and detection of asymptomatic cases. The Task Force on Coronavirus-19 constituted by International Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (IFCC) has recognized informational framework for epidemiology, pathogenesis, and recommended the PCR-based analysis, serological and biochemical assays for analysis, monitoring, and management of disease. This literature review provides an overview of the currently used diagnostic techniques in clinical laboratories for the diagnosis, treatment monitoring, and management of COVID-19 patients. We concluded that each assays differ in their performance characteristics and the utilization of multiple techniques is necessary for the accurate diagnosis and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Rasool
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, 66971University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Riaz
- Department of Allied Health Sciences, 66971University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mazhar Abbas
- Department of Biochemistry, 66920University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, (Jhang Campus) Pakistan
| | - Hina Fatima
- Department of Basic and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.,Department of Biochemistry, 66724University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Farzana Zafar
- Department of Biochemistry, 66724University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Zahed Mahmood
- Department of Biochemistry, 72594Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Moabelo KL, Martin DR, Fadaka AO, Sibuyi NRS, Meyer M, Madiehe AM. Nanotechnology-Based Strategies for Effective and Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:7851. [PMID: 34947447 PMCID: PMC8703409 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has gained worldwide attention and has prompted the development of innovative diagnostics, therapeutics, and vaccines to mitigate the pandemic. Diagnostic methods based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) technology are the gold standard in the fight against COVID-19. However, this test might not be easily accessible in low-resource settings for the early detection and diagnosis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The lack of access to well-equipped clinical laboratories, requirement for the high level of technical competence, and the cost of the RT-PCR test are the major limitations. Moreover, RT-PCR is unsuitable for application at the point-of-care testing (PoCT) as it is time-consuming and lab-based. Due to emerging mutations of the virus and the burden it has placed on the health care systems, there is a growing urgency to develop sensitive, selective, and rapid diagnostic devices for COVID-19. Nanotechnology has emerged as a versatile technology in the production of reliable diagnostic tools for various diseases and offers new opportunities for the development of COVID-19 diagnostic systems. This review summarizes some of the nano-enabled diagnostic systems that were explored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. It highlights how the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles were exploited in the development of novel colorimetric assays and biosensors for COVID-19 at the PoCT. The potential to improve the efficiency of the current assays, as well as the challenges associated with the development of these innovative diagnostic tools, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Mervin Meyer
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
| | - Abram M. Madiehe
- Department of Science and Innovation (DSI)/Mintek Nanotechnology Innovation Centre (NIC), Biolabels Research Node, Department of Biotechnology, University of the Western Cape (UWC), Bellville 7535, South Africa; (K.L.M.); (D.R.M.); (A.O.F.); (N.R.S.S.)
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Yang J, Kidd M, Nordquist AR, Smith SD, Hurth C, Modlin IM, Zenhausern F. A Sensitive, Portable Microfluidic Device for SARS-CoV-2 Detection from Self-Collected Saliva. Infect Dis Rep 2021; 13:1061-1077. [PMID: 34940407 PMCID: PMC8701218 DOI: 10.3390/idr13040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the outbreak of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in December 2019, the spread of SARS-CoV2 infection has been escalating rapidly around the world. In order to provide more timely access to medical intervention, including diagnostic tests and medical treatment, the FDA authorized multiple test protocols for diagnostic tests from nasopharyngeal swab, saliva, urine, bronchoalveolar lavage and fecal samples. The traditional diagnostic tests for this novel coronavirus 2019 require standard processes of viral RNA isolation, reverse transcription of RNA to cDNA, then real-time quantitative PCR with the RNA templates extracted from the patient samples. Recently, many reports have demonstrated a direct detection of SARS-Co-V2 genomic material from saliva samples without any RNA isolation step. To make the rapid detection of SARS-Co-V2 infection more accessible, a point-of-care type device was developed for SARS-CoV-2 detection. Herein, we report a portable microfluidic-based integrated detection-analysis system for SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acids detection directly from saliva samples. The saliva cartridge is self-contained and capable of microfluidic evaluation of saliva, from heating, mixing with the primers to multiplex real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, detecting SARS-CoV-2 with different primer sets and internal control. The approach has a detection sensitivity of 1000 copies/mL of SARS-CoV-2 RNA or virus, with consistency and automation, from saliva sample-in to result-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Yang
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.R.N.); (S.D.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Mark Kidd
- WREN Laboratories, Branford, CT 06405, USA; (M.K.); (I.M.M.)
| | - Alan R. Nordquist
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.R.N.); (S.D.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Stanley D. Smith
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.R.N.); (S.D.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Cedric Hurth
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.R.N.); (S.D.S.); (C.H.)
| | - Irvin M. Modlin
- WREN Laboratories, Branford, CT 06405, USA; (M.K.); (I.M.M.)
| | - Frederic Zenhausern
- Center for Applied NanoBioscience and Medicine, College of Medicine-Phoenix, University of Arizona, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA; (A.R.N.); (S.D.S.); (C.H.)
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Lim WY, Lan BL, Ramakrishnan N. Emerging Biosensors to Detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110434. [PMID: 34821650 PMCID: PMC8615996 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global health crisis caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard test for diagnosing COVID-19. Although it is highly accurate, this lab test requires highly-trained personnel and the turn-around time is long. Rapid and inexpensive immuno-diagnostic tests (antigen or antibody test) are available, but these point of care (POC) tests are not as accurate as the RT-PCR test. Biosensors are promising alternatives to these rapid POC tests. Here we review three types of recently developed biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection: surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based, electrochemical and field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors. We explain the sensing principles and discuss the advantages and limitations of these sensors. The accuracies of these sensors need to be improved before they could be translated into POC devices for commercial use. We suggest potential biorecognition elements with highly selective target-analyte binding that could be explored to increase the true negative detection rate. To increase the true positive detection rate, we suggest two-dimensional materials and nanomaterials that could be used to modify the sensor surface to increase the sensitivity of the sensor.
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Tabassum T, Rahman A, Araf Y, Ullah MA, Hosen MJ. Prospective selected biomarkers in COVID-19 diagnosis and treatment. Biomark Med 2021; 15:1435-1449. [PMID: 34538093 PMCID: PMC8454595 DOI: 10.2217/bmm-2021-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global health concern, due to the high transmissible nature of its causal agent and lack of proper treatment. Early diagnosis and nonspecific medical supports of the patients appeared to be effective strategy so far to combat the pandemic caused by COVID-19 outbreak. Biomarkers can play pivotal roles in timely and proper diagnosis of COVID-19 patients, as well as for distinguishing them from other pulmonary infections. Besides, biomarkers can help in reducing the rate of mortality and evaluating viral pathogenesis with disease prognosis. This article intends to provide a broader overview of the roles and uses of different biomarkers in the early diagnosis of COVID-19, as well as in the classification of COVID-19 patients into multiple risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahani Tabassum
- Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, School of Data & Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ahsab Rahman
- Department of Mathematics & Natural Sciences, Biotechnology Program, School of Data & Sciences, Brac University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Yusha Araf
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Md A Ullah
- Department of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad J Hosen
- Department of Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Shahjalal University of Science & Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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McArdle A, Washington KE, Chazarin Orgel B, Binek A, Manalo DM, Rivas A, Ayres M, Pandey R, Phebus C, Raedschelders K, Fert-Bober J, Van Eyk JE. Discovery Proteomics for COVID-19: Where We Are Now. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:4627-4639. [PMID: 34550702 PMCID: PMC8482317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a highly transmissible coronavirus responsible for the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which has had a devastating impact on society. Here, we summarize proteomic research that has helped elucidate hallmark proteins associated with the disease with respect to both short- and long-term diagnosis and prognosis. Additionally, we review the highly variable humoral response associated with COVID-19 and the increased risk of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela McArdle
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Kirstin E. Washington
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Blandine Chazarin Orgel
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Aleksandra Binek
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Danica-Mae Manalo
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Alejandro Rivas
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Matthew Ayres
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Rakhi Pandey
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Connor Phebus
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Koen Raedschelders
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Justyna Fert-Bober
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Department
of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
| | - Jennifer E. Van Eyk
- Advanced
Clinical Biosystems Institute and the Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
- Department
of Cardiology, Smidt Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai
Medical Center, Los Angeles, California 90048, United States
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Toropov N, Osborne E, Joshi LT, Davidson J, Morgan C, Page J, Pepperell J, Vollmer F. SARS-CoV-2 Tests: Bridging the Gap between Laboratory Sensors and Clinical Applications. ACS Sens 2021; 6:2815-2837. [PMID: 34392681 PMCID: PMC8386036 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This review covers emerging biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection together with a review of the biochemical and clinical assays that are in use in hospitals and clinical laboratories. We discuss the gap in bridging the current practice of testing laboratories with nucleic acid amplification methods, and the robustness of assays the laboratories seek, and what emerging SARS-CoV-2 sensors have currently addressed in the literature. Together with the established nucleic acid and biochemical tests, we review emerging technology and antibody tests to determine the effectiveness of vaccines on individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Toropov
- Living
Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | - Eleanor Osborne
- Living
Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
| | | | - James Davidson
- Somerset
Lung Centre, Musgrove Park Hospital, Parkfield Drive, Taunton TA1 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Caitlin Morgan
- Somerset
Lung Centre, Musgrove Park Hospital, Parkfield Drive, Taunton TA1 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph Page
- Somerset
Lung Centre, Musgrove Park Hospital, Parkfield Drive, Taunton TA1 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Pepperell
- Somerset
Lung Centre, Musgrove Park Hospital, Parkfield Drive, Taunton TA1 5DA, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Vollmer
- Living
Systems Institute, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4QD, United Kingdom
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Yağmur AR, Akbal Çufalı Ş, Aypak A, Köksal M, Güneş YC, Özcan KM. Correlation of olfactory dysfunction with lung involvement and severity of COVID-19. Ir J Med Sci 2021; 191:1843-1848. [PMID: 34374938 PMCID: PMC8352757 DOI: 10.1007/s11845-021-02732-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a significant symptom of COVID-19 and may be the earliest symptom, or it may sometimes be the only manifestation of the disease. Aims To investigate whether OD is correlated with chest computed tomography (CT) findings, blood test parameters, and disease severity in COVID-19 patients. Methods The files of COVID-19 patients were retrospectively reviewed, and the ones who had information about smelling status and CT were taken into consideration. A total of 180 patients were divided into two groups: the OD group consisted of 89 patients with self-reported OD, and the No-OD group consisted of 91 subjects who did not complain of OD. The two groups were compared for the amount of lung consolidation on CT, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, and blood test parameters (complete blood count, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), C-reactive protein (CRP), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), ferritin, D-dimer, interleukin-6 (IL-6)). Results The amount of lung consolidation and ICU admission were significantly higher in the No-OD group (p < 0.001 for both). White blood cell (p = 0.06), monocyte (p = 0.26), and platelet (p = 0.13) counts and hemoglobin (p = 0.63), ALT (p = 0.89), and D-dimer (p = 0.45) levels of the two groups were similar. Lymphocyte count (p = 0.01), neutrophil count (p = 0.01), and AST (p = 0.03), CK (p = 0.01), LDH (p < 0.001), CRP (p < 0.001), ESR (p < 0.001), ferritin (p < 0.001), and IL-6 (p < 0.001) levels were significantly higher in the No-OD group. Conclusions The patients presenting to the hospital with self-reported OD may have less lung involvement and a milder disease course compared to patients without OD on admission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali R. Yağmur
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
- Ankara, Turkey
| | - Şeyda Akbal Çufalı
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Adalet Aypak
- Department of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Murathan Köksal
- Department of Radiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yasin C. Güneş
- Department of Radiology, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Kürşat M. Özcan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
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Martín J, Tena N, Asuero AG. Current state of diagnostic, screening and surveillance testing methods for COVID-19 from an analytical chemistry point of view. Microchem J 2021; 167:106305. [PMID: 33897053 PMCID: PMC8054532 DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Since December 2019, we have been in the battlefield with a new threat to the humanity known as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In this review, we describe the four main methods used for diagnosis, screening and/or surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR); chest computed tomography (CT); and different complementary alternatives developed in order to obtain rapid results, antigen and antibody detection. All of them compare the highlighting advantages and disadvantages from an analytical point of view. The gold standard method in terms of sensitivity and specificity is the RT-PCR. The different modifications propose to make it more rapid and applicable at point of care (POC) are also presented and discussed. CT images are limited to central hospitals. However, being combined with RT-PCR is the most robust and accurate way to confirm COVID-19 infection. Antibody tests, although unable to provide reliable results on the status of the infection, are suitable for carrying out maximum screening of the population in order to know the immune capacity. More recently, antigen tests, less sensitive than RT-PCR, have been authorized to determine in a quicker way whether the patient is infected at the time of analysis and without the need of specific instruments.
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Key Words
- 2019-nCoV, 2019 novel coronavirus
- ACE2, Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2
- AI, Artificial Intelligence
- ALP, Alkaline Phosphatase
- ASOs, Antisense Oligonucleotides
- Antigen and antibody tests
- AuNIs, Gold Nanoislands
- AuNPs, Gold Nanoparticles
- BSL, Biosecurity Level
- CAP, College of American Pathologists
- CCD, Charge-Coupled Device
- CG, Colloidal Gold
- CGIA, Colloidal Gold Immunochromatographic Assay
- CLIA, Chemiluminescence Enzyme Immunoassay
- CLIA, Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Coronavirus disease-19
- CRISPR, Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats
- CT, Chest Computed Tomography
- Cas, CRISPR Associate Protein
- China CDC, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
- Ct, Cycle Threshold
- DETECTR, SARS-CoV-2 DNA Endonuclease-Targeted CRISPR Trans Reporter
- DNA, Dexosyrosyribonucleic Acid
- E, Envelope protein
- ELISA, Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EUA, Emergence Use Authorization
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- FET, Field-Effect Transistor
- GISAID, Global Initiative on Sharing All Influenza Data
- GeneBank, Genetic sequence data base of the National Institute of Health
- ICTV, International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
- IgA, Immunoglobulins A
- IgG, Immunoglobulins G
- IgM, Immunoglobulins M
- IoMT, Internet of Medical Things
- IoT, Internet of Things
- LFIA, Lateral Flow Immunochromatographic Assays
- LOC, Lab-on-a-Chip
- LOD, Limit of detection
- LSPR, Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance
- M, Membrane protein
- MERS-CoV, Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus
- MNP, Magnetic Nanoparticle
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- N, Nucleocapsid protein
- NER, Naked Eye Readout
- NGM, Next Generation Molecular
- NGS, Next Generation Sequencing
- NIH, National Institute of Health
- NSPs, Nonstructural Proteins
- Net, Neural Network
- ORF, Open Reading Frame
- OSN, One Step Single-tube Nested
- PDMS, Polydimethylsiloxane
- POC, Point of Care
- PPT, Plasmonic Photothermal
- QD, Quantum Dot
- R0, Basic reproductive number
- RBD, Receptor-binding domain
- RNA, Ribonucleic Acid
- RNaseH, Ribonuclease H
- RT, Reverse Transcriptase
- RT-LAMP, Reverse Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification
- RT-PCR, Real-Time Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RT-PCR, chest computerized tomography
- RdRp, RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase
- S, Spike protein
- SARS-CoV-2
- SARS-CoV-2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2
- SERS, Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy
- SHERLOCK, Specific High Sensitivity Enzymatic Reporter UnLOCKing
- STOPCovid, SHERLOCK Testing on One Pot
- SVM, Support Vector Machine
- SiO2@Ag, Complete silver nanoparticle shell coated on silica core
- US CDC, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- VOC, Variant of Concern
- VTM, Viral Transport Medium
- WGS, Whole Genome Sequencing
- WHO, World Health Organization
- aM, Attomolar
- dNTPs, Nucleotides
- dPCR, Digital PCR
- ddPCR, Droplet digital PCR
- fM, Femtomolar
- m-RNA, Messenger Ribonucleic Acid
- nM, Nanomolar
- pM, Picomolar
- pfu, Plaque-forming unit
- rN, Recombinant nucleocapsid protein antigen
- rS, Recombinant Spike protein antigen
- ssRNA, Single-Stranded Positive-Sense RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Martín
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, C/ Virgen de África 7, Sevilla E-41011, Spain
| | - Noelia Tena
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Prof. García González, 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
| | - Agustin G Asuero
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Prof. García González, 2, Sevilla 41012, Spain
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Recent Advances in Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanocomposites Biosensors for Virus Detection before and during COVID-19 Outbreak. JOURNAL OF COMPOSITES SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/jcs5070190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The deadly Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has become one of the most challenging pandemics in the last century. Clinical diagnosis reports a high infection rate within a large population and a rapid mutation rate upon every individual infection. The polymerase chain reaction has been a powerful and gold standard molecular diagnostic technique over the past few decades and hence a promising tool to detect the SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid sequences. However, it can be costly and involved in complicated processes with a high demand for on-site tests. This pandemic emphasizes the critical need for designing cost-effective and fast diagnosis strategies to prevent a potential viral source by ultrasensitive and selective biosensors. Two-dimensional (2D) transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanocomposites have been developed with unique physical and chemical properties crucial for building up nucleic acid and protein biosensors. In this review, we cover various types of 2D TMD biosensors available for virus detection via the mechanisms of photoluminescence/optical, field-effect transistor, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemical signals. We summarize the current state-of-the-art applications of 2D TMD nanocomposite systems for sensing proteins/nucleic acid from different types of lethal viruses. Finally, we identify and discuss the advantages and limitations of TMD-based nanocomposites biosensors for viral recognition.
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Etienne EE, Nunna BB, Talukder N, Wang Y, Lee ES. COVID-19 Biomarkers and Advanced Sensing Technologies for Point-of-Care (POC) Diagnosis. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:98. [PMID: 34356205 PMCID: PMC8301167 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, also known as SARS-CoV-2 is a novel, respiratory virus currently plaguing humanity. Genetically, at its core, it is a single-strand positive-sense RNA virus. It is a beta-type Coronavirus and is distinct in its structure and binding mechanism compared to other types of coronaviruses. Testing for the virus remains a challenge due to the small market available for at-home detection. Currently, there are three main types of tests for biomarker detection: viral, antigen and antibody. Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) remains the gold standard for viral testing. However, the lack of quantitative detection and turnaround time for results are drawbacks. This manuscript focuses on recent advances in COVID-19 detection that have lower limits of detection and faster response times than RT-PCR testing. The advancements in sensing platforms have amplified the detection levels and provided real-time results for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein detection with limits as low as 1 fg/mL in the Graphene Field Effect Transistor (FET) sensor. Additionally, using multiple biomarkers, detection levels can achieve a specificity and sensitivity level comparable to that of PCR testing. Proper biomarker selection coupled with nano sensing detection platforms are key in the widespread use of Point of Care (POC) diagnosis in COVID-19 detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Emmanuel Etienne
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Bharath Babu Nunna
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham, and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Niladri Talukder
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yudong Wang
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
| | - Eon Soo Lee
- Advanced Energy Systems and Microdevices Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA; (E.E.E.); (B.B.N.); (N.T.); (Y.W.)
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Safiabadi Tali SH, LeBlanc JJ, Sadiq Z, Oyewunmi OD, Camargo C, Nikpour B, Armanfard N, Sagan SM, Jahanshahi-Anbuhi S. Tools and Techniques for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)/COVID-19 Detection. Clin Microbiol Rev 2021; 34:e00228-20. [PMID: 33980687 PMCID: PMC8142517 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00228-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to millions of confirmed cases and deaths worldwide. Efficient diagnostic tools are in high demand, as rapid and large-scale testing plays a pivotal role in patient management and decelerating disease spread. This paper reviews current technologies used to detect SARS-CoV-2 in clinical laboratories as well as advances made for molecular, antigen-based, and immunological point-of-care testing, including recent developments in sensor and biosensor devices. The importance of the timing and type of specimen collection is discussed, along with factors such as disease prevalence, setting, and methods. Details of the mechanisms of action of the various methodologies are presented, along with their application span and known performance characteristics. Diagnostic imaging techniques and biomarkers are also covered, with an emphasis on their use for assessing COVID-19 or monitoring disease severity or complications. While the SARS-CoV-2 literature is rapidly evolving, this review highlights topics of interest that have occurred during the pandemic and the lessons learned throughout. Exploring a broad armamentarium of techniques for detecting SARS-CoV-2 will ensure continued diagnostic support for clinicians, public health, and infection prevention and control for this pandemic and provide advice for future pandemic preparedness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hamid Safiabadi Tali
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jason J LeBlanc
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Department of Medicine (Infectious Diseases), Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Nova Scotia Health, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Zubi Sadiq
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Oyejide Damilola Oyewunmi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Carolina Camargo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Bahareh Nikpour
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Narges Armanfard
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Mila-Quebec AI Institute, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Selena M Sagan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sana Jahanshahi-Anbuhi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Gina Cody School of Engineering, Concordia University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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49
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ElDin NB, El-Rahman MKA, Zaazaa HE, Moustafa AA, Hassan SA. Microfabricated potentiometric sensor for personalized methacholine challenge tests during the COVID-19 pandemic. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 190:113439. [PMID: 34166943 PMCID: PMC8197613 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The methacholine challenge test is considered to be the gold standard bronchoprovocation test used to diagnose asthma, and this test is always performed in pulmonary function labs or doctors' offices. Methacholine (MCH) acts by inducing airway tightening/bronchoconstriction, and more importantly, MCH is hydrolyzed by cholinesterase enzyme (ChE). Recently, the American Thoracic Society raised concerns about pulmonary function testing during the COVID-19 pandemic due to recently reported correlation between cholinesterase and COVID-19 pneumonia severity/mortality, and it was shown that cholinesterase levels are reduced in the acute phase of severe COVID-19 pneumonia. This work describes the microfabrication of potentiometric sensors using copper as the substrate and chemically polymerized graphene nanocomposites as the transducing layer for tracking the kinetics of MCH enzymatic degradation in real blood samples. The in-vitro estimation of the characteristic parameters of the MCH metabolism [Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) and reaction velocity (Vmax)] were found to be 241.041 μM and 56.8 μM/min, respectively. The proposed sensor is designed to be used as a companion diagnostic device that can (i) answer questions about patient eligibility to perform methacholine challenge tests, (ii) individualize/personalize medical dosing of methacholine, (iii) provide portable and inexpensive devices allowing automated readouts without the need for operator intervention (iv) recommend therapeutic interventions including intensive care during early stages and reflecting the disease state of COVID-19 pneumonia. We hope that this methacholine electrochemical sensor will help in assaying ChE activity in a "timely" manner and predict the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 to improve treatment outcomes and decrease mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norhan Badr ElDin
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt.
| | - Mohamed K Abd El-Rahman
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Hala E Zaazaa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Azza A Moustafa
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
| | - Said A Hassan
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street, Cairo, 11562, Egypt
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Alrifai T, Sharko A, Leslie WT. Carcinoembryonic Antigen Elevation in a Patient with SARS-CoV-2 and a History of Colon Cancer. Case Rep Oncol 2021; 14:802-805. [PMID: 34248543 PMCID: PMC8255714 DOI: 10.1159/000515261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic continues to affect millions of people and impact health-care delivery worldwide. New data and insights into the diagnosis and treatment of SARS-CoV-2 are emerging rapidly. Several prognostic biomarkers have been studied in patients with SARS-CoV-2. Among those biomarkers is the carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). We report the case of a 46-year-old male with a history of colon cancer who was found to have an elevated CEA level during routine surveillance. Further workup confirmed a diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection. The CEA level normalized with the resolution of the infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Alrifai
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Anita Sharko
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - William T Leslie
- Section of Medical Oncology, Division of Hematology/Oncology/Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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