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Fernandes FA, Carocho M, Prieto MA, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR, Heleno SA. Nutraceuticals and dietary supplements: balancing out the pros and cons. Food Funct 2024; 15:6289-6303. [PMID: 38805010 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo01113a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
While the market is full of different dietary supplements, in most countries, legislation is clear and strict towards these products, with severe limitations on their health claims. Overall, the claims cannot go beyond the consumption of a said supplement will contribute to a healthy diet. Thus, the supplement industry has been reacting and changing their approach to consumers. One change is the considerable growth of the nutraceutical market, which provides naturally produced products, with low processing and close to no claims on the label. The marketing of this industry shifts from claiming several benefits on the label (dietary supplements) to relying on the knowledge of consumers towards the benefits of minimally processed foods filled with natural products (nutraceuticals). This review focuses on the difference between these two products, their consumption patterns, forms of presentation, explaining what makes them different, their changes through time, and their most notable ingredients, basically balancing out their pros and cons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa A Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Márcio Carocho
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Miguel A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo-Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Sandrina A Heleno
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
- Laboratório Associado para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha (SusTEC), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Pagani E, Ropke CD, Soares CM, Perez SAC, Benevides PJC, Barbosa BS, Carvalho ACB, Behrens MD. Technology Readiness Level Roadmap for Developing Innovative Herbal Medicinal Products. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2024; 17:703. [PMID: 38931370 PMCID: PMC11206302 DOI: 10.3390/ph17060703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the vast global botanical diversity, the pharmaceutical development of herbal medicinal products (HMPs) remains underexploited. Of over 370,000 described plant species, only a few hundred are utilized in HMPs. Most of these have originated from traditional use, and only a minority come from megadiverse countries. Exploiting the pharmacological synergies of the hundreds of compounds found in poorly studied plant species may unlock new therapeutic possibilities, enhance megadiverse countries' scientific and socio-economic development, and help conserve biodiversity. However, extensive constraints in the development process of HMPs pose significant barriers to transforming this unsatisfactory socio-economic landscape. This paper proposes a roadmap to overcome these challenges, based on the technology readiness levels (TRLs) introduced by NASA to assess the maturity of technologies. It aims to assist research entities, manufacturers, and funding agencies from megadiverse countries in the discovery, development, and global market authorization of innovative HMPs that comply with regulatory standards from ANVISA, EMA, and FDA, as well as WHO and ICH guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pagani
- Medical Department, Azidus Brasil, Valinhos 13271-130, SP, Brazil
- Centroflora Group, Innovation Department, Campinas 06460-040, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Cristiane Mota Soares
- Project Management Office, Vice Direction of Education, Research and Innovation, Institute of Drug Technology Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sandra Aurora Chavez Perez
- Project Management Office, Vice Direction of Education, Research and Innovation, Institute of Drug Technology Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Cecilia Bezerra Carvalho
- GMESP, Brazilian Health Regulatory Agency, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Brasília 71205-050, DF, Brazil
| | - Maria Dutra Behrens
- Natural Products Department, Vice Direction of Education, Research and Innovation, Institute of Drug Technology Farmanguinhos, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21041-250, RJ, Brazil
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Bussy U, You H, Curtis J, Kwik-Uribe C. Definition of system suitability and proficiency testing acceptance criteria for the standardization of quality control methodologies of botanical bioactives: A case study for the development of AOAC Official Method of Analysis 2020.05 flavanols and procyanidins. Food Res Int 2023; 173:113230. [PMID: 37803543 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Flavanols and procyanidins are bioactives found in many foods including cocoa. The characterization of cocoa flavanols and procyanidins (CF) has historically been challenged by the lack of commercially available standards and weak chromatographic separation performances. The recent release of a reference material and the final authorization of an AOAC Official Method of Analysis (AOAC 2020.05) technically enables the standardization of CF testing. However, the practical implementation of CF testing for routine testing remains challenging for new laboratories, highlighting the need to define guidelines and acceptance criteria to verify normal method performance and user proficiency. This study leveraged the data generated from the recent multi-laboratory validation to define normal method performances. While the challenges associated with HILIC separation can be alleviated through a thorough system equilibration, monitoring system performances remains critical to routine operation and a laboratory's ability to generate reliable data. Guidelines for routine analysis were developed for system precision and bracketing standard recovery, as well as acceptance criteria for the analysis of the reference material. These guidelines not only complete a body of work that provide accessible, reliable, and robust CF analysis solution to research and quality laboratories, but also provide an example to facilitate the establishment and implementation of future international testing standards for botanical bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hong You
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, Brea, CA, USA.
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Hao J, Wang Z, Jia Y, Sun L, Fu Z, Zhao M, Li Y, Yuan N, Cong B, Zhao L, Ge G. Optimization of ultrasonic-assisted extraction of flavonoids from Lactuca indica L. cv. Mengzao and their antioxidant properties. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1065662. [PMID: 37396124 PMCID: PMC10308084 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1065662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions of flavonoids from Lactuca indica L.cv. Mengzao (LIM) leaves was optimized, and the flavonoids content and their antioxidant potential in different parts were analyzed. The optimal extraction parameters to obtain the highest total flavonoids content (TFC) were a a ratio of liquid to solid of 24.76 mL/g, ultrasonic power of 411.43 W, ethanol concentration of 58.86% and an extraction time of 30 min, the average TFC of LIM leaves could reach 48.01 mg/g. For the yield of flavonoids, the UAE method had the best extraction capacity compared with solvent extraction and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). In general, the TFC in different parts of LIM followed the order flower > leaf > stem > root, the flowering period is the most suitable harvesting period. From ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS) quantification, the flower samples showed significantly higher six flavonoids and had the highest radical scavenging capacities compared to other samples. A high positive correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and TFC, luteolin-7-O-glucoside and rutin were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with all antioxidant evaluations. This study provides valuable information for the development and utilization of flavonoids in Lactuca indica as ingredients in food, feed and nutritional health products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Hao
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhijun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Inner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Zhihui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Muqier Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Institute of Grassland Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hohhot, China
| | - Ning Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
| | - Baiming Cong
- Tongliao Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science Research Institute, Tongliao, China
| | - Lixing Zhao
- Hinggan League Agricultural and Animal Husbandry Science Research Institute, Ulanhot, China
| | - Gentu Ge
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation and the Processing and High Efficient Utilization of the Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources of the Ministry of Education, College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, China
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Ranjan S, Adams E, Deconinck E. Multidimensional Chromatographic Fingerprinting Combined with Chemometrics for the Identification of Regulated Plants in Suspicious Plant Food Supplements. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083632. [PMID: 37110870 PMCID: PMC10146433 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The popularity of plant food supplements has seen explosive growth all over the world, making them susceptible to adulteration and fraud. This necessitates a screening approach for the detection of regulated plants in plant food supplements, which are usually composed of complex plant mixtures, thus making the approach not so straightforward. This paper aims to tackle this problem by developing a multidimensional chromatographic fingerprinting method aided by chemometrics. To render more specificity to the chromatogram, a multidimensional fingerprint (absorbance × wavelength × retention time) was considered. This was achieved by selecting several wavelengths through a correlation analysis. The data were recorded using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with diode array detection (DAD). Chemometric modelling was performed by partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) through (a) binary modelling and (b) multiclass modelling. The correct classification rates (ccr%) by cross-validation, modelling, and external test set validation were satisfactory for both approaches, but upon further comparison, binary models were preferred. As a proof of concept, the models were applied to twelve samples for the detection of four regulated plants. Overall, it was revealed that the combination of multidimensional fingerprinting data with chemometrics was feasible for the identification of regulated plants in complex botanical matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surbhi Ranjan
- Section of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Erwin Adams
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, KU Leuven, University of Leuven, Herestraat 49, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eric Deconinck
- Section of Medicines and Health Products, Sciensano, J. Wytsmanstraat 14, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
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Siudem P, Szeleszczuk Ł, Zielińska A, Paradowska K. 13C CPMAS NMR as an Alternative Method to Verify the Quality of Dietary Supplements Containing Curcumin. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083442. [PMID: 37110676 PMCID: PMC10143288 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Turmeric is a traditional Indian spice that has recently become very popular worldwide because it contains a powerful ingredient called curcumin, which has strong anti-inflammatory properties. Hence, dietary supplements containing extracts rich in curcumin have gained great popularity. The main problems related to curcumin-containing dietary supplements are poor water solubility and the fact that they are often faked by using synthetic curcumin instead of the plant extract. In this article, we propose the use of the 13C CPMAS NMR method to control the quality of dietary supplements. The analysis of 13C CPMAS NMR spectra supported by GIPAW computations allowed us to identify a polymorphic form present in dietary supplements (which affected the solubility of curcumin) and to point out a dietary supplement that could be faked by using synthetic curcumin. Further PXRD and HPLC investigations confirmed that the examined supplement contained synthetic curcumin instead of the genuine extract. Our method can be used for routine control, especially because the investigation is performed directly from the capsule/tablet content and does not require any special sample preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Siudem
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Zielińska
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Paradowska
- Department of Organic and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
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Zeng Z, Zhang B, Zhan Y, Huo J, Shi Y, Li X, Zhe W, Li B, Zhang Y, Yang Q. Method Comparison of Sample Pretreatment and Discovery of Differential Compositions of Natural Flavors and Fragrances for Quality Analysis by Using Chemometric Tools. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1222:123690. [PMID: 37019038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Natural flavors and fragrances or their extracts have been widely used in a large variety of areas, including food, cosmetic, and tobacco industrial processes, among others. The compositions and intrinsic attributes of flavors and fragrances were related to many factors, such as species, geographical origin, planting environment, storage condition, processing method, and so on. This not only increased the difficulty in analyzing the product quality of flavors and fragrances, but also challenged the idea of "quality-by-design (QbD)". This work proposed an integrated strategy for precise discovery of differential compounds among different classes and subsequent quality analysis of complex samples through flavors and fragrances used in tobacco industry as examples. Three pretreatment methods were first inspected to effectively characterize the sample compositions, including direct injection (DI), thermal desorption (TD), and stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE)-TD, coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis to obtain characteristic information of samples of flavors and fragrances. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) was applied to discover the relation and difference between chromatographic fingerprints and peak table data once significant components were recognized in a holistic manner. Model population analysis (MPA) was then used to quantitatively extract the characteristic chemicals representing the quality differences among different classes of samples. Some differential marker compounds were discovered for difference analysis, including benzyl alcohol, latin acid, l-menthol acid, decanoic acid ethyl ester, vanillin, trans-o-coumaric acid, benzyl benzoate, and so on. Furthermore, partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and support vector machine (SVM) were respectively applied to construct multivariate models for evaluation of quality differences and variations. It was found that the accuracy attains to 100% for sample classification. With the help of optimal sample pretreatment technique and chemometric methods, the strategy for quality analysis and difference discovery proposed in this work can be widely delivered to more areas of complex plants with good interpretability and high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongda Zeng
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Baohua Zhang
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Yifei Zhan
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Jinfeng Huo
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Yingjiao Shi
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Xianyi Li
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming 650231, China
| | - Wei Zhe
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming 650231, China
| | - Boyan Li
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yipeng Zhang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming 650231, China.
| | - Qianxu Yang
- Technology Center of China Tobacco Yunnan Industrial Co. Ltd., Kunming 650231, China.
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Analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) approach for comprehensive analysis of bioactive compounds from Citrus peel wastes by UPLC. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04588-9. [PMID: 36853412 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04588-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The growing interest in ingredients from natural sources has expanded the need for quality assessments of plant extracts. Analytical quality-by-design (AQbD) has been increasingly applied in regulated environments such as pharmaceutical industries and, more recently, for the bioactive compounds found in botanical materials. This work aimed to obtain qualitative (overall resolution and maximum peak capacity) and quantitative performances for target analytes using AQbD principles. The analytical target profile was elaborated; critical method parameters (independent variables) that affect the critical method attributes (dependent variables) were selected from a risk assessment for a reversed-phase liquid chromatography with diode array detection (RPLC-DAD) method. YMC-Triart C18 (3.0 × 100 mm, 1.9 μm) and a gradient elution using 0.2% acetic acid and methanol:acetonitrile 1:3 (v/v) were chosen as the stationary and mobile phases, respectively. The optimal and robust conditions (temperature at 33.3 °C, flow rate of 0.68 mL.min-1, and a gradient slope of 4.18%.min-1) were established by the method operable design region (MODR). The validation was performed by accuracy profiles using 90% expectation tolerance intervals for the selected compounds found in Citrus spp. using C. japonica as blank matrix. The lower limits of quantification for hesperidin, bergapten, herniarin, and citropten were 5.32, 0.40, 0.49, and 0.52 mg.L-1, respectively (acceptance limit was set at ± 20%). Nobiletin did not show an adequate quantitative performance.
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Wang S, Wang S, Li P, Li L, Ye J. Establishment of SI-traceable purity assessment of Fumonisin B1 using a combination of quantitative 1H NMR and mass balance. Microchem J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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10
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Development and Validation of the LC-MS/MS Method for Determination of 130 Natural and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Cannabis Oil. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27238601. [PMID: 36500694 PMCID: PMC9736437 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely available products used by millions of people around the world. Unfortunately, the procedure of adding pharmaceutical and psychoactive substances has recently been observed, in order to increase the effectiveness of supplements in the form of hemp oils. For this reason, it is extremely important to develop analytical methods for the detection of substances prohibited in dietary supplements and food products. In the present study, using the LC-MS/MS technique, an innovative method for the detection and quantification of 117 synthetic cannabinoids and 13 natural cannabinoids in dietary supplements and food products in the form of oils during one 13-min chromatographic run was developed. Each method was fully validated by characterization of the following parameters: The limit of detection was set to 0.1 ng/mL (100 µg/g, 0.01%). The limit of quantification ranged from 0.05 ng/mL to 50 ng/mL. The criteria assumed for systematic error caused by methodological bias (±20%) resulting from the recovery of analytes after the extraction process, as well as the coefficient of variation (CV) (≤20%), were met for all 130 tested compounds. The positive results of the validation confirmed that the developed methods met the requirements related to the adequacy of their application in a given scope. Additionally, methods developed using the LC-MS/MS technique were verified via proficiency tests. The developed analytical procedure was successfully used in the analysis of hemp oils and capsules containing them in the studied dietary supplements.
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Authentication of fish oil (omega-3) supplements using class-oriented chemometrics and comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 415:2601-2611. [PMID: 36374319 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04428-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Food supplement authentication is an important concern worldwide due to the ascending consumption related to health benefits and its lack of effective regulation in underdeveloped countries, making it a target of fraudulent activities. In this context, this study evaluated fish oil supplements by comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC×GC-MS) to obtain fingerprints, which were used to build predictive models for automated authentication of the most popular products sold in Brazil. The authentication process relied on a one-class classifier model using data-driven soft independent modeling of class analogy (DD-SIMCA). The output of the model was a binary classifier: certified IFOS fish oils and non-certified ones - regardless of the source of adulteration. The compositional analysis showed a significant variation in the samples, which validated the need for reliable statistical models. The DD-SIMCA algorithm is still incipient in GC×GC studies, but it proved to be an excellent tool for authenticity purposes, achieving a chemometric model with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 98.6%, and accuracy of 99.0% for fish oil authentication. Finally, orthogonalized partial least square discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) was used to identify the features that distinguished the groups, which ascertained the results of the DD-SIMCA model that IFOS-certified oils are positively correlated to omega-3 fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5 n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6 n-3).
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Ośko J, Szewczyk A, Berk P, Prokopowicz M, Grembecka M. Assessment of the Mineral Composition and the Selected Physicochemical Parameters of Dietary Supplements Containing Green Tea Extracts. Foods 2022; 11:foods11223580. [PMID: 36429172 PMCID: PMC9689700 DOI: 10.3390/foods11223580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Our aim was to assess the mineral composition as well as the physicochemical quality of green tea-based dietary supplements (capsules and tablets) with respect to average weight, size and shape, friability, breaking force and disintegration time. Products were analysed by flame atomic absorption spectrometry for Ca, K, Mg, Na, Cr, Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb and Cd. Approximately 60% of the analysed supplements met the requirements of European and Polish regulations. The dietary supplements passed weight variation tests, but not all products had compliant capsule sizes. One product in tablet form failed the friability test, and eleven dietary supplements in tablet form failed the disintegration test. The supplements were characterised by a varied elemental composition, with the highest values found for Ca, Fe, Zn and Mn. The recommended daily allowance realisation for Fe and Zn in two dietary supplements (capsule form) exceeded 100%. As a result of the estimation of the monthly intake of toxic metals, it was concluded that the tested products do not pose a risk to consumer health. Significant relationships (p < 0.001) were found for K, Mg, Na, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The application of factor and cluster analyses allowed the verification of the similarity of green tea extracts contained in dietary supplements to the natural raw material, green tea leaves, used as a reference material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Ośko
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Avenue 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adrian Szewczyk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Avenue 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Paulina Berk
- Student Scientific Circle at the Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Avenue 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Prokopowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Avenue 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Grembecka
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gen. J. Hallera Avenue 107, 80-416 Gdańsk, Poland
- Correspondence:
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Varfaj I, Carotti A, Mangiapelo L, Cossignani L, Taticchi A, Macchiarulo A, Ianni F, Sardella R. Environmentally Sustainable Achiral and Chiral Chromatographic Analysis of Amino Acids in Food Supplements. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27227724. [PMID: 36431824 PMCID: PMC9697624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Two LC methods were developed for the achiral and chiral reversed-phase (RP) analysis of an amino acid (AA) pool in a food supplement, in compliance with the main paradigms of Green Chromatography. A direct achiral ion-pairing RP-HPLC method was optimized under gradient conditions with a water-ethanol (EtOH) eluent containing heptafluorobutyric acid (0.1%, v/v), to quantify the eight essential AAs (Ile, Leu, Lys, Met, Phe, Thr, Trp, and Val) contained in the food supplement. Thus, the usually employed acetonitrile was profitably substituted with the less toxic and more benign EtOH. The method was validated for Leu and Phe. The chiral LC method performed with a teicoplanin chiral stationary phase was developed with a water-EtOH (60:40, v/v) eluent with 0.1%, v/v acetic acid. The enantioselective analysis was carried out without any prior derivatization step. Both developed methods performed highly for all eight AAs and revealed that: (i) the content of six out of eight AAs was consistent with the manufacturer declaration; (ii) only L-AAs were present. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that a two-dimensional achiral-chiral configuration is possible in practice, making it even more environmentally sustainable. A molecular modelling investigation revealed interesting insights into the enantiorecognition mechanism of Lys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Varfaj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Andrea Carotti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luciano Mangiapelo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Lina Cossignani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy
| | - Agnese Taticchi
- Department of Agricultural Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Perugia, Via S. Costanzo, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Macchiarulo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Federica Ianni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Center for Perinatal and Reproductive Medicine, University of Perugia, Santa Maria della Misericordia University Hospital, 06132 Perugia, Italy
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Machado JCB, Ferreira MRA, Soares LAL. Punica granatum leaves as a source of active compounds: A review of biological activities, bioactive compounds, food, and technological application. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.102220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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de Souza MR, Koetz M, Limberger RP, Henriques AT. DoE-assisted development and validation of a stability-indicating HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination of five cannabinoids in Cannabis sativa L. based on analytical quality by design (AQbD) concept. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2022; 33:999-1017. [PMID: 35733081 DOI: 10.1002/pca.3154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Medical uses of Cannabis sativa L. have gained interest in recent decades, which highlights the need for defining appropriate quality specifications for Cannabis-based products. However, the complexity of plant matrices and structural similarity between cannabinoids make analytical development a challenging task. Thus, the application of analytical quality by design (AQbD)-driven approaches can favour the development of fit-for-purpose methods. OBJECTIVES To develop a high-performance liquid chromatography diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) method for simultaneous quantification of cannabidiol, Δ9 -tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabidiolic acid, tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, and cannabinol in C. sativa by applying an AQbD-driven approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS Critical method attributes (CMA) were established following the analytical target profile. Critical method variables (CMV) were categorised based on risk assessment and literature review. Selected CMV regarding sample preparation and chromatographic conditions were optimised using response surface methodology (RSM). The working point was estimated by multiple response optimisation using Deringer's desirability function. The validity of the optimal conditions was confirmed experimentally. Method validation was performed according to ANVISA and ICH guidelines. Relative response factors (RRFs) were also determined. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Baseline resolution of 12 major cannabinoids was achieved in a 35 min chromatographic analysis. All experimental responses obtained during confirmatory analyses were within the prediction intervals (PI95% ). Method's selectivity, linearity (10-100 μg/mL), precision, bias, extraction recovery, and ruggedness were satisfactorily demonstrated. CONCLUSIONS The application of an AQbD-driven approach allowed for a better understanding of the effects of the ensemble of CMV on the analyte's behaviour, enabling the definition of appropriate conditions to ensure consistent achievement of the intended method's performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maíra Ribeiro de Souza
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA), Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Mariana Koetz
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Renata Pereira Limberger
- Laboratório de Análises e Pesquisas em Toxicologia, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Amélia Teresinha Henriques
- Laboratório de Farmacognosia e Controle da Qualidade de Fitoterápicos, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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16
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You H, Abraham EJ, Mulligan J, Zhou Y, Montoya M, Willig J, Chen BK, Wang CK, Wang LS, Dong A, Shamtsyan M, Nguyen H, Wong A, Wallace TC. Label compliance for ingredient verification: regulations, approaches, and trends for testing botanical products marketed for "immune health" in the United States. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 64:2441-2460. [PMID: 36123797 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2124230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, the botanical product market saw a consumer interest increase in immune health supplements. While data are currently insufficient to support public health guidance for using foods and dietary supplements to prevent or treat COVID-19 and other immune disorders, consumer surveys indicate that immune support is the second-most cited reason for supplement use in the United States. Meanwhile, consumers showed increased attention to dietary supplement ingredient labels, especially concerning authenticity and ingredient claims. Top-selling botanical ingredients such as elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms have been increasingly marketed toward consumers to promote immune health, but these popular products succumb to adulteration with inaccurate labeling due to the intentional or unintentional addition of lower grade ingredients, non-target plants, and synthetic compounds, partially due to pandemic-related supply chain issues. This review highlights the regulatory requirements and recommendations for analytical approaches, including chromatography, spectroscopy, and DNA approaches for ingredient claim verification. Demonstrating elderberry, turmeric, and functional mushrooms as examples, this review aims to provide industrial professionals and scientists an overview of current United States regulations, testing approaches, and trends for label compliance verification to ensure the safety of botanical products marketed for "immune health."
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong You
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, US, Inc., Brea, California, USA
- Eurofins US Food, Des Moines, Iowa, USA
| | | | - Jason Mulligan
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, US, Inc., Brea, California, USA
| | - Yucheng Zhou
- Eurofins Botanical Testing, US, Inc., Brea, California, USA
| | | | | | - Bo-Kai Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Kun Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Li-Shu Wang
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Athena Dong
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA
| | | | | | - Andrea Wong
- Council for Responsible Nutrition, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Taylor C Wallace
- Think Healthy Group, LLC, Washington, DC, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Food Studies, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, USA
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17
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UV Fingerprinting Approaches for Quality Control Analyses of Food and Functional Food Coupled to Chemometrics: A Comprehensive Analysis of Novel Trends and Applications. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182867. [PMID: 36140995 PMCID: PMC9498431 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy is a common analytical tool to detect chromophore in compounds by monitoring absorbance spectral wavelengths. Further, it could provide spectral information about complex conjugated systems in mixtures aided by chemometric tools to visualize large UV-Vis datasets as typical in food samples. This review provides novel insight on UV-Vis applications in the last 20 years, as an advanced analytical tool in the quality control of food and dietary supplements, as well as several other applications, including chemotaxonomy, authentication, fingerprinting, and stability studies. (2) Conclusions: A critical assessment of the value of UV application and its novel trends in the quality control (QC) of nutraceuticals reveals the advantages and limitations, focusing on areas where future advancements are in need. Although simple, UV and its novel trends present potential analytical tools with an acceptable error for QC applications from a non-targeted perspective compared to other expensive spectral tools.
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18
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Extracts Rich in Nutrients as Novel Food Ingredients to Be Used in Food Supplements: A Proposal Classification. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153194. [PMID: 35956370 PMCID: PMC9370228 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumers’ commitment to healthy lifestyles and a varied diet has experienced rapid growth in recent decades, causing an increase in the demand of better food quality and variety. The food industry has opted for innovation and the search for new sources of food, and these trends led to the need to develop a European regulatory framework. Novel foods are under Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 (formerly Regulation (EC) No 258/97), and this concept includes all food not used in an important measure for human consumption in the EU before 15 May 1997, and which is included in any of the food categories established. Currently, there are 26 extracts authorized as novel foods or ingredients, being one of the most numerous groups. These extracts are concentrated sources of nutrients, and 23 of them can be used in food supplements. Given their heterogeneous composition and the perceptive risk assessments performed, sometimes, the authorizations are limited to certain population groups. The present work is a comprehensive review of the extracts rich in nutrients authorized as novel ingredients to be used in food supplements within the EU. A classification is proposed according to their source of origin, resulting in four main groups: extracts of plant, animal, algae, and fungal origins. A description of each extract as well as the evaluation of the potential use restriction and health benefits are also addressed.
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Mena-García A, Bellaizac-Riascos AJ, Rada-Mendoza M, Chito-Trujillo DM, Ruiz-Matute AI, Sanz ML. Quality Evaluation of Dietary Supplements for Weight Loss Based on Garcinia cambogia. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14153077. [PMID: 35893931 PMCID: PMC9332841 DOI: 10.3390/nu14153077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Food supplements of plant origin for weight control are increasingly being demanded by consumers as a way to promote good health. Among them, those based on Garcinia cambogia (GCFS) are widely commercialized considering their bioactive properties, mainly due to (-)-hydroxycitric acid ((-)-HCA). However, recently, controversy has arisen over their safety; thus, further research and continuous monitoring of their composition is required. Hence, in this work, a multi-analytical approach was followed to determine not only (-)-HCA but also other constituents of 18 GCFS, which could be used as quality markers to detect fraudulent practices in these samples. Discrepancies between the declared (-)-HCA content and that experimentally determined were detected by LC–UV in 33% of the samples. Moreover, GC–MS analyses of GCFS allowed the detection of different compounds not present in G. cambogia fruits and not declared on supplement labels, probably related to heat exposure or to the addition of excipients or other extracts. This multi-analytical methodology is shown to be advantageous to address different fraudulent practices affecting the quality of these supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adal Mena-García
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (A.I.R.-M.)
| | - Angie Julieth Bellaizac-Riascos
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Calidad Medioambiental y Seguridad Agroalimentaria (BICAMSA), Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia; (A.J.B.-R.); (M.R.-M.); (D.M.C.-T.)
| | - Maite Rada-Mendoza
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Calidad Medioambiental y Seguridad Agroalimentaria (BICAMSA), Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia; (A.J.B.-R.); (M.R.-M.); (D.M.C.-T.)
| | - Diana María Chito-Trujillo
- Grupo de Investigación Biotecnología, Calidad Medioambiental y Seguridad Agroalimentaria (BICAMSA), Universidad del Cauca, Popayán 190003, Colombia; (A.J.B.-R.); (M.R.-M.); (D.M.C.-T.)
| | - Ana Isabel Ruiz-Matute
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (A.I.R.-M.)
| | - María Luz Sanz
- Instituto de Química Orgánica General (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-G.); (A.I.R.-M.)
- Correspondence:
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20
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Nicolescu A, Babotă M, Zhang L, Bunea CI, Gavrilaș L, Vodnar DC, Mocan A, Crișan G, Rocchetti G. Optimized Ultrasound-Assisted Enzymatic Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Rosa canina L. Pseudo-Fruits (Rosehip) and Their Biological Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11061123. [PMID: 35740020 PMCID: PMC9220760 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11061123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two techniques, namely, optimized ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), were used to promote the extraction of phenolic compounds from the pseudo-fruits of Rosa canina L. (RC). For UAE, an optimization process based on the design of experiment (DoE) principles was used for determining the dependence between three variables (i.e., time of extraction, ultrasound amplitude, and the material-to-water ratio) and the total phenolic content of the samples. For EAE, a 2:1:1 pectinase, cellulase, and hemicellulase enzymatic blend was used as pre-treatment for optimized UAE, inducing a higher total phenolic content. The untargeted phenolic profiling approach revealed a great abundance of lower molecular weight phenolics (1.64 mg Eq./g) in UAE-RC extracts, whilst gallic acid (belonging to hydroxybenzoic acid derivatives) was the most abundant individual compound of both extracts. The unsupervised multivariate statistics clearly discriminated the impact of enzymatic pre-treatment on the phenolic profile of RC pseudo-fruits. Finally, Pearson’s correlation coefficients showed that anthocyanins, phenolic acids, and tyrosol derivatives were those compounds mostly correlated to the in vitro antioxidant potential of the extracts, whilst negative and significant (p < 0.05) correlation coefficients were recorded when considering the enzymatic inhibition activities. The highest enzyme-inhibitory activity has been identified against α-glucosidase, which indicates an antidiabetic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandru Nicolescu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Mihai Babotă
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Leilei Zhang
- Department for Sustainable Food Process, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Claudiu I. Bunea
- Faculty of Horticulture, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăştur 3-5, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Laura Gavrilaș
- Department of Bromatology, Hygiene, Nutrition, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 6 Pasteur Street, 400349 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Dan C. Vodnar
- Institute of Life Sciences, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Correspondence: or
| | - Gianina Crișan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Gheorghe Marinescu Street 23, 400337 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; (A.N.); (M.B.); (G.C.)
| | - Gabriele Rocchetti
- Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy;
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21
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Mocan A, Fernandes Â, Calhelha RC, Gavrilaş L, Ferreira ICFR, Ivanov M, Sokovic M, Barros L, Babotă M. Bioactive Compounds and Functional Properties of Herbal Preparations of Cystus creticus L. Collected From Rhodes Island. Front Nutr 2022; 9:881210. [PMID: 35677542 PMCID: PMC9168797 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.881210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The members of Cystus genus are perenial shrubs with a well-established use in traditional medicine. Among these, C. creticus is the most popular, herbal preparations obtained from its aerial parts being recognized as antimicrobial, antitumor and anti-inflammatory agents. The present study aimed to evaluate phytochemical profile and bioactive potential of aqueous and hydroethanolic extracts of C. creticus aerial parts harvested from two different areas of Rhodes island. LC-DAD-ESI/MSn analysis revealed the presence of myricetin and quercetin glycosides as main compounds, especially in aqueous extracts, being probably responsible for their enhanced antioxidant and antimicrobial potential. On the other side, hydroethanolic preparations exerted a strong anti-inflammatory and anti-biofilm activity. Our findings suggest that the use of solvents with intermediate polarity can assure the best recovery of bioactive compounds from C. creticus, increasing the extraction yield for other non-phenolic compounds which can enhance therapeutic potential of the extract through a synergistic action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Mocan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Laboratory of Chromatography, Institute of Advanced Horticulture Research of Transylvania, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- *Correspondence: Andrei Mocan ;
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Laura Gavrilaş
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”– National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina Sokovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”– National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Bragança, Portugal
- Lillian Barros
| | - Mihai Babotă
- Faculty of Pharmacy, “Iuliu Haţieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Guo Q, Wu S, Liang W, Tan J, Liu X, Yuan Y, Li X, Zhao H. Glabrol impurity exacerbates glabridin toxicity in zebrafish embryos by increasing myofibril disorganization. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 287:114963. [PMID: 34971733 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Glabridin, extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra L., is widely used for the treatment of hyperpigmentation because of its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities and its ability to inhibit melanin synthesis. This led to the strict regulation of its quality and safety. However, traditional quality control methods used for plant extracts cannot reflect the product quality owing to multiple unknown impurities, which necessitates the further analysis of impurities. AIM OF THE STUDY The study identified the toxic impurities of glabridin and their toxicological mechanism. MATERIALS AND METHODS In total, 10 glabridin samples from different sources were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. Sample toxicities were evaluated using zebrafish and cell models. To identify impurities, samples with different toxicity were analyzed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. The toxicity of related impurities was verified in the zebrafish model. Phalloidin stain was used to evaluate subtle changes in myofibril alignment. RESULTS Although glabridin content in the samples was similar, there were significant differences in toxicity. The results were verified using four different mammalian cell lines. Higher contents of glabrone and glabrol were identified in the sample with the highest toxicity. In the zebrafish model, the addition of glabrol reduced the LC50 of glabridin to 9.224, 6.229, and 5.370 μM at 48, 72, and 96 h post-fertilization, respectively, whereas glabrone did not have any toxic effect. Phalloidin staining indicated that a glabrol impurity exacerbates the myotoxicity of glabridin in zebrafish embryos. CONCLUSION Glabrol, but not glabrone, was identified as a key impurity that increased glabridin toxicity. This finding indicates that controlling glabrol content is necessary during glabridin product production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Guo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shaojuan Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Wenyao Liang
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Xiangmei Liu
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou 511447, China
| | - Yuxi Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaohong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Haishan Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of South China Structural Heart Disease, Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital, Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China.
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23
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Application of Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry in Quality Assessment of Dietary Supplements—A Case Study of Tryptophan Supplements: Release Assay, Targeted and Untargeted Studies. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15040448. [PMID: 35455446 PMCID: PMC9031539 DOI: 10.3390/ph15040448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary supplements are widely consumed in the EU and the USA. Based on their similarity to pharmaceuticals, consumers mistakenly believe that dietary supplements have also been approved for safety and efficacy. However, in the absence of mandatory testing, data on supplement quality is scarce. Thus, we applied liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry to analyse the quality of dietary supplements containing tryptophan (Trp). We examined 22 supplements in tablets or capsules, produced in the USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Czech Republic, and Poland. Trp release, crucial for bioavailability and efficiency, was assessed. Additionally, we performed a qualitative analysis of the main ingredient and screened for contaminants. Among the contaminants, we detected Trp’s metabolites, condensation products of Trp and carbonyl compounds, Trp degradation products, degradation products of kynurenine, and other contaminants such as glucosamine and melatonin. The main ingredient content was in the range of 55–100% in capsules and 69–87% in tablets. Surprisingly, almost no Trp release was noted from some supplements. Our study confirms the need to advance research on supplements. We believe that the high-quality analysis of supplements based on reliable analytical techniques will be an important contribution to the discussion on the regulatory framework of these products.
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Zhao J, Wang M, Saroja SG, Khan IA. NMR technique and methodology in botanical health product analysis and quality control. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 207:114376. [PMID: 34656935 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Botanicals have played an important role in maintaining human health and well-being throughout history. During the past few decades in particular, the use of botanical health products has gained more popularity. Whereas, quality, safety and efficacy concerns have continuously been critical issues due to the intrinsic chemical complexity of botanicals. Chemical analytical technologies play an imperative role in addressing these issues. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy has proven to be a powerful and useful tool for the investigation of botanical health products. In this review, NMR techniques and methodologies that have been successfully applied to the research and development of botanical health products in all stages, from plants to products, are discussed and summarized. Furthermore, applications of NMR together with other analytical techniques in a variety of domains of botanical health products investigation, such as plant species differentiation, adulteration detection, and bio-activity evaluation, are discussed and illustrated with typical examples. This article provides an overview of the potential uses of NMR techniques and methodologies in an attempt to further promote their recognition and utilization in the field of botanical health products analysis and quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Zhao
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
| | - Mei Wang
- Natural Products Utilization Research Unit, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Seethapathy G Saroja
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA
| | - Ikhlas A Khan
- National Center for Natural Products Research (NCNPR), School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA; Division of Pharmacognosy, Department of BioMolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Mississippi, University, MS 38677, USA.
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Adolfo LM, Rao X, Dixon RA. Identification of Pueraria spp. through DNA barcoding and comparative transcriptomics. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 22:10. [PMID: 34979934 PMCID: PMC8722073 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03383-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kudzu is a term used generically to describe members of the genus Pueraria. Kudzu roots have been used for centuries in traditional Chinese medicine in view of their high levels of beneficial isoflavones including the unique 8-C-glycoside of daidzein, puerarin. In the US, kudzu is seen as a noxious weed causing ecological and economic damage. However, not all kudzu species make puerarin or are equally invasive. Kudzu remains difficult to identify due to its diverse morphology and inconsistent nomenclature. RESULTS We have generated sequences for the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) and maturase K (matK) regions of Pueraria montana lobata, P. montana montana, and P. phaseoloides, and identified two accessions previously used for differential analysis of puerarin biosynthesis as P. lobata and P. phaseoloides. Additionally, we have generated root transcriptomes for the puerarin-producing P. m. lobata and the non-puerarin producing P. phaseoloides. Within the transcriptomes, microsatellites were identified to aid in species identification as well as population diversity. CONCLUSIONS The barcode sequences generated will aid in fast and efficient identification of the three kudzu species. Additionally, the microsatellites identified from the transcriptomes will aid in genetic analysis. The root transcriptomes also provide a molecular toolkit for comparative gene expression analysis towards elucidation of the biosynthesis of kudzu phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laci M Adolfo
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA
| | - Xiaolan Rao
- College of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan, 430068, Hubei Province, China
| | - Richard A Dixon
- BioDiscovery Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #305220, Denton, TX, 76203-5017, USA.
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Righetti L, Dall'Asta C, Bruni R. Risk Assessment of RYR Food Supplements: Perception vs. Reality. Front Nutr 2021; 8:792529. [PMID: 34950692 PMCID: PMC8691514 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.792529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Thirty-seven red yeast rice (RYR) food supplements were screened for their mycotoxin and natural statin content. Products included pure RYR capsules and multi-ingredient formulations with standardized amounts of monacolin K (MK), marketed both online and retail in the European Union. In terms of mycotoxins, citrinin (CIT) was found in all the monitored products. As CIT content ranged from 100 to 25100 μg/kg, only four products were compliant with maximum EU levels in force until April 2020, while a single product was compliant with the limit of 100 μg/kg introduced after that date. Four contaminated products were labeled as "citrinin free". In terms of natural statins, nine products had a lower content vs. label statements (from -30 to -83%), while for 24 a larger MK amount (from 10 to 266%) was noticed. Three products had a negligible MK content and only 19 offered a daily dosage exceeding 10 mg as dictated by the health claim granted by EFSA in the EU. No sample had label values compliant with pharmaceutical Good Manufacturing Practices requirements (95-105% content of active constituent). Variable, but small amounts of simvastatin (0.1-7.5 μg per daily dose) were found in 30 samples. These results suggest that limited efficacy and reported safety issues may stem from an under-regulated and undercontrolled market, weakening both effectiveness and risk assessment evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Righetti
- Department of Food and Drug, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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Application of HPTLC Multiwavelength Imaging and Color Scale Fingerprinting Approach Combined with Multivariate Chemometric Methods for Medicinal Plant Clustering According to Their Species. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237225. [PMID: 34885806 PMCID: PMC8659119 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, multiwavelength detection combined with color scales HPTLC fingerprinting procedure and chemometric approach were applied for direct clustering of a set of medicinal plants with different geographical growing areas. The fingerprints profiles of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained after single and double development and detection under 254 nm and 365 nm, before and after selective spraying with specific derivatization reagents were evaluated by chemometric approaches. Principal component analysis (PCA) with factor analysis (FA) methods were used to reveal the contribution of red (R), green (G), blue (B) and, respectively, gray (K) color scale fingerprints to HPTLC classification of the analyzed samples. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) was used to classify the medicinal plants based on measure of similarity of color scale fingerprint patterns. The 1-Pearson distance measurement with Ward’s amalgamation procedure proved to be the most convenient approach for the correct clustering of samples. Data from color scale fingerprints obtained for double development procedure and multiple visualization modes combined with appropriate chemometric methods proved to detect the similar medicinal plant extracts even though they are from different geographical regions, have different storage conditions and no specific markers are individually extracted. This approach could be proposed as a promising tool for authentication and identification studies of plant materials based on HPTLC fingerprinting analysis.
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Hamidi S. Assessment of Undeclared Synthetic Drugs in Dietary Supplements in an Analytical View: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 53:986-996. [PMID: 34756146 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2021.1999787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements have gained widespread attention globally as they are supposed to be healthier than synthetic pharmaceutical compounds with fewer side effects. Unlike common prescription drugs, dietary supplements are readily available to the general public. However, over the past few years, all kinds of legal and illegal drugs, have been detected in dietary supplements without labeling to defraud consumers, resulting in serious public health consequences. Due to the increasing number of drug frauds in dietary supplements, their consumption will undoubtedly risk consumers. Therefore; the importance of high-tech analytical methods in their assessment for controlling food quality seems undeniable. The current review examines the analytical techniques that focus on adulterating health products with undeclared pharmaceuticals, including registered and banned drugs. The present study referred to a survey from 2004 to 2021 based on articles in the Scopus database.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samin Hamidi
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Klein-Junior LC, de Souza MR, Viaene J, Bresolin TMB, de Gasper AL, Henriques AT, Heyden YV. Quality Control of Herbal Medicines: From Traditional Techniques to State-of-the-art Approaches. PLANTA MEDICA 2021; 87:964-988. [PMID: 34412146 DOI: 10.1055/a-1529-8339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are important options for the treatment of several illnesses. Although their therapeutic applicability has been demonstrated throughout history, several concerns about their safety and efficacy are raised regularly. Quality control of articles of botanical origin, including plant materials, plant extracts, and herbal medicines, remains a challenge. Traditionally, qualitative (e.g., identification and chromatographic profile) and quantitative (e.g., content analyses) markers are applied for this purpose. The compound-oriented approach may stand alone in some cases (e.g., atropine in Atropa belladonna). However, for most plant materials, plant extracts, and herbal medicines, it is not possible to assure quality based only on the content or presence/absence of one (sometimes randomly selected) compound. In this sense, pattern-oriented approaches have been extensively studied, introducing the use of multivariate data analysis on chromatographic/spectroscopic fingerprints. The use of genetic methods for plant material/plant extract authentication has also been proposed. In this study, traditional approaches are reviewed, although the focus is on the applicability of fingerprints for quality control, highlighting the most used approaches, as well as demonstrating their usefulness. The literature review shows that a pattern-oriented approach may be successfully applied to the quality assessment of articles of botanical origin, while also providing directions for a compound-oriented approach and a rational marker selection. These observations indicate that it may be worth considering to include fingerprints and their data analysis in the regulatory framework for herbal medicines concerning quality control since this is the foundation of the holistic view that these complex products demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz C Klein-Junior
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, Itajaí/SC, Brazil
| | - Maira R de Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Johan Viaene
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel - VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tania M B Bresolin
- School of Health Sciences, Universidade do Vale do Itajaí - UNIVALI, Itajaí/SC, Brazil
| | - André L de Gasper
- Herbarium Dr. Roberto Miguel Klein, Department of Natural Sciences, Universidade Regional de Blumenau - FURB, Blumenau/SC, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Quality Control of Phytomedicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul-UFRGS, Porto Alegre/RS, Brazil
| | - Yvan Vander Heyden
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Applied Chemometrics and Molecular Modelling, Center for Pharmaceutical Research (CePhaR), Vrije Universiteit Brussel - VUB, Brussels, Belgium
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Ferron L, Milanese C, Colombo R, Papetti A. Development of an Accelerated Stability Model to Estimate Purple Corn Cob Extract Powder (Moradyn) Shelf-Life. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071617. [PMID: 34359487 PMCID: PMC8307474 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Moradyn is an Italian purple corn variety whose cobs represent a rich source of polyphenols. At the industrial level, they are used to produce a dried extract (MCE) by the addition of 20% Arabic gum. In order to evaluate the extract solid-state stability, an innovative accelerated stress protocol was developed following the isoconversion approach. The degradation kinetics of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), the most suitable marker to monitor the overall MCE degradation status, was monitored under five temperature–humidity (RH) combinations. These data were used to build a mathematical model, able to estimate the C3G stability at 25 °C and 30% RH, whose predictiveness was further assessed by comparing the predicted vs. experimental C3G isoconversion time. Finally, by applying this model, the expiry date of the extract was calculated to be within 26–33 days, confirming that the addition of 20% Arabic gum is insufficient to stabilize MCE and highlighting the need of a new formula in order to prolong MCE shelf-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ferron
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (R.C.)
- FlaNat Research Italia Srl, Via Giuseppe di Vittorio 1, 20017 Rho, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Consorzio interuniversitario per i Sistemi a Grande Interfase & Department of Chemistry, Physical Chemistry Section, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 27100 Pavia, Italy;
| | - Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (R.C.)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (L.F.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0382-98-7863
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31
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Vilas-Boas AA, Pintado M, Oliveira ALS. Natural Bioactive Compounds from Food Waste: Toxicity and Safety Concerns. Foods 2021; 10:1564. [PMID: 34359434 PMCID: PMC8304211 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although synthetic bioactive compounds are approved in many countries for food applications, they are becoming less and less welcome by consumers. Therefore, there has been an increasing interest in replacing these synthetic compounds by natural bioactive compounds. These natural compounds can be used as food additives to maintain the food quality, food safety and appeal, and as food supplements or nutraceuticals to correct nutritional deficiencies, maintain a suitable intake of nutrients, or to support physiological functions, respectively. Recent studies reveal that numerous food wastes, particularly fruit and vegetables byproducts, are a good source of bioactive compounds that can be extracted and reintroduced into the food chain as natural food additives or in food matrices for obtaining nutraceuticals and functional foods. This review addresses general questions concerning the use of fruit and vegetables byproducts as new sources of natural bioactive compounds that are being addressed to foods as natural additives and supplements. Those bioactive compounds must follow the legal requirements and evaluations to assess the risks for human health and their toxicity must be considered before being launched into the market. To overcome the potential health risk while increasing the biological activity, stability and biodistribution of the supplements' technological alternatives have been studied such as encapsulation of bioactive compounds into micro or nanoparticles or nanoemulsions. This will allow enhancing the stability and release along the gastrointestinal tract in a controlled manner into the specific tissues. This review summarizes the valorization path that a bioactive compound recovered from an agro-food waste can face from the moment their potentialities are exhibited until it reaches the final consumer and the safety and toxicity challenges, they may overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ana L. S. Oliveira
- CBQF—Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina—Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital 172, 4200-374 Porto, Portugal; (A.A.V.-B.); (M.P.)
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Abstract
The growing consumer awareness regarding health and fitness has been leading to a huge rise in the consumption of nutritional supplements and, consequently, to an increase in concerns about their quality. In this sense, one of the most consumed products is protein supplements and, despite being safer than other types of supplements, there are several studies showing incompatibilities between what is present on the labels and their actual content. Therefore, this review is focused on gathering information about the problems arising from poor manufacturing practices and inadequate quality control of sport protein supplements. These issues are mainly related to three aspects: reduction of the supplements’ nutritional value, the presence of pharmacological substances, and contamination with microorganisms or toxic metals. Regarding the first aspect, reports about the “classic” addition of nitrogen-rich compounds to mask the protein content measured by the Kjeldahl method were discussed, as well as recent topics such as the addition of cheaper proteins to produce an “undetectable” adulteration in whey protein supplements. With respect to the presence of pharmacological compounds, it is a finding that is not very common in protein supplements; however, even trace amounts of foreign substances in this type of product may cause adverse effects to consumers, and, in the case of an elite athlete, may result in doping. Finally, we discuss about the contamination with microorganisms and toxic metals, this latter being a subject that should be further explored due to few studies in the literature.
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Determination of the Main Ergot Alkaloids and Their Epimers in Oat-Based Functional Foods by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26123717. [PMID: 34207051 PMCID: PMC8234484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26123717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method is proposed for the determination of the major ergot alkaloids (ergometrine, ergosine, ergotamine, ergocornine, ergokryptine, ergocristine) and their epimers (ergometrinine, ergosinine, ergotaminine, ergocorninine, ergokryptinine, and ergocristinine) in oat-based foods and food supplements. A modified QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe) procedure was applied as sample treatment, reducing the consumption of organic solvent and increasing sensitivity. This method involved an extraction with acetonitrile and ammonium carbonate (85:15, v/v) and a clean-up step based on dispersive solid-phase extraction, employing a mixture of C18/Z-Sep+ as sorbents. Procedural calibration curves were established and limits of quantification were below 3.2 μg/kg for the studied compounds. Repeatability and intermediate precision (expressed as RSD%) were lower than 6.3% and 15%, respectively, with recoveries ranging between 89.7% and 109%. The method was applied to oat-based products (bran, flakes, flour, grass, hydroalcoholic extracts, juices, and tablets), finding a positive sample of oat bran contaminated with ergometrine, ergosine, ergometrinine, and ergosinine (total content of 10.7 μg/kg).
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Mohd Yusop AY, Xiao L, Fu S. Liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis of erectile dysfunction drugs and their analogues in food products. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 322:110748. [PMID: 33711768 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) drugs in adulterated dietary supplements, mainly in pharmaceutical dosage forms, is frequently addressed in the literature. Little attention is given to food products despite their increasing adulteration trend. To address this knowledge gap targeted, suspected-target, and non-targeted strategies were utilised to analyse ED drugs and their analogues in powdered drink mix (PDM), honey, jelly, hard candy, and sugar-coated chewing gum using liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). The method was optimised and validated using 23 target analytes, representing different ED drugs with structural similarities. The modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) extraction exhibited insignificant matrix effect (ME) within - 9.2-8.8% and provided complete coverage of target analytes with acceptable extraction recovery (RE) within 75.5-123.9%, except for carbodenafil in the PDM matrix. Based on the ME and RE performance, the analytical method was validated to analyse 25 food samples that claimed to enhance male sexual performance. The method exhibited good specificity and linearity with a limit of detection within 10-70 ng/mL and limit of quantification of 80 ng/mL. Similarly, the accuracy and precision were satisfactory within 77.4-122.0% and< 16.7%RSD, respectively. The LC-HRMS targeted analysis, together with suspected-target and non-targeted screenings, identified and detected ten ED drugs from 24 food samples. The modified QuEChERS extraction with LC-HRMS-based method was demonstrated to be universally applicable to various food products, covering an extensive range of known and potentially novel ED drugs, which is valuable for routine casework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yusri Mohd Yusop
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Ministry of Health, Petaling Jaya, Selangor 46200, Malaysia
| | - Linda Xiao
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia.
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Pickova D, Ostry V, Toman J, Malir F. Presence of Mycotoxins in Milk Thistle ( Silybum marianum) Food Supplements: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E782. [PMID: 33302488 PMCID: PMC7763672 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12120782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The consumption of herbal-based supplements, which are believed to have beneficial effects on human health with no side effects, has become popular around the world and this trend is still increasing. Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn, commonly known as milk thistle (MT), is the most commonly studied herb associated with the treatment of liver diseases. The hepatoprotective effects of active substances in silymarin, with silybin being the main compound, have been demonstrated in many studies. However, MT can be affected by toxigenic micro-fungi and contaminated by mycotoxins with adverse effects. The beneficial effect of silymarin can thus be reduced or totally antagonized by mycotoxins. MT has proven to be affected by micro-fungi of the Fusarium and Alternaria genera, in particular, and their mycotoxins. Alternariol-methyl-ether (AME), alternariol (AOH), beauvericin (BEA), deoxynivalenol (DON), enniatin A (ENNA), enniatin A1 (ENNA1), enniatin B (ENNB), enniatin B1 (ENNB1), HT-2 toxin (HT-2), T-2 toxin (T-2), tentoxin (TEN), and zearalenone (ZEA) seem to be most significant in MT-based dietary supplements. This review focuses on summarizing cases of mycotoxins in MT to emphasize the need for strict monitoring and regulation, as mycotoxins in relation with MT-based dietary supplements are not covered by European Union legislation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darina Pickova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Vladimir Ostry
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
- Center for Health, National Institute of Public Health in Prague, Nutrition and Food in Brno, Palackeho 3a, CZ-61242 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Toman
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
| | - Frantisek Malir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, CZ-50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; (V.O.); (J.T.); (F.M.)
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36
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Martins CM, Ferro DM, de Brito ES, Ferreira SRS. Industrial relevance of Tamarindus indica L. by-products as source of valuable active metabolites. INNOV FOOD SCI EMERG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ifset.2020.102518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Abstract
This Special Issue aims to provide new findings and information with respect to healthy foods and biologically active food ingredients. Studies on the chemical, technological, and nutritional characteristics of healthy food ingredients will be taken into consideration as well as analytical methods for monitoring their quality. New findings on the bioavailability and the mechanism of action of food bioactive compounds will be considered. Moreover, studies on the rational design of potential new formulations, both of functional foods and of food supplements, have been taken into account.
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Donno D, Mellano MG, Gamba G, Riondato I, Beccaro GL. Analytical Strategies for Fingerprinting of Antioxidants, Nutritional Substances, and Bioactive Compounds in Foodstuffs Based on High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: An Overview. Foods 2020; 9:foods9121734. [PMID: 33255692 PMCID: PMC7760506 DOI: 10.3390/foods9121734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
New technology development and globalisation have led to extreme changes in the agri-food sector in recent years that need an important food supply chain characterisation from plant materials to commercial productions. Many analytical strategies are commonly utilised in the agri-food industry, often using complementary technologies with different purposes. Chromatography on-line coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the most selective and sensitive analytical methodologies. The purpose of this overview is to present the most recent MS-based techniques applied to food analysis. An entire section is dedicated to the recent applications of high-resolution MS. Covered topics include liquid (LC)– and gas chromatography (GC)–MS analysis of natural bioactive substances, including carbohydrates, flavonoids and related compounds, lipids, phenolic compounds, vitamins, and other different molecules in foodstuffs from the perspectives of food composition, food authenticity and food adulteration. The results represent an important contribution to the utilisation of GC–MS and LC–MS in the field of natural bioactive compound identification and quantification.
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Yilmaz NA, Yavaser R, Karagozler AA. Hypericum perforatum L.: A Potent Antioxidant Source for the Treatment of Oxidized Dentin: An Experimental In Vitro Study. JOURNAL OF ADVANCED ORAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/2320206820953934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aim: To evaluate the therapeutic antioxidant effect of Hypericum perforatum L. (HPL) extract on oxidized dentin as well as to address the following research question: Is experimental HPL-derived antioxidant treatment protocol as effective as sodium ascorbate in terms of reversing the compromised resin bonding to bleached dentin? Materials and Methods: Eighty bovine permanent mandibular incisors were included in the shear bond strength (SBS) test and randomly assigned into four groups ( n = 20) as follows: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), sodium ascorbate (SA), and Hypericum perforatum L. (HPL). Group NC did not receive bleaching treatment. All specimens except the NC group were oxidized by bleaching with 35% hydrogen peroxide. Experimental antioxidant solutions were prepared from SA powder and HPL extract at 10% concentrations. The bleached specimens in the SA and HPL groups were treated with respective antioxidant solutions. The SBS test was performed at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. The SBS data were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance using the post-hoc Bonferroni correction. The total phenolic content and the antioxidant activity of HPL extract were assessed by using the Folin–Ciocalteu assay and the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free-radical scavenging activity test, respectively. Results: Considering the SBS test results, statistically significant the highest and the lowest mean values were observed in NC and PC, respectively ( P <.05). SA and HPL were not significantly different ( P > .05). The total phenolic content (104 ± 1.740 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/gram (GAE/g) dry HPL extract) and the antioxidant activity of the HPL extract were demonstrated. Conclusions: The natural HPL plant extract was as effective as SA in reversing the compromised resin bonding to bleached dentin. Antioxidant treatment derived from the HPL extract may enable immediate resin restoration of oxidized dentin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasibe Aycan Yilmaz
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Efeler, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Rukiye Yavaser
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Merkez Kampus, Aydin, Turkey
| | - Arife Alev Karagozler
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Aydin Adnan Menderes University, Merkez Kampus, Aydin, Turkey
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40
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Mohd Yusop AY, Xiao L, Fu S. Fluorescence polarisation for high-throughput screening of adulterated food products via phosphodiesterase 5 inhibition assay. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:953-964. [PMID: 32959983 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The surge in the consumption of food products containing herbal aphrodisiacs has driven their widespread adulteration. A rapid screening strategy is, therefore, warranted to curb this problem. This study established an enzyme inhibition assay to screen phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors as adulterants in selected food products. Fluorescein-labelled cyclic-3',5'-guanosine monophosphate was utilised as substrates for the PDE5A1 enzyme, aided by the presence of nanoparticle phosphate-binding beads on their fluorescence polarisation. The sample preparation was optimised to improve the enzyme inhibition efficiency and applied to calculate the threshold values of six blank food matrices. The assay was validated using sildenafil, producing an IC50 of 4.2 nM. The applicability of the assay procedure was demonstrated by screening 55 distinct food samples. The results were subsequently verified using confirmatory liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) analysis. Altogether, 49 samples inhibited the PDE5 enzyme above the threshold values (75.7%-105.5%) and were registered as potentially adulterated samples. The remaining six samples were marked as nonadulterated with percentage inhibition below the threshold values (-3.3%-18.2%). The LC-HRMS analysis agreed with the assay results for all food products except for the instant coffee premix (ICP) samples. False-positive results were obtained for the ICP samples at 32% (8/25), due to possible PDE5 inhibition by caffeine. Contrarily, all other food samples were found to produce 0% (0/30) false-positive or false-negative results. The broad-based assay, established via a simple mix-incubate-read format, exhibited promising potential for high-throughput screening of PDE5 inhibitors in various food products, except those with naturally occurring phosphodiesterase inhibitors such as caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yusri Mohd Yusop
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia.,Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Ministry of Health, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Linda Xiao
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, New South Wales, Australia
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41
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Turrini F, Donno D, Beccaro GL, Pittaluga A, Grilli M, Zunin P, Boggia R. Bud-Derivatives, a Novel Source of Polyphenols and How Different Extraction Processes Affect Their Composition. Foods 2020; 9:E1343. [PMID: 32977484 PMCID: PMC7598208 DOI: 10.3390/foods9101343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of herbal food supplements, as a concentrate form of vegetable extracts, increased so much over the past years to count them among the relevant sources of dietetic polyphenols. Bud-derivatives are a category of botanicals perceived as a "new entry" in this sector since they are still poorly studied. Due to the lack of a manufacturing process specification, very different products can be found on the market in terms of their polyphenolic profile depending on the experimental conditions of manufacturing. In this research two different manufacturing processes, using two different protocols, and eight species (Carpinus betulus L., Cornus mas L., Ficus carica L., Fraxinus excelsior L., Larix decidua Mill., Pinus montana Mill., Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., Tilia tomentosa Moench), commonly used to produce bud-derivatives, have been considered as a case study. An untargeted spectroscopic fingerprint of the extracts, coupled to chemometrics, provide to be a useful tool to identify these botanicals. The targeted phytochemical fingerprint by HPLC provided a screening of the main bud-derivatives polyphenolic classes highlighting a high variability depending on both method and protocol used. Nevertheless, ultrasonic extraction proved to be less sensitive to the different extraction protocols than conventional maceration regarding the extract polyphenolic profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Turrini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (M.G.); (P.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Dario Donno
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (D.D.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Gabriele Loris Beccaro
- Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Food Science, University of Torino, Largo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (D.D.); (G.L.B.)
| | - Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (M.G.); (P.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Massimo Grilli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (M.G.); (P.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Paola Zunin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (M.G.); (P.Z.); (R.B.)
| | - Raffaella Boggia
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, Viale Cembrano 4, 16148 Genoa, Italy; (A.P.); (M.G.); (P.Z.); (R.B.)
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42
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Ratajczak M, Kaminska D, Światły-Błaszkiewicz A, Matysiak J. Quality of Dietary Supplements Containing Plant-Derived Ingredients Reconsidered by Microbiological Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186837. [PMID: 32962120 PMCID: PMC7558626 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dietary supplements cover a wide range of products, the most popular are those containing plant-based ingredients. Supplements are consumed by consumers of all ages as well as by both healthy and sick people. The lack of unified regulation in this sector increases the probability that supplements are poor chemical and microbiological quality and can be dangerous for patients. The aim of this paper is to highlight selected issues associated with the microbiological quality of dietary supplements containing plant materials. We focus on the most recent reports referring to bacterial and fungal contaminations as well as the presence of mycotoxins. Dietary supplements containing plant ingredients commonly show a variety of microbial contaminants, which might be crucial for consumer safety. They often contain microorganisms potentially pathogenic to humans. Metabolites produced by microorganisms may pose a threat to the health of consumers. Because of that, in this review, we emphasize the risk that may be associated with the lack of appropriate studies of the quality of the supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Ratajczak
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Dorota Kaminska
- Chair and Department of Genetics and Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Swiecickiego 4, 60-781 Poznan, Poland;
| | - Agata Światły-Błaszkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.Ś.-B.); (J.M.)
| | - Jan Matysiak
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Grunwaldzka 6, 60-780 Poznan, Poland; (A.Ś.-B.); (J.M.)
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43
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Mohd Yusop AY, Xiao L, Fu S. Suspected-target and non-targeted screenings of phosphodiesterase 5 inhibitors in herbal remedies using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2020; 13:965-976. [PMID: 32441056 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The lucrative market of herbal remedies spurs rampant adulteration, particularly with pharmaceutical drugs and their unapproved analogues. A comprehensive screening strategy is, therefore, warranted to detect these adulterants and, accordingly, to safeguard public health. This study uses the data-dependent acquisition of liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) to screen phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitors in herbal remedies using suspected-target and non-targeted strategies. For the suspected-target screening, we used a library comprising 95 PDE5 inhibitors. For the non-targeted screening, we adopted top-down and bottom-up approaches to flag novel PDE5 inhibitor analogues based on common fragmentation patterns. LC-QTOF-MS was optimised and validated for capsule and tablet dosage forms using 23 target analytes, selected to represent different groups of PDE5 inhibitors. The method exhibited excellent specificity and linearity with limit of detection and limit of quantification of <40 and 80 ng/mL, respectively. The accuracy ranged from 79.0% to 124.7% with a precision of <14.9% relative standard deviation. The modified, quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction provided insignificant matrix effect within -9.1%-8.0% and satisfactory extraction recovery of 71.5%-105.8%. These strategies were used to screen 52 herbal remedy samples that claimed to enhance male sexual performance. The suspected-target screening resulted in 33 positive samples, revealing 10 target analytes and 2 suspected analytes. Systematic MS and tandem MS interrogations using the non-targeted screening returned insignificant signals, indicating the absence of potentially novel analogues. The target analytes were quantified from 0.03 to 121.31 mg per dose of each sample. The proposed strategies ensure that all PDE5 inhibitors are comprehensively screened, providing a useful tool to curb the widespread adulteration of herbal remedies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Yusri Mohd Yusop
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia.,Pharmacy Enforcement Division, Ministry of Health, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Linda Xiao
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
| | - Shanlin Fu
- Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia
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44
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Štepec D, Tavčar G, Ponikvar-Svet M. Surprisingly high fluorine content in some exotic superfoods. J Fluor Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2020.109521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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45
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Muschietti L, Redko F, Ulloa J. Adulterants in selected dietary supplements and their detection methods. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:861-886. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Muschietti
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Flavia Redko
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
| | - Jerónimo Ulloa
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacognosia, IQUIMEFA (UBA‐CONICET) Buenos Aires Argentina
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46
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Simultaneous analysis of 31 anti-impotence compounds potentially illegally added to herbal-based dietary supplements by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2020; 1144:122077. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2020.122077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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47
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Harhaun R, Kunik O, Saribekova D, Lazzara G. Biologically active properties of plant extracts in cosmetic emulsions. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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48
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Analysis of free amino acids with unified chromatography-mass spectrometry—application to food supplements. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1616:460772. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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49
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Costa JG, Vidovic B, Saraiva N, do Céu Costa M, Del Favero G, Marko D, Oliveira NG, Fernandes AS. Contaminants: a dark side of food supplements? Free Radic Res 2019; 53:1113-1135. [PMID: 31500469 DOI: 10.1080/10715762.2019.1636045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Food supplements (FS) are often consumed as one of the strategies to fight ageing-associated pathologies, especially in the case of oxidative stress-related diseases. Despite the popularity of FS, some concerns about their quality and safety have been raised, especially regarding the presence of contaminants. This paper reviews and discusses the occurrence of contaminants in marketed samples of FS in the last two decades, considering both scientific literature and notifications registered on RASFF portal. The most relevant classes of contaminants were included namely metals, toxins, pesticides, dioxins and PCBs, as well as pharmacologically active ingredients. Variable amounts of contaminants were reported in a significant number of commercially available FS. Although the presence of contaminants does not necessarily mean that their levels exceed the regulatory limits or that the FS intake constitutes a risk to human health, it alerts for the need to further monitor FS safety. The evaluation of the risk associated to the consumption of FS, especially in the elderly population, is particularly challenging due to the frequent exposure to multiple toxicants and to different exposure sources, as well as due to possible pre-existing diseases and respective therapeutics. Therefore, improved quality control procedures and monitoring programs should be pursued in order to avoid undesirable products and assure the safety of FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Guilherme Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bojana Vidovic
- Department of Bromatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Nuno Saraiva
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria do Céu Costa
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nuno G Oliveira
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Sofia Fernandes
- CBIOS, Universidade Lusófona Research Center for Biosciences & Health Technologies, Lisboa, Portugal.,ASAE/ONRE, National Observatory for Emerging Risks, Lisboa, Portugal
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50
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Earling M, Beadle T, Niemeyer ED. Açai Berry (Euterpe oleracea) Dietary Supplements: Variations in Anthocyanin and Flavonoid Concentrations, Phenolic Contents, and Antioxidant Properties. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 74:421-429. [PMID: 31280417 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-019-00755-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Açai (Euterpe oleracea) is a palm plant that is native to South America and produces deep purple berry fruits. Despite açai's popularity as a dietary supplement, little is known about the phenolic composition and antioxidant properties of commercially available açai berry products. Therefore, twenty açai supplements in a variety of forms (e.g., capsule, powder, frozen pulp, and liquid) were analyzed for their total phenolic and anthocyanin contents, individual anthocyanin and other flavonoid concentrations, and antioxidant capacities. Hierarchical cluster analysis was then used to group açai supplements into categories based on similarities in their chemical profiles and antioxidant properties. Results showed that over half of the supplements contained little or no açai fruit or had sufficient amounts of water to substantially lower the concentration of açai chemical components. Additionally, two açai supplements contained unlisted ingredients that greatly altered the products' chemical properties. Chromatographic analysis of individual anthocyanins and other flavonoids was useful in identifying the presence of açai fruit within the dietary supplements while complimentary in vitro spectroscopic assays aided in detection of adulterants. This study highlights the complexity of the dietary supplement market while also showing the importance of collectively analyzing data from multiple complimentary techniques when evaluating açai berry products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Earling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southwestern University, 1001 E. University Ave., Georgetown, TX, 78626, USA
| | - Triston Beadle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southwestern University, 1001 E. University Ave., Georgetown, TX, 78626, USA
| | - Emily D Niemeyer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Southwestern University, 1001 E. University Ave., Georgetown, TX, 78626, USA.
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