1
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Cala VC, Ortega F. Understanding the Sociocultural Dynamics of Loneliness in Southern Spanish Youth. Cult Med Psychiatry 2024; 48:547-568. [PMID: 38864972 PMCID: PMC11362312 DOI: 10.1007/s11013-024-09861-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Loneliness among young people has been increasing in recent years and is considered a major public health problem. This article delves into the sociocultural dynamics that favour the experiences of loneliness. For this purpose, 40 students between 19 and 24 years of age were interviewed using the photo elicitation interview (PEI) strategy. The results show a gradual normalization of the experience of loneliness and an effort to become accustomed to it. Virtual relationships and isolation linked to the COVID-19 pandemic are considered the two factors that have most enabled a climate prone to loneliness. Young people identify a few elements that feed social loneliness, such as an understanding of instrumental relationships, a scarcity of intimate relationships, a demand for hyperconnectivity, a fantasy of independence and a culture of positivity that hinders the establishment of quality social ties. Faced with hostile relational conditions, youth are sent into a cycle of loneliness. The greater the distrust of the environment is, the greater the defensive reactions and social distancing, and the greater the search for nearby spaces of refuge, security and shelter. Social withdrawal makes in-person relationships difficult and strengthens the need to isolate and become accustomed to loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica C Cala
- Research Methods Department, University of Almeria, Crtra sacramento s/n 04120 (2.11 office, central building), Almería, Spain.
| | - Francisco Ortega
- Medical Anthropology Research Center (MARC), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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2
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Schiltz H, Gohari D, Park J, Lord C. A longitudinal study of loneliness in autism and other neurodevelopmental disabilities: Coping with loneliness from childhood through adulthood. AUTISM : THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2024; 28:1471-1486. [PMID: 38153097 PMCID: PMC11132953 DOI: 10.1177/13623613231217337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
LAY ABSTRACT We know that many autistic people feel lonely, but we don't know whether their loneliness changes over time. Our research study followed autistic people and people with other non-spectrum neurodevelopmental disabilities from childhood through young adulthood and asked them about their loneliness. While many people told us they felt lonely or very lonely, a sizable group also told us that they do not feel lonely. We found that people who reported feeling lonely earlier in life were likely to also report feeling lonely later in life. Overall, autistic people and people with other neurodevelopmental disabilities in our study became lonelier from adolescence to adulthood. People described multiple ways they cope with feeling lonely, such as distracting themselves or reaching out to connect with another person. People who used distraction tended to be lonelier than those who did not. Our findings tell us that there is a need for greater support of social connections for many autistic people as they become adults.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie Park
- University of California, Los Angeles, USA
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3
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Song K, Zhou FJ, Niu GF, Fan CY, Zhou ZK. The Association between Cyberbullying Victimization and Depression among Children: A Moderated Mediation Model. Behav Sci (Basel) 2024; 14:414. [PMID: 38785904 PMCID: PMC11118989 DOI: 10.3390/bs14050414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Cyberbullying victimization is becoming more prevalent and adversely affects mental health. This research explores the relationship between the two variables and the underlying mechanism, especially for children, as the impact of mental health in childhood might last a lifetime. Primary school students (N = 344; Mage = 9.90; 43.90% girls) completed self-report questionnaires regarding cyberbullying victimization, self-perceived social competence, optimism, and depression at school. Gender and grade were controlled as covariates. Depression was positively predicted by cyberbullying victimization, while self-perceived social competence played a partially mediating role. In addition, optimism directly and indirectly moderated the effects of cyberbullying victimization on depression. Specifically, the effects were stronger for children with low levels of optimism. Therefore, efforts to enhance children's self-perceived social competence and optimism may reduce their depression resulting from cyberbullying victimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuai Song
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.S.); (F.-J.Z.); (G.-F.N.); (C.-Y.F.)
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Department of Preschool Education, Hubei Preschool Teachers College, Ezhou 436032, China
| | - Feng-Juan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.S.); (F.-J.Z.); (G.-F.N.); (C.-Y.F.)
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
- Administrative Office, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Geng-Feng Niu
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.S.); (F.-J.Z.); (G.-F.N.); (C.-Y.F.)
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Cui-Ying Fan
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.S.); (F.-J.Z.); (G.-F.N.); (C.-Y.F.)
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zong-Kui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Adolescent Cyberpsychology and Behavior (CCNU), Ministry of Education, Wuhan 430079, China; (K.S.); (F.-J.Z.); (G.-F.N.); (C.-Y.F.)
- School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
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4
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Riddleston L, Shukla M, Lavi I, Saglio E, Fuhrmann D, Pandey R, Singh T, Qualter P, Lau JYF. Identifying characteristics of adolescents with persistent loneliness during COVID-19: A multi-country eight-wave longitudinal study. JCPP ADVANCES 2024; 4:e12206. [PMID: 38486960 PMCID: PMC10933679 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Elevated loneliness experiences characterise young people. While loneliness at this developmental juncture may emerge from age-typical upheaval in social relationships, there is little data on the extent to which young people experience high and persistent levels of loneliness, and importantly, who is most vulnerable to these experiences. Using the widespread social restrictions associated with the COVID-19 pandemic, which precipitated loneliness in many, we aimed to examine adolescents' loneliness profiles across time and the demographic predictors (age, sex, and country) of more severe trajectories. Methods Participants aged 12-18 years, recruited into a multi-wave study (N = 1039) across three sites (UK, Israel, and India) completed a 3-item loneliness measure fortnightly across 8 timepoints during the pandemic. Results Latent class growth analysis suggested 5 distinct trajectories: (1) low stable (33%), (2) low increasing (19%), (3) moderate decreasing (17%), (4) moderate stable (23%), and (5) high increasing (8%). Females and older adolescents were more likely to experience persistently high loneliness. Conclusions These findings indicate a need for interventions to reduce loneliness in adolescents as we emerge from the pandemic, particularly for those groups identified as being at highest risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Riddleston
- Department of PsychologyKing’s College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN)LondonUK
| | | | - Iris Lavi
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BathBathUK
- School of Social WorkUniversity of HaifaHaifaIsrael
| | - Eloise Saglio
- Department of PsychologyKing’s College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN)LondonUK
| | - Delia Fuhrmann
- Department of PsychologyKing’s College LondonInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience (IoPPN)LondonUK
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Department of PsychologyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Tushar Singh
- Department of PsychologyBanaras Hindu UniversityVaranasiIndia
| | - Pamela Qualter
- Manchester Institute of EducationThe University of ManchesterSchool of Environment, Education and DevelopmentManchesterUK
| | - Jennifer Y. F. Lau
- Youth Resilience UnitCentre for Psychiatry and Mental HealthWolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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5
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Alam I, Khayri E, Podger TAB, Aspinall C, Fuhrmann D, Lau JYF. A call for better research and resources for understanding and combatting youth loneliness: integrating the perspectives of young people and researchers. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 33:939-942. [PMID: 36577906 PMCID: PMC9797107 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02125-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Alam
- Psychology Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ezekiel Khayri
- Psychology Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Caitlin Aspinall
- Youth Resilience Unit, Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Delia Fuhrmann
- Psychology Department, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Youth Resilience Unit, Centre for Psychiatry and Mental Health, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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6
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Mueller MK, Callina KS, Richer AM, Charmaraman L. Longitudinal Associations Between Pet Relationship Quality and Socio-Emotional Functioning in Early Adolescence. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 2024; 33:e12718. [PMID: 38433732 PMCID: PMC10906745 DOI: 10.1111/sode.12718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Adolescence is a key developmental period for socio-emotional skills, and companion animal relationships may be one potential source of emotional support and resilience during this time. This study used longitudinal data from 940 pet-owning adolescents, collected over four time points, from youth in the Northeastern United States. We assessed whether pet relationship quality (indexed by relationship satisfaction, companionship, and emotional disclosure) predicted trajectories of loneliness, social anxiety, and depression. Results indicated that high satisfaction with a pet relationship was associated with more favorable trajectories, but companionship (i.e., regarding frequency of interacting with the pet) was not related significantly to socio-emotional functioning. High levels of disclosure to a pet were linked with less favorable trajectories for loneliness and depression, but not related to social anxiety. These results suggest that a pet relationship can, in some cases, be associated positively with socio-emotional development, but that there is significant complexity in these associations. Families, educators, and practitioners should take a nuanced approach to understanding individual adolescent-pet relationships as a contextual asset for specific youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Mueller
- Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine and Tisch College of Civic Life at Tufts University, 200 Westboro Rd., North Grafton, MA 01536
| | | | - Amanda M. Richer
- Lynch Research Associates, 1 South Ave., Natick, MA 01760
- Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481
| | - Linda Charmaraman
- Wellesley Centers for Women, Wellesley College, 106 Central Street, Wellesley, MA 02481
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7
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Wu P, Feng R, Zhang J. The relationship between loneliness and problematic social media usage in Chinese university students: a longitudinal study. BMC Psychol 2024; 12:13. [PMID: 38178215 PMCID: PMC10765645 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-023-01498-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A significant number of cross-sectional studies have explored the correlation between loneliness and problematic social media use. However, the causal relationship between these two key variables remains controversial, and the developmental relationship over time is unclear. METHODS We conducted a one-year longitudinal study with 538 Chinese college students using questionnaires and employing cross-lagged and latent growth models to investigate the causal relationship and developmental dynamics between loneliness and problematic social media use. RESULTS The results indicate that (a) loneliness and problematic social media use mutually and positively influence each other, establishing a bidirectional causal relationship; (b) Chinese college students experience a gradual increase in levels of loneliness and problematic social media use during their time in college; and (c) the intercept and slope of loneliness significantly and positively affect the intercept and slope of problematic social media use, and conversely, the intercept and slope of problematic social media use significantly and positively influence the intercept and slope of loneliness. CONCLUSION These findings reveal the longitudinal relationship between loneliness and problematic social media use among Chinese college students and offer insights for researchers and educators to intervene in college students' loneliness and problematic social media use from a developmental perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peibo Wu
- Institute of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
- Zhong Yuan Institute of Science and Technology, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Feng
- Institute of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China.
- Propaganda Department, Taizhou University, Taizhou, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jindan Zhang
- Institute of Education, Xiamen University, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
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8
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Jefferson R, Barreto M, Verity L, Qualter P. Loneliness During the School Years: How It Affects Learning and How Schools Can Help . THE JOURNAL OF SCHOOL HEALTH 2023; 93:428-435. [PMID: 36861756 DOI: 10.1111/josh.13306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Substantial evidence links loneliness to poor academic outcomes and poor employment prospects. Schools have been shown to be places that mitigate or aggravate loneliness, suggesting a need to consider how schools can better support youth experiencing loneliness. METHODS We conducted a narrative review on loneliness in childhood and adolescence to examine the literature on how loneliness changes over the school years and how it influences learning. We also examined whether there were increases in loneliness because of the COVID-19 pandemic and associated school closures, and whether schools can be places for loneliness interventions/prevention. FINDINGS Studies describe how loneliness becomes more prevalent during the adolescent years and why that is the case. Loneliness is associated with poor academic outcomes and poor health behaviors that impact learning or turn students away from education. Research shows that loneliness increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. Evidence suggests that creating positive social classroom environments, where teacher and classmate support are available, is crucial in combatting youth loneliness. CONCLUSIONS Adaptations to the school climate can be made to meet the needs of all students, reducing loneliness. Investigation of the impacts of school-based loneliness prevention/intervention is crucial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Jefferson
- Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK; Department of Psychology, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Lily Verity
- Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
| | - Pamela Qualter
- Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, UK
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9
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Matthews T, Qualter P, Bryan BT, Caspi A, Danese A, Moffitt TE, Odgers CL, Strange L, Arseneault L. The developmental course of loneliness in adolescence: Implications for mental health, educational attainment, and psychosocial functioning. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:537-546. [PMID: 35109947 PMCID: PMC9346093 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421001632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The present study examined patterns of stability and change in loneliness across adolescence. Data were drawn from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study, a UK population-representative cohort of 2,232 individuals born in 1994 and 1995. Loneliness was assessed when participants were aged 12 and 18. Loneliness showed modest stability across these ages (r = .25). Behavioral genetic modeling indicated that stability in loneliness was explained largely by genetic influences (66%), while change was explained by nonshared environmental effects (58%). Individuals who reported loneliness at both ages were broadly similar to individuals who only reported it at age 18, with both groups at elevated risk of mental health problems, physical health risk behaviors, and education and employment difficulties. Individuals who were lonely only at age 12 generally fared better; however, they were still more likely to finish school with lower qualifications. Positive family influences in childhood predicted reduced risk of loneliness at age 12, while negative peer experiences increased the risk. Together, the findings show that while early adolescent loneliness does not appear to exert a cumulative burden when it persists, it is nonetheless a risk for a range of concomitant impairments, some of which can endure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Matthews
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Pamela Qualter
- Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Bridget T. Bryan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- National and Specialist CAMHS Trauma and Anxiety Clinic, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Terrie E. Moffitt
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
- Departments of Psychology and Neuroscience, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Institute for Genome Sciences and Policy, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- Sanford School of Public Policy, Duke University and Department of Psychology and Social Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Lily Strange
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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10
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Alam I, Khayri E, Podger TAB, Aspinall C, Fuhrmann D, Lau JYF. A call for better research and resources for understanding and combatting youth loneliness: integrating the perspectives of young people and researchers. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2023; 32:371-374. [PMID: 36652017 PMCID: PMC9846658 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-022-02127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Alam
- Psychology Department, King's College London, London, England
| | - Ezekiel Khayri
- Psychology Department, King's College London, London, England
| | | | - Caitlin Aspinall
- Youth Resilience Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, England
| | - Delia Fuhrmann
- Psychology Department, King's College London, London, England
| | - Jennifer Y F Lau
- Youth Resilience Unit, Queen Mary University of London, London, England.
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11
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Hemberg J, Östman L, Korzhina Y, Groundstroem H, Nyström L, Nyman-Kurkiala P. Loneliness as experienced by adolescents and young adults: an explorative qualitative study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADOLESCENCE AND YOUTH 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/02673843.2022.2109422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Hemberg
- Department of Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Lillemor Östman
- Childcare and Education Department, Luleå Municipality, Luleå Sweden
| | - Yulia Korzhina
- Department of Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Lisbet Nyström
- Department of Caring Sciences, Faculty of Education and Welfare Studies, Åbo Akademi University, Vaasa, Finland
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12
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Lin WH, Chiao C. Relationship between adverse childhood experiences and problematic internet use among young adults: The role of the feeling of loneliness trajectory. J Behav Addict 2022; 11:1080-1091. [PMID: 36251450 PMCID: PMC9881662 DOI: 10.1556/2006.2022.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS Given problematic Internet usage's (PIU) negative impact on individual health, this study evaluates how adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect young adults' PIU and the possible underlying mechanism of the "feeling of loneliness" (FOL) trajectory. METHODS Analyzing a retrospective cohort sample from the Taiwan Youth Project, 2,393 adolescents were interviewed from the average ages of 14-28. We constructed ACE in 2000 using six categories (e.g., abuse and low family socioeconomic status) and 5-item PIU in 2017 from Chen's Internet Addiction Scale. FOL trajectories measured eight times, at average ages 14, 16, 17, 18, 20, 22, 25, 28 years-old. RESULTS Overall, 12.65% of the participants did not have ACEs, and 12.78% exhibited PIU. FOL trajectory analyses yielded three groups: "constant low" (reference group: 53.25%); "moderate decline" (36.81%); and "increasing" (9.94%). Regression models showed a dose-response association between ACE and young adults' PIU (adjusted odds ratio = 1.12; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.02-1.23) and the two risky loneliness groups (moderate decline: relative risk ratio [RRR] = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.32-1.54; increasing: RRR = 1.52, 95% CI = 1.37-1.71). Structural equation modeling further found that ACEs increase young adults' risk of being in the increasing group, and consequently, the risk of PIU. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that ACE may be associated with 1) adults' PIU, 2) FOL from adolescence to emerging adulthood, and 3) young adults' PIU through its association with FOL trajectories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hsu Lin
- Institute of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi Chiao
- Institute of Health and Welfare, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,Institute of Public Health, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan,Corresponding author. E-mail:
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13
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Maes M, Qualter P, Lodder GMA, Mund M. How (Not) to Measure Loneliness: A Review of the Eight Most Commonly Used Scales. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10816. [PMID: 36078540 PMCID: PMC9518421 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness affects well-being and has long-term negative impacts on physical and mental health, educational outcomes, and employability. Because of those current and long-term impacts, loneliness is a significant issue for which we need reliable and appropriate measurement scales. In the current paper, psychometric properties of the eight most commonly used loneliness scales are reviewed both descriptively and meta-analytically. Results suggest that for many of the scales, the psychometric properties are promising. However, for some psychometric features, especially test-retest reliability and measurement invariance, evidence is rather scarce. Most striking, however, is the fact that all of the scales included items that do not measure loneliness. Surprisingly, for many (sub)scales, this was even the case for about half of the items. Because our measures are the foundation of our research work, it is crucial to improve the way loneliness is being measured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlies Maes
- Interdisciplinary Social Science: Youth Studies, Utrecht University, 3584 CS Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pamela Qualter
- Manchester Institute of Education, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Gerine M. A. Lodder
- Department of Developmental Psychology, Tilburg University, 5037 AB Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Marcus Mund
- Personality Psychology and Psychological Assessment, Klagenfurt University, 9020 Klagenfurt, Austria
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Abstract
Abstract
Loneliness is an increasingly ubiquitous topic in academic, policy, and healthcare domains. This work typically focuses on its negative physical and mental health consequences, generally employing a singular cognitive definition of loneliness. In doing so, one central aspect of our social world has been neglected in loneliness research and policy: touch. Touch is a fundamental human behaviour and a powerful form of communication which plays a role in physical and psychological wellbeing. This narrative review outlines a conceptual basis upon which to consider the relationship between loneliness and social touch and reviews the available research examining this connection. There are strong indications that these social phenomena can interact in a variety of ways and this review argues that elements of presence, absence, and type of touch may impact upon loneliness experiences. Additionally, this review considers the challenges inherent to researching touch and loneliness, reflecting on their sensitive and subjective nature. The increasing relevance of the touch–loneliness connection is described in light of the COVID-19 pandemic and recommendations are given for research, policy, and practice. This review proposes that touch should be a key topic for investigation in loneliness research and outlines the potentially invaluable role of touch in understanding loneliness.
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15
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Nishimura T, Murakami T, Sakurai S. Interpersonal predictors of loneliness in Japanese children: variable- and person-centered approaches. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:164. [PMID: 35768854 PMCID: PMC9245278 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00853-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Loneliness in children has been a major topic of interest in both clinical and developmental psychology. Further studies to investigate predictors of loneliness are needed for educational practices. METHODS A total of 1088 late elementary school-aged children (48.81% boys, Mage = 10.35) participated in a 1-year longitudinal survey. We used hierarchical linear modeling and mover-stayer latent transition analysis. DISCUSSION Findings from the variable- and person- centered approaches suggested that less positive peer relations, higher victimization, and higher relational aggression are predictors of higher future loneliness. Meanwhile, both approaches did not reach an agreement concerning predictors to reduce loneliness. This result highlighted a utility of a combined approach and sounded an alarm for overreliance on the variable-centered approach dominating child research. CONCLUSION To protect young children from loneliness, it will be more beneficial to prevent the development of loneliness rather than to apply interventions to reduce loneliness once established. Preventive practices need to be implemented to protect children from loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Nishimura
- Faculty of Education, Fukuyama City University, Hiroshima, Fukuyama, Japan.
| | - Tatsuya Murakami
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Juntendo University, Inzai, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shigeo Sakurai
- Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Thompson KN, Odgers CL, Bryan BT, Danese A, Milne BJ, Strange L, Matthews T, Arseneault L. Trajectories of childhood social isolation in a nationally representative cohort: Associations with antecedents and early adulthood outcomes. JCPP ADVANCES 2022; 2:e12073. [PMID: 37431453 PMCID: PMC10242821 DOI: 10.1002/jcv2.12073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined early life antecedents of childhood social isolation, whether these factors accounted for poor outcomes of isolated children, and how these associations varied according to patterns of stability and change in childhood isolation. Methods Participants included 2232 children from the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study. We conducted growth mixture modelling (GMM) on combined parent and teacher reports of children's social isolation when children were 5, 7, 10 and 12 years, and we assessed associations with age-5 antecedents and age-18 outcomes using regression analyses. Results We identified three linear developmental trajectories of increasing (4.75%), decreasing (5.25%) and low stable (90.00%) social isolation. Age-5 attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms, emotional problems, prosocial behaviours, maternal personality (openness) and size of school were associated with the decreasing trajectory of social isolation. When controlling for these antecedents, increasingly isolated children were still more likely to experience ADHD symptoms, loneliness, lower job optimism and lower physical activity at age 18. Conclusions Isolated children follow distinct patterns of change over childhood and isolation seems most detrimental to health at the time it is experienced. Social isolation can be a valuable indicator of co-occurring problems and provide targets for mental health intervention in young people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine N. Thompson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Candice L. Odgers
- Social Science Research InstituteDuke UniversityDurhamNorth CarolinaUSA
- Department of Psychological ScienceUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Bridget T. Bryan
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrea Danese
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- Department of Child & Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology & NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
- National and Specialist CAMHS Trauma, Anxiety, and Depression ClinicSouth London and Maudsley NHS Foundation TrustLondonUK
| | - Barry J. Milne
- Faculty of ArtsCentre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social SciencesUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
- Faculty of ScienceDepartment of StatisticsUniversity of AucklandAucklandNew Zealand
| | - Lily Strange
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Timothy Matthews
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of PsychiatryPsychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
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Verboon P, Hutten E, Smeekens S, Jongen EMM. Trajectories of loneliness across adolescence: An empirical comparison of longitudinal clustering methods using R. J Adolesc 2022; 94:513-524. [DOI: 10.1002/jad.12042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Verboon
- Faculty of Psychology Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen The Netherlands
| | - Elody Hutten
- Faculty of Psychology Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen The Netherlands
| | | | - Ellen M. M. Jongen
- Faculty of Psychology Open University of the Netherlands Heerlen The Netherlands
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18
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Lyyra N, Thorsteinsson EB, Eriksson C, Madsen KR, Tolvanen A, Löfstedt P, Välimaa R. The Association between Loneliness, Mental Well-Being, and Self-Esteem among Adolescents in Four Nordic Countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7405. [PMID: 34299857 PMCID: PMC8308002 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Positive mental health is central to adolescent well-being. The present study examines the prevalence of loneliness and positive mental health indicators (mental well-being and self-esteem) in four Nordic countries and associations between loneliness, mental well-being, and high self-esteem. This study is based on data from the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study which was conducted in 2018 in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden. Participants were 5883 15-year-old boys and girls. To examine the associations between loneliness, mental well-being, and self-esteem, structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied. In the comparison of Nordic countries, the prevalence of loneliness was highest among Finnish and Icelandic adolescents. High mental well-being and high self-esteem were most prevalent in Denmark and Sweden. In general, boys scored higher on positive mental health indicators and girls on loneliness. Loneliness was also a strong indicator of low mental well-being and low self-esteem in all Nordic countries. Loneliness is not only associated with mental health problems such as anxiety and depression, but it is also a risk factor for adolescents' positive mental health. Positive mental health is important for healthy maturation and there is a need to develop initiatives to reduce adolescent loneliness and so support positive development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelli Lyyra
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | | | - Charli Eriksson
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Katrine Rich Madsen
- The National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, DK-5230 Odense, Denmark;
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Petra Löfstedt
- Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden;
| | - Raili Välimaa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
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19
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Christiansen J, Qualter P, Friis K, Pedersen SS, Lund R, Andersen CM, Bekker-Jeppesen M, Lasgaard M. Associations of loneliness and social isolation with physical and mental health among adolescents and young adults. Perspect Public Health 2021; 141:226-236. [PMID: 34148462 DOI: 10.1177/17579139211016077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The present study investigates whether loneliness and social isolation are associated with poor physical and mental health among adolescents and young adults, and whether age and gender play a role in the associations of loneliness and social isolation with mental and physical health. METHODS This study used cross-sectional self-report data from the 2017 Danish Health and Morbidity Surveys titled 'How are you?' (N = 19,890, M = 22.6 years). RESULTS Logistic regression analyses showed that loneliness and social isolation were independently associated with poor physical and mental health. Loneliness was associated with increased odds of asthma, migraine, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, hypertension, slipped disc/back pain, tinnitus, long-term mental illness, depressive symptomatology, anxiety symptomatology and alcohol problems. Social isolation was associated with decreased odds of having migraine, osteoarthritis and alcohol problems, and an increased risk of long-term mental illness and depressive symptomatology. Small age and gender differences were detected. CONCLUSIONS In adolescents and young adults, loneliness and social isolation were associated with poor mental health and loneliness with poor physical health. These findings highlight the need for targeted prevention and intervention initiatives to alleviate loneliness and social isolation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christiansen
- Public Health & Health Services Research, DEFACTUM, Central Denmark Region, Olof Palmes Allé 15, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - P Qualter
- Manchester Institute of Education, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - K Friis
- Public Health & Health Services Research, DEFACTUM, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - S S Pedersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Cardiology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - R Lund
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - C M Andersen
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - M Bekker-Jeppesen
- Center for Clinical Research and Prevention, The Capital Region of Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - M Lasgaard
- Public Health & Health Services Research, DEFACTUM, Central Denmark Region, Aarhus N, Denmark
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20
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Lau JF, Shariff R, Meehan A. Are biased interpretations of ambiguous social and non-social situations a precursor, consequence or maintenance factor of youth loneliness? Behav Res Ther 2021; 140:103829. [PMID: 33725566 DOI: 10.1016/j.brat.2021.103829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Loneliness is common in youth, with suggestions that these negative emotions confer vulnerability for anxiety and depression. Here, we investigated for the first time whether, consistent with psychological models of loneliness, biased interpretations of social situations could prospectively predict loneliness in youth. 104 young people completed measures of loneliness and interpretations of ambiguous social and non-social (bodily or health-related) situations at three time-points with intervals of three months between each. As government-imposed social distancing measures (to control the COVID-19 outbreak) occurred between Times 2 and 3 (but not between Times 1 and 2), this enabled us to assess whether restricted social activity could provoke greater predictive power of biased interpretational styles on loneliness. Using cross-lagged panel models, we showed that after estimating paths representing within-time across-variable ("concurrent") paths and across-time within-variable ("stability") paths, there were no significant cross-lag 'causal' paths between earlier interpretational style and later loneliness. Between Time 2 and 3, we demonstrated a significant cross-lag 'consequential' path between earlier loneliness and later threatening interpretations of social situations, but this became non-significant after controlling for concurrent anxiety and depression. Biased interpretational style may reflect a concurrent maintenance factor of youth loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- JenniferY F Lau
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - Rimsha Shariff
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
| | - AlanJ Meehan
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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21
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Karababa A. Understanding the association between parental attachment and loneliness among adolescents: The mediating role of self-esteem. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01417-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Loneliness in adolescence: a Rasch analysis of the Perth A-loneness scale. Qual Life Res 2020; 30:589-601. [PMID: 32935273 DOI: 10.1007/s11136-020-02635-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The psychometric properties of the Perth A-loneness Scale (PALs) have been extensively validated using classical test theory, but to date no studies have applied a Rasch analysis. The purpose of this study was to validate the PALs four subscales, using Rasch analysis. METHODS Responses from 1484 adolescents (58% female, mean age = 12.8 years), 131 of whom had a diagnosed neurodevelopmental disorder, from 10 Western Australian secondary schools were included in the Rasch analysis. Overall fit, individual item fit, local response dependence, dimensionality, operation of response categories, and differential item functioning (DIF) were examined. RESULTS The Rasch analysis supported the factor structure of the PALs. A reasonable to high reliability was obtained for each of the subscales. Participants did not distinguish consistently between the higher categories 'very often' and 'always' on three of the subscales. No item showed Differential Item Functioning (DIF) for neurodevelopmental disorder status and age. One item on each of the Positive and Negative Attitude to Aloneness subscales showed DIF for gender. CONCLUSION The results support the interval scale measurement properties of the PALs and provide clinicians and researchers with a measure to assess adolescent loneliness, a construct strongly associated with a constellation of mental health problems.
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23
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Verhagen M, Verweij KJH, Lodder GMA, Goossens L, Verschueren K, Van Leeuwen K, Van den Noortgate W, Claes S, Bijttebier P, Van Assche E, Vink JM. A SNP, Gene, and Polygenic Risk Score Approach of Oxytocin-Vasopressin Genes in Adolescents' Loneliness. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR RESEARCH ON ADOLESCENCE 2020; 30 Suppl 2:333-348. [PMID: 30697859 PMCID: PMC7277497 DOI: 10.1111/jora.12480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Not much is known regarding underlying biological pathways to adolescents' loneliness. Insight in underlying molecular mechanisms could inform intervention efforts aimed at reducing loneliness. Using latent growth curve modeling, baseline levels and development of loneliness were studied in two longitudinal adolescent samples. Genes (OXTR, OXT, AVPR1A, AVPR1B) were examined using SNP-based, gene-based, and polygenic risk score (PRS) approaches. In both samples, SNP- and gene-based tests showed involvement of the OXTR gene in development of loneliness, though, significance levels did not survive correction for multiple testing. The PRS approach provided no evidence for relations with loneliness. We recommend alternative phenotyping methods, including environmental factors, to consider epigenetic studies, and to examine possible endophenotypes in relation to adolescents' loneliness.
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24
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Loneliness Accounts for the Association Between Diagnosed Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder and Symptoms of Depression Among Adolescents. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-020-09791-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Kjeldsen MMZ, Stapelfeldt CM, Lindholdt L, Lund T, Labriola M. Reading and writing difficulties and self-rated health among Danish adolescents: cross-sectional study from the FOCA cohort. BMC Public Health 2019; 19:537. [PMID: 31077173 PMCID: PMC6511132 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-019-6931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People struggling with reading and writing difficulties may have poor odds of achieving a good and healthy life. Reading and writing difficulties are independent risk factors for not completing education and unemployment, which are essential in order to obtain a good and healthy life. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the association between reading and writing difficulties and self-rated health among adolescents, and to investigate how mental health mediates the association. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed based on the FOCA cohort, a Danish population-based survey among 9th grade pupils, mainly aged 15- and 16-years old, gathered during the first months of 2017. The study population contained 9748 pupils. The dependent variable was a yes-or-no answer to experiencing limitations in every-day life due to reading and writing difficulties. The independent variable was measured with the SF-36 self-rated health question, dichotomised in high (very good, excellent) and low (good, fair, poor). A logistic regression model was applied. RESULTS Among the study population 953 (9.8%) pupils reported having reading and writing difficulties. The adjusted OR of having a low self-rated health was significantly higher among adolescents with reading and writing difficulties than without (1.37 (95% CI: 1.14-1.66)). Loneliness and perceived stress, explained a minor part of the association, OR attenuated from 1.77 (95% CI: 1.51-2.09) in the crude model to 1.47 (95% CI: 1.23-1.74) in a more adjusted model. CONCLUSION Adolescents with reading and writing difficulties are not only struggling with reading and writing difficulties but experiencing also low self-rated health. Mental health only explained a minor part of this association. To clarify whether causal relationship between reading and writing difficulties and self-rated health may exist, longitudinal studies are needed. If support for the hypothesised causality is found early identification of reading and writing difficulties is important, to prevent future health inequality in adolescents with reading and writing difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina Malmose Stapelfeldt
- DEFACTUM, Central Denmark Region, P. P. Oerums Gade 11, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Louise Lindholdt
- Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Bartholins Allé 2, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Thomas Lund
- Center for Social Medicine, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Youth and Employment, Regional Hospital West Jutland, University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Oester Farimagsgade 5, 1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Merete Labriola
- Center for Social Medicine, Frederiksberg and Bispebjerg Hospital, Nordre Fasanvej 57, 2000 Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Research Centre for Youth and Employment, Regional Hospital West Jutland, University Research Clinic, Herning, Denmark
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26
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Xu S, Qiu D, Hahne J, Zhao M, Hu M. Psychometric properties of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12373. [PMID: 30235699 PMCID: PMC6160081 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Loneliness is prevalent and severe among adolescents, indicating the need for a reliable, valid, and concise instrument for detecting adolescent loneliness. This study aims to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the short-form UCLA Loneliness Scale (ULS-8) among Chinese adolescents.Computer-assisted self-interviewing was used to complete the questionnaire among 3480 junior or senior high school students aged 10 to 19 years. Construct validity was assessed using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). To test the concurrent validity and convergent validity of the scale, a single loneliness item and variables such as depression, suicidal ideation, and quality of interpersonal relationships were used. For reliability, Cronbach alpha and test-retest correlation were computed.Construct validity and internal consistency showed that the ULS-6, which excluded 2 reverse-scored items from the ULS-8, had stronger psychometric properties than the ULS-8. The convergent validity and concurrent validity were also supported by the study results. The overall Cronbach α of the ULS-6 was 0.878 and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.663.The ULS-6 showed satisfactory reliability and validity in this study, suggesting that this instrument can be used in the measurement of loneliness among Chinese adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Xu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | | | - Mei Zhao
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Mi Hu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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27
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Qualter P, Hurley R, Eccles A, Abbott J, Boivin M, Tremblay R. Reciprocal Prospective Relationships Between Loneliness and Weight Status in Late Childhood and Early Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2018; 47:1385-1397. [PMID: 29808319 PMCID: PMC6002443 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-018-0867-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents who do not conform to weight ideals are vulnerable to disapproval and victimization from peers in school. But, missing from the literature is a prospective examination of weight status and feelings of loneliness that might come from those experiences. Using data from the Québec Longitudinal Study of Child Development, we filled that gap by examining the prospective associations between loneliness and weight status when the sample was aged 10-13 years. At ages 10, 12, and 13 years, 1042 youth (572 females; 92% from French speaking homes) reported on their loneliness and were weighed and measured. Family income sufficiency was included in our analyses given its relationship with weight status, but also its possible link with loneliness during early adolescence. The findings showed that (1) weight status and loneliness were not associated concurrently; (2) weight status predicted increases in loneliness from ages 12 to 13 years; and (3) loneliness predicted increases in weight from ages 12 to 13 years among female adolescents, but weight loss among male adolescents. The fact that loneliness was involved in weight gain for females suggests that interventions focused on reducing loneliness and increasing connection with peers during early adolescence could help in reducing obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Qualter
- Manchester Institute of Education, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Ruth Hurley
- The School of Psychology, The University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Alice Eccles
- The School of Psychology, The University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Janice Abbott
- The School of Psychology, The University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
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Goble P, Pianta RC, Sabol TJ. Forecasting youth adjustment at age 15 from school readiness profiles at 54 months. APPLIED DEVELOPMENTAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/10888691.2018.1436439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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29
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It is all in their mind: A review on information processing bias in lonely individuals. Clin Psychol Rev 2017; 58:97-114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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30
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Danneel S, Maes M, Vanhalst J, Bijttebier P, Goossens L. Developmental Change in Loneliness and Attitudes Toward Aloneness in Adolescence. J Youth Adolesc 2017; 47:148-161. [PMID: 28474134 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-017-0685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are particularly vulnerable to experiencing feelings of loneliness. Changes in different social contexts and the inability to cope with these changes can result in different types of loneliness. According to the multidimensional view on loneliness, loneliness can be experienced in relationships with peers and parents and can be placed in a broader perspective by taking into account attitudes toward aloneness (i.e., positive and negative). However, we do not yet know how loneliness and attitudes toward aloneness develop across adolescence. These developmental trends were examined in two samples of Flemish adolescents consisting of 834 adolescents (61.9% girls, M age = 14.84; Sample 1), and 968 adolescents (58.6% girls, M age = 14.82; Sample 2), respectively. Adolescents filled out the Loneliness and Aloneness Scale for Children and Adolescents (LACA) during regular school hours on three (Sample 1) and four (Sample 2) measurement occasions with a 1-year interval. Latent growth curve modeling (LGCM) was applied. In line with theoretical notions, adolescents' parent-related loneliness and positive attitude toward aloneness were expected to increase, and adolescents' peer-related loneliness and negative attitude toward aloneness were expected to decrease. Clear evidence was found for the hypotheses regarding attitudes toward aloneness. The results regarding peer-related loneliness were inconsistent across samples and parent-related loneliness decreased, which was in contrast with theoretical expectations. In general, the two types of loneliness and attitudes toward aloneness changed in different directions during adolescence, suggesting the added value of a multidimensional view on loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Danneel
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 box 3717, Leuven, 3000, Belgium.
| | - Marlies Maes
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 box 3717, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Janne Vanhalst
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 box 3717, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
- Research Foundation Flanders (FWO), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 box 3717, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
| | - Luc Goossens
- School Psychology and Development in Context, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102 box 3717, Leuven, 3000, Belgium
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Corsano P, Musetti A, Caricati L, Magnani B. Keeping secrets from friends: Exploring the effects of friendship quality, loneliness and self-esteem on secrecy. J Adolesc 2017; 58:24-32. [PMID: 28475931 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The tendency to keep secrets in adolescents has been studied in particular in their relationships with their parents and associated with psychosocial disadvantages. The current study focused on peer relationships and investigated the effects of friendship quality, loneliness in a multidimensional perspective, and self-esteem on secrecy from friends. Italian adolescents (N = 457; 47% male; 100% white) aged between 13 and 19 years (M = 16.11; SD = 1.53) reported their secrecy from friends, peer and parent-related loneliness, aversion and affinity for aloneness, their self-esteem and the quality of their relationships with their friends. The results showed that peer-related loneliness, affinity for aloneness and self-esteem in particular affect keeping secrets from friends, independent of the participant's gender. Moreover, peer-related loneliness and affinity for aloneness mediated the relationship between self-esteem and secrecy. The data were discussed in the light of adolescence developmental tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Corsano
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Musetti
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, 43121 Parma, Italy.
| | - Luca Caricati
- Department of Humanities, Social Sciences and Cultural Industries, University of Parma, Borgo Carissimi 10, 43121 Parma, Italy.
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Lodder GMA, Goossens L, Scholte RHJ, Engels RCME, Verhagen M. Adolescent Loneliness and Social Skills: Agreement and Discrepancies Between Self-, Meta-, and Peer-Evaluations. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:2406-2416. [PMID: 27071947 PMCID: PMC5101254 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0461-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Lonely adolescents report that they have poor social skills, but it is unknown whether this is due to an accurate perception of a social skills deficit, or a biased negative perception. This is an important distinction, as actual social skills deficits require different treatments than biased negative perceptions. In this study, we compared self-reported social skills evaluations with peer-reported social skills and meta-evaluations of social skills (i.e., adolescents' perceptions of how they believe their classmates evaluate them). Based on the social skills view, we expected negative relations between loneliness and these three forms of social skills evaluations. Based on the bias view, we expected lonely adolescents to have more negative self- and meta-evaluations compared to peer-evaluations of social skills. Participants were 1342 adolescents (48.64 % male, M age = 13.95, SD = .54). All classmates rated each other in a round-robin design to obtain peer-evaluations. Self- and meta-evaluations were obtained using self-reports. Data were analyzed using polynomial regression analyses and response surface modeling. The results indicated that, when self-, peer- and meta-evaluations were similar, a greater sense of loneliness was related to poorer social skills. Loneliness was also related to larger discrepancies between self- and peer-evaluations of loneliness, but not related to the direction of these discrepancies. Thus, for some lonely adolescents, loneliness may be related to an actual social skills deficit, whereas for others a biased negative perception of one's own social skills or a mismatch with the environment may be related to their loneliness. This implies that different mechanisms may underlie loneliness, which has implications for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M A Lodder
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- Interuniversity Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - L Goossens
- Research Group School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Louvain, Belgium
| | - R H J Scholte
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Praktikon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - R C M E Engels
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute of Mental Health and Addiction, Trimbos Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Social and Behavioural Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - M Verhagen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Spithoven AWM, Lodder GMA, Goossens L, Bijttebier P, Bastin M, Verhagen M, Scholte RHJ. Adolescents' Loneliness and Depression Associated with Friendship Experiences and Well-Being: A Person-Centered Approach. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 46:429-441. [PMID: 27055683 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0478-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Loneliness and depressive symptoms are distinct, but partly overlapping constructs. The current study examined whether clusters of loneliness and depressive symptoms could be identified through latent profile analysis in two samples of 417 and 1140 adolescents (48.40 and 48.68 % male, respectively), on average 12.47 and 12.81 years old, respectively. Four clusters were identified, (1) low on loneliness and depressive symptoms, (2) low on loneliness and high on depressive symptoms, (3) high on loneliness and low on depressive symptoms, and (4) high on loneliness and depressive symptoms. We found that these four clusters were differentially related to friendship quantity and quality as well as to happiness and self-esteem. The current study stresses the importance of assessing both loneliness and depressive symptoms, as their mutual relation within individuals is differentially related to various aspects of adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette W M Spithoven
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Louvain, Belgium.
| | - Gerine M A Lodder
- Interuniversity Centre for Social Science Theory and Methodology, Department of Sociology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luc Goossens
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Patricia Bijttebier
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Margot Bastin
- Department of School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven, Tiensestraat 102, Box 3717, 3000, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Maaike Verhagen
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ron H J Scholte
- Behavioral Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Praktikon, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Madsen KR, Damsgaard MT, Rubin M, Jervelund SS, Lasgaard M, Walsh S, Stevens GGWJM, Holstein BE. Loneliness and Ethnic Composition of the School Class: A Nationally Random Sample of Adolescents. J Youth Adolesc 2016; 45:1350-65. [PMID: 26861709 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-016-0432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Loneliness is a public health concern that increases the risk for several health, behavioral and academic problems among adolescents. Some studies have suggested that adolescents with an ethnic minority background have a higher risk for loneliness than adolescents from the majority population. The increasing numbers of migrant youth around the world mean growing numbers of heterogeneous school environments in many countries. Even though adolescents spend a substantial amount of time at school, there is currently very little non-U.S. research that has examined the importance of the ethnic composition of school classes for loneliness in adolescence. The present research aimed to address this gap by exploring the association between loneliness and three dimensions of the ethnic composition in the school class: (1) membership of ethnic majority in the school class, (2) the size of own ethnic group in the school class, and (3) the ethnic diversity of the school class. We used data from the Danish 2014 Health Behaviour in School-aged Children survey: a nationally representative sample of 4383 (51.2 % girls) 11-15-year-olds. Multilevel logistic regression analyses revealed that adolescents who did not belong to the ethnic majority in the school class had increased odds for loneliness compared to adolescents that belonged to the ethnic majority. Furthermore, having more same-ethnic classmates lowered the odds for loneliness. We did not find any statistically significant association between the ethnic diversity of the school classes and loneliness. The study adds novel and important findings to how ethnicity in a school class context, as opposed to ethnicity per se, influences adolescents' loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Rich Madsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Oester Farimagsgade 5A, 2nd Floor, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Trab Damsgaard
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Oester Farimagsgade 5A, 2nd Floor, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mark Rubin
- School of Psychology, The University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia
| | - Signe Smith Jervelund
- Department of Public Health, Section for Health Services Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mathias Lasgaard
- Public Health and Quality Improvement, Central Denmark Region, Århus, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Sophie Walsh
- Department of Criminology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Gonneke G W J M Stevens
- Utrecht Centre for Child and Adolescent Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bjørn E Holstein
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Oester Farimagsgade 5A, 2nd Floor, DK-1353, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Qualter P, Vanhalst J, Harris R, Van Roekel E, Lodder G, Bangee M, Maes M, Verhagen M. Loneliness across the life span. PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2015; 10:250-64. [PMID: 25910393 DOI: 10.1177/1745691615568999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most people have experienced loneliness and have been able to overcome it to reconnect with other people. In the current review, we provide a life-span perspective on one component of the evolutionary theory of loneliness-a component we refer to as the reaffiliation motive (RAM). The RAM represents the motivation to reconnect with others that is triggered by perceived social isolation. Loneliness is often a transient experience because the RAM leads to reconnection, but sometimes this motivation can fail, leading to prolonged loneliness. We review evidence of how aspects of the RAM change across development and how these aspects can fail for different reasons across the life span. We conclude with a discussion of age-appropriate interventions that may help to alleviate prolonged loneliness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Qualter
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Janne Vanhalst
- School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium Research Foundation Flanders, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Harris
- Department of Education and Psychology, University of Bolton, United Kingdom
| | - Eeske Van Roekel
- Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Gerine Lodder
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Munirah Bangee
- School of Psychology, University of Central Lancashire, United Kingdom
| | - Marlies Maes
- School Psychology and Child and Adolescent Development, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Belgium
| | - Maaike Verhagen
- Behavioural Science Institute, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Zhang B, Gao Q, Fokkema M, Alterman V, Liu Q. Adolescent interpersonal relationships, social support and loneliness in high schools: Mediation effect and gender differences. SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH 2015; 53:104-117. [PMID: 26188441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to explore the associations between the qualities of different types of relationships in school, social support and loneliness in adolescence. Using a sample (N=1674) of adolescent students randomly selected from middle schools, we found boys' loneliness was influenced by the qualities of opposite-sex, teacher-student and same-sex relationships, whereas girls' loneliness was only influenced by same-sex relationships. Additionally, social support mediated the association between same-sex relationships and teacher-student relationships, and loneliness. Further, the quality of same-sex relationships showed stronger association with boys' loneliness than girls'. Finally, the quality of same-sex relationships showed the strongest association with boys' loneliness comparing with opposite-sex relationships and teacher-student relationships. These findings are discussed to illuminate the possible mechanisms by which interpersonal relationships could influence loneliness. In future research, causal relationships and other influencing factors on loneliness should be examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoshan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
| | - Qianyun Gao
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
| | - Marjolein Fokkema
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Department of Methods and Statistics, Leiden University, Netherlands.
| | | | - Qian Liu
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, China.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Research supports an association between smoking and negative affect. Loneliness is a negative affective state experienced when a person perceives themselves as socially isolated and is associated with poor health behaviors and increased morbidity and early mortality. OBJECTIVES In this article, we systematically review the literature on loneliness and smoking and suggest potential theoretical and methodological implications. METHODS PubMed and PsycINFO were systematically searched for articles that assessed the statistical association between loneliness and smoking. Articles that met study inclusion criteria were reviewed. RESULTS Twenty-five studies met inclusion criteria. Ten studies were conducted with nationally representative samples. Twelve studies assessed loneliness using a version of the UCLA Loneliness Scale and nine used a one-item measure of loneliness. Seventeen studies assessed smoking with a binary smoking status variable. Fourteen of the studies were conducted with adults and 11 with adolescents. Half of the reviewed studies reported a statistically significant association between loneliness and smoking. Of the studies with significant results, all but one study found that higher loneliness scores were associated with being a smoker. CONCLUSIONS/IMPORTANCE Loneliness and smoking are likely associated, however, half of the studies reviewed did not report significant associations. Studies conducted with larger sample sizes, such as those that used nationally representative samples, were more likely to have statistically significant findings. Future studies should focus on using large, longitudinal cohorts, using measures that capture different aspects of loneliness and smoking, and exploring mediators and moderators of the association between loneliness and smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Dyal
- a Keck School of Medicine , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California , USA
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Zhang F, You Z, Fan C, Gao C, Cohen R, Hsueh Y, Zhou Z. Friendship quality, social preference, proximity prestige, and self-perceived social competence: Interactive influences on children's loneliness. J Sch Psychol 2014; 52:511-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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