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Meng Y, Ren Q, Xiao J, Sun H, Huang Y, Liu Y, Wang S, Wang S. Progress of research on the diagnosis and treatment of bone cystic echinococcosis. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1273870. [PMID: 37920269 PMCID: PMC10618348 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1273870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most complex and dangerous of all echinococcoses. The lack of typical imaging features and clinical manifestations makes diagnosis and treatment of this disease difficult. X-ray and computed tomography (CT) images of bone CE are similar to those of bone cysts, giant-cell bone tumors, and bone metastases, but magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) shows good diagnostic value due to excellent soft-tissue imaging features. Serological tests cannot be used as a definitive diagnostic method for bone CE due to cross-reactivity, which can lead to false-positive or false-negative results. The development of novel antigens can open new frontiers in the diagnosis of the disease. Currently, views conflict on how to diagnose and treat bone CE. Both surgical and pharmacological treatments can be used, but determining which is appropriate is difficult due to the different sites and clinical manifestations of bone CE. Radical resection is not indicated for large-bone injuries, and Pharmacotherapy becomes important. This article reviews the progress of research into the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of, and diagnostic strategies and treatment options for, bone CE. We aimed to provide a reference for clinical diagnosis and -treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibin Meng
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xi’an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi’an, China
| | - Qian Ren
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Jun Xiao
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Haohao Sun
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yiping Huang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Yaqing Liu
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Laboratory of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Sibo Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, Xi’an Jiaotong University Affiliated HongHui Hospital, Xi’an, China
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Hadipour M, Darani HY, Talebzadeh H, Eslamian M, Aboutalebian S, Harandi MF, Mirhendi H. Sensitive detection of specific cell-free DNA in serum samples from sheep with cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2023; 17:e0011715. [PMID: 37856565 PMCID: PMC10617735 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Developing more sensitive methods for the diagnosis of echinococcosis is essential. In this study PCR assay for sensitive detection of specific cell-free DNA (cfDNA) of Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato in the sera of the sheep naturally infected with echinococcosis was investigated. METHODS To extract cfDNA from 35 infected sheep, the modified phenol-chloroform method was used for two different volumes (0.5 and 2 ml) of serum samples. From each extracted sample, two DNA volumes (5 and 10 μl) were amplified using both standard PCR and semi-nested PCR targeting NADH dehydrogenase subunit I. RESULTS Standard and semi-nested PCR on 0.5 ml of serum samples detected Echinococcus DNA in 8 and 12 out of 35 sheep, respectively; however, using 2 ml of serum samples, they detected 24 and 27 samples. By increasing the volume of template DNA, the PCRs could detect 29 and 33 out of 35 samples. The results were confirmed by sequencing of randomly selected PCR amplicons and comparing them with GenBank databases. CONCLUSIONS Larger volumes of serum for DNA extraction, greater volumes of DNA template for PCR, and employing a semi-nested PCR protocol, increased the sensitivity of PCR to 95%. This approach can also be applied to the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Talebzadeh
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Eslamian
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Shima Aboutalebian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran; Dept. of Parasitology, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Chen C, Liang H, Peng F, Zhong S, Lu Y, Guo G, Li L. Determination of echinococcosis IgG antibodies using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay. J Immunol Methods 2023; 520:113513. [PMID: 37307908 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2023.113513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Echinococcosis is a kind of parasitic disease shared by humans and animals. The aim of this study was to establish a new detection method for echinococcosis screening using magnetic bead-based chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA). A magnetic bead-based CLIA to determine anti-echinococcosis IgG antibodies was optimized and established. The sensitivity, accuracy, precision and recovery rate were evaluated using the national reference serum, and the reference interval, specificity and comparison assays were performed using the clinical negative/positive echinococcosis serum samples. This study established a new CLIA to determine anti-echinococcosis IgG antibodies. The sensitivity of this CLIA method was higher than that of the registered ELISA kit and the national standard, the conformance rate of the negative/positive references was 100% (8/8), the CVs of the sensitivity reference were all below 5%, and the CVs of the precision reference were 5.7%. There was no obvious cross-reactivity with the common parasitic disease-positive serum and serum interferents. Clinical sample testing found that the cutoff value of this CLIA was 5537.15 (RLU), and there was no significant difference between the CLIA method and the registered ELISA kit. This study established a fully automated CLIA method with high sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, precision, recovery rate, and satisfactory clinical testing performance, which may provide a new choice for echinococcosis screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuicui Chen
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China; Jinan Laide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 271100, China
| | - Huankun Liang
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Fenglan Peng
- Taian Disabled Soldiers' Hospital of Shandong Province, Taian 271099, China
| | - Shuhai Zhong
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Yanhong Lu
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Guiling Guo
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China
| | - Laiqing Li
- Guangzhou Youdi Bio-Technology Co., Ltd., Guangzhou 510663, China; Jinan Laide Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Jinan 271100, China.
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Sharifi Y, Sadjjadi SM, Jafari SH, Nikoupour Deilami H, Mardani P, Solgi R. Application and evaluation of native antigen B from Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto and E. canadensis alone or mixture for serodiagnosis of human G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes cystic echinococcosis sera, using ELISA and Western blotting. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:2227-2236. [PMID: 37438467 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07924-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is one of the most important helminthic diseases in the world with different genotypes distribution. The application of specific genotype antigens together with sera from patients with specific cyst genotypes have not been reported, so far. The present study aimed to apply and evaluate native AgB from Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (Eg) and Echinococcus canadensis (Ec) alone or mixture for serodiagnosis of human G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes cystic echinococcosis sera, using ELISA and Western blotting. A total of 47 human sera along with 47 human CE cysts were collected. CE genotypes were determined. Native AgB were prepared from E. granulosus s.s and E. canadensis genotypes. ELISA and Western blot were performed on human specific G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes sera. Species specific native AgB were used alone or mixed. The sensitivity of ELISA using alone and mixed 1Eg-1Ec, 1Eg-2Ec, and 2Eg-1Ec of native AgB from E. granulosus s.s and E. canadensis genotypes for human G1-G3 sera were 92.10, 89.47, 97.37, 100, and 100%, respectively; while using AgBs, alone and mixed for human G6/G7 sera were 100%. The sensitivity of Western blotting using native AgB of E. granulosus s.s and E. canadensis genotypes alone and mixed 2Eg-1Ec were 78.95% and 100% for human G1-G3 and G6/G7 genotypes sera, respectively. The mixture of AgB from Echinoccus granulosus sensu stricto and Echinococcus canadensis genotypes increased ELISA sensitivity for the diagnosis of human CE. Preparation and application of native AgB from specific and prevalent genotypes of CE in endemic regions is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Sharifi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahmoud Sadjjadi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Seyed Hamed Jafari
- Medical Imaging Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Parviz Mardani
- Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Rahmat Solgi
- Infectious Diseases Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
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Toaleb NI, Aboelsoued D, Abdel Megeed KN, Hekal SHA. A Novel Designed Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Echinococcus granulosus Antigen in Camels for Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:400. [PMID: 37624338 PMCID: PMC10459475 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8080400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus spp. are important cosmopolitan zoonotic parasitic tapeworms that cause a disease called hydatidosis or cystic echinococcosis (CE), which has remarkable economic losses. The objective of our study was to develop a specific IgG polyclonal antigen-based ELISA (Sandwich ELISA; capture ELISA) method for the detection of circulating Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) antigens in camels infected with hydatid cysts before slaughtering and its application in serodiagnosis of CE in animals to assess the positive rate of hydatidosis in camels slaughtered in Giza governorate abattoirs in Egypt. In this study, molecular identification of Echinococcus sp. isolate was performed based on the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (NAD1) gene, revealing the isolate (GenBank: OQ443068.1), which is identical to the G6 E. granulosus sensu lato genotype. The positive rate of hydatid cysts was determined in slaughtered camels' organs (n = 587). The results revealed that hydatid cysts were found in 46.5% (273/587) of the examined camels. Pulmonary echinococcosis was significantly more prevalent in the slaughtered camels (60%, 164/273) than hepatic echinococcosis (39.9%, 109/273), (p = 0.001, Chi Square = 11.081). Cyst fertility rates were higher in hepatic (90.8%, 99/109) than in pulmonary cysts (83.5%, 137/164) and the most viable protoscoleces were recorded from fertile the hepatic cysts (67.85 ± 12.78). In this study, hydatid cyst germinal layer antigen (GlAg) was isolated and used for the immunization of rabbits to raise IgG polyclonal antibodies (anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG). These IgG polyclonal antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography using a protein A column, then labeled with horseradish peroxidase. Electrophoretic analysis of IgG polyclonal antibodies and crude GlAg was performed in 10% polyacrylamide gels. The SDS-PAGE revealed four bands at molecular weights of 77 kDa, 65 kDa, 55 kDa, and 25 kDa. The Sandwich ELISA was performed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity and cross-reactivity of the prepared IgG polyclonal antibodies. The circulating hydatid antigen was found in 270 out of the 273 samples with hydatidosis, with a sensitivity of 98.9% (270/273), a specificity of 94.9% (296/312) and a diagnostic efficacy of 96.8%. Regarding the cross reactivity, anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG showed a low cross-reactivity with Fasciola gigantica infected camel sera (3/8), and Myiasis (Cephalopina titillator larvae; 3/20). No cross-reactivity was recorded with uninfected camel sera (negative sera for E. granulosus), and no cross-reactivity was found with antigens of Eimeria spp., Toxoplasma gondii, Cryptosporidium sp., and Hyalomma dromedarii (ticks' infestation). Then, Sandwich ELISA was conducted again to detect E. granulosus antigen in all the collected camel sera, which resulted in a 48.7% (286/587) positive rate of CE compared to 46.5% (273/587) using a postmortem inspection (PM diagnosis) (p = 0.5, Chi Square = 0.302). In conclusion, the Sandwich ELISA technique introduced in this study appears to be a sufficiently sensitive diagnostic assay for the detection of camels' echinococcosis using anti-Echinococcus GlAb IgG. In addition, it might offer a significant medical and veterinary importance in helping the early detection of hydatidosis, as well as its early treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Dina Aboelsoued
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Kadria N. Abdel Megeed
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, Veterinary Research Institute, National Research Centre, El Buhouth Street, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt; (N.I.T.); (K.N.A.M.)
| | - Sahar Hussein Abdalla Hekal
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of African Postgraduate Studies, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt;
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Alvi MA, Ali RMA, Khan S, Saqib M, Qamar W, Li L, Fu BQ, Yan HB, Jia WZ. Past and Present of Diagnosis of Echinococcosis: A Review (1999-2021). Acta Trop 2023; 243:106925. [PMID: 37080264 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
The larval forms of taeniid cestodes belonging to the genus Echinococcus are the source of the zoonotic infection known as echinococcosis. Alveolar and cystic echinococcosis are caused by Echinococcus multilocularis and Echinococcus granulosus (s. s) respectively. It is endemic in several regions of the world. In this systematic review, we describe diagnosis, and the species (human, canids, livestock, and small rodents) affected by cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). From 1999 to 2021, we searched the online directory through PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, and google scholar. Among the 37,700 records found in the online databases, 187 publications met our eligibility requirements. The majority of investigations employed a range of diagnostic methods, such as ELISA, imaging, copro-PCR, necropsy or arecoline hydrobromide purgation, morphological cestode confirmation, and fecal sieving/flotation to detect and confirm Echinococcus infection. ELISA was the most commonly used method followed by PCR, and imaging. The research team retrieved data describing the incidence or assessment of the diagnostic test for E. multilocularis in humans (N = 99), canids (N = 63), small ruminants (N = 13), large ruminants (N= 3), camel (N= 2), pigs (N=2) and small mammals (N= 5). This study was conducted to explore the diagnostic tools applied to detect echinococcosis in humans as well as animals in prevalent countries, and to report the characteristic of new diagnostic tests for disease surveillance. This systematic review revealed that ELISA (alone or in combination) was the most common method used for disease diagnosis and diagnostic efficacy and prevalence rate increased when recombinant antigens were used. It is highly recommended to use combination protcols such as serological with molecular and imaging technique to diagnose disease. Our study identified scarcity of data of reporting echinococcosis in humans/ animals in low-income or developing countries particularly central Asian countries. Study reports in small rodents indicate their role in disease dissemination but real situation in these host is not refected due to limited number of studies. Even though echinococcosis affects both public health and the domestic animal sector, therefore, it is important to devise new and strengthe implementation of the existing monitoring, judging, and control measures in this estimate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mughees Aizaz Alvi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rana Muhammad Athar Ali
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadiq Khan
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Warda Qamar
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Bao-Quan Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Bin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Wan-Zhong Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Lanzhou University, National Para-reference Laboratory for Animal Echinococcosis, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China.
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Li Y, Yan L, Ci D, Li R, Li W, Xia T, Shi H, Ayaz M, Zheng Y, Wang P. Analysis of sheep peripheral blood mononuclear cells in response to Echinococcus granulosus microRNA-71 overexpression. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2023; 254:111556. [PMID: 36739092 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2023.111556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyst echinococcosis, caused by Echinococcus granulosus, remains a zoonotic disease posing a great threat to public health and meat production industry. Sheep infected with E. granulosus show relatively high abundance of egr-miR-71 in the sera, but its role is unknown. Using bioinformatics and cell migration and Transwell assays, we comparatively analyzed the proteomes and cell invasion of sheep PBMCs in response to egr-miR-71 overexpression. The results showed that the egr-miR-71 induced a total of 157 proteins being differentially expressed and mainly involved in immune responses. In sheep PBMCs, egr-miRNA-71 overexpression induced significant downregulation of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and accordingly promoted cell migration and invasion compared with the control. The results will provide a clue for further investigation of a role of circulating egr-miR-71 in immune responses during E. granulosus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yating Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Lujun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Duojie Ci
- NHC Key Laboratory of Echinococcosis Prevention and Control, Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa 850000, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Wanjing Li
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Tianqi Xia
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Hengzhi Shi
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China
| | - Mazhar Ayaz
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur 73000, Pakistan
| | - Yadong Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
| | - Pu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Applied Technology on Green-Eco-Healthy Animal Husbandry of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Animal Health Inspection & Internet Technology, Zhejiang International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Veterinary Medicine and Health Management, China-Australia Joint Laboratory for Animal Health Big Data Analytics, College of Animal Science and Technology & College of Veterinary Medicine of Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou 311300, China.
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Hadipour M, Fasihi Harandi M, Mirhendi H, Yousofi Darani H. Diagnosis of echinococcosis by detecting circulating cell-free DNA and miRNA. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:133-142. [PMID: 36756744 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2178903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Diagnosis of echinococcosis is difficult and usually performed based on clinical findings, imaging, and serological test. However, all of them have limitations, especially in follow-up approaches. AREAS COVERED Detection of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) and micro-RNA (miRNA) is currently a hot topic for diagnosis of echinococcosis diseases. For detecting cell-free DNA in echinococcosis patient's samples such as sera, some techniques are based on next-generation sequencing (NGS), DNA-deep sequencing, some are based on PCR-based methods, and a few works related to the detection of miRNA for the diagnosis of human echinococcosis. EXPERT OPINION In the detection of cell-free DNA in echinococcosis patient' samples, NGS and DNA-deep sequencing have shown high level of sensitivity, but are not suitable for routine clinical examination as they are expensive and inaccessible in the majority of endemic areas. However, PCR-based methods have shown a sensitivity of about 20-25%. To improve the sensitivity of these tests, improving the DNA extraction method, designing appropriate primers for detecting short-length fragments of circulating DNA, using a higher volume of a serum sample, and application of more sensitive PCR methods are recommended. In the field of miRNA detection, further works are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Hadipour
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research center for Hydatid disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hossein Mirhendi
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hossein Yousofi Darani
- Department of parasitology and mycology, Faculty of medicine, Isfahan University of Medical sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Shen C, Zhu X, Xu X, Chang H, Ni Y, Li C, He K, Chen L, Chen L, Hou M, Ji M, Xu Z. Identification and Characterization of Antigenic Properties of Schistosoma japonicum Heat Shock Protein 90α Derived Peptides. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11111238. [PMID: 36364989 PMCID: PMC9696693 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that schistosome-derived antigens induce innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for the formation of hepatic immunopathology. Here, we screened and synthesized four peptides derived from Schistosoma japonicum (S. japonicum) heat shock protein 90α (Sjp90α-1, -2, -3, and -4), which is widely expressed in adults and eggs of the genus S. japonicum and induces remarkable immune reactions. To define the antigenicity of these peptides, we stimulated splenocytes with peptides, and the results showed that only the Sjp90α-1 peptide could predominately induce the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages as well as alter the proportion of follicular helper T (Tfh) cells. Next, CD4+ T cells were purified and cocultured with mouse bone-marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) with or without Sjp90α-1 peptide stimulation in vitro, and the results showed that Sjp90α-1-stimulated BMDCs can significantly induce CD4+ T-cell differentiation into Tfh cells, while the direct stimulation of CD4+ T cells with Sjp90α-1 did not induce Tfh cells, indicating that the Sjp90α-1 peptide promotes Tfh cell differentiation depending on the presence of DCs. Furthermore, we selected and prepared an Sjp90α-1-peptide-based antibody and illustrated that it has excellent reactivity with the immunizing peptide and detects a single band of 29 kDa corresponding to the Sjp90α protein. The immunolocalization results showed that the protein recognized by this Sjp90α-1-peptide-based antibody is present in the mature eggs and the tegument of adults, implying that the parasite-derived peptide has a potential interaction with the host immune system. Finally, we evaluated antipeptide IgG antibodies and revealed a significantly higher level of anti-Sjp90α-1 peptide IgG antibodies in mice 3 weeks after S. japonicum infection. In conclusion, we illustrate that these synthetic peptides warrant further investigation by evaluating their antigen-specific immune response and their ability to efficiently induce Tfh cells. Moreover, they may constitute a potentially helpful method for the laboratory diagnosis of schistosomiasis japonica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiang Shen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xinyi Zhu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Xuejun Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Hao Chang
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yangyue Ni
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kaiyue He
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Lu Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Min Hou
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Minjun Ji
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (M.J.)
| | - Zhipeng Xu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Modern Pathogen Biology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing 211166, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Antibody Technique, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Correspondence: (Z.X.); (M.J.)
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10
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Öztürk G, Uzun MA, Özkan ÖF, Kayaalp C, Tatlı F, Eren S, Aksungur N, Çoker A, Bostancı EB, Öter V, Kaya E, Taşar P. Turkish HPB Surgery Association consensus report on hepatic cystic Echinococcosis (HCE). Turk J Surg 2022; 38:101-120. [PMID: 36483170 PMCID: PMC9714645 DOI: 10.47717/turkjsurg.2022.5757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cystic Echinococcosis (CE) is one of the important problems of the Eurasian region. We aimed to prepare a consensus report in order to update the treatment approaches of this disease. This study was conducted by Turkish HPB Surgery Association. MATERIAL AND METHODS This study was conducted with the modified Delphi model. For this purpose, we conducted a three-stage consensus-building approach. RESULTS Six topics, including diagnosis, medical treatment, percutaneous treatment, surgical treatment, management of complications and posttreatment follow-up and recurrences in HCE were discussed. CONCLUSION The expert panel made recommendations for every topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gürkan Öztürk
- Department of General Surgery, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Ali Uzun
- Clinic of General Surgery, Şişli Hamidiye Etfal Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ömer Faruk Özkan
- Clinic of General Surgery, Ümraniye Education and Research Hospital, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Cüneyt Kayaalp
- Department of General Surgery, Yeditepe University Faculty of Medicine, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Faik Tatlı
- Department of General Surgery, Harran University Faculty of Medicine, Şanlıurfa, Türkiye
| | - Suat Eren
- Department of General Surgery, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Nurhak Aksungur
- Department of General Surgery, Atatürk University Faculty of Medicine, Erzurum, Türkiye
| | - Ahmet Çoker
- Clinic of General Surgery, Medicana International İzmir Hospital, İzmir, Türkiye
| | | | - Volkan Öter
- Clinic of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ankara State Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Ekrem Kaya
- Department of General Surgery, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Türkiye
| | - Pınar Taşar
- Department of General Surgery, Uludağ University Faculty of Medicine, Bursa, Türkiye
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11
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Ozturk EA, Manzano-Román R, Sánchez-Ovejero C, Caner A, Angın M, Gunduz C, Karaman Ü, Altintas N, Bozkaya H, Unalp O, Dokumcu Z, Divarci E, Casulli A, Altintas N, Siles-Lucas M, Unver A. Comparison of the multi-epitope recombinant antigen DIPOL and hydatid fluid for the diagnosis of patients with cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2022; 225:106208. [PMID: 34687646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.106208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
The use of serological tests containing multiple immunodominant antigens rather than single antigens have the potential to improve the diagnostic performance in Cystic Echinococcoses (CE) as a complement tool to clear the inconclusive imaging data. Here, we comparatively evaluated the diagnostic value of Hydatid Fluid (HF) and the recently described recombinant multi-epitope antigen DIPOL in IgG-ELISA in a clinically defined cohort of CE patients. The serum samples from 149 CE patients were collected just before surgical or Percutaneous- Aspiration- Injection- Reaspiration (PAIR) procedures. Additionally, serum samples of patients with other parasitic infections (n=49) and healthy individuals (n=21) were also included in the study as controls. To investigate the association between the genotype of the parasite and DIPOL, cyst materials from 20 CE patients were sequenced. In terms of overall sensitivity, HF was higher than DIPOL (82.55%,78.52%, respectively). However, while the sensitivity of HF was higher than DIPOL in patients with active and transitional cysts (83.3%, 75.4%, respectively), sensitivity of DIPOL in inactive cysts was higher compared to HF (95.6%, 78.3%, respectively). The sensitivity of DIPOL depending on cyst stage was statistically significant (P= 0.041). In terms of specificity, DIPOL was found to be better than HF (97.71%, 91.43%, respectively). By genotyping, the majority of 20 patients showed G1 genotype (80%). All patients harboring G3 and G1/G3 cyst genotypes were positive with both antigens, while 87.5% of patients with G1 genotype were seropositive with HF and 75% with DIPOL. The overall sensitivity and high specificity of DIPOL suggest that this recombinant protein containing immunodominant epitopes is a potential substitute for the HF by serological tests for the diagnosis of CE.
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12
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Hernández-González A, González-Bertolín B, Urrea L, Fleury A, Ferrer E, Siles-Lucas M, Tamarozzi F, Perteguer MJ. Multiple-bead assay for the differential serodiagnosis of neglected human cestodiases: Neurocysticercosis and cystic echinococcosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010109. [PMID: 35030166 PMCID: PMC8759687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurocysticercosis (NCC), and cystic echinococcosis (CE) are two neglected diseases caused by cestodes, co-endemic in many areas of the world. Imaging studies and serological tests are used in the diagnosis of both parasitic diseases, but cross-reactions may confound the results of the latter. The novel multiplex bead-based assay with recombinant antigens has been reported to increases the diagnostic accuracy of serological techniques. METHODOLOGY We set-up an immunoassay based on the multiplex bead-based platform (MBA), using the rT24H (against Cysticercus cellulosae, causing cysticercosis) and r2B2t (against Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato, causing CE) recombinant antigens, for simultaneous and differential diagnosis of these infections. The antigens were tested on 356 sera from 151 patients with CE, 126 patients with NCC, and 79 individuals negative for both diseases. Specificity was calculated including sera from healthy donors, other neurological diseases and the respective NCC or CE sera counterpart. The diagnostic accuracy of this assay was compared with two commercial ELISA tests, Novalisa and Ridascreen, widely used in the routine diagnosis of cysticercosis and CE, respectively. MAIN FINDINGS For the diagnosis of NCC, sensitivity ranged from 57.94-63.49% for the rT24H-MBA, and 40.48-46.03% for Novalisa ELISA depending on exclusion or inclusion of sera having equivocal results on ELISA from the analysis; specificities ranged from 90.87-91.30% and 70.43-76.96%, respectively. AUC values of the ROC curve were 0.783 (rT24H) and 0.619 (Novalisa) (p-value < 0.001). For the diagnosis of CE, the sensitivity of the r2B2t-MBA ranged from 68.87-69.77% and of Ridascreen ELISA from 50.00-57.62%; specificities from 92.47-92.68% and from 74.15-80.98%, respectively. AUC values were 0.717 and 0.760, respectively. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Overall, the recombinant antigens tested with the bead-based technology showed better diagnostic accuracy than the commercial assays, particularly for the diagnosis of NCC. The possibility of testing the same serum sample simultaneously for the presence of antibodies against both antigens is an added value particularly in seroprevalence studies for cysticercosis linked to control programs in endemic areas where these two parasites coexist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Hernández-González
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén González-Bertolín
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Urrea
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnes Fleury
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM); México/Instituto Nacional de Neurología and Neurocirugía, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Elizabeth Ferrer
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Dr. Francisco J. Triana Alonso" (BIOMED), Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Carabobo Sede Aragua, Maracay, estado Aragua, Venezuela
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales and Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IRNASA-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Department of Infectious-Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria J. Perteguer
- Laboratorio de Helmintos, Centro Nacional de Microbiología (CNM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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13
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Salah EB, Barrera C, Mosbahi S, Gottstein B, Siles-Lucas M, Belhassen S, Nouri A, Babba H, Millon L, Sakly W. Promising proteins detected by Western blot from Echinococcus granulosus protoscoleces for predicting early post-surgical outcomes in CE-affected Tunisian children. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:180. [PMID: 33781311 PMCID: PMC8008569 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04679-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) affects predominantly young patients in highly endemic areas. Improved serological methods are needed for the follow-up of CE cases, especially given the high rates of post-surgical relapse that require detection as soon as possible. METHODS We designed a study to investigate the value of antigenic proteins extracted from Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) protoscoleces, and of recombinant B2t and 2B2t proteins, for assessing the efficacy of surgical treatment carried out on CE-affected children. This study was performed on 278 plasma samples collected from 59 Tunisian children surgically treated for CE and monitored for 3 years post-surgery. The patients were classified according to post-surgical outcomes into a "non-relapsed" (NRCE) and a "relapsed" (RCE) group. We performed in-house ELISAs to measure anti-B2t and anti-2B2t IgG and immunoblotting for the detection of IgG against SDS-PAGE-resolved E. granulosus protoscoleces-specific antigens. The Wilcoxon test was applied to assess anti-B2t and anti-2B2t IgG levels. We applied the Cochran Q test to compare the distribution of immunoblotting antigenic bands between 1-month and 1-year post-surgery. RESULTS The probability of being "relapse-free" when a decrease in antibody titers occurred between 1 month and 1 year post-surgery was 81% and 75%, respectively, for anti-B2t and anti-2B2t IgG. We identified five protoscolex protein bands of 20, 26/27, 30, 40 and 46 kDa as highly immunoreactive by immunoblot for both RCE and NRCE patients at 1 month post-surgery, and significantly lower immunoreactivity after 1 year (p < 10-4) for NRCE compared to RCE patients. The proteins at 26/27 and 40 kDa displayed the best performance in predicting the outcome, with an 84% probability of being relapse-free when the reactivity against the 40 kDa antigen, the doublet at 26/27 kDa, or both was absent or disappeared between 1 month and 1 year post-surgery, and a 93% probability of being relapsed when both bands remained reactive or increased in intensity between the two time points. CONCLUSIONS The B2t protein could be useful for the prediction of CE early post-surgical outcomes. The proteins of E. granulosus protoscoleces, especially the doublet P26/27 and P40, could be promising predictive biomarkers for the post-surgical follow-up of CE cases as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Ben Salah
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale Et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Coralie Barrera
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne- Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Sana Mosbahi
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Medical School , Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Bruno Gottstein
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bern, 3001, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales Y Agrobiología de Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), 37008, Salamanca, España
| | - Samia Belhassen
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Medical School , Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Abdellatif Nouri
- Pediatric Surgery Department, Fattouma Bourguiba Hospital, Medical School , Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Babba
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale Et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Laurence Millon
- Department of Parasitology Mycology, University Hospital of Besançon, UMR/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement Research Team, University of Bourgogne- Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Wahiba Sakly
- Département de Biologie Clinique B, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie Médicale Et Moléculaire, LR12ES08, Université de Monastir, 1 Rue Avicenne, 5000, Monastir, Tunisie.
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Çankaya BY, Çolak A. Cystic echinococcosis involving the cardiac interventricular septum. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:S0037-86822021000100815. [PMID: 33681920 PMCID: PMC8008895 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0499-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdurrahim Çolak
- Atatürk University, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Erzurum, Turkey
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15
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Santucciu C, Bonelli P, Peruzzu A, Fancellu A, Marras V, Carta A, Mastrandrea S, Bagella G, Piseddu T, Profili S, Porcu A, Masala G. Cystic Echinococcosis: Clinical, Immunological, and Biomolecular Evaluation of Patients from Sardinia (Italy). Pathogens 2020; 9:E907. [PMID: 33143032 PMCID: PMC7693143 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus sensu lato (s.l.), is a worldwide public health problem. Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto (s.s.), associated with G1 and G3 genotypes, is endemic with high prevalence in the Mediterranean basin. The parasite's life cycle comprises definitive hosts (canids) and intermediate hosts (ruminants) and can occasionally involve humans. The main aim of this research was to confirm the diagnosis of 13 patients suspected of CE who presented different complications and needed the surgical removal of the cysts. We also wanted to understand and clarify more the diagnosis of echinococcosis in humans. For this purpose, the patients first underwent cyst evaluation by ultrasound (US), immunological analysis, and then total pericystectomy, followed by parasitological, histopathological, and molecular biology examinations of the cysts. US stadiated one CE1, one CE2, eight CE3b, one CE4, and two CE5; immunology evidenced nine positives; histopathology confirmed 11 CE cysts, of which 8 fertile presenting protoscoleces were identified as E. granulosus s.s. by molecular biology, genotyped as three G1 and four G3 by neighbor-joining (NJ) phylogenetic tree. In conclusion, the results showed that 11 patients were affected by E. granulosus s.s. G1 orG3, and 2 cystic neoformations were of non-parasitic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Santucciu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Piero Bonelli
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Angela Peruzzu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Alessandro Fancellu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Vincenzo Marras
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Pathology, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Antonello Carta
- U.O.C. di Radiologia, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Scilla Mastrandrea
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
- U.O.C. di Malattie Infettive, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giorgio Bagella
- Radiology Unit, University Hospital of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Toni Piseddu
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
| | - Stefano Profili
- U.O.C. di Radiologia, A.O.U., 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Alberto Porcu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (A.F.); (A.P.)
| | - Giovanna Masala
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Echinococcosis, National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE), IZS della Sardegna, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (P.B.); (A.P.); (S.M.); (T.P.); (G.M.)
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16
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Noordin R, Khanbabaie S, Hafiznur Yunus M, Marti H, Nickel B, Fasihi Harandi M, Nasibi S. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of Recombinant Antigen B1 for Detection of Cystic Echinococcosis Using Lateral Flow Dipstick Test. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2020; 15:290-298. [PMID: 33082792 PMCID: PMC7548468 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v15i3.4191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Background Human echinococcosis is a neglected zoonotic disease distributed worldwide. It comprises cystic and alveolar forms, the former being the more prevalent disease. Imaging techniques are the first choice for diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis and serology is used as an additional diagnostic technique in doubtful cases or as the sole test in low-resource settings. Rapid diagnostic tests are useful and convenient for immunodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in endemic areas, where medical facilities often struggle with limited resources. Methods Recently, we have developed Hyd Rapid™, an IgG4 lateral flow dipstick test using recombinant antigen B1 for detection of cystic echinococcosis. This study was performed between 2016 until 2018 at the Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine, Universiti Sains Malaysia. The diagnostic performance of Hyd Rapid™ was tested in-house and at two international laboratories in Switzerland and Iran. Results The overall diagnostic sensitivity for detection of cystic and alveolar echinococcosis was 95% (56/59). Meanwhile, the diagnostic specificity, with and without exclusion of cysticercosis and fascioliasis, was 100% (n=48) and 88% (63/72), respectively. Conclusion Hyd Rapid™ detected cystic echinococcosis as well as probable cases of alveolar echinococcosis. Therefore, Hyd Rapid™ showed good potential as a serological tool for echinococcosis, and merits further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sam Khanbabaie
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Hanspeter Marti
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Beatrice Nickel
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Majid Fasihi Harandi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Saeid Nasibi
- Research Center for Hydatid Disease in Iran, School of Medicine, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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17
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A Comparative Study of Different Immunoassays to Detect Specific Antibodies to Echinococcus Spp. in Human Sera. Helminthologia 2020; 57:219-225. [PMID: 32855609 PMCID: PMC7425236 DOI: 10.2478/helm-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human echinococcosis, one of the most serious of parasitic zoonoses, is caused by the larval stages of taeniid cestodes of the genus Echinococcus. The study aimed to assess the reliability of the detection of specific antibodies to E. multilocularis and E. granulosus s.l. in human sera and to compare their diagnostic potential for their utilization in the practice. In the study, the somatic antigen of E. multilocularis (AgEm), antigen B (AgB), and the hydatid fluid antigen of E. granulosus and two commercial ELISA kits – Echinococcus granulosus (Bordier Affinity Products, Crissier, Switzerland) and NovaLisaTMEchinococcus IgG (NovaTec Immunodiagnostica, Germany) – were compared. Sera of patients with alveolar and cystic echinococcosis, and with different parasitic/other infections were used to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity and cross-reactivity of in-house and commercial ELISA methods. AgEm presented the highest values regarding the diagnostic indicators, showing 100 % specificity and 90.0 % sensitivity. The tests for serological diagnostics of cystic echinococcosis were less sensitive and specific. The Echinococcus granulosus kit had 83.8 % specificity and 88.2 % sensitivity, while AgB and AgHF showed 85.0 % and 86.3 % specificity, and 76.5 % and 100 % sensitivity, respectively. NovaLisaTMEchinococcus IgG proved to have 95.7 % specificity and 77.8 % sensitivity. The results point out that the combination of different serological tests and approaches in accordance with clinical and imaging findings is still essential to prove the correct diagnosis in suspected patients.
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Shahabinejad P, Shahriarirad R, Omidian M, Ghorbani F, Barazesh A, Sarkari B. Diagnostic performance of Echinococcus granulosus protoscolices antigens in the serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2020; 41:833-840. [PMID: 32552259 DOI: 10.1080/15321819.2020.1781653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of suitable serological tests for the diagnosis of CE is still necessary. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of ELISA in the diagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis (CE), using parasite protoscolices antigens. Liver hydatid cysts were isolated from sheep infected with hydatid cysts and the protoscolices were isolated from the hydatid cyst fluid. Protoscolices crude antigen was prepared by mechanical disruption, plus freeze-thawing and sonication methods. Thirty sera samples of confirmed hydatid cyst patients, 30 samples of healthy individuals, and 30 samples of people with other infections were collected and the samples were evaluated in an ELISA system, using the crude protoscolices antigen. The sera samples were also simultaneously evaluated by antigen B-ELISA. The estimated value of sensitivity and specificity for the ELISA, using the crude protoscolices antigens, was 93.3% (95% CI: 76.4-98.8%) and 90% (95% CI: 78.8-95.8%), respectively. These values were 86.6 (95% CI: 68.3-95.6) and 91 (95% CI: 80.81-96.9) for the antigen-B based ELISA. Antigens prepared from protoscolices of hydatid cyst are suitable candidates for the serologic diagnosis of human CE. Further studies are needed to identify a single specific antigen among the protoscolices antigens to improve the diagnostic performance of these antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pardis Shahabinejad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Reza Shahriarirad
- Student Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Thoracic and Vascular Surgery Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mostafa Omidian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Fariba Ghorbani
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
| | - Afshin Barazesh
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences , Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bahador Sarkari
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran.,Basic Sciences in Infectious Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz, Iran
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Comprehensive characterization of plasma cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in echinococcosis patients using ultra-high-throughput sequencing. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008148. [PMID: 32282820 PMCID: PMC7209354 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Echinococcosis is a life-threatening parasitic disease caused by Echinococcus spp. tapeworms with over one million people affected globally at any time. The Echinococcus spp. tapeworms in the human body release DNA to the circulatory system, which can be a biomarker for echinococcosis. Cell-free DNA (cfDNA) is widely used in medical research and has been applied in various clinical settings. As for echinococcosis, several PCR-based tests had been trialed to detect cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma or serum, but the sensitivity was about 20% to 25%. Low sensitivity of PCR-based methods might be related to our limited understanding of the features of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma, including its concentration, fragment pattern and release source. In this study, we applied ultra-high-throughput sequencing to comprehensively investigate the characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma of echinococcosis patients. Methodology/Principal findings We collected plasma samples from 23 echinococcosis patients. Total plasma cfDNA was extracted and sequenced with a high-throughput sequencing platform. An average of 282 million read pairs were obtained for each plasma sample. Sequencing data were analyzed with bioinformatics workflow combined with Echinococcus spp. sequence database. After identification of cell-free Echinococcus spp. reads, we found that the cell-free Echinococcus spp. reads accounted for 1.8e-5 to 4.0e-9 of the total clean reads. Comparing fragment length distribution of cfDNA between Echinococcus spp. and humans showed that cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA of cystic echinococcosis (CE) had a broad length range, while that of alveolar echinococcosis (AE) had an obvious peak at about 135 bp. We found that most of the cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA reads were from the nuclear genome with an even distribution, which might indicate a random release pattern of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA. Conclusions/Significance With ultra-high-throughput sequencing technology, we analyzed the concentration, fragment length, release source, and other characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in the plasma of echinococcosis patients. A better understanding of the characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma may facilitate their future application as a biomarker for diagnosis. Echinococcosis is one of the most neglected tropical diseases caused by the metacestodes of Echinococcus spp. tapeworms, which affect both humans and livestock. Plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) consists of nucleic acid fragments found extracellularly and may contain DNA released from the parasites. Research shows that a variety of parasites can be detected from plasma cfDNA. Cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma or serum had been tested with PCR-based methods, but these PCR methods had low sensitivity ranged from 20% to 25%. Low sensitivity may be due to our limited understanding of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma. Here, we take advantage of high-throughput sequencing to get a comprehensive characterization of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA. Our results showed that with high-throughput sequencing we could detect cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in all samples, though at a very low level. Based on the sequencing data, we found that cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in plasma had a different fragment length distribution to cell-free human DNA, and fragment length distribution of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA is also different between cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE). The sequencing data can also help trace the release source of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA from the genome. According to the mapping results of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA reads, we found that most of them were from the nuclear genome rather than the mitochondrial genome, and their release position showed an even distribution on the genome. These characteristics of cell-free Echinococcus spp. DNA in echinococcosis patients’ plasma could facilitate their future application in research or clinical settings.
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Eissa S, Noordin R, Zourob M. Voltammetric Label‐free Immunosensors for the Diagnosis of Cystic Echinococcosis. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201900697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa Eissa
- Department of ChemistryAlfaisal University Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM)Universiti Sains Malaysia Penang Malaysia
| | - Mohammed Zourob
- Department of ChemistryAlfaisal University Al Zahrawi Street, Al Maather, Al Takhassusi Road Riyadh 11533 Saudi Arabia
- Department of GeneticsKing Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center Zahrawi Street, Al Maather Riyadh 12713 Saudi Arabia
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Cattaneo L, Manciulli T, Cretu CM, Giordani MT, Angheben A, Bartoloni A, Zammarchi L, Bartalesi F, Richter J, Chiodini P, Godbole G, Junghanss T, Stojkovic M, Sammarchi L, Dore R, Vercelli A, Benazzo F, Cuzzocrea F, Tamarozzi F, Brunetti E. Cystic Echinococcosis of the Bone: A European Multicenter Study. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 100:617-621. [PMID: 30693857 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a zoonosis caused by the larval stage of the tapeworm Echinococcus granulosus. In humans, the infection induces the formation of parasitic cysts mostly in the liver and lungs, but virtually any organ can be affected. CE of the bone is one of the rarest forms of the disease, yet it is also extremely debilitating for patients and hard to manage for clinicians. Unlike abdominal CE, there is currently no expert consensus on the management of bone CE. In this study, we conducted a survey of the clinical records of seven European referral centers for the management of patients with CE and retrieved data on the clinical management of 32 patients with a diagnosis of bone CE. Our survey confirmed that the patients endured chronic debilitating disease with a high rate of complications (84%). We also found that diagnostic approaches were highly heterogeneous. Surgery was extensively used to treat these patients, as well as albendazole, occasionally combined with praziquantel or nitaxozanide. Treatment was curative only for two patients, with one requiring amputation of the involved bone. Our survey highlights the need to conduct systematic studies on bone CE, both retrospectively and prospectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letizia Cattaneo
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Tommaso Manciulli
- PhD School of Experimental Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmen-Michaela Cretu
- Parasitology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Andrea Angheben
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Alessandro Bartoloni
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Zammarchi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Filippo Bartalesi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Careggi University Hospital, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Chiodini
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gauri Godbole
- Department of Clinical Parasitology, Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Junghanss
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marija Stojkovic
- Section of Clinical Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Luigi Sammarchi
- Division of Radiology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberto Dore
- Department of Radiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vercelli
- Department of Radiology, Istituti Clinici di Pavia e Vigevano, University Hospital, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Benazzo
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Cuzzocrea
- Division of Orthopedics and Traumatology, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Centre for Tropical Diseases, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
| | - Enrico Brunetti
- Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, IRCCS San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Science, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Toaleb NI, Helmy MS, Shanawany EEE, Abdel-Rahman EH. A simple and efficient purification method of native immunoreactive antigen for diagnosis of camel hydatidosis. Vet World 2020; 13:141-146. [PMID: 32158164 PMCID: PMC7020131 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2020.141-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE), a zoonotic disease that affects animal and human health, is of increasing economic importance due to high morbidity rates and high economic losses in the livestock industry. AIM The present study was conducted to purify the antigen from hydatid cyst fluid (HCF) with high diagnostic efficacy of camel hydatidosis using indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). MATERIALS AND METHODS The HCF antigen was purified using Sephacryl S-300 column chromatography. Characterization of fractions was performed using reducing and non-reducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Western blot analysis. Further, antibodies against Echinococcus granulosus cysts in camel serum were detected using indirect ELISA. RESULTS The purification process resulted in three fractions of antigens: FI, FII, and FIII. Indirect ELISA showed that higher diagnostic efficacy was observed in FI than in FII and FIII. Indirect ELISA, in which FI was utilized, showed 88% sensitivity and 91.7% specificity. Non-reducing SDS-PAGE showed that FI had two bands of molecular weights 120 and 60 kDa. Western blot analysis of FI demonstrated that 60, 38, and 22 kDa were antigenic bands when reacted with naturally infected camel sera with E. granulosus cysts. Using indirect ELISA, F1 recorded an infection percentage of 81.7% in randomly collected camel serum samples. CONCLUSION FI is a promising antigen for accurate diagnosis of camel CE using indirect ELISA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. Toaleb
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S. Helmy
- Department of Molecular Biology, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman E. El Shanawany
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman H. Abdel-Rahman
- Department of Parasitology and Animal Diseases, National Research Centre, El Buhouth St., Dokki, Cairo, Egypt
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23
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Rapid and label-free screening of echinococcosis serum profiles through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:279-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zait H, Hamrioui B. Human cystic echinococcosis: Serological diagnosis by indirect hemagglutination test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, immunoelectrophoresis, and immunoblotting in surgically confirmed patients versus cases diagnosed by imaging techniques. Med Mal Infect 2019; 50:676-683. [PMID: 31727467 DOI: 10.1016/j.medmal.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) diagnosis is based on imaging findings and serology. Serology is the first-line test followed by imaging tests. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 268 serum samples from CE patients were included in this study. The serodiagnosis was made simultaneously by indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunoblotting test (IB), and immunoelectrophoresis (IEP). RESULTS In serum samples belonging to surgically confirmed CE patients, we observed a percentage of positivity of 83.7% [77.2%-89.0%] and 80.7% [73.9%-86.4%] for IHA and IgG-ELISA, respectively. IgG-IB was associated with a higher positivity rate than IEP with 81.3% [74.6%-86.9%] and 62.0% [54.2%-69.5%], respectively. IHA and ELISA results were analyzed using cut-off generated by receiver operating curves. The best diagnostic performances were achieved by IHA (cut-off ≥1/128) and ELISA (>1.16 index). Sensitivities reported in patients with suggestive imaging findings and positive Echinococcus IB were 86.2% [78.0%-92.2%], 72.5% [62.8%-80.9%], 49.0% [39.0%-59.1%] for IHA, IgG-ELISA, and IEP, respectively. All tests gave false negative results in the confirmed CE group. Overall, 18.6% of negative results were obtained by IgG-IB test. Cross-reactivities with non-hydatid serum samples were observed in all tests. Only one patient carrying Taenia saginata serum cross-reacted with 8/12 kDa band by IB. We observed specificity at 73% [63.2%-81.4%], 87% [78.8%-92.9%], 99% [94.6%-100.0%], and 99% [94.6%-100.0%] with IHA, IgG-ELISA, IEP, and IgG-IB, respectively. Serology was less sensitive (74%) in lung cysts. Sensitivity was better in liver cysts, especially by IgG-IB (96%).
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Affiliation(s)
- H Zait
- Laboratory of parasitology and mycology, Mustapha tertiary care hospital, Algiers, Algeria.
| | - B Hamrioui
- Laboratory of parasitology and mycology, Mustapha tertiary care hospital, Algiers, Algeria
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Knowledge Domain and Emerging Trends on Echinococcosis Research: A Scientometric Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16050842. [PMID: 30857143 PMCID: PMC6427242 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16050842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The echinococcosis of humans and animals is a chronic helminthic disease caused by the larva of genus Echinococcus tapeworms. It is a globally distributed disease which is an important socioeconomic and public health problem in many low and middle-income countries. This research aimed to firstly quantitatively analyze the publications with bibliometrics software and evaluated the hot topics and emerging trends of echinococcosis research from 1980 to 2017. A total of 7688 references on echinococcosis research were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection database. Then the reference was analyzed with CiteSpace software to make the knowledge network maps. The largest cluster (#0) with 83 members was cystic echinococcosis, and cystic echinococcosis, mebendazole, antibody and transmission were the four keywords with the strongest citation bursts in the echinococcosis research field. Furthermore, cystic echinococcosis, chemotherapy and immunodiagnosis, management of definitive and intermediate host are the top four research hot topics and emerging trends in the echinococcosis field. This research presents an insight into the echinococcosis field and valuable visualizing information for echinococcosis researchers to detect new viewpoints on cooperative countries/institutions, potential co-workers and research frontiers.
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Bashiri S, Nemati Mansoor F, Valadkhani Z. Expansion of a highly sensitive and specific ELISA test for diagnosis of hydatidosis using recombinant EgB8/2 protein. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2019; 22:134-139. [PMID: 30834077 PMCID: PMC6396996 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2018.29024.7021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Objective(s): Hydatidosis is a zoonotic infection and endemic in Iran. Due to the serological cross-reactivity (of sera) with other parasitic infection, diagnosis of hydatid cyst is considered to be problematic. In this regard, application of recombinant antigens improves serological diagnosis for human hydatidosis. Here, we present an ELISA test based on B8/2 recombinant antigen of Echinococcus granulosus with particular regard to its capability to diagnose human hydatidosis. Materials and Methods: The synthesized E. granulosus B8/2 (EgB8/2) gene was sub-cloned into pET28b (+) plasmid. Nde1 and Hind3 restriction enzymes were used to confirm the recombinant plasmid extraction. Cloning was verified by colony PCR, digestion enzymes, and sequence determination methods. To express rtEgB8/2, strains of Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) pLysS and Rosetta (DE3) were induced with isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG). A Ni-NTA column was used for purification, and the expressed protein was analyzed by SDS-PAGE as well as western blotting. ELISA test was used to identify the antigenicity of produced protein. Results: The presence of EgB8/2 gene fragment in the recombinant plasmid was confirmed. SDS-PAGE showed that the BL21 (DE3) pLysS strain had the highest level of expression and a protein band of 11 kDa was observed in induced bacteria. Western blotting approved the purity of rtEgB8/2 protein, and ELISA test measured sensitivity and specificity as 95% and 97.5%, respectively. Conclusion: E. granulosus metacestode contains a high amount of antigen B protein. These results confirm the reproducibility of high-quality rtEgB8/2 recombinant antigen as a reliable candidate in serological test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareh Bashiri
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Nemati Mansoor
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Schwarze V, Mueller-Peltzer K, Negrão de Figueiredo G, Lindner F, Rübenthaler J, Clevert DA. The use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) for the diagnostic evaluation of hepatic echinococcosis. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2019; 70:449-455. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-189310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Schwarze
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - K. Mueller-Peltzer
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - G. Negrão de Figueiredo
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - F. Lindner
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - J. Rübenthaler
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
| | - D.-A. Clevert
- Department of Radiology, Interdisciplinary Ultrasound Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich - Grosshadern Campus, Munich, Germany
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Validation of a one-step PCR assay for the molecular identification of Echinococcus granulosus sensu stricto G1-G3 genotype. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1747-1755. [PMID: 30734170 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04625-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The Italian National Reference Center for Echinococcosis (CeNRE, Sassari, Italy) set up a diagnostic protocol of "one-step-PCR" useful for the detection of E. granulosus sensu stricto (E.g.s.s.) and the identification of its genotype (G1-G3). The purpose of this work was to perform the validation of the "PCR E.g.s.s." method. The procedures were performed employing the criteria of the World Organization for Animal Health as well as of the Italian Accreditation Body (ACCREDIA) based on the Regulation UNI CEI EN ISO/IEC 17025. Positive DNA samples belonging to E. granulosus, E. ortleppi, E. multilocularis, E. canadensis species were used for the experiments. Analytical specificity evidenced primer pairs Cal (Calreticulin l gene of 1001 bp) with an specificity higher respect to Ef1 (Elongation-Factor 1 Alpha gene of 706 bp) and NAD (Dehydrogenase-subunit 1 gene of 219 bp). The analytical sensitivity presented the capability to detect a very low amount of parasite DNA corresponding to a concentration of 12.5 pg/µl; accuracy and precision related to the operator performance, along with repeatability and reproducibility, evidenced high concordance among results and demonstrated an excellent κ values of Cohen. According to the good performance related to the evaluated parameters, the method "PCR E.g.s.s." was suitable for the validation procedure, and consequently, to be undergone to the accreditation process. In conclusion, the results demonstrated an elevated robustness and reliable features of the "PCR E.g.s.s." able to perform a rapid diagnosis of E. granulosus in only "one step", hence, it is likely to avoid the sequencing step.
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Khanbabaie S, Riazi M, Chang CH, Yunus MH, Noordin R. Lateral flow dipstick antigen assay for human cystic echinococcosis. Acta Trop 2019; 190:171-176. [PMID: 30458123 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease with a worldwide distribution and is a major public health problem in some areas. Diagnosis of CE is mainly based on clinical symptoms, imaging and serological testing, however, improvement in serodiagnosis is still needed. This study was aimed at detecting circulating Echinococcus antigen in CE patients using a lateral flow dipstick (LFD) assay. Three types of hydatid antigens i.e. hydatid cyst fluid (HCF), native antigen B (nAgB) and recombinant antigen B (rAgB) were prepared and polyclonal rabbit antiserum was raised against each antigen. Purified IgG fractions were prepared and a portion was conjugated to gold nanoparticles. After a series of optimizations, a final antigen detection LFD assay was developed using a combination of anti-nAgB-IgG and gold-conjugated anti-HCF-IgG. Evaluation of the assay showed that 27 out of 35 (77%) serum samples from CE patients gave positive results. Meanwhile, the test showed a diagnostic specificity of 82% when tested with sera from 38 healthy individuals and 13 patients with other parasitic diseases. In conclusion, the antigen detection LFD assay seemed to be useful for diagnosis of CE and possibly for post-treatment follow-up, and merit further evaluation studies. We foresee that it may improve serodiagnosis of CE when used in tandem with an antibody detection test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam Khanbabaie
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Mehdi Riazi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Chiat Han Chang
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Muhammad Hafiznur Yunus
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia.
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Brunetti E, Tamarozzi F, Macpherson C, Filice C, Piontek MS, Kabaalioglu A, Dong Y, Atkinson N, Richter J, Schreiber-Dietrich D, Dietrich CF. Ultrasound and Cystic Echinococcosis. Ultrasound Int Open 2018; 4:E70-E78. [PMID: 30364890 PMCID: PMC6199172 DOI: 10.1055/a-0650-3807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The introduction of imaging techniques in clinical practice 40 years ago changed the clinical management of many diseases, including cystic echinococcosis (CE). For the first time cysts were clearly seen before surgery. Among the available imaging techniques, ultrasound (US) has unique properties that can be used to study and manage cystic echinococcosis. It is harmless, can image almost all organs and systems, can be repeated as often as required, is portable, requires no patient preparation, is relatively inexpensive and guides diagnosis, treatment and follow-up without radiation exposure and harm to the patient. US is the only imaging technique which can be used in field settings to assess CE prevalence because it can be run even on solar power or a small generator in remote field locations. Thanks to US classifications, the concept of stage-specific treatments was introduced and because US is repeatable, the scientific community has gained a clearer understanding of the natural history of the disease. This paper reviews the scope of US in CE, describes its strengths and weaknesses compared to other imaging techniques and its relationship with serodiagnosis and discusses sonographic features that may be helpful in differential diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Brunetti
- San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Tamarozzi
- Center for Tropical Diseases, Sacro Cuore-Don Calabria Hospital, Negrar, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Carlo Filice
- San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Unit of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Pavia, Italy
| | - Markus Schindler Piontek
- Caritas Krankenhaus Bad Mergentheim, Academic Teaching Hospital of the University of Würzburg, Medical Clinic 2, Bad Mergentheim, Germany
| | | | - Yi Dong
- Zhongshan Hospital, Ultrasound, Shanghai, China
| | - Nathan Atkinson
- John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Trust, Department of Gastroenterology, Oxford, New Zealand
| | - Joachim Richter
- Institute of Tropical Medicine and International Health, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
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Fathi S, Jalousian F, Hosseini SH, Najafi A, Darabi E, Koohsar F. Design and construction of a new recombinant fusion protein (2b2t+EPC1) and its assessment for serodiagnosis of cystic echinococcosis. APMIS 2018; 126:428-439. [PMID: 29696723 DOI: 10.1111/apm.12838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The immunodiagnostic tests for cystic echinococcosis (CE) are mostly serological tests based on ELISA that use hydatid cyst antigens for primary screening because of its simple preparation and availability. The challenge to develop new serological methods (as compared to those based on the hydatid cyst fluid antigens) to meet the gold standard remains. Appropriate sources of antigenic material are necessary for application to improve the efficacy of immunodiagnostic tests at a population level. In the current study, a fusion protein containing the coding sequence of antigen B2t and two sequences of EPC1 antigen with some modifications was reconstructed. Using bioinformatics tools, these sequences were joined together by applying the sequence of a rigid α-helix-forming linker to obtain an appropriate structure of a fusion protein. Synthetic recombinant fusion protein was expressed using pET28a as a vector and evaluated by indirect ELISA test for sera from patients with hepatic CE and other parasitic infections. The sensitivity of the fusion protein was lower (88.46%) than the available ELISA kit (96.15%). However, the differences in sensitivity were not statistically significant as compared to the recombinant fusion peptide with the commercial kit (p = 0.269). The specificity of the recombinant fusion protein (95.45%) was not significantly lower than the commercial kit (96.59%; p = 1.000). Moreover, surprisingly there was no difference in the cross-reactivity values of performance between the recombinant-ELISA and commercial kit. The positive and negative predictive values of the recombinant antigen were achieved as 92% and 93.33%, respectively, while for the commercial kit, they were obtained as 94.33% and 97.70%, respectively. In conclusion, as an early evaluation of these antigens the performance of our recombinant fusion protein in ELISA is relatively promising. Although, it seemed that this peptide with specific antigenic epitopes might be more appropriate for the serological evaluation of CE by use of bioinformatics tools, our findings showed that cross-reactions and a negative reaction could occur in clinical performance. This fusion protein may have utility for diagnosis in humans, but further evaluation is needed using the WHO ultrasound classification for CE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeid Fathi
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Jalousian
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hossein Hosseini
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Najafi
- Molecular Biology Research Center, Systems Biology and Poisoning Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Enayat Darabi
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faramarz Koohsar
- Paramedical Faculty, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
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Petrone L, Vanini V, Amicosante M, Corpolongo A, Gomez Morales MA, Ludovisi A, Ippolito G, Pozio E, Teggi A, Goletti D. A T-cell diagnostic test for cystic echinococcosis based on Antigen B peptides. Parasite Immunol 2018; 39. [PMID: 29171068 PMCID: PMC5846893 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) immunodiagnosis is still imperfect. We recently set-up a whole-blood test based on the interleukin (IL)-4 response to the native Antigen B (AgB) of Echinococcus granulosus. However, AgB is encoded by a multigene family coding for five putative subunits. Therefore, the aims of this study were to analyse the IL-4 response to peptides spanning the immunodominant regions of the five AgB subunits and to evaluate the accuracy of this assay for CE diagnosis. Peptides corresponding to each subunit were combined into five pools. A pool containing all peptides was also used (total pool). IL-4 evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was significantly higher in patients with CE compared to those without (NO-CE subjects) when whole-blood was stimulated with AgB1 and with the total pool. Moreover, IL-4 levels in response to the total pool were significantly increased in patients with active cysts. Receiver Operator Curve analysis identified a cut-off point of 0.59 pg/mL predicting active cysts diagnosis with 71% sensitivity and 82% specificity in serology-positive CE patients. These data, if confirmed in a larger cohort, offer the opportunity to develop new diagnostic tools for CE based on a standardized source of AgB as the peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Petrone
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - V Vanini
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - M Amicosante
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy.,ProxAgen Ltd, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - A Corpolongo
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - M A Gomez Morales
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - A Ludovisi
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - G Ippolito
- Scientific Direction, National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
| | - E Pozio
- Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Immunomediated Diseases, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - A Teggi
- Department of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, Sant'Andrea Hospital University of Rome "Sapienza", Rome, Italy
| | - D Goletti
- Translational Research Unit, Department of Epidemiology and Preclinical Research, "L. Spallanzani" National Institute for Infectious Diseases (INMI), Rome, Italy
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Cadavid Restrepo AM, Yang YR, McManus DP, Gray DJ, Barnes TS, Williams GM, Soares Magalhães RJ, Clements ACA. Environmental risk factors and changing spatial patterns of human seropositivity for Echinococcus spp. in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China. Parasit Vectors 2018. [PMID: 29523176 PMCID: PMC5845300 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2764-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human echinococcoses are parasitic helminth infections that constitute a serious public health concern in several regions across the world. Cystic (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) in China represent a high proportion of the total global burden of these infections. This study was conducted to predict the spatial distribution of human seropositivity for Echinococcus species in Xiji County, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (NHAR), with the aim of identifying communities where targeted prevention and control efforts are required. Methods Bayesian geostatistical models with environmental and demographic covariates were developed to predict spatial variation in the risk of human seropositivity for Echinococcus granulosus (the cause of CE) and E. multilocularis (the cause of AE). Data were collected from three cross-sectional surveys of school children conducted in Xiji County in 2002–2003, 2006–2007 and 2012–2013. Environmental data were derived from high-resolution satellite images and meteorological data. Results The overall seroprevalence of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis was 33.4 and 12.2%, respectively, across the three surveys. Seropositivity for E. granulosus was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitation, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of areas covered by forest, shrubland, water and bareland/artificial surfaces. Seropositivity for E. multilocularis was significantly associated with summer and winter precipitations, landscape fragmentation variables and the extent of shrubland and water bodies. Spatial correlation occurred over greater distances for E. granulosus than for E. multilocularis. The predictive maps showed that the risk of seropositivity for E. granulosus expanded across Xiji during the three surveys, while the risk of seropositivity for E. multilocularis became more confined in communities located in the south. Conclusions The identification of high-risk areas for seropositivity for these parasites, and a better understanding of the role of the environment in determining the transmission dynamics of Echinococcus spp. may help to guide and monitor improvements in human echinococcosis control strategies by allowing targeted allocation of resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela M Cadavid Restrepo
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.
| | - Yu Rong Yang
- Ningxia Medical University, 692 Shengli St, Xingqing, Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Donald P McManus
- Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Darren J Gray
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia.,Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Tamsin S Barnes
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, 4343, Australia
| | - Gail M Williams
- The University of Queensland, School of Public Health, Brisbane, Queensland, 4006, Australia
| | - Ricardo J Soares Magalhães
- The University of Queensland, School of Veterinary Science, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.,Children's Health and Environment Programme, Queensland Children's Medical Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4101, Australia
| | - Archie C A Clements
- Research School of Population Health, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory, 0200, Australia
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Galeh TM, Spotin A, Mahami-Oskouei M, Carmena D, Rahimi MT, Barac A, Ghoyounchi R, Berahmat R, Ahmadpour E. The seroprevalence rate and population genetic structure of human cystic echinococcosis in the Middle East: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Surg 2018; 51:39-48. [PMID: 29367032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2018.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) represents an increasing public health concern in many parts of the world, including the Middle East. The present study is the first systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the seroprevalence rate and population genetic structure of human CE in the eastern Mediterranean region. To estimate the population genetic structure, Echinococcus sequences of the cytochrome oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene isolated from countries from this geographical area were retrieved from the GenBank database. An electronic search for articles from 1990 until 2015 was performed using databases PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Scopus. A total of 53 articles reporting on CE seroprevalence and genotyping data met our eligibility criteria and were included in a meta-analysis. The overall CE seroprevalence rates in the general population and in individuals at high risk of infection were estimated using the random-effect model at 7.4% (95% CI = 4.8-10.6) and 10.7% (95% CI = 7.6-14.3), respectively. Risk factors including age group (P < 0.001), dog ownership (P = 0.03), residence area (P < 0.001), and educational level (P = 0.04) showed a statistically significant association with CE seroprevalence. A pairwise fixation index (Fst), used as an estimation of gene flow, suggested a moderate level of genetic differentiation between members of the E. granulosus sensu stricto (G1-G3) complex from Iranian and Turkish metapopulations (Fst = 0.171). The finding of common haplotypes may represent an ancestral transfer of alleles among populations probably during the early stages of animal domestication. The high CE seroprevalence rates found highlight the necessity of implementing appropriate public education for preventive and control strategies, particularly in individuals at high risk of infection; furthermore, our genetic findings reveal novel molecular data concerning microevolutionary events of Echinococcus isolates among Middle East countries.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adel Spotin
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - David Carmena
- Parasitology Service, National Centre for Microbiology, Health Institute Carlos III, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo Km 2, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Aleksandra Barac
- Clinic for Infectious and Tropic Diseases, Clinical Centre of Serbia, Belgrade, Serbia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Roghayeh Ghoyounchi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Berahmat
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadpour
- Research Center for Evidence Based Medicine (RCEBM), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Mourglia-Ettlin G, Miles S, Hernández A, Dematteis S. Ageing impairs parasite-specific antibody responses in cystic echinococcosis. Parasite Immunol 2017; 40. [DOI: 10.1111/pim.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Mourglia-Ettlin
- Área Inmunología; Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias; DEPBIO/IQB; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - S. Miles
- Área Inmunología; Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias; DEPBIO/IQB; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - A. Hernández
- Área Inmunología; Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias; DEPBIO/IQB; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
| | - S. Dematteis
- Área Inmunología; Facultad de Química/Facultad de Ciencias; DEPBIO/IQB; Universidad de la República; Montevideo Uruguay
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TIGGA MARYNISHA, RIALCH AJAYTA, ARUN A, SAMANTA S, KAUR NAVNEET, BAURI RK, GANAIE ZA, AFTAB ANDLEEB, RAINA OK. Expression of Echinococcus granulosus recombinant EgAg5-38 sub-unit and P-29 antigens and evaluation of their diagnostic potential for cystic echinococcosis in buffaloes. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i11.75839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
There are no routine, reliable diagnostic methods for detection of Echinococcus granulosus infection, the causative agent of cystic echinococcosis in human and domestic animals. Two recombinant proteins EgAg5-38 sub-unit and P-29 of E. granulosus were expressed in prokaryotic expression vectors. The diagnostic potential of these two recombinant proteins was evaluated in the detection of cystic echinococcosis in buffaloes in IgG-ELISA. TheEgAg5-38 sub-unit and P-29 recombinant protein reacted fairly with the hydatid infected buffaloes with EgAg5-38 sub-unit showing sensitivity and specificity of 67.9 and 78.8%, respectively. However, the recombinant P-29 protein showed a higher sensitivity of 82.1% but a low specificity of 43.9% in the detection of hydatid infection in buffaloes. Cross-reactivity of these recombinant antigens in buffaloes naturally infected with several gastrointestinal trematodes and Sarcocystis was studied. The results showed that both these antigens cross-reacted with most of these parasites of buffaloes. Present study is the first report on the evaluation of diagnostic potential of E. granulosus recombinant EgAg5-38 sub-unit and P-29 antigens in buffaloes.
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38
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Baraquin A, Zait H, Grenouillet FE, Moreau E, Hamrioui B, Grenouillet F. Large-scale evaluation of a rapid diagnostic test for human cystic echinococcosis. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2017. [PMID: 28647066 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a neglected zoonotic disease, diagnosed through clinical findings, imaging techniques, and serology, for which many serological tests are available. Here we report a rapid unit assay, the immunochromatographic VIRapid® HYDATIDOSIS test (Vircell, Granada, Spain), potentially suitable for laboratories in low-prevalence or poorly equipped areas. This test was evaluated with a large retrospective cohort (224 sera), including patients suffering from CE or from other parasitic or liver diseases. The test was also assessed in routine conditions with a prospective cohort (115 sera) in areas where both cystic and alveolar echinococcoses have been diagnosed. Its performance (in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and both positive and negative likelihood ratios) was similar to an ELISA based on a crude antigen. Our study shows that this test performs adequately in the diagnostic process, when used with caution, especially regarding cross-reactivity with other parasitic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Baraquin
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne/Franche-Comté, Besançon, France
| | - Houria Zait
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, Mustapha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Florence-Elisabeth Grenouillet
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Elise Moreau
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France
| | - Boussad Hamrioui
- Parasitology & Mycology Department, Mustapha University Hospital, Algiers, Algeria
| | - Frédéric Grenouillet
- Chrono-environnement, UMR UBFC/CNRS 6249 aff. INRA, University of Bourgogne/Franche-Comté, Besançon, France; Parasitology & Mycology Department, French National Reference Center for Alveolar Echinococcosis and WHO Collaborating Center for Prevention and Treatment of Human Echinococcosis, University Hospital, Besançon, France.
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Molecular Characteristics and Serodiagnostic Potential of Dihydrofolate Reductase from Echinococcus granulosus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:514. [PMID: 28364125 PMCID: PMC5428777 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00643-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The larval stage of Echinococcus granulosus causes cystic echinococcosis (CE), a neglected tropical disease that leads to morbidity and mortality in humans and livestock worldwide. Here, we identified and characterized dihydrofolate reductase (Eg-DHFR) from E. granulosus, and evaluated its potential as a diagnostic antigen for sheep CE. Comparison between mammalian (host) DHFR and Eg-DHFR indicates that 45.7% of the 35 active site residues are different. Immunolocalisation analysis showed that native Eg-DHFR was widely distributed in all life-cycle stages of E. granulosus. Recombinant Eg-DHFR (rEg-DHFR) showed typical DHFR enzymatic parameters towards substrate, and was very sensitive to inhibition by methotrexate (IC50 = 27.75 ± 1.03 nM) and aminopterin (IC50 = 63.67 ± 6.76 nM). However, inhibition of DHFR exhibited little protoscolicidal effect in vitro. As there is no reliable method to monitor sheep CE, the immunogenicity of rEg-DHFR was detected, and we developed an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for CE serodiagnosis. The iELISA exhibited diagnostic specificity of 89.58%, diagnostic sensitivity of 95.83%, and the diagnostic accuracy was 91.67% compared with necropsy. Cross-reactivity assay showed analytical specificity of 85.7%. These suggest that rEg-DHFR is an effective antigen for the diagnosis of sheep CE.
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40
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Stojkovic M, Adt HM, Rosenberger K, Boubaker G, Hernandez-Gonzalez A, Junghanss T, Zwahlen M, Siles-Lucas M. Follow-up of surgically treated patients with cystic echinococcosis: can novel recombinant antigens compete with imaging? Analysis of a patient cohort. Trop Med Int Health 2017; 22:614-621. [PMID: 28218991 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.12859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the performance of two novel recombinant antigens (EgP29, 2B2t) with imaging in a well-defined cohort of surgically treated cystic echinococcosis (CE) patients to determine whether serology reflects surgical cure as defined by imaging. METHODS From a cohort of 223 CE-confirmed patients of a national clinical center for echinococcosis, 36 surgically treated patients were eligible for analysis. Sera were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific IgG and IgG4 antibodies against the EgP29 and 2B2t antigens. We used a hierarchical linear regression model to examine the course of antibody levels over time for each patient. A meta-analysis of the patient-specific estimates of the time to negativity was performed using the metan command in Stata. RESULTS The range of positive serological results at the beginning of post-surgical monitoring was 34-60%: 2B2t 51%, 2B2t-IgG4 34%, EgP29 60% and EgP29-IgG4 40%. The pooled estimates of time to seronegativity were as follows: 2B2t-ELISA 3.92 (3.24, 4.61) years; 2B2t-IgG4-ELISA 4.60 (3.91, 5.29) years; EgP29-ELISA 3.94 (3.50, 4.39) years; EgP29-IgG4-ELISA 2.55 (1.93, 3.18) years. CONCLUSION After surgical treatment, antibodies to the recombinant antigens 2B2t and EgP29 become negative in the majority of CE-confirmed, surgically cured patients. The major drawback is the fact that only around half of the CE-confirmed, surgically treated patients were at all responsive to the test antigens, so they are of limited benefit for documenting primary cure. Equally, these antigens do not appear to be sensitive to recurrences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marija Stojkovic
- Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Micha Adt
- Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rosenberger
- Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ghalia Boubaker
- Institute of Parasitology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Clinical Biology B, Laboratory of Parasitology and Mycology, University of Monastir, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Ana Hernandez-Gonzalez
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Thomas Junghanss
- Section Clinical Tropical Medicine, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcel Zwahlen
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mar Siles-Lucas
- Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Salamanca, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Salamanca, Spain
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41
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[Rapid diagnostic tests for the serodiagnosis of human cystic echinococcosis]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 110:20-30. [PMID: 28275967 DOI: 10.1007/s13149-017-0548-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a parasitic zoonosis especially affecting resource-poor populations in livestock raising areas. Imaging, in particular ultrasound (US), is crucial for the diagnosis, staging, and clinical management of abdominal CE in humans. Serology is a valuable complement to imaging, especially when ultrasound features of CE are absent or unclear. In rural endemic areas, where expertise in US is scant, and conventional serology techniques are unavailable due to lack of laboratory equipment, rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) may be very useful. Several reports have described the performance of commercial and experimental RDTs in the diagnosis of CE, including a recent study by our group that compared the diagnostic performances of three commercial RDTs for the diagnosis of hepatic CE. To put RDTs for CE in context, we reviewed the available literature in English on this topic. Overall, RDTs appear to be useful in resourcepoor settings where they may replace conventional serodiagnostic tests. However, like other serodiagnostic tests, RDTs lack standardization and show unsatisfactory sensitivity and specificity. An important issue that needs to be addressed is that studies on the diagnostic performance of RDTs fail to take into account the variables known to influence results such as anatomical location and cyst stage.
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Bulashev AK, Suranshiev ZA, Akibekov OS, Akanova ZZ, Abulgazimova GA. Serological diagnosis of cystic echinococcosis in cattle. Folia Parasitol (Praha) 2017; 64. [DOI: 10.14411/fp.2017.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Al-Kitani FA, Mansoor MK, Hussain MH, Al Rawahi AH, Saqib M, Al Maawali MG. Sero-epidemiology of cystic echinococcosis (Echinococcus granulosus) in the livestock of Oman. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2017; 8:21-27. [PMID: 31014632 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional serological survey of cystic echinocossis was carried out on 2802 randomly collected sera of camels (n=706), cattle (n=687), goats (n=701) and sheep (n=708) from all governorates of Oman. The samples were analysed by in house indirect ELISA (iELISA) using Echinococcus granulosus antigen B (EgAgB) of naturally infected camels. The overall percentage of antibodies against EgAgB was found to be 14.6%. The highest percentage of positive was observed in sera from camels (22.4%) followed by cattle (12.9%), sheep (12.2%) and goats (10.9%). The highest percentage of seropositivity was observed in females (15.4%) as compared to male animals (10.6%). The imported livestock were found more seropositive (15.2%) as compared to local (14.7%) and crossbred livestock (14.1%). The highest exposure was observed in animals with the age group of above 5years (18.3%) followed by the age group of up to 2years (15.1%,) and those between 2 and 5years (12.4%). The univariate analysis has indicated that camels (OR:2.33, CI 1.74, 3.14), cattle (OR:1.21, CI 0.87, 1.67), sheep (OR:1.12, CI 0.81, 1.55) were more likely to test positive than goats. Furthermore, females (OR: 1.53, CI 1.11, 2.11) were more likely to test seropositive. Sera from animals above 5years of age (OR:1.58, CI 1.25, 2.01) and between 2 and 5years old (OR:1.30, CI 0.98, 1.71) were found more likely to test seropositive than those up to 2years of age. The multivariable analysis at individual level indicated that camels (OR: 2.07, CI 1.66, 2.56, p<0.001) and female (OR: 1.43, CI 1.04, 1.98, p=0.030) were more likely to acquire CE. At herd level, the final multivariable model indicated that herds located in Dofar and Musandam (OR: 4.48, CI 2.69, 7.45, p<0.001), in areas receiving seasonal rains (OR: 2.54, CI 1.09, 5.90, p<0.001) and practicing transhumance (OR: 4.22, CI 1.84, 9.65, p<0.001) and sedentary (OR: 2.07, CI 1.38, 3.12, p=0.001) farming system were more likely to acquire CE in Oman. The study documents the serological evidence of CE in livestock of Oman and a carefully planned control program should be devised after further epidemiological and molecular investigations in the intermediate and final hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muhammad Hammad Hussain
- Animal Health Research Centre, Ministry of Agriculture & Fisheries, Oman; Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Saqib
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Laboratory Diagnosis of Echinococcus spp. in Human Patients and Infected Animals. ADVANCES IN PARASITOLOGY 2017; 96:159-257. [PMID: 28212789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apar.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the species composing the genus Echinococcus, four species are of human clinical interest. The most prevalent species are Echinococcus granulosus and Echinococcus multilocularis, followed by Echinococcus vogeli and Echinococcus oligarthrus. The first two species cause cystic echinococcosis (CE) and alveolar echinococcosis (AE) respectively. Both diseases have a complex clinical management, in which laboratory diagnosis could be an adjunctive to the imaging techniques. To date, several approaches have been described for the laboratory diagnosis and followup of CE and AE, including antibody, antigen and cytokine detection. All of these approaches are far from being optimal as adjunctive diagnosis particularly for CE, since they do not reach enough sensitivity and/or specificity. A combination of several methods (e.g., antibody and antigen detection) or of several (recombinant) antigens could improve the performance of the adjunctive laboratory methods, although the complexity of echinococcosis and heterogeneity of clinical cases make necessary a deep understanding of the host-parasite relationships and the parasite phenotype at different developmental stages to reach the best diagnostic tool and to make it accepted in clinical practice. Standardization approaches and a deep understanding of the performance of each of the available antigens in the diagnosis of echinococcosis for the different clinical pictures are also needed. The detection of the parasite in definitive hosts is also reviewed in this chapter. Finally, the different methods for the detection of parasite DNA in different analytes and matrices are also reviewed.
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Abstract
Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) has been eliminated or significantly reduced as a public health problem in several previously highly endemic regions. This has been achieved by the long-term application of prevention and control measures primarily targeted to deworming dogs, health education, meat inspection, and effective surveillance in livestock and human populations. Human CE, however, remains a serious neglected zoonotic disease in many resource-poor pastoral regions. The incidence of human alveolar echinococcosis (AE) has increased in continental Europe and is a major public health problem in parts of Eurasia. Better understanding of wildlife ecology for fox and small mammal hosts has enabled targeted anthelmintic baiting of fox populations and development of spatially explicit models to predict population dynamics for key intermediate host species and human AE risk in endemic landscapes. Challenges that remain for echinococcosis control include effective intervention in resource-poor communities, better availability of surveillance tools, optimal application of livestock vaccination, and management and ecology of dog and wildlife host populations.
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Schwarz NG, Loderstaedt U, Hahn A, Hinz R, Zautner AE, Eibach D, Fischer M, Hagen RM, Frickmann H. Microbiological laboratory diagnostics of neglected zoonotic diseases (NZDs). Acta Trop 2017; 165:40-65. [PMID: 26391646 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review reports on laboratory diagnostic approaches for selected, highly pathogenic neglected zoonotic diseases, i.e. anthrax, bovine tuberculosis, brucellosis, echinococcosis, leishmaniasis, rabies, Taenia solium-associated diseases (neuro-/cysticercosis & taeniasis) and trypanosomiasis. Diagnostic options, including microscopy, culture, matrix-assisted laser-desorption-ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry, molecular approaches and serology are introduced. These procedures are critically discussed regarding their diagnostic reliability and state of evaluation. For rare diseases reliable evaluation data are scarce due to the rarity of samples. If bio-safety level 3 is required for cultural growth, but such high standards of laboratory infrastructure are not available, serological and molecular approaches from inactivated sample material might be alternatives. Multiple subsequent testing using various test platforms in a stepwise approach may improve sensitivity and specificity. Cheap and easy to use tests, usually called "rapid diagnostic tests" (RDTs) may impact disease control measures, but should not preclude developing countries from state of the art diagnostics.
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Ahn CS, Kim JG, Han X, Bae YA, Park WJ, Kang I, Wang H, Kong Y. Biochemical Characterization of Echinococcus multilocularis Antigen B3 Reveals Insight into Adaptation and Maintenance of Parasitic Homeostasis at the Host-Parasite Interface. J Proteome Res 2016; 16:806-823. [PMID: 27959569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE) caused by Echinococcus multilocularis metacestode is frequently associated with deleterious zoonotic helminthiasis. The growth patterns and morphological features of AE, such as invasion of the liver parenchyme and multiplication into multivesiculated masses, are similar to those of malignant tumors. AE has been increasingly detected in several regions of Europe, North America, Central Asia, and northwestern China. An isoform of E. multilocularis antigen B3 (EmAgB3) shows a specific immunoreactivity against patient sera of active-stage AE, suggesting that EmAgB3 might play important roles during adaptation of the parasite to hosts. However, expression patterns and biochemical properties of EmAgB3 remained elusive. The protein profile and nature of component proteins of E. multilocularis hydatid fluid (EmHF) have never been addressed. In this study, we conducted proteome analysis of EmHF of AE cysts harvested from immunocompetent mice. We observed the molecular and biochemical properties of EmAgB3, including differential transcription patterns of paralogous genes, macromolecular protein status by self-assembly, distinct oligomeric states according to individual anatomical compartments of the worm, and hydrophobic ligand-binding protein activity. We also demonstrated tissue expression patterns of EmAgB3 transcript and protein. EmAgB3 might participate in immune response and recruitment of essential host lipids at the host-parasite interface. Our results might contribute to an in depth understanding of the biophysical and biological features of EmAgB3, thus providing insights into the design of novel targets to control AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Seob Ahn
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Jeong-Geun Kim
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Xiumin Han
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control , Xining 811602, China
| | - Young-An Bae
- Department of Microbiology, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Woo-Jae Park
- Department of Biochemistry, Gachon University Graduate School of Medicine , Incheon 21936, Korea
| | - Insug Kang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University , Seoul 02447, Korea
| | - Hu Wang
- Qinghai Province Institute for Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control , Xining 811602, China
| | - Yoon Kong
- Department of Molecular Parasitology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine , Suwon 16419, Korea
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Mihmanli M, Idiz UO, Kaya C, Demir U, Bostanci O, Omeroglu S, Bozkurt E. Current status of diagnosis and treatment of hepatic echinococcosis. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1169-1181. [PMID: 27729953 PMCID: PMC5055586 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i28.1169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Echinococcus granulosus (E. granulosus) and Echinococcus multilocularis (E. multilocularis) infections are the most common parasitic diseases that affect the liver. The disease course is typically slow and the patients tend to remain asymptomatic for many years. Often the diagnosis is incidental. Right upper quadrant abdominal pain, hepatitis, cholangitis, and anaphylaxis due to dissemination of the cyst are the main presenting symptoms. Ultrasonography is important in diagnosis. The World Health Organization classification, based on ultrasonographic findings, is used for staging of the disease and treatment selection. In addition to the imaging methods, immunological investigations are used to support the diagnosis. The available treatment options for E. granulosus infection include open surgery, percutaneous interventions, and pharmacotherapy. Aggressive surgery is the first-choice treatment for E. multilocularis infection, while pharmacotherapy is used as an adjunct to surgery. Due to a paucity of clinical studies, empirical evidence on the treatment of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infections is largely lacking; there are no prominent and widely accepted clinical algorithms yet. In this article, we review the diagnosis and treatment of E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infections in the light of recent evidence.
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Han S, Chen R, Fang W, Fu R, Wen J, Zhang X, Ma X. Investigation of the use of serology and ultrasonography to detect hepatic cystic echinococcosis in Heilongjiang, China, using a Bayesian framework. Acta Trop 2016; 162:212-217. [PMID: 27412377 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystic echinococcosis (CE) is a public health problem in China. However, the prevalence and incidence of CE in Heilongjiang province is still poorly understood. Because there is no perfect gold standard, evaluation of ultrasound (US) and serological methods have been limited. This study evaluated the use of these two diagnostic methods for the diagnosis of CE in suspected cases. METHODS A total of 522 suspected hepatic CE patients, as well as their demographic and clinical features were collected and detected by immunoglobulin (IgG)-ELISA and US. The marginal posterior densities of sensitivity and specificity for both tests, and the prevalence of hepatic CE amongst participants, were estimated from the product of the likelihood function of observed and latent data by a Bayesian framework. RESULTS Most of the patients were from rural areas. The most common symptom was upper abdominal pain. The antibody-positive proportion determined by IgG-ELISA was 24.33% (127/522), significantly higher than with US examination (17.24%, 90/522). Bayesian analysis indicated that the estimated prevalence of CE amongst suspected cases was 17.70% (95% credible interval: 14.23-21.54%). The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA test were 92.63% and 90.37%, and that of US were 93.05% and 98.44%, respectively. Among US-confirmed hepatic CE cases, the male to female ratio was 0.46 and the peak age group was 40-49 years. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study demonstrate that CE is present in Heilongjiang province. They also suggest that, whilst ultrasonography appears to be the detection modality of choice, serology may have a use for detection of infection in individuals suspected to be infected. This may have applications for surveillance within the province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Han
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China; National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, MOH, PR China; WHO Collaborating Center for Malaria, Schistosomiasis and Filariasis, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rui Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Fang
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Shanghai University of Medical & Health Sciences, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Rong Fu
- Department of Epidemiology and health statistics, Public Health College, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, PR China
| | - Jingshan Wen
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Zhang
- Department of Parasitology, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, PR China.
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Velasco-Tirado V, Yuste-Chaves M, Belhassen-García M. Cutaneous Disease as the First Manifestation of Cystic Echinococcosis. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016; 95:257-259. [PMID: 27489329 PMCID: PMC4973166 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Velasco-Tirado
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Manuela Yuste-Chaves
- Servicio de Dermatologia, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - Moncef Belhassen-García
- Servicio de Medicina Interna, Seccion de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Complejo Asistencial Universitario de Salamanca (CAUSA), Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales de la Universidad de Salamanca (CIETUS), Instituto de Investigación Biomedica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
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