1
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Chicoine A, Renaud DL, Enouri SS, Dowling PM, Gu Y, Johnson RJ. Depletion of dexamethasone in cattle: Food safety study in dairy and beef cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2024; 47:80-86. [PMID: 37755169 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Dexamethasone is approved for cattle in Canada for several conditions, but no withdrawal times are currently provided on the approved labels. Recently, the list of Maximum Residues Limits for Veterinary Drugs in Foods in Canada was amended to include dexamethasone. The objectives of this study were to determine the residue depletion profile of dexamethasone after an extra-label dosage regimen in milk of healthy lactating dairy cattle (n = 18) and in edible tissues of healthy beef cattle (n = 16) and to suggest withdrawal intervals. Dexamethasone was administered intramuscularly at 0.05 mg/kg daily for 3 days. Milk samples were collected prior to treatment and every 12 h up to 96 h post-dose. Muscle, liver, kidney, and peri-renal fat tissues were collected from beef cattle at 3, 7, 11, or 15 days post-dose. Dexamethasone analysis was performed by liquid chromatography/mass spectrophotometry. Dexamethasone residues were detected in milk samples up to 36 h. Muscle and fat had no detectable dexamethasone residues while kidney and liver had detectable residues only on day 3 post-dose. A withdrawal interval of 48 h for milk in Canadian dairy cattle and 7 days for meat in Canadian beef cattle are suggested for the dexamethasone treatment regimen most commonly requested to CgFARAD™.
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Affiliation(s)
- Al Chicoine
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - David L Renaud
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Saad S Enouri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patricia M Dowling
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yu Gu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ron J Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Divari S, Cuccato M, Fanelli A, Cannizzo FT. Development of a droplet digital PCR assay to detect illicit glucocorticoid administration in bovine. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271613. [PMID: 35839236 PMCID: PMC9286227 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are often used illegally in food-producing animals for the growth promotion of livestock animals. In accordance to official chemical methods for glucocorticoid detection, an animal is declared as non-compliant when a residue is identified in the sample. Neverthless, growth promoting molecules can often escape identification due to their rapid elimination or due to the use of non-detectable new generation drugs. Therefore, an indirect screening method able to detect the biological effect of long-term administration of low doses of dexamethasone and prednisolone on livestock has been developed to support official methods. As already described, FKBP5 (FKBP prolyl isomerase 5) expression in bovine thymus is regulated by glucocorticoids, and this specific regulation can be exploited in an indirect screening assay. In the present study, male veal calves and young bulls were considered in three different trials in which estradiol, dexamethasone, and prednisolone were administered alone or in combination with Revalor-200 subcutaneous pellets. Thoracic thymus was sampled from all animals and molecular analysis was performed. A duplex droplet digital PCR assay with EvaGreen® was employed to detect the target gene expression using absolute quantification. The developed droplet digital PCR assay was precise, showing intra- and inter-assay mean coefficient of variation values of about 6.16% and 3.17%, respectively. It was also highly specific (100%) with Youden’s index of 76.92% and 53.57% applied to veal calves and young bulls, respectively. The lowest detection limit in which the target gene expression level was kept constant, was 0.05 ng/μl of cDNA with 1 copies/μL and 0.5 copies/μL for target and reference gene, respectively. This study establishes the basis for using a digital PCR-based assay as an efficient test to identify animals illegally treated with glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Matteo Cuccato
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Antonella Fanelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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3
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ISASHIKI Y, OHASHI Y, IMATAKE S, BAAKHTARI M, RAMAH A, KIDA T, YANAGITA T, YASUDA M. Studies on the immune status of calves with chronic inflammation and thymus atrophy. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:734-742. [PMID: 35400674 PMCID: PMC9246677 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.22-0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a primary lymphoid organ where the primary T cell repertoire is generated.
Thymus atrophy is induced by various conditions, including infectious diseases,
glucocorticoid treatment, and poor breeding management. Cattle with thymus atrophy tend to
exhibit weak calf syndrome, a condition in which approximately half of neonates die
shortly after birth. Calves with thymus atrophy that survive the first month typically
contract chronic inflammatory diseases. In this study, we analyzed the populations of the
peripheral blood mononuclear cells and thymocytes in calves with thymus atrophy. In
addition, we evaluated polarization of master gene and cytokine mRNA expression in
peripheral blood CD4+ cells in the calves. The population of
CD4+CD8+ cells in thymus of the calves with thymus atrophy was
lower than that of control calves. IL10 mRNA expression in peripheral
blood CD4+ cells of calves with thymus atrophy was significantly lower than
that of control calves. TBX21 mRNA expression in peripheral
CD4+ cells of thymus atrophy calves was tended to be higher than that of the
control group. In addition, FOXP3 mRNA expression in peripheral
CD4+ cells of the thymus atrophy calves was tended to be lower than that of
the control calves. Thymus atrophy calves exhibited chronic inflammatory disease leading,
in severe situations, to conditions such as pneumonia with caseous necrosis. These severe
inflammatory responses likely are due to decreases in IL10 mRNA
expression, impairing control of macrophages, one of the main cell fractions of natural
immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumi ISASHIKI
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Yuki OHASHI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Shoichiro IMATAKE
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Mahmoud BAAKHTARI
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Amany RAMAH
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tetsuo KIDA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Tenya YANAGITA
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Miyazaki
| | - Masahiro YASUDA
- Graduate School of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, University of Miyazaki
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4
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Jaśkowski BM, Opałka A, Gehrke M, Herudzińska M, Czeladko J, Baumgartner W, Jaśkowski JM. A Critical Overview on Prostaglandin Inhibitors and Their Influence on Pregnancy Results after Insemination and Embryo Transfer in Cows. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123368. [PMID: 34944145 PMCID: PMC8697890 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Assisted reproductive techniques, such as artificial insemination or embryo transfer have been used in cattle reproduction for decades, but despite many methodological improvements, pregnancy rates have not increased proportionately. One strategy to improve the pregnancy rate after artificial insemination and embryo transfer is to increase the chance of early embryo survival with the use of medications such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. This paper compares the effect of the application of the most frequently used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in cattle (flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil), as well as of steroid drugs that are used less frequently in cattle reproduction. An evaluation of published reports revealed a range of outcomes that were not always consistent with each other. However, a positive effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug treatment on the pregnancy rate in cattle was indicated, especially with the use of flunixin meglumine. Abstract Assisted reproductive techniques in cattle, such as artificial insemination (AI) and embryo transfer (ET), are widely used. Despite many years of methodological improvements, the pregnancy rate (PR) in cows has not increased in direct proportion with their development. Among the possibilities to increase the PR is the use of certain steroids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). The antiluteolytic effect of NSAIDs is achieved by blocking cyclooxygenase, which is involved in the conversion of arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. This article compares the PRs obtained after treatment with the commonly used NSAIDs in cattle, including flunixin meglumine, carprofen, meloxicam, ibuprofen, aspirin, and sildenafil. Studies on the effectiveness of certain steroid drugs on the PR have also been described. The results were not always consistent, and so comparisons between studies were made. In conclusion, flunixin meglumine seems to be an option, and can be recommended for improving ET results, especially in situations of high exposure or susceptibility to stress. Its administration under all circumstances, however, might be pointless and will not lead to the desired effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartłomiej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-320-5301
| | - Adam Opałka
- Department of Reproduction and Clinic of Farm Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-366 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Marek Gehrke
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.G.); (J.M.J.)
| | - Magdalena Herudzińska
- Department of Basic and Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | | | - Walter Baumgartner
- University Clinic for Ruminants, University of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinaerplatz 1, A-1210 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Jędrzej M. Jaśkowski
- Department of Diagnostics and Clinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87-100 Toruń, Poland; (M.G.); (J.M.J.)
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5
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Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Pregel P, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. FKBP5 gene expression in skeletal muscle as a potential biomarker for illegal glucocorticoid treatment in veal calves. Res Vet Sci 2020; 133:157-162. [PMID: 32992127 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
For the current European legislation, the chemical analysis of drug residues is the exclusive accepted method to identify animals illicitly treated with growth promoters. Glucocorticoids and their metabolites are no detectable by LC/MS-MS methods in biological fluids when the growth promoter administration is discontinued several days prior to the slaughtering. The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect on the expression of genes belonging to the glucocorticoid pathway in three types of skeletal muscle of calves treated with prednisolone or dexamethasone in combination with estradiol. A gene expression change of glucocorticoid receptors (NR3C1 and NR3C2), their chaperones molecules (FKBP prolyl isomerase 4 and 5, FKBP4 and 5) and pre-receptor system (hydroxysteroid 11-beta dehydrogenases 1 and 2, HSD11B1 and 2) may indicate potential biomarkers of glucocorticoid treatment. In the biceps brachii muscle, the administration of dexamethasone with estradiol increased HSD11B2 (P < 0.01) and NR3C2 (P < 0.01) gene expression, whereas prednisolone administration increased HSD11B1 transcript levels (P < 0.05). In the longissimus lumborum muscle, NR3C2 gene expression decreased following prednisolone administration (P < 0.05). FKBP5 gene expression decreased in all considered muscles of calves administered with dexamethasone and estradiol (P < 0.01), whereas increased in the longissimus lumborum (P < 0.01) and vastus lateralis (P < 0.05) muscle of prednisolone-treated group (P < 0.05). The opposite effect of dexamethasone and prednisolone appears very promising to develop a low-cost screening test, because the expression analysis of a unique gene in a given tissue may distinguish the dispensed molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy.
| | - Paola Pregel
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Italy
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6
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Sebastianelli M, Forte C, Galarini R, Gobbi M, Pistidda E, Moncada C, Cannizzo FT, Pezzolato M, Bozzetta E, Cenci-Goga BT, Manuali E. LC-MS/MS analyses of bile and histological analyses of thymus as diagnostic tools to detect low dose dexamethasone illicit treatment in beef cattle at slaughterhouse. Steroids 2020; 160:108671. [PMID: 32464136 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2020.108671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Dexamethasone (DXM) is a synthetic adrenal corticosteroid with anti-inflammatory properties used for therapeutic purposes in a wide range of pathologies and of the most common corticosteroids used for anabolic purposes in beef cattle. It is proven that DXM induces histological changes, traceable as increasing fatty infiltration of the thymus associated with a concurrent decrease of the cortex-medulla ratio, so the histological examination of the thymus gland has been established as an indirect morphological biomarker. The aim of the present study is to compare thymus histology and DXM concentrations in biological fluids collected at slaughterhouse after 1 month of DXM treatment. Our findings demonstrate that a low dosage of DXM administered to 12 months-old-Chianina beef cattle induces severe thymic atrophy with concurrent reduction of the cortex/medulla ratio, demonstrable even when DXM residues are not found in serum and urine samples. It is worth to note that, at the slaughterhouse, DXM residues are detectable in bile samples, indicating the ability of this biological fluid to bio-concentrate the administered drug if compared to serum and urine. Therefore, bile could be candidates as new liquid matrix for the screening programs planned to contrast the illegal use of anabolic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Sebastianelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 - Perugia, Italy
| | - Claudio Forte
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 - Perugia, Italy.
| | - Roberta Galarini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 - Perugia, Italy.
| | - Marco Gobbi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 - Perugia, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Pistidda
- Igiene degli allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Umbria 1, 06121 - Perugia, Italy.
| | - Claudia Moncada
- Igiene degli allevamenti e delle Produzioni Zootecniche, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Umbria 1, 06121 - Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 - Torino, Italy.
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, 10154 - Torino, Italy.
| | | | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche "Togo Rosati", 06126 - Perugia, Italy.
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7
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Divari S, De Lucia F, Berio E, Sereno A, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment in beef cattle: influence on glycogen deposition and gene expression in the liver. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 72:106444. [PMID: 32199239 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The illegal administration of glucocorticoids in livestock is problematic and identification of pathways in which these hormones are involved is critically important, and new direct or indirect biomarkers should be identified. In this work, glucocorticoid transcriptional effects on some genes involved in the glucose metabolism were studied in the bovine liver. This study was conducted on adult Charolais male cattle treated with long-term low dose dexamethasone or prednisolone. Gene expression analysis was conducted in the liver by qPCR, and the geNorm algorithm was applied to select optimal reference genes. In line with the literature, a significant overexpression of genes involved in the gluconeogenic pathway and glycogen synthesis was detected in the liver of dexamethasone-treated animals, but histological and biochemical examination showed hepatocyte glycogen depletion particularly in dexamethasone-treated animals. It possible to hypothesize that glucocorticoids or adrenal insufficiency due to glucocorticoids withdrawal inhibit the enzymatic activity of glycogen synthase and/or induce glycogen autophagy in bovine liver. In fact, markers of glycophagy as starch-binding domain-containing protein 1 and γ-aminobutyric acid receptor-associated protein-like 1 mRNAs were upregulated in the liver by glucocorticoids treatment. Furthermore, glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta gene was significantly overexpressed in dexamethasone-treated animals, and this protein is also implicated in liver autophagy modulation and glycogen synthesis inhibition. These results showed that glucocorticoids likley have dual roles in hepatic glycogen metabolism of cattle, and investigation of these pathways could help find treatment biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Divari
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
| | - F De Lucia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - E Berio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - A Sereno
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - B Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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8
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Kunhamu Karatt T, Sathiq MA, Laya S. Is 9β-dehydrohalogenation of betamethasone and dexamethasone hindering the detection of banned co-eluting meprednisone? A reverse-phase chiral liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry approach. Steroids 2020; 155:108572. [PMID: 31904376 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectral analysis of dexamethasone and betamethasone reveal intense signals at m/z 373.19994 (using a Thermo Q Exactive high-resolution mass spectrometer coupled with Dionex UltiMate 3000 UHPLC + operated in the positive ion mode), matching the signal of meprednisone, the 11-oxo version of methylprednisolone, along with its parent signal; possibly due to dehydrohalogenation of these drugs at MS. The parent mass of meprednisone is exactly same as that of dehydrohalogenated mass of dexamethasone and betamethasone; and are co-eluting, displaying same mass spectra. Specifically when they are administered together, identifying meprednisone (a drug for which there is zero tolerance in some regions of the world), is a great challenge with currently available techniques because it could be easily mistaken for dexamethasone or betamethasone, drugs allowed at certain threshold limits for therapeutic considerations. False negative results could be obtained in conventional reverse-phase chromatography and are liable to be abused; hence, establishing "zero tolerance" limits for these compounds often proves ineffective. In this paper, present an effective and reliable analytical method for simultaneously separating and identifying dexamethasone, betamethasone and meprednisone in equine urine and plasma using chiral liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. From the various columns screened, the Lux i-Cellulose-5 chiral column produced high-quality results with extremely good separation. During this study, it is quite evident that dehydrohalogenation occurs only in the mass ionization source; the compounds are very stable in-vivo/in-vitro and do not break down either on-column or during sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tajudheen Kunhamu Karatt
- Equine Forensic Unit, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, PO Box 597, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - M Anwar Sathiq
- Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Affiliated to Bharathidasan University), Tiruchirappalli, India.
| | - Saraswathy Laya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, United Arab Emirates University, PO Box 17551, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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9
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Capra P, Leporati M, Nebbia C, Gatto S, Attucci A, Barbarino G, Vincenti M. Effects of truck transportation and slaughtering on the occurrence of prednisolone and its metabolites in cow urine, liver, and adrenal glands. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:336. [PMID: 31533706 PMCID: PMC6751679 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2069-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recognition of illegal administration of synthetic corticosteroids in animal husbandry has been recently challenged by the case of prednisolone, whose occasional presence in the urine of bovines under strong stressful conditions was attributed to endogenous biosynthesis, not to exogenous administration. The study of the natural stress sources possibly inducing endogenous prednisolone production represents a stimulating investigation subject. The biochemical effects of transportation and slaughtering were verified in untreated cows by studying the possible occurrence of prednisolone and its metabolites in urine, liver and adrenal glands, and the cortisol/cortisone quantification. Results Cortisol, cortisone, prednisolone and its metabolites were measured in urine, collected at farm under natural micturition and then at the slaughterhouse. The study was performed on 15 untreated cows reared in different farms at the end of their productive cycle. 2–3 days after the first urine collection, the animals were transported by trucks to the abattoir, slaughtered, and subjected to a second urine sampling from the bladder. Specimens of liver and adrenal gland were also collected and analysed by means of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) validated method. The stressful conditions of transportation and slaughtering proved to increase considerably the urinary levels of cortisol and cortisone as compared to those collected at farm. Prednisolone was detected in the urine collected at the slaughterhouse of two cows only, at a concentration level (≈0.6 μg L− 1) largely below the official cut off (5.0 μg L− 1) established to avoid false non-compliances. These two animals exhibited the highest urinary cortisol levels of the series. Prednisolone and prednisone were also detected in the adrenal glands of a different cow. Prednisolone metabolites were not detected in any urine, liver, and adrenal gland sample. Conclusion Within the constraints of the condition adopted, this study confirms the sporadic presence of prednisolone traces (2 samples out of 15) and the consistently increased concentration of cortisone and cortisol in the urines collected from cows subjected to truck transportation and subsequent slaughtering. No prednisolone metabolites were detected in any liver and adrenal gland samples, nor in urine specimens, unlike what was previously reported for cows artificially stressed by pharmacological treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierluigi Capra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Leporati
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Torino, Italy.,Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano (Torino), Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco (Torino), Italy
| | - Stefano Gatto
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Collegno e Pinerolo - ASL TO3, Collegno (Torino), Italy
| | - Alberto Attucci
- Azienda Sanitaria Locale di Cuneo, Mondovì - ASL CN1, Cuneo, Italy
| | | | - Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia "A. Bertinaria", Orbassano (Torino), Italy. .,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria, 7, 10125, Torino, Italy.
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10
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Pitardi D, Meloni D, Olivo F, Loprevite D, Cavarretta MC, Behnisch P, Brouwer A, Felzel E, Ingravalle F, Capra P, Gili M, Pezzolato M, Bozzetta E. GR CALUX assay detects synthetic glucocorticoids in calf urine: a validation study. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:413-423. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1568584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Pitardi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Meloni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Fabio Olivo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Daniela Loprevite
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Maria C. Cavarretta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Peter Behnisch
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Emiel Felzel
- BioDetection Systems B.V. (BDS), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Francesco Ingravalle
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Capra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Marilena Gili
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte Liguria e Valle d’Aosta (IZSPLVA), Istopatologia e Test Rapidi Department, Turin, Italy
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Zanardello C, Pezzolato M, Capello K, Botta M, Baioni E, Mutinelli F, Vascellari M, Bozzetta E. Immunohistochemistry by anti-cleaved-Lamin A: an improved approach to tackle the misuse of glucocorticoids in cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2120-2127. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1503422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Zanardello
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marzia Pezzolato
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Katia Capello
- Epidemiology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Padova, Italy
| | - Mario Botta
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Baioni
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
| | - Franco Mutinelli
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Marta Vascellari
- Histopathology Department, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Legnaro (Padova), Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- Histopathology Department CIBA (National reference centre for biological screening of anabolic substances on producing animal), Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Torino, Italy
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12
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Cannizzo FT, Cucuzza LS, Divari S, Berio E, Scaglione FE, Biolatti B. Gene expression profile associated with thymus regeneration in dexamethasone-treated beef cattle. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 65:101-108. [PMID: 30099262 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are illegally used as growth promoters in cattle, and the analytical methods officially applied most likely underestimate the precise frequency of the abuse. As a side effect, the administration of GCs causes fat infiltration, apoptosis, and atrophy of the thymus. However, gross and histological observations carried out previously showed that the thymus preserves an intrinsic ability to regenerate. The aim of this work was to study the transcriptional effects of GCs on genes likely involved in regeneration of the epithelial cell network in the cervical and thoracic thymus of beef cattle treated with dexamethasone (DEX) or prednisolone (PRD) in comparison with a control group. Moreover, the ratio of bax/bcl2 genes was examined to verify a possible antiapoptotic activity occurring at the same time. In the cervical thymus, DEX administration increased the gene expression of c-myc (P < 0.01), tcf3 (P < 0.05), tp63 (P < 0.01), and keratin 5 (krt5; P < 0.01). In the thoracic thymus of DEX-treated cattle, the gene expression of tcf3 (P < 0.01), tp63 (P < 0.01), and krt5 (P < 0.05) was increased. These results suggested that thymic regeneration is underway in the DEX-treated animals. However, the bax/bcl2 ratio was decreased in both cervical and thoracic thymus of DEX-treated cattle (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively), showing an antiapoptotic effect through the mitochondrial pathway. Conversely, PRD administration caused no change in the expression of all considered genes. These results sustain the hypothesis that regeneration occurs in the thymus parenchyma 6 d after the DEX treatment was discontinued. This hypothesis is also supported by the absence of alterations in the thymus of PRD-treated beef cattle. Indeed, previous studies showed the inability of PRD to induce macroscopic and microscopic lesions in the thymus. Therefore, in this context, it is not surprising that PRD induced no alteration of genes involved in the regeneration pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca T Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Laura Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy.
| | - Sara Divari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Frine E Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, Grugliasco (TO) 10095, Italy
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Pawloski PL, Moreira CG, Horinouchi CDS, Fernandes D, Olchanheski LR, Machado W, Cabrini DA, Dietrich M, Paludo K, Otuki MF. Aliskiren: Preclinical evidence for the treatment of hyperproliferative skin disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 104:151-157. [PMID: 29772435 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.03.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a complex inflammatory and hyperproliferative skin disease. The pathogenesis and mechanisms involved are not completely understood, which makes treatment a difficult issue. Angiotensin II, the most active peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, seems to be involved in processes related to psoriasis pathogenesis, such as inflammation and cell proliferation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of renin inhibition on inflammation parameters and keratinocyte proliferation in a mouse model of chronic skin inflammation induced by croton oil. Aliskiren had anti-inflammatory effects by reducing levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin -6, and by inhibiting myeloperoxidase activity. Aliskiren also showed antiproliferative activity by reducing epidermal hyperplasia and proliferating cell nuclear antigen levels. Aliskiren treatment did not induce alterations in the cardiovascular system, normal skin thickness, and organ weight. These results suggest that aliskiren could be a valuable tool to be incorporated in the treatment of hyperproliferative and inflammatory skin disorders such as psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Lúcia Pawloski
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, CEP 81530-900, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camila Guimarães Moreira
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, CEP 81530-900, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Cintia Delai Silva Horinouchi
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, CEP 81530-900, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniel Fernandes
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 (Room - M47), CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Renato Olchanheski
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 (Room - M47), CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Willian Machado
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 (Room - M47), CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Daniela Almeida Cabrini
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, CEP 81530-900, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michele Dietrich
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Kátia Paludo
- Department of Biological Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748, CEP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Michel Fleith Otuki
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal do Paraná, PO Box 19031, CEP 81530-900, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Avenida Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 (Room - M47), CEP 84030-900 Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil.
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Kinkead RA, Elliott CT, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Gadaj A, Mooney MH. Plasma metabolomic profiling based detection of drug specific responses to different bovine growth promoting regimes. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2017.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Biolatti B, Scaglione FE, Cannizzo FT. Role of FKBP51 in the modulation of the expression of the corticosteroid receptors in bovine thymus following glucocorticoid administration. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 62:10-15. [PMID: 28886589 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to study the transcriptional effects of glucocorticoids on corticosteroid hormone receptors, prereceptors (11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 and 2, 11β-HSD1 and 2), and chaperones molecules regulating intracellular trafficking of the receptors (FKBP51 and FKBP52) in thymus of veal calves. Moreover, the expression of FKBP51 and FKBP52 gene were investigated in beef cattle thymus. In the cervical thymus of veal calves, dexamethasone administration in combination with estradiol decreased FKBP51 expression (P < 0.01). The same treatment increased mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) (P < 0.01) and 11β-HSD1 expression (P < 0.05) compared to control group in the cervical thymus of veal calves. The thoracic thymus of veal calves treated with dexamethasone and estradiol showed a decrease of FKBP51 (P < 0.05), FKBP52 (P < 0.05), glucocorticoid receptor (P < 0.05), and MR expression (P < 0.05) compared to control group in the thoracic thymus of veal calves. The gene expression of FKBP51 decreased both in cervical (P < 0.01) and thoracic thymus (P < 0.01) of beef cattle treated with dexamethasone and estradiol. In addition, also prednisolone administration reduced FKBP51 expression in the cervical thymus (P < 0.01) and in the thoracic thymus of beef cattle (P < 0.01). The gene expression of FKBP52 increased only in the cervical thymus following dexamethasone administration (P < 0.01). The decrease of FKBP51 gene expression in thymus could be a possible biomarker of illicit dexamethasone administration in bovine husbandry. Moreover, so far, an effective biomarker of prednisolone administration is not identified. In this context, the decrease of FKBP51 gene expression in thymus of beef cattle following prednisolone administration could play an important role in the indirect identification of animals illegally treated with prednisolone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Starvaggi Cucuzza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - B Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F E Scaglione
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - F T Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy.
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Divari S, Berio E, Biolatti B, Cannizzo FT. Reference Gene Selection and Prednisolone Target Gene Expression in Adipose Tissues of Friesian Cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:11140-11145. [PMID: 29179546 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b04795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Corticosteroids are frequently used in livestock production, and their use is permitted by the European Union for therapeutic purposes only. However, small doses of corticosteroids are often administered in meat-producing animals to improve zootechnical performance. Prednisolone is one of the most commonly used corticosteroids with a growth-promoting purpose in animal husbandry. This study proposes to identify a gene whose expression is significantly regulated by prednisolone in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissues. The analysis was conducted on Friesian cattle treated with prednisolone (30 mg day-1). The reference gene expression stability and optimal number for gene expression normalization were calculated. Family with sequence similarity 107 member A (FAM107A) and pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 are the prednisolone target genes identified in adipose tissue. FAM107A was downregulated by ∼2.9-fold by prednisolone in subcutaneous adipose tissue. This result suggests that FAM107A could be a possible indirect biomarker of prednisolone treatment in cattle and encourages a deeper investigation in this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Enrica Berio
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Tiziana Cannizzo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin , Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco, Turin, Italy
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Leporati M, Nobile M, Capra P, Alladio E, Vincenti M. Determination of endogenous and exogenous corticosteroids in bovine urine and effect of fighting stress during the “Batailles des Reines” on their biosynthesis. Res Vet Sci 2017; 114:423-429. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Van Meulebroek L, De Clercq N, Vanden Bussche J, Devreese M, Fichant E, Delahaut P, Croubels S, Vanhaecke L. Pharmacokinetic and urinary profiling reveals the prednisolone/cortisol ratio as a valid biomarker for prednisolone administration. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:236. [PMID: 28806969 PMCID: PMC5557569 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1158-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Europe, synthetic corticosteroids are not allowed in animal breeding for growth-promoting purposes. Nevertheless, a high prevalence of non-compliant urine samples was recently reported for prednisolone, however, without any indication of unauthorized use. Within this context, 20β-dihydroprednisolone and the prednisolone/cortisol ratio have been suggested as potential tools to discriminate between exogenous and endogenous urinary prednisolone. In this study, the validity of these strategies was verified by investigating the plasma pharmacokinetic and urinary excretion profiles of relevant glucocorticoids in bovines, subjected to exogenous prednisolone treatment or tetracosactide hexaacetate administration to induce endogenous prednisolone formation. Bovine urine and plasma samples were analysed by liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. RESULTS Based on the plasma pharmacokinetics and urinary profiles, 20β-dihydroprednisolone was confirmed as the main prednisolone-derived metabolite, being detected in the biological fluids of all 12 bovines (plasma AUC0-inf of 121 h μg L-1 and urinary concentration > 0.695 μg L-1). However, this metabolite enclosed no potential as discriminative marker as no significant concentration differences were observed upon exogenous prednisolone treatment or tetracosactide hexaacetate administration under all experimental conditions. As a second marker tool, the prednisolone/cortisol ratios were assessed along the various treatments, taking into account that endogenous prednisolone formation involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and is associated with an increased cortisol secretion. Significantly lower ratios were observed in case of endogenous prednisolone formation (i.e. ratios ranging from 0.00379 to 0.129) compared to the exogenous prednisolone treatment (i.e. ratios ranging from 0.0603 to 36.9). On the basis of these findings, a discriminative threshold of 0.260 was proposed, which allowed classification of urine samples according to prednisolone origin with a sensitivity of 94.2% and specificity of 99.0%. CONCLUSION The prednisolone/cortisol ratio was affirmed as an expedient strategy to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous prednisolone in urine. Although the suggested threshold value was associated with high specificity and sensitivity, a large-scale study with varying experimental conditions is designated to optimize this value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Nathalie De Clercq
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Mathias Devreese
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eric Fichant
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900 Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- Département Santé, CER Groupe, Rue du Point du Jour 8, Marloie, 6900 Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wang Z, Zheng Q, Guo L, Suryoprabowo S, Liu L, Kuang H. Preparation of an anti-dexamethasone monoclonal antibody and its use in development of a colloidal gold immunoassay. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1320360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongxing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiankun Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Steven Suryoprabowo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
- International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, People’s Republic of China
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Cannizzo FT, Pegolo S, Pregel P, Manuali E, Salamida S, Divari S, Scaglione FE, Bollo E, Biolatti B, Bargelloni L. Morphological Examination and Transcriptomic Profiling To Identify Prednisolone Treatment in Beef Cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2016; 64:8435-8446. [PMID: 27741397 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b02996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In livestock production corticosteroids are licensed only for therapy; nevertheless, they are often illegally used as growth promoters. The aim of this study was to identify morphological or biomolecular alterations induced by prednisolone (PDN) in experimentally treated beef cattle, because PDN and its metabolites are no longer detectable by LC-MS/MS methods in biological fluids. Moreover, PDN does not induce any histological alterations in the thymus, different from dexamethasone treatments. Therefore, a marker of illicit treatment for this growth promoter could be useful. Eight male Italian Friesian beef cattle were administered prednisolone acetate 30 mg day-1 per os for 35 days, and seven beef cattle represented the control group. Six days after drug withdrawal, the animals were slaughtered. Morphological and morphometric modifications were evaluated in the epididymis and testis, whereas transcriptomic changes induced by PDN administration were investigated in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at different sampling times and in skeletal muscle and testis sampled at slaughtering. In the epididymis, spermatozoa number decreased in PDN-treated animals, and in some cases they were totally absent. Correspondingly, in the testis of treated animals, down-regulation for serine/threonine kinase 11 (STK11) gene expression was detected (p < 0.01). DNA microarray analysis revealed a total of 133 differentially expressed genes in skeletal muscle and testis, and 907 and 1416 in PBMCs after 33 days of treatment and at slaughtering, respectively. Histological investigations on epididymal content could represent a promising marker for PDN treatment in beef cattle and could be used as a screening method to identify animals worthy of further investigation with official methods. Moreover, the clear transcriptomic signature of PDN treatment evidenced in PBMCs supported the possibility of using this matrix to monitor the illicit treatment in vivo during ranching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca T Cannizzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Sara Pegolo
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova , Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - Paola Pregel
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Elisabetta Manuali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche , Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sonia Salamida
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche , Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Sara Divari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Frine E Scaglione
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Enrico Bollo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Bartolomeo Biolatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino , Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
| | - Luca Bargelloni
- Dipartimento di Biomedicina Comparata e Alimentazione, Università di Padova , Viale dell'Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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Chiesa L, Panseri S, Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Divari S, Villa R, Arioli F. HPLC-ESI-MS/MS assessment of the tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine: promising markers of dexamethasone and prednisolone treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 33:1175-89. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1202453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Panseri
- Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nis, Nis, Serbia
| | | | | | - Sara Divari
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Roberto Villa
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Arioli
- Department of Health, Animal Science and Food Safety, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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Zhang D, Park JA, Kim SK, Cho SH, Jeong D, Cho SM, Yi H, Shim JH, Kim JS, Abd El-Aty AM, Shin HC. Simultaneous detection of flumethasone, dl-methylephedrine, and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine in porcine muscle and pasteurized cow milk using liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2016; 1012-1013:8-16. [PMID: 26797492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A simple analytical method based on liquid chromatography coupled with triple-quadrupole mass spectrometry was developed for detection of the veterinary drugs flumethasone, dl-methylephedrine, and 2-hydroxy-4,6-dimethylpyrimidine in porcine muscle and pasteurized cow milk. The target drugs were extracted from samples using 10mM ammonium formate in acetonitrile followed by clean-up with n-hexane and primary secondary amine sorbent (PSA). The analytes were separated on an XBridge™ hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) column using 10mM ammonium formate in ultrapure water and acetonitrile. Good linearity was achieved over the tested concentrations in matrix-fortified calibrations with correlation coefficients (R(2))≥0.9686. Recovery at two spiking levels ranged between 73.62-112.70% with intra- and inter-day precisions of ≤20.33%. The limits of quantification ranged from 2-10ng/g in porcine muscle and pasteurized cow milk. A survey of market samples showed that none of them contained any of the target analytes. Liquid-liquid purification using n-hexane in combination with PSA efficiently removed the interferences during porcine and milk sample extraction. The developed method is sensitive and reliable for detection of the three target drugs in a single chromatographic run. Furthermore, it exhibits high selectivity and low quantification limits for animal-derived food products destined for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Zhang
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-A Park
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kwan Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hyun Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Daun Jeong
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Min Cho
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Yi
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Han Shim
- Biotechnology Research Institute, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Chonnam National University, 300 Yongbong-dong, Buk-gu, Gwangju 500-757, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Suk Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211 Giza, Egypt.
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Department of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea.
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De Clercq N, Van Meulebroek L, Vanden Bussche J, Croubels S, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. The impact of stress on the prevalence of prednisolone in bovine urine: A metabolic fingerprinting approach. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 154:206-16. [PMID: 26321385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies support the hypothesis that the glucocorticoid prednisolone can be formed from cortisol under influence of stress. To evaluate this hypothesis, urine samples of supposedly non-stressed bovines (at the farm) and bovines subjected to two different forms of stress, i.e. upon slaughter (natural stress) or following administration of a synthetic analog of the adrenocorticotropic hormone (pharmacologically-induced stress) were analysed, and their urinary cortisol and prednisolone levels evaluated. At the farm, none of the examined samples exhibited urinary prednisolone levels higher than the CCα (0.09 μg L(-1)). Upon slaughter or following synthetically induced stress, significantly positive correlations between cortisol and prednisolone could be demonstrated, 0.52 and 0.69, respectively. Of all prednisolone-positive urine samples (n=84), only one showed a prednisolone levels (i.e. 6.45 μg L(-1)) above the threshold level of 5 μg L(-1) suggested by the European Reference Laboratories. Subsequently, an untargeted analysis was performed (metabolic fingerprinting) to characterize the urinary metabolite patterns related to the three different cattle groups. In this context, multivariate statistics assigned a total of 169 differentiating metabolites as playing a key role in the urinary pattern in response to stress. Three of these ions were defined as steroids using an in-house created database. As a result, the metabolic fingerprinting approach proved to be a powerful tool to classify unknown bovine urine samples that tested positive for prednisolone, while providing information about the stress status of the animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Clercq
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Lieven Van Meulebroek
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Julie Vanden Bussche
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Philippe Delahaut
- CER Groupe, Département Santé, Rue du Point du Jour 8, B-6900 Marloie, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health & Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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Proteomic identification of plasma proteins as markers of growth promoter abuse in cattle. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:4495-507. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8651-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Pirro V, Girolami F, Spalenza V, Gardini G, Badino P, Nebbia C. Set-up of a multivariate approach based on serum biomarkers as an alternative strategy for the screening evaluation of the potential abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:702-11. [PMID: 25730172 PMCID: PMC4396443 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2015.1011713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A chemometric class modelling strategy (unequal dispersed classes - UNEQ) was applied for the first time as a possible screening method to monitor the abuse of growth promoters in veal calves. Five serum biomarkers, known to reflect the exposure to classes of compounds illegally used as growth promoters, were determined from 50 untreated animals in order to design a model of controls, representing veal calves reared under good, safe and highly standardised breeding conditions. The class modelling was applied to 421 commercially bred veal calves to separate them into 'compliant' and 'non-compliant' with respect to the modelled controls. Part of the non-compliant animals underwent further histological and chemical examinations to confirm the presence of either alterations in target tissues or traces of illegal substances commonly administered for growth-promoting purposes. Overall, the congruence between the histological or chemical methods and the UNEQ non-compliant outcomes was approximately 58%, likely underestimated due to the blindness nature of this examination. Further research is needed to confirm the validity of the UNEQ model in terms of sensitivity in recognising untreated animals as compliant to the controls, and specificity in revealing deviations from ideal breeding conditions, for example due to the abuse of growth promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Girolami
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Veronica Spalenza
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Giulia Gardini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Paola Badino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
| | - Carlo Nebbia
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Grugliasco, Italy
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Pegolo S, Di Camillo B, Montesissa C, Cannizzo FT, Biolatti B, Bargelloni L. Toxicogenomic markers for corticosteroid treatment in beef cattle: Integrated analysis of transcriptomic data. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 77:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2014.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Pitardi D, Cini B, Paleologo M, Brouwer A, Behnisch P, van der Linden S, Vincenti M, Capra P, Gili M, Pezzolato M, Meloni D, Bozzetta E. Effect-based detection of synthetic glucocorticoids in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:194-204. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.996788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Nebbia C, Capra P, Leporati M, Girolami F, Barbarino G, Gatto S, Vincenti M. Profile of the urinary excretion of prednisolone and its metabolites in finishing bulls and cows treated with a therapeutic schedule. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:237. [PMID: 25267433 PMCID: PMC4189600 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prednisolone was one of the first glucocorticoids to be synthesised, but it is still widely applied to cattle. Illegal uses of prednisolone include its uses for masking a number of diseases before animal sale and, at lower dosages for extended periods of time, for the improvement of feed efficiency and carcass characteristics. Since occasional presence of prednisolone has been detected at trace level in urine samples from untreated cattle, the Italian Ministry of Health introduced a provisional limit of 5 ng/mL to avoid false non-compliances. However, this limit proved ineffective in disclosing prednisolone misuse as a growth-promoter. In the present study, prednisolone acetate was administered to finishing bulls and cows according to a therapeutic protocol (2 × 0.4-0.5 mg/kg bw i.m. at 48 h interval) to further verify the practical impact of this cut-off limit and develop sound strategies to distinguish between exogenous administration and endogenous production. Urinary prednisolone, prednisone, 20β-dihydroprednisolone, 20α-dihydroprednisolone, 20β-dihydroprednisone, 6β-hydroxyprednisolone, cortisol, and cortisone were determined using a validated LC/MS-MS method. RESULTS The urinary excretion profile showed the simultaneous presence of prednisolone, 20β-dihydroprednisolone, and prednisone, the latter at lower concentrations, up to 33 days after the first dosing. Higher analyte levels were detected in bulls even after correction for dilution in the urine. Prednisolone concentrations below 5 ng/ml were determined in half of the samples collected at 19 days, and in all the samples obtained 26 and 33 days after the first administration. No measurable concentrations of prednisolone or its metabolites were found in the samples collected before the treatment, while cortisol and cortisone levels lower than the respective LOQs were observed upon treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirms the criticism of the coarse quantitative approach currently adopted to ascertain illegal prednisolone administration in cattle. As previously shown for growth-promoting treatments of meat cattle, the simultaneous determination of urinary prednisolone, prednisone, 20β-dihydroprednisolone, along with cortisol and cortisone, may represent a more reliable approach to confirm the exogenous origin of prednisolone. Such a strategy would facilitate unequivocal detection of animals treated with prednisolone acetate using a therapeutical protocol, even 3 to 4 weeks after the treatment.
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29
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Bussche JV, Decloedt A, Van Meulebroek L, De Clercq N, Lock S, Stahl-Zeng J, Vanhaecke L. A novel approach to the quantitative detection of anabolic steroids in bovine muscle tissue by means of a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry instrument. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1360:229-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.07.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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Development and validation of a high-resolution mass-spectrometry–based method to study the long-term stability of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in faeces. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1336:76-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.02.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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31
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de Rijke E, Zoontjes PW, Samson D, Oostra S, Sterk SS, van Ginkel LA. Investigation of the presence of prednisolone in bovine urine. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2014; 31:605-13. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.878479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Cannizzo F, Pegolo S, Starvaggi Cucuzza L, Bargelloni L, Divari S, Franch R, Castagnaro M, Biolatti B. Gene expression profiling of thymus in beef cattle treated with prednisolone. Res Vet Sci 2013; 95:540-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2013.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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33
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Ferranti C, Famele M, Palleschi L, Bozzetta E, Pezzolato M, Draisci R. Excretion profile of corticosteroids in bovine urine compared with tissue residues after therapeutic and growth-promoting administration of dexamethasone. Steroids 2013; 78:803-12. [PMID: 23684526 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The illicit use of dexamethasone as growth-promoting agent in animal breeding is still practiced within the EU constituting a health risk for meat consumers. An experimental study was developed to assess dexamethasone urinary excretion and tissue distribution (liver, kidney, and muscle) in male calves after therapeutic and growth-promoting administration. Urine and tissue samples collected from treated and untreated bovines were also investigated for the presence of other natural and synthetic corticosteroids (prednisolone, prednisone, hydrocortisone, and cortisone), in order to study a possible correlation with dexamethasone administration and to clarify prednisolone origin. Analyses were performed by a multi-residue LC-MS/MS method developed and validated according to the Commission Decision 2002/657/EC. The results confirm the rapid rate of dexamethasone urinary excretion, irrespective of the dosage, the duration and the route of administration, and the disappearance of cortisone and hydrocortisone during the treatment. Dexamethasone was distributed to the tissues where the elimination rate proceeded relatively slower as suggested by the presence of residues one month after the withdrawal of the therapeutic treatment. An increase in the number of positive findings for prednisolone, in association with higher levels of cortisone and hydrocortisone, was observed in urine samples collected from slaughterhouse rather than those collected at the farm. Prednisone residues were found only in one urine sample that showed the highest levels of prednisolone, hydrocortisone, and cortisone. The occurrence of prednisolone residues in urine and even in tissue samples confirms the endogenous nature of this molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Ferranti
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy.
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34
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De Clercq N, Julie VB, Croubels S, Delahaut P, Vanhaecke L. A validated analytical method to study the long-term stability of natural and synthetic glucocorticoids in livestock urine using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1301:111-21. [PMID: 23791145 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.05.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to their growth-promoting effects, the use of synthetic glucocorticoids is strictly regulated in the European Union (Council Directive 2003/74/EC). In the frame of the national control plans, which should ensure the absence of residues in food products of animal origin, in recent years, a higher frequency of prednisolone positive bovine urines has been observed. This has raised questions with respect to the stability of natural corticoids in the respective urine samples and their potential to be transformed into synthetic analogs. In this study, a ultra high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) methodology was developed to examine the stability of glucocorticoids in bovine urine under various storage conditions (up to 20 weeks) and to define suitable conditions for sample handling and storage, using an Orbitrap Exactive™. To this end, an extraction procedure was optimized using a Plackett-Burman experimental design to determine the key conditions for optimal extraction of glucocorticoids from urine. Next, the analytical method was successfully validated according to the guidelines of CD 2002/657/EC. Decision limits and detection capabilities for prednisolone, prednisone and methylprednisolone ranged, respectively, from 0.1 to 0.5μgL(-1) and from 0.3 to 0.8μgL(-1). For the natural glucocorticoids limits of detection and limits of quantification for dihydrocortisone, cortisol and cortisone ranged, respectively, from 0.1 to 0.2μgL(-1) and from 0.3 to 0.8μgL(-1). The stability study demonstrated that filter-sterilization of urine, storage at -80°C, and acidic conditions (pH 3) were optimal for preservation of glucocorticoids in urine and able to significantly limit degradation up to 20 weeks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie De Clercq
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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35
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Leporati M, Capra P, Cannizzo F, Biolatti B, Nebbia C, Vincenti M. Determination of prednisolone metabolites in beef cattle. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:1044-54. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2013.777975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Pavlovic R, Cannizzo FT, Panseri S, Biolatti B, Trutic N, Biondi PA, Chiesa L. Tetrahydro-metabolites of cortisol and cortisone in bovine urine evaluated by HPLC-ESI-mass spectrometry. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 135:30-5. [PMID: 23291109 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Interconversion of hormonally active cortisol (F) into the corresponding inactive 11-keto form, cortisone (E), is catalyzed by 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSDs). With a view to estimating in vivo activities of some 11β-HSD isoforms, the measurement of urinary F and E and their tetrahydro metabolites (tetrahydrocortisol, THF, allotetrahydrocortisol, ATHF, tetrahydrocortisone, THE) has been suggested. The basic knowledge of THF, ATHF and THE levels in farm cattle is limited. Therefore the aim of this study was first to optimize a simple and quick method to determine F and E tetrahydro-metabolites in bovine urine by HPLC-mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization (HPLC-ESI-MS) and then to apply the method to real urine of bovines treated with prednisolone. The samples underwent filtration, deconjugation, solid-phase extraction (SPE) and the relevant analytes were measured by HPLC-ESI-MS. The method described in this paper is simple and efficient, featuring good linearity (up to 0.996) and reproducibility (6.8-12.5%, CV). Especially, good LODs were obtained, from 1.63 to 2.67 ppb, depending on the analyte. The chromatographic conditions were optimized in order to obtain a resolution which would allow to simultaneously measure two diastereoisomers, i.e. THF and ATHF. In our study, ATHF turns out to be below the detection limit, while for 18 samples tested the contents of examinated metabolites were as followed: THF (12.5±4.8 ppb), THE (10.9±5.5 ppb), F (11.6±3.3 ppb) and E (5.0±2.2 ppb). When the method was applied to the subject treated with prednisolone a major increase in the concentration of tetrahydro metabolites was observed before the slaughter, mainly due to stress conditions; prednisolone treatment, most presumably, influenced the 11β-HSD activity, as indicated by the decrease in the F/E ratio. This work may provide a useful methodological contribution to the future definition of F, E, THF, ATHF and THE urinary baseline values in order to obtain indirect evaluations of HSDs activity in farm cattle and possible applications in screenings for suspected abuse of synthetic corticosteroids in bovines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radmila Pavlovic
- Department of Veterinary Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy
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37
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Biancotto G, Stella R, Pozza G, Stefani A, Lega F, Angeletti R. Sub-therapeutic treatments of bulls with dexamethasone: direct and indirect markers of treatment. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2013; 30:430-42. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.749540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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38
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Vincenti M, Leporati M, Capra P, Gatto S, Attucci A, Barbarino G, Nebbia C. A field survey on the presence of prednisolone and prednisone in urine samples from untreated cows. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2012; 29:1893-900. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2012.719645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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39
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Vascellari M, Capello K, Stefani A, Biancotto G, Moro L, Stella R, Pozza G, Mutinelli F. Evaluation of thymus morphology and serum cortisol concentration as indirect biomarkers to detect low-dose dexamethasone illegal treatment in beef cattle. BMC Vet Res 2012; 8:129. [PMID: 22862840 PMCID: PMC3425090 DOI: 10.1186/1746-6148-8-129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Corticosteroids are illegally used in several countries as growth promoters in veal calves and beef cattle, either alone or in association with sex steroids and β-agonists, especially at low dosages and primarily through oral administration, in order to enhance carcasses and meat quality traits. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the reliability of the histological evaluation of the thymus, as well as the serum cortisol determination, in identifying beef cattle, treated with two different dexamethasone-based growth-promoting protocols and the application of different withdrawal times before slaughter. Results Our findings demonstrate that low dosages of dexamethasone (DXM), administered alone or in association with clenbuterol as growth promoter in beef cattle, induce morphologic changes in the thymus, resulting in increase fat infiltration with concurrent cortical atrophy and reduction of the cortex/medulla ratio (C/M). In fact, the C/M value was significantly lower in treated animals than in control ones, with both the protocols applied. The cut off value of 0.93 for the cortex/medulla ratio resulted to be highly effective to distinguish control and treated animals. The animals treated with DXM showed inhibition of cortisol secretion during the treatment period, as well as at the slaughterhouse, 3 days after treatment suspension. The animals treated with lower doses of DXM in association with clenbuterol, showed inhibition of cortisol secretion during the treatment period, but serum cortisol concentration was restored to physiological levels at slaughterhouse, 8 days after treatment suspension. Conclusions The histological evaluation of thymus morphology, and particularly of the C/M may represent a valuable and reproducible method applicable to large-scale screening programs, due to the easy sampling procedures at slaughterhouse, as well as time and cost-saving of the analysis. Serum cortisol determination could be considered as an useful in vivo biomarker of dexamethasone illegal treatment in beef cattle during the fattening period, whilst it does not appear to be a good biomarker at the slaughterhouse, since the protocol of DXM administration, as well as the withdrawal period could affect the reliability of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Vascellari
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, viale dell'Università 10, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy.
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Bertarelli D, Balbo A, Carletti M, Cannizzo T, Girolami F, Nebbia C. Hepatic tyrosine aminotransferase and glucocorticoid abuse in meat cattle. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2012; 35:596-603. [PMID: 22376142 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2012.01378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Besides being extensively applied as therapeutical remedies, glucocorticoids (GCs) - most notably dexamethasone or prednisolone - are also illegally used in livestock for growth-promoting purposes. This study was designed to assess the suitability of liver tyrosine aminotransferase (TAT), a gluconeogenic enzyme known to be induced by GCs, to act as a reliable candidate biomarker to screen for GC abuse in cattle. Enzyme activity was measured spectrophotometrically in liver cytosols or in cell extracts, and TAT gene expression was determined by real-time PCR. Compared with untreated veal calves, a notable scatter (20-fold) and much higher median values (3-fold) characterized TAT specific activity in liver samples from commercially farmed veal calves. A time-related increase in both enzyme activity and gene expression was detected in rat hepatoma cell lines treated with dexamethasone concentrations (10(-8) or 10(-9) m) in the range of those recorded in noncompliant samples from EU official controls. In experimental studies in which finishing bulls were administered GCs at growth-promoting dosages, however, no such changes were recorded in dexamethasone-treated animals; a statistically significant rise in liver TAT activity (+95%) only occurred in prednisolone-treated bulls. Although further research is needed to characterize the GC-mediated response in cattle liver, TAT does not appear to be a specific and sensitive biomarker of GC abuse in the bovine species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bertarelli
- Dipartimento di Patologia Animale, Università degli Studi di Torino, Grugliasco, Italia
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Leporati M, Capra P, Brizio P, Ciccotelli V, Abete MC, Vincenti M. Fit-for-purpose in veterinary drug residue analysis: Development and validation of an LC-MS/MS method for the screening of thirty illicit drugs in bovine urine. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:400-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 11/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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