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Di Iorio E, Adamo GG, Sorrentino U, De Nadai K, Barbaro V, Mura M, Pellegrini M, Boaretto F, Tavolato M, Suppiej A, Nasini F, Salviati L, Parmeggiani F. Pseudodominant inheritance of retinitis pigmentosa in a family with mutations in the Eyes Shut Homolog (EYS) gene. Sci Rep 2024; 14:18580. [PMID: 39127808 PMCID: PMC11316741 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-69640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/07/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Sequence variants in Eyes Shut Homolog (EYS) gene are one of the most frequent causes of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Herein, we describe an Italian RP family characterized by EYS-related pseudodominant inheritance. The female proband, her brother, and both her sons showed typical RP, with diminished or non-recordable full-field electroretinogram, narrowing of visual field, and variable losses of central vision. To investigate this apparently autosomal dominant pedigree, next generation sequencing (NGS) of a custom panel of RP-related genes was performed, further enhanced by bioinformatic detection of copy-number variations (CNVs). Unexpectedly, all patients had a compound heterozygosity involving two known pathogenic EYS variants i.e., the exon 33 frameshift mutation c.6714delT and the exon 29 deletion c.(5927þ1_5928-1)_(6078þ1_6079-1)del, with the exception of the youngest son who was homozygous for the above-detailed frameshift mutation. No pathologic eye conditions were instead observed in the proband's husband, who was a heterozygous healthy carrier of the same c.6714delT variant in exon 33 of EYS gene. These findings provide evidence that pseudodominant pattern of inheritance can hide an autosomal recessive RP partially or totally due to CNVs, recommending CNVs study in those pedigrees which remain genetically unsolved after the completion of NGS or whole exome sequencing analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Di Iorio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Ginevra Giovanna Adamo
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Ugo Sorrentino
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Katia De Nadai
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- ERN-EYE Network - Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa of Veneto Region, Camposampiero Hospital, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, 35012, Camposampiero, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Marco Mura
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
- King Khaled Eye Specialist Hospital, 11462, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Marco Pellegrini
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesca Boaretto
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Tavolato
- ERN-EYE Network - Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa of Veneto Region, Camposampiero Hospital, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, 35012, Camposampiero, Padova, Italy
| | - Agnese Suppiej
- ERN-EYE Network - Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa of Veneto Region, Camposampiero Hospital, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, 35012, Camposampiero, Padova, Italy
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Francesco Nasini
- Ophthalmic Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Ferrara, 44124, Cona, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Clinical Genetics Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
- Department of Women and Children's Health, University of Padova, 35121, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Parmeggiani
- Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
- ERN-EYE Network - Center for Retinitis Pigmentosa of Veneto Region, Camposampiero Hospital, Azienda ULSS 6 Euganea, 35012, Camposampiero, Padova, Italy.
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2
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Otsuka Y, Imamura K, Oishi A, Asakawa K, Kondo T, Nakai R, Suga M, Inoue I, Sagara Y, Tsukita K, Teranaka K, Nishimura Y, Watanabe A, Umeyama K, Okushima N, Mitani K, Nagashima H, Kawakami K, Muguruma K, Tsujikawa A, Inoue H. Phototoxicity avoidance is a potential therapeutic approach for retinal dystrophy caused by EYS dysfunction. JCI Insight 2024; 9:e174179. [PMID: 38646933 PMCID: PMC11141876 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.174179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are progressive diseases leading to vision loss. Mutation in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene is one of the most frequent causes of IRD. However, the mechanism of photoreceptor cell degeneration by mutant EYS has not been fully elucidated. Here, we generated retinal organoids from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from patients with EYS-associated retinal dystrophy (EYS-RD). In photoreceptor cells of RD organoids, both EYS and G protein-coupled receptor kinase 7 (GRK7), one of the proteins handling phototoxicity, were not in the outer segment, where they are physiologically present. Furthermore, photoreceptor cells in RD organoids were vulnerable to light stimuli, and especially to blue light. Mislocalization of GRK7, which was also observed in eys-knockout zebrafish, was reversed by delivering control EYS into photoreceptor cells of RD organoids. These findings suggest that avoiding phototoxicity would be a potential therapeutic approach for EYS-RD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Otsuka
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiko Imamura
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akio Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Asakawa
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kondo
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risako Nakai
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mika Suga
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuyo Inoue
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukako Sagara
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kayoko Tsukita
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kaori Teranaka
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Nishimura
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Watanabe
- Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Umeyama
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Nanako Okushima
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kohnosuke Mitani
- Division of Systems Medicine and Gene Therapy, Faculty of Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nagashima
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, Kawasaki, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Division of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
| | - Keiko Muguruma
- Department of iPS Cell Applied Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Haruhisa Inoue
- iPSC-based Drug discovery and Development Team, RIKEN BioResource Research Center, Kyoto, Japan
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- RIKEN Center for Advanced Intelligence Project (AIP), Kyoto, Japan
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3
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Dai C, Ren W, Wei Y, Xie C, Duan S, Li Q, Jiang L, Shi Y. A Novel Pair of Compound Heterozygous Mutation of EYS in a Han Chinese Family with Retinitis Pigmentosa. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2023; 27:258-266. [PMID: 37643323 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2023.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a complex inherited and progressive degenerative retinal disease. The eyes shut homolog (EYS) is frequently associated with RP is surprisingly high. Exploring the function of EYS is quite difficult due to the unique gene size and species specificity. Gene therapy may provide a breakthrough to treat this disease. Therefore, exploring and clarifying pathogenic mutations of EYS-associated RP has important guiding significance for clinical treatment. Methods: Clinical and molecular genetic data for EYS-associated RP were retrospectively analyzed. Sanger sequencing was applied to identify novel mutations in these patients. Candidate pathogenic variants were subsequently evaluated using bioinformatic tools. Results: A novel pair of compound heterozygous mutations was identified: a novel stop-gain mutation c.2439C>A (p.C813fsX) and a frameshift deletion mutation c.6714delT (p. P2238fsX) of the EYS gene in the RP family. Both of these mutations were rare or absent in the 1000 Genomes Project, dbSNP, and Genome Aggregation Database (gnomAD). These two mutations would result in a lack of multiple functionally important epidermal growth factor-like and Laminin G-like coding regions in EYS. Conclusions: A novel compound heterozygote of the EYS gene in a Chinese family with an autosomal inheritance pattern of RP was identified. Identifying more pathogenic mutations and expanding the mutation spectrum of the EYS gene will contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathogenesis of RP disease that could be gained in the future. It also could provide an important basis for the diagnosis, clinical management, and genetic counseling of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Dai
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Weiming Ren
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yao Wei
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunbao Xie
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Suyang Duan
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingxi Jiang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Shi
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study and Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Research Unit for Blindness Prevention of Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU026), Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
- Health Management Center, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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Marques JP, Machado Soares R, Simão S, Abuzaitoun R, Andrews C, Alves CH, Ambrósio AF, Murta J, Silva R, Abalem MF, Jayasundera KT. Self-reported visual function and psychosocial impact of visual loss in EYS-associated retinal degeneration in a Portuguese population. Ophthalmic Genet 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36946380 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2023.2191708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate self-reported visual function and the psychosocial impact of visual loss EYS-associated retinal degeneration (EYS-RD) using two patient-reported outcome (PRO) measures: Michigan Retinal Degeneration Questionnaire (MRDQ) and Michigan Vision-related Anxiety Questionnaire (MVAQ). METHODS Cross-sectional, single-center study conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Portugal. Patients with biallelic EYS variants were invited to participate. Clinical data including demographics, ETDRS best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) in the better-seeing eye and genetic testing results were collected. Interviews were carried out during clinic visits or by phone between November 2021 and February 2022. A blind grader used horizontal and vertical spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) scans to manually measure ellipsoid zone (EZ) width in the nasal, temporal, superior and inferior macular quadrants to calculate the EZ area. RESULTS Forty-nine patients (53.1% males; mean age 53 ± 14 years) were included. A positive correlation (p < .05) was found between age and most MRDQ domain scores (central vision, color vision, contrast sensitivity, scotopic function, photopic peripheral vision and mesopic peripheral vision). A negative correlation was found between both BCVA and EZ area across all MRDQ domains. In MVAQ, SD-OCT EZ area negatively correlated with both rod function and cone function-related anxiety. Neither age, BCVA or gender correlated with MVAQ domains. CONCLUSIONS This study provides strong evidence supporting a correlation between PRO measures and both functional and structural clinician-reported outcomes. The use of MRDQ and MVAQ adds a new dimension to our understanding of EYS-RD and establishes both PRO measures as important disease outcome measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Marques
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Machado Soares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho (CHVNGE), Gaia, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Simão
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rebhi Abuzaitoun
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Chris Andrews
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Murta
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rufino Silva
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Coimbra, Portugal
- Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
- University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Fernanda Abalem
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - K Thiran Jayasundera
- Kellogg Eye Center, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Retinitis Pigmentosa Associated with EYS Gene Mutations: Disease Severity Staging and Central Retina Atrophy. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:diagnostics13050850. [PMID: 36899994 PMCID: PMC10000790 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13050850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene mutations are estimated to affect at least 5% of patients with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Since there is no mammalian model of human EYS disease, it is important to investigate its age-related changes and the degree of central retinal impairment. METHODS A cohort of EYS patients was studied. They underwent full ophthalmic examination as well as assessment of retinal function and structure, by full-field and focal electroretinograms (ERGs) and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT), respectively. The disease severity stage was determined by the RP stage scoring system (RP-SSS). Central retina atrophy (CRA) was estimated from the automatically calculated area of the sub-retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) illumination (SRI). RESULTS The RP-SSS was positively correlated with age, showing an advanced severity score (≥8) at an age of 45 and a disease duration of 15 years. The RP-SSS was positively correlated with the CRA area. LogMAR visual acuity and ellipsoid zone width, but not ERG, were correlated with CRA. CONCLUSIONS In EYS-related disease, the RP-SSS showed advanced severity at a relative early age and was correlated with the central area of the RPE/photoreceptor atrophy. These correlations may be relevant in view of therapeutic interventions aimed at rescuing rods and cones in EYS-retinopathy.
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Soares RM, Carvalho AL, Simão S, Soares CA, Raimundo M, Alves CH, Ambrósio AF, Murta J, Saraiva J, Silva R, Marques JP. Eyes Shut Homolog-Associated Retinal Degeneration: Natural History, Genetic Landscape, and Phenotypic Spectrum. Ophthalmol Retina 2023:S2468-6530(23)00054-4. [PMID: 36764454 DOI: 10.1016/j.oret.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the natural history, genetic landscape, and phenotypic spectrum of Eyes shut homolog (EYS)-associated retinal degeneration (EYS-RD). DESIGN Retrospective, single-center cohort study complemented by a cross-sectional examination. SUBJECTS Patients with biallelic EYS variants were recruited at an inherited RD referral center in Portugal. METHODS Every patient underwent a cross-sectional examination comprising a comprehensive ophthalmic examination including best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), dilated slit-lamp anterior segment, and fundus biomicroscopy; ultrawide-field color fundus photography and fundus autofluorescence imaging; and spectral domain-OCT. In the setting of a retinitis pigmentosa (RP) diagnosis, every patient was classified as typical or atypical RP according to imaging criteria. Baseline demographics, age at onset of symptoms, family history, history of consanguinity, symptoms, age at diagnosis, BCVA at baseline and throughout follow-up, and EYS variants were collected from each individual patient file. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Clinical/demographic, genetic, multimodal imaging data, and BCVA variation were compared between typical and atypical RP. Additionally, BCVA variation during follow-up was used as an endpoint to describe EYS-RD natural history. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients (59% men; mean age 52 ± 14 years) from 48 White families of Portuguese ancestry were included. Twenty distinct EYS variants were identified, 8 of which are novel. In 32.8% of patients, onset of symptoms was in early adulthood (21-30 years). A clinical diagnosis of RP was established in 57 patients and cone-rod dystrophy in 1 patient. Regarding RP, 75.0% of the patients were graded as typical and 25.0% as atypical. Atypical EYS-RP commonly presents with inferior crescent-shaped macular atrophy with superior midperipheral sparing. In EYS-RD, a negative correlation was found between age and BCVA (r = -0.50; P < 0.001), with an average loss of 1.45 letters per year. When stratifying for RP phenotype, lower average loss of letters per year (P < 0.001), higher BCVA (P < 0.001), and larger ellipsoid zone widths (P < 0.001) were found in atypical RP. CONCLUSIONS This study expands the genetic spectrum of EYS-RD by reporting 8 novel variants. A high frequency of atypical phenotypes was identified. These patients have better BCVA and larger ellipsoidal zone widths, thus presenting an overall better prognosis. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Machado Soares
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar de Vila Nova de Gaia e Espinho (CHVNGE), Gaia, Portugal
| | - Ana Luísa Carvalho
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Medical Genetics Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sílvia Simão
- Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Célia Azevedo Soares
- Centro de Genética Médica Jacinto Magalhães, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto (CHUP), Porto, Portugal; Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar/Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Miguel Raimundo
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - C Henrique Alves
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - António Francisco Ambrósio
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra (UC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joaquim Murta
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Jorge Saraiva
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Medical Genetics Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rufino Silva
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João Pedro Marques
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), Coimbra, Portugal; Ophthalmology Unit, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; University Clinic of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal.
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7
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Sato K, Liu Y, Yamashita T, Ohuchi H. The medaka mutant deficient in eyes shut homolog exhibits opsin transport defects and enhanced autophagy in retinal photoreceptors. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 391:249-267. [PMID: 36418571 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-022-03702-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Eyes shut homolog (EYS) encodes a proteoglycan and the human mutation causes retinitis pigmentosa type 25 (RP25) with progressive retinal degeneration. RP25 most frequently affects autosomal recessive RP patients with many ethnic backgrounds. Although studies using RP models have facilitated the development of therapeutic medications, Eys has been lost in rodent model animals. Here we examined the roles for Eys in the maintenance of photoreceptor structure and function by generating eys-null medaka fish using the CRISPR-Cas9 system. Medaka EYS protein was present near the connecting cilium of wild-type photoreceptors, while it was absent from the eys-/- retina. The mutant larvae exhibited a reduced visual motor response compared with wild-type. In contrast to reported eys-deficient zebrafish at the similar stage, no retinal cell death was detected in the 8-month post-hatching (8-mph) medaka eys mutant. Immunohistochemistry showed a significant reduction in the length of cone outer segments (OSs), retention of OS proteins in the inner segments of photoreceptors, and abnormal filamentous actin network at the base of cone OSs in the mutant retina by 8 mph. Electron microscopy revealed aberrant structure of calyceal processes, numerous vesiculation and lamellar interruptions, and autophagosomes in the eys-mutant cone photoreceptors. In situ hybridization showed an autophagy component gene, gabarap, was ectopically expressed in the eys-null retina. These results suggest eys is required for regeneration of OS, especially of cone photoreceptors, and transport of OS proteins by regulating actin filaments. Enhanced autophagy may delay the progression of retinal degeneration when lacking EYS in the medaka retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Sato
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yamashita
- Department of Biophysics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hideyo Ohuchi
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, Okayama, 700-8558, Japan.
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8
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Genotypic and phenotypic profiles of EYS gene-related retinitis pigmentosa: a retrospective study. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21494. [PMID: 36513702 PMCID: PMC9748023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) affects 1:5000 individuals worldwide. Interestingly, variations in 271 RP-related genes are indicated to vary among populations. We aimed to evaluate the genetic prevalence and phenotypic profiles of Thai patients with RP. The clinical and whole exome sequencing data of 125 patients suggestive of inherited retinal diseases (IRD), particularly non-syndromic RP, were assessed. We found a total of 258 variants (63% of which remained unavailable in the ClinVar database) in 91 IRD-associated genes. Among the detected genes, the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene showed the highest prevalence. We also provide insights into the genotypic, baseline, and follow-up clinical presentations of seven patients with disease-causing EYS variations. This study could provide comprehension of the prevalence of RP-related genes involved in the Asian population. It might also provide information to establish advanced and personalised therapy for RP in the Thai population.
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9
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Deletion of POMT2 in Zebrafish Causes Degeneration of Photoreceptors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314809. [PMID: 36499139 PMCID: PMC9738688 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the extracellular matrix protein eyes shut homolog (EYS) are a common cause of retinitis pigmentosa, a blinding disease characterized by photoreceptor degeneration. EYS binds to matriglycan, a carbohydrate modification on O-mannosyl glycan substitutions of the cell-surface glycoprotein α-dystroglycan. Patients with mutations in enzymes required for the biosynthesis of matriglycan exhibit syndromic retinal atrophy, along with brain malformations and congenital muscular dystrophy. Protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (POMT2) is an enzyme required for the synthesis of O-mannosyl glycans. To evaluate the roles of O-mannosyl glycans in photoreceptor health, we generated protein O-mannosyltransferase 2 (pomt2) mutant zebrafish by CRISPR. pomt2 mutation resulted in a loss of matriglycan and abolished binding of EYS protein to α-dystroglycan. Mutant zebrafish presented with hydrocephalus and hypoplasia of the cerebellum, as well as muscular dystrophy. EYS protein was enriched near photoreceptor connecting cilia in the wild-type, but its presence and proper localization was significantly reduced in mutant animals. The mutant retina exhibited mis-localization of opsins and increased apoptosis in both rod and cone photoreceptors. Immunofluorescence intensity of G protein subunit alpha transducin 2 (GNAT2) antibody (a general cone marker) and 1D4 antibody (a long double cone marker) in mutant retinas did not differ from wild-type retinas at 1-month post fertilization, but was reduced at 6 months post fertilization, indicating significant cone degeneration. These data suggest that POMT2-mediated O-mannosyl glycosylation is required for EYS protein localization to the connecting cilium region and photoreceptor survival.
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10
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Lo JE, Cheng CY, Yang CH, Yang CM, Chen YC, Huang YS, Chen PL, Chen TC. Genotypes Influence Clinical Progression in EYS-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2022; 11:6. [PMID: 35816039 PMCID: PMC9284463 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.11.7.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the genetic and clinical characteristics of eyes shut homolog (EYS)-associated retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Methods This was a retrospective cross-sectional observational study of 36 patients with EYS-associated autosomal recessive RP (arRP). Results The gene sequencing results revealed that c.6416G>A (p.Cys2139Tyr) and c.7228+1G>A were the two most predominant variants in our cohort and that variants near the C-terminus, which contains alternating laminin and epidermal growth factor (EGF) domains, accounted for the majority of the allele counts (58 of a total of 72) and relative allele frequencies (81%). Over half of the patients presented with pericentral-type RP (n = 19, 60%), which frequently occurred in combination with macular lesions (n = 10, 52%). Patients having both variants within the alternating laminin and EGF domains near the C-terminus had a more severe disease progression (average 0.045 logMAR increase per year) than those having one variant in the N-terminus and the other in the C-terminus (average 0.001 logMAR increase per year). Conclusions Pericentral RP was the major phenotype in patients with EYS-associated arRP. There was also a statistically significant relationship between the location of the variants and the severity of the disease. Translational Relevance This study may aid patients with EYS-associated arRP to predict future vision acuity based on their genetic and clinical features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui-En Lo
- School of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chang-Hao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-May Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chieh Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shu Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Genetics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Ching Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Center of Frontier Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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11
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Rai D, Iwanami M, Takahashi Y, Komuta Y, Aoi N, Umezawa A, Seko Y. Evaluation of photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts derived from retinitis pigmentosa patients with defects in the EYS gene: a possible cost-effective cellular model for mechanism-oriented drug. Stem Cell Res Ther 2022; 13:157. [PMID: 35410372 PMCID: PMC8996485 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-02827-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The most common gene responsible for autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is EYS. The manner of decay of genetically defective EYS gene transcripts varies depending on the type of mutation using our cellular model, which consists of induced photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts from EYS-RP patients (EYS-RP cells). However, disease-specific profiles have not been clarified in EYS-RP cells. Herein we investigated comprehensive gene expression patterns and restoration of altered expression by low molecular weight molecules in EYS-RP cells.
Methods Using induced photoreceptor-like cells by CRX, RAX, NeuroD, and OTX2, we employed qRT-PCR and DNA microarray analysis to compare expression levels of disease-related genes in EYS-RP cells. We investigated the effect of antiapoptotic or anti-endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress/antioxidant reagents on the restoration of altered gene expression. Results Expression levels of phototransduction-related genes (blue opsin, rhodopsin, S-antigen, GNAT1, GNAT2) were lower in EYS-RP cells. CRYGD was extracted by global gene expression analysis, as a downregulated, retina-related and apoptosis-, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- or aging-related gene. Pathway enrichment analysis suggested that “complement and coagulation cascades,” “ECM-receptor interaction” and “PI3K-Akt signaling pathway” could be involved in EYS-RP-associated pathogenesis. Among the matching/overlapping genes involved in those pathways, F2R was suggested as an EYS-RP-associated gene. The downregulation of CRYGD and F2R was completely restored by additional 4-PBA, an inhibitor of ER stress, and partially restored by metformin or NAC. In addition, 4-PBA normalized the expression level of cleaved caspase-3. Conclusions Our cellular model may reflect the ER stress-mediated degenerative retina and serve as a pathogenesis-oriented cost-effective rescue strategy for RP patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-02827-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Rai
- Sensory Functions Section, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Masaki Iwanami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan.,Iwanami Eye Clinic, 7-1-3, Tsuchihashi, Miyamae-ku Kawasaki, Tokyo, 216-0005, Japan
| | - Yoriko Takahashi
- Bioscience and Healthcare Engineering Division, Mitsui Knowledge Industry Co., Ltd., 2-7-14 Higashi-Nakano, Nakano-ku, Tokyo, 164-8555, Japan
| | - Yukari Komuta
- Sensory Functions Section, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan.,Division of Bioinformation and Therapeutic Systems, National Defense Medical College, 3 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-0042, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Aoi
- Department of Plastic, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga, Itabashi, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Miyamasuzaka Clinic, SK Aoyama Bldg. 5F, 1-6-5 Shibuya, Tokyo, 150-0002, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- National Center for Child Health and Development, Research Institute, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Yuko Seko
- Sensory Functions Section, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons With Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan.
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12
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Kannabiran C, Parameswarappa D, Jalali S. Genetics of Inherited Retinal Diseases in Understudied Populations. Front Genet 2022; 13:858556. [PMID: 35295952 PMCID: PMC8919366 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.858556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa is one of the major forms of inherited retinal dystrophy transmitted in all Mendelian and non-Mendelian forms of inheritance. It involves the loss of retinal photoreceptor cells with severe loss of vision or blindness within the first 2 decades of life. RP occurs at a relatively high prevalence in India and is often associated with consanguinity in certain South Asian communities where this practice is customary. This review describes the studies that have been published with regard to genetics of retinitis pigmentosa in India and neighboring South Asian countries. These populations have been understudied in these aspects although to a variable degree from one country to another. Genetic studies on RP in India have been carried out with a range of methods aimed at detecting specific mutations, to screening of candidate genes or selected genomic regions, homozygosity mapping to whole genome sequencing. These efforts have led to a molecular genetic characterization of RP in Indian families. Similar studies on large extended families from Pakistan have provided insight into several novel genes underlying the pathogenesis of these diseases. The extreme degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity of RP renders it challenging to identify the associated genes in these populations, and to translate the research output towards better management of the disease, as there are no unifying genetic features that are characteristic of any population so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Kannabiran
- Kallam Anji Reddy Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Prof Brien Holden Eye Research Centre, Hyderabad, India.,L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India
| | - Deepika Parameswarappa
- L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Smt Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Retina Vitreous Services, Hyderabad, India
| | - Subhadra Jalali
- L. V. Prasad Eye Institute, Hyderabad, India.,Smt Kannuri Santhamma Centre for Retina Vitreous Services, Hyderabad, India
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13
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Sakai D, Yokota S, Maeda A, Hirami Y, Nakamura M, Kurimoto Y. Ocular biometry with swept-source optical coherence tomography-based optical biometer in Japanese patients with EYS-related retinitis pigmentosa: a retrospective study. BMC Ophthalmol 2022; 22:51. [PMID: 35109811 PMCID: PMC8811986 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-022-02284-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to identify the features of ocular biometry in patients with EYS-related retinitis pigmentosa using IOLMaster 700. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Patients with records of the following were included: (1) ocular biometry measurements using the IOLMaster 700 and (2) genetic diagnostic tests. Axial length, keratometry, anterior chamber depth, aqueous depth, lens thickness, central corneal thickness (CCT), and corneal diameter (white to white) measurements were extracted. Based on keratometry measurements, (1) standard keratometric astigmatism, (2) posterior corneal astigmatism, and (3) total corneal astigmatism were obtained. Demographics and biometric parameters were compared between patients with EYS-related retinitis pigmentosa and other patients with retinitis pigmentosa. Results A total of 86 eyes of 44 patients (23 females and 21 males; mean age: 47.7 years) with retinitis pigmentosa were included. Of these, 18 were identified as having EYS variants. CCT was significantly thinner (P < 0.001) and the posterior corneal curvature at the steepest meridian was significantly smaller (P = 0.024) in patients with EYS-related retinitis pigmentosa than in other patients with retinitis pigmentosa. The magnitudes of all corneal astigmatism measurements was higher in patients with EYS-related RP, although these differences were not statistically significant. Conclusion Patients with EYS-related retinitis pigmentosa had unique features in ocular biometry, such as thinner central corneal thickness and smaller posterior corneal curvature radius at the steepest meridian compared with other patients with retinitis pigmentosa. The findings suggest that patients with retinitis pigmentosa have different ocular dimension features among the different causative genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-022-02284-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Sakai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan. .,Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Yokota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Akiko Maeda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Hirami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Makoto Nakamura
- Department of Surgery, Division of Ophthalmology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yasuo Kurimoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Eye Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Ophthalmology, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
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14
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Gao FJ, Wang DD, Hu FY, Xu P, Chang Q, Li JK, Liu W, Zhang SH, Xu GZ, Wu JH. Genotypic spectrum and phenotype correlations of EYS-associated disease in a Chinese cohort. Eye (Lond) 2021; 36:2122-2129. [PMID: 34689181 PMCID: PMC9581949 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-021-01794-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To date, certain efforts have been made to investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of patients with EYS mutations. However, data for Chinese patients are limited. Objectives To perform a detailed phenotyping and genetic characterization of 55 Chinese patients with EYS-RD, and to identify risk factors for these clinical data. Methods A total of 55 patients with EYS-RD were recruited. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), patient age, age at symptom onset, disease duration, and genetic information were collected. Results Thirty-six novel variants, three hot mutations of EYS (30.3%, c.6416G>A, c.6557G>A, c.7492G>C) and one hot region (49.06%, Laminin G domains) were identified. In all, 36.84% of the mutations occurred at base G site, and majority of mutations (56.56%) were missense. Late-truncating mutations are significantly more prevalent (41.30%). The mean age of onset was 15.65 ± 14.67 years old; it had no significant correlation with genotype. The average BCVA was 0.73 ± 0.93 LogMAR, and 61.8% of eyes had a BCVA better than 0.52 logMAR. BCVA was positively correlated with disease duration time. The mean MD was 23.18 ± 7.34 dB, MD showed a significant correlation with genotype and age. Cataract was present in 56.45% of patients, and 42.59% of patients showed an absence of pigmentation in the retina. Cataract and hyperpigmentation both showed a significant correlation with age. Conclusions EYS-RD is associated with a moderate phenotype with onset around adolescence, but great variability. Our study largely enhances the current knowledge of phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of EYS-RD, which could pave the way for better management of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng-Juan Gao
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang-Yuan Hu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Chang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian-Kang Li
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China.,Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Wei Liu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Sheng-Hai Zhang
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China
| | - Ge-Zhi Xu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ji-Hong Wu
- Eye Institute, Eye and ENT Hospital, College of Medicine, Fudan University, Shanghai, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration, Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality, Shanghai, China. .,Key Laboratory of Myopia (Fudan University), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Health Commission, Shanghai, China.
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15
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EYS-Associated Sector Retinitis Pigmentosa. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2021; 260:1405-1413. [PMID: 34568954 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-021-05411-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Sector retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a rare form of rod-cone degeneration typically associated with mutations in the RHO gene. We describe six unrelated patients presenting with this atypical phenotype in association with biallelic mutations in EYS gene. METHODS Multinational, multicentre cross-sectional case series. Patients with biallelic disease-causing variants in EYS and a clinical diagnosis of sector RP were recruited from specialized centres in Portugal and Brazil. All patients underwent a comprehensive ophthalmologic examination complemented by deep phenotyping. Peripheral blood samples were collected from all probands and available relatives for genetic analysis. Genetic counselling was provided to all subjects. RESULTS Seven disease-causing variants (4 pathogenic; 3 likely pathogenic) were identified in 6 unrelated female patients. Best-corrected visual acuity ranged from 75 to 85 ETDRS letters. All eyes showed bilateral and symmetrical areas of outer retinal atrophy distributed along the inferior vascular arcades and extending temporally and/or nasally in a crescent-shaped pattern. On fundus autofluorescence (AF), a foveal-sparing curvilinear band of hyperAF encroaching the optic nerve head and extending temporally was seen in 4 patients. The remaining 2 presented bilateral and symmetrical patches of hypoAF inside crescent-shaped areas of hyperAF along the inferior temporal vascular arcade. Visual field testing revealed superior visual field defects of varying extents, always in close association with the fundus AF findings. CONCLUSIONS Even though EYS has only recently been listed as a cause of the sector RP phenotype, we believe that this presentation is not infrequent and should be considered an important differential for sector RP.
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16
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Schellens R, de Vrieze E, Graave P, Broekman S, Nagel-Wolfrum K, Peters T, Kremer H, Collin RWJ, van Wijk E. Zebrafish as a Model to Evaluate a CRISPR/Cas9-Based Exon Excision Approach as a Future Treatment Option for EYS-Associated Retinitis Pigmentosa. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22179154. [PMID: 34502064 PMCID: PMC8431288 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22179154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited retinal disease (IRD) with an overall prevalence of 1 in 4000 individuals. Mutations in EYS (Eyes shut homolog) are among the most frequent causes of non-syndromic autosomal recessively inherited RP and act via a loss-of-function mechanism. In light of the recent successes for other IRDs, we investigated the therapeutic potential of exon skipping for EYS-associated RP. CRISPR/Cas9 was employed to generate zebrafish from which the region encompassing the orthologous exons 37-41 of human EYS (eys exons 40-44) was excised from the genome. The excision of these exons was predicted to maintain the open reading frame and to result in the removal of exactly one Laminin G and two EGF domains. Although the eysΔexon40-44 transcript was found at levels comparable to wild-type eys, and no unwanted off-target modifications were identified within the eys coding sequence after single-molecule sequencing, EysΔexon40-44 protein expression could not be detected. Visual motor response experiments revealed that eysΔexon40-44 larvae were visually impaired and histological analysis revealed a progressive degeneration of the retinal outer nuclear layer in these zebrafish. Altogether, the data obtained in our zebrafish model currently provide no indications for the skipping of EYS exons 37-41 as an effective future treatment strategy for EYS-associated RP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renske Schellens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (E.d.V.); (S.B.); (T.P.); (H.K.)
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Erik de Vrieze
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (E.d.V.); (S.B.); (T.P.); (H.K.)
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Pam Graave
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Sanne Broekman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (E.d.V.); (S.B.); (T.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Kerstin Nagel-Wolfrum
- Institute for Molecular Physiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany;
- Institute for Developmental Biology and Neurobiology, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Theo Peters
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (E.d.V.); (S.B.); (T.P.); (H.K.)
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (E.d.V.); (S.B.); (T.P.); (H.K.)
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (R.S.); (E.d.V.); (S.B.); (T.P.); (H.K.)
- Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, 6500 GL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Correspondence:
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17
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Duzkale N, Arslan U. Investigation of genotype-phenotype relationship in Turkish patients with inherited retinal disease by next generation sequencing. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:674-684. [PMID: 34315337 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1952616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) are a group of retinal diseases genetically and clinically highly heterogeneous and associated with more than 300 genes. This study aims to investigate the genetic basis of Turkish patients with IRDs. MATERIALS AND METHODS In the study, genes related to retinal diseases in 86 IRDs patients were analyzed using the Next Generations Sequencing method (NGS). RESULTS The mean age of 86 patients was 35 and the mean age at diagnosis was 18. There was consanguinity between the parents of 62% of these patients. Fifty-six retinal disease-associated genes of 46 patients and 230 retinal disease-associated genes of 40 patients were examined. Genetic analysis provides a molecular diagnosis in a total of 53 (61.6%) patients. The genes responsible for the IRDs phenotype were frequently identified as ABCA4 (25%), EYS (11%), and RDH12 (9%). There was no significant difference between those with and without a molecular diagnosis in terms of demographic characteristics and family history. CONCLUSIONS Determination of genetic cause by NGS method in IRDs subgroups that are difficult to define by ophthalmic examination ensures that patients receive accurate diagnosis, treatment and counseling. This study contributed to the understanding of the genotype-phenotype relationship of Turkish patients with IRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neslihan Duzkale
- Department of Medical Genetic, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Training and Research Hospital, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Umut Arslan
- Department of Bioretina, Ankara University Technopolis, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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García Bohórquez B, Aller E, Rodríguez Muñoz A, Jaijo T, García García G, Millán JM. Updating the Genetic Landscape of Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:645600. [PMID: 34327195 PMCID: PMC8315279 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.645600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are a group of diseases characterized by the loss or dysfunction of photoreceptors and a high genetic and clinical heterogeneity. Currently, over 270 genes have been associated with IRD which makes genetic diagnosis very difficult. The recent advent of next generation sequencing has greatly facilitated the diagnostic process, enabling to provide the patients with accurate genetic counseling in some cases. We studied 92 patients who were clinically diagnosed with IRD with two different custom panels. In total, we resolved 53 patients (57.6%); in 12 patients (13%), we found only one mutation in a gene with a known autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance; and 27 patients (29.3%) remained unsolved. We identified 120 pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants; 30 of them were novel. Among the cone-rod dystrophy patients, ABCA4 was the most common mutated gene, meanwhile, USH2A was the most prevalent among the retinitis pigmentosa patients. Interestingly, 10 families carried pathogenic variants in more than one IRD gene, and we identified two deep-intronic variants previously described as pathogenic in ABCA4 and CEP290. In conclusion, the IRD study through custom panel sequencing demonstrates its efficacy for genetic diagnosis, as well as the importance of including deep-intronic regions in their design. This genetic diagnosis will allow patients to make accurate reproductive decisions, enroll in gene-based clinical trials, and benefit from future gene-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Belén García Bohórquez
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Aller
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Genetics, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez Muñoz
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
- Unit of Genetics, University Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Millán
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine, Health Research Institute La Fe, Valencia, Spain
- CIBER of Rare Diseases, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Xu K, Chen DF, Chang H, Shen RJ, Gao H, Wang XF, Feng ZK, Zhang X, Xie Y, Li Y, Jin ZB. Genotype Profile of Global EYS-Associated Inherited Retinal Dystrophy and Clinical Findings in a Large Chinese Cohort. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:634220. [PMID: 34178978 PMCID: PMC8226124 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.634220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The aim of this study was to probe the global profile of the EYS-associated genotype-phenotype trait in the worldwide reported IRD cases and to build a model for predicting disease progression as a reference for clinical consultation. Methods This retrospective study of 420 well-documented IRD cases with mutations in the EYS gene included 39 patients from a genotype-phenotype study of inherited retinal dystrophy (IRD) conducted at the Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology and 381 cases retrieved from global reports. All patients underwent ophthalmic evaluation. Mutations were revealed using next-generation sequencing, followed by Sanger DNA sequencing and real-time quantitative PCR analysis. Multiple regression models and statistical analysis were used to assess the genotype and phenotype characteristics and traits in this large cohort. Results A total of 420 well-defined patients with 841 identified mutations in the EYS gene were successfully obtained. The most common pathogenic variant was a frameshift c.4957dupA (p.S1653Kfs∗2) in exon 26, with an allele frequency of 12.7% (107/841), followed by c.8805C > A (p.Y2935X) in exon 43, with an allele frequency of 5.9% (50/841). Two new hot spots were identified in the Chinese cohort, c.1750G > T (p.E584X) and c.7492G > C (p.A2498P). Several EYS mutation types were identified, with CNV being relatively common. The mean age of onset was 20.54 ± 11.33 (4-46) years. Clinical examinations revealed a typical progression of RPE atrophy from the peripheral area to the macula. Conclusion This large global cohort of 420 IRD cases, with 262 distinct variants, identified genotype-phenotype correlations and mutation spectra with hotspots in the EYS gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Xu
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - De-Fu Chen
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haoyu Chang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ren-Juan Shen
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Gao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuo-Kun Feng
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, The Eye Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Xie
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Li
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zi-Bing Jin
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Laboratory, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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20
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Yair S, Lee KM, Coop G. The timing of human adaptation from Neanderthal introgression. Genetics 2021; 218:iyab052. [PMID: 33787889 PMCID: PMC8128397 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyab052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Admixture has the potential to facilitate adaptation by providing alleles that are immediately adaptive in a new environment or by simply increasing the long-term reservoir of genetic diversity for future adaptation. A growing number of cases of adaptive introgression are being identified in species across the tree of life, however the timing of selection, and therefore the importance of the different evolutionary roles of admixture, is typically unknown. Here, we investigate the spatio-temporal history of selection favoring Neanderthal-introgressed alleles in modern human populations. Using both ancient and present-day samples of modern humans, we integrate the known demographic history of populations, namely population divergence and migration, with tests for selection. We model how a sweep placed along different branches of an admixture graph acts to modify the variance and covariance in neutral allele frequencies among populations at linked loci. Using a method based on this model of allele frequencies, we study previously identified cases of adaptive Neanderthal introgression. From these, we identify cases in which Neanderthal-introgressed alleles were quickly beneficial and other cases in which they persisted at low frequency for some time. For some of the alleles that persisted at low frequency, we show that selection likely independently favored them later on in geographically separated populations. Our work highlights how admixture with ancient hominins has contributed to modern human adaptation and contextualizes observed levels of Neanderthal ancestry in present-day and ancient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivan Yair
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Kristin M Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Graham Coop
- Center for Population Biology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Department of Evolution and Ecology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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21
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Garcia-Delgado AB, Valdes-Sanchez L, Morillo-Sanchez MJ, Ponte-Zuñiga B, Diaz-Corrales FJ, de la Cerda B. Dissecting the role of EYS in retinal degeneration: clinical and molecular aspects and its implications for future therapy. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:222. [PMID: 34001227 PMCID: PMC8127272 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01843-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the EYS gene are one of the major causes of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa. EYS-retinopathy presents a severe clinical phenotype, and patients currently have no therapeutic options. The progress in personalised medicine and gene and cell therapies hold promise for treating this degenerative disease. However, lack of understanding and incomplete comprehension of disease's mechanism and the role of EYS in the healthy retina are critical limitations for the translation of current technical advances into real therapeutic possibilities. This review recapitulates the present knowledge about EYS-retinopathies, their clinical presentations and proposed genotype–phenotype correlations. Molecular details of the gene and the protein, mainly based on animal model data, are analysed. The proposed cellular localisation and roles of this large multi-domain protein are detailed. Future therapeutic approaches for EYS-retinopathies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Garcia-Delgado
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | - Lourdes Valdes-Sanchez
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Ponte-Zuñiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Virgen Macarena, Seville, Spain.,Retics Oftared, Institute of Health Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco J Diaz-Corrales
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain.
| | - Berta de la Cerda
- Andalusian Center for Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CABIMER), Avda. Americo Vespucio 24, 41092, Seville, Spain
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22
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Westin IM, Jonsson F, Österman L, Holmberg M, Burstedt M, Golovleva I. EYS mutations and implementation of minigene assay for variant classification in EYS-associated retinitis pigmentosa in northern Sweden. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7696. [PMID: 33833316 PMCID: PMC8032658 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87224-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous group of inherited retinal degenerations. The ortholog of Drosophila eyes shut/spacemaker, EYS on chromosome 6q12 is a major genetic cause of recessive RP worldwide, with prevalence of 5 to 30%. In this study, by using targeted NGS, MLPA and Sanger sequencing we uncovered the EYS gene as one of the most common genetic cause of autosomal recessive RP in northern Sweden accounting for at least 16%. The most frequent pathogenic variant was c.8648_8655del that in some patients was identified in cis with c.1155T>A, indicating Finnish ancestry. We also showed that two novel EYS variants, c.2992_2992+6delinsTG and c.3877+1G>A caused exon skipping in human embryonic kidney cells, HEK293T and in retinal pigment epithelium cells, ARPE-19 demonstrating that in vitro minigene assay is a straightforward tool for the analysis of intronic variants. We conclude, that whenever it is possible, functional testing is of great value for classification of intronic EYS variants and the following molecular testing of family members, their genetic counselling, and inclusion of RP patients to future treatment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Maria Westin
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Frida Jonsson
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Lennart Österman
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Monica Holmberg
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marie Burstedt
- Clinical Science/Ophthalmology, University of Umeå, 901 85, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Irina Golovleva
- Medical Biosciences/Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Umeå, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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23
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Novel compound heterozygous EYS variants may be associated with arRP in a large Chinese pedigree. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224912. [PMID: 32436957 PMCID: PMC7268256 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20193443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As a genetically heterogeneous ocular dystrophy, gene mutations with autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) in patients have not been well described. We aimed to detect the disease-causing genes and variants in a Chinese arRP family. In the present study, a large Chinese pedigree consisting of 31 members including a proband and another two patients was recruited; clinical examinations were conducted; next-generation sequencing using a gene panel was used for identifying pathogenic genes, and Sanger sequencing was performed for verification of mutations. Novel compound heterozygous variants c.G2504A (p.C835Y) and c.G6557A (p.G2186E) for the EYS gene were identified, which co-segregated with the clinical RP phenotypes. Sequencing of 100 ethnically matched normal controls didn't found these mutations in EYS. Therefore, our study identified pathogenic variants in EYS that may cause arRP in this Chinese family. This is the first study to reveal the novel mutation in the EYS gene (c.G2504A, p.C835Y), extending its mutation spectrum. Thus, the EYS c.G2504A (p.C835Y) and c.G6557A (p.G2186E) variants may be the disease-causing missense mutations for RP in this large arRP family. These findings should be helpful for molecular diagnosis, genetic counseling and clinical management of arRP disease.
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24
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de Bruijn SE, Fadaie Z, Cremers FPM, Kremer H, Roosing S. The Impact of Modern Technologies on Molecular Diagnostic Success Rates, with a Focus on Inherited Retinal Dystrophy and Hearing Loss. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2943. [PMID: 33799353 PMCID: PMC7998853 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of pathogenic variants in monogenic diseases has been of interest to researchers and clinicians for several decades. However, for inherited diseases with extremely high genetic heterogeneity, such as hearing loss and retinal dystrophies, establishing a molecular diagnosis requires an enormous effort. In this review, we use these two genetic conditions as examples to describe the initial molecular genetic identification approaches, as performed since the early 90s, and subsequent improvements and refinements introduced over the years. Next, the history of DNA sequencing from conventional Sanger sequencing to high-throughput massive parallel sequencing, a.k.a. next-generation sequencing, is outlined, including their advantages and limitations and their impact on identifying the remaining genetic defects. Moreover, the development of recent technologies, also coined "third-generation" sequencing, is reviewed, which holds the promise to overcome these limitations. Furthermore, we outline the importance and complexity of variant interpretation in clinical diagnostic settings concerning the massive number of different variants identified by these methods. Finally, we briefly mention the development of novel approaches such as optical mapping and multiomics, which can help to further identify genetic defects in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne E. de Bruijn
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.d.B.); (Z.F.); (F.P.M.C.)
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Zeinab Fadaie
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.d.B.); (Z.F.); (F.P.M.C.)
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Frans P. M. Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.d.B.); (Z.F.); (F.P.M.C.)
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Hannie Kremer
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands; (S.E.d.B.); (Z.F.); (F.P.M.C.)
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
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Noel NCL, MacDonald IM, Allison WT. Zebrafish Models of Photoreceptor Dysfunction and Degeneration. Biomolecules 2021; 11:78. [PMID: 33435268 PMCID: PMC7828047 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Revised: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Zebrafish are an instrumental system for the generation of photoreceptor degeneration models, which can be utilized to determine underlying causes of photoreceptor dysfunction and death, and for the analysis of potential therapeutic compounds, as well as the characterization of regenerative responses. We review the wealth of information from existing zebrafish models of photoreceptor disease, specifically as they relate to currently accepted taxonomic classes of human rod and cone disease. We also highlight that rich, detailed information can be derived from studying photoreceptor development, structure, and function, including behavioural assessments and in vivo imaging of zebrafish. Zebrafish models are available for a diversity of photoreceptor diseases, including cone dystrophies, which are challenging to recapitulate in nocturnal mammalian systems. Newly discovered models of photoreceptor disease and drusenoid deposit formation may not only provide important insights into pathogenesis of disease, but also potential therapeutic approaches. Zebrafish have already shown their use in providing pre-clinical data prior to testing genetic therapies in clinical trials, such as antisense oligonucleotide therapy for Usher syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole C. L. Noel
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (I.M.M.); (W.T.A.)
| | - Ian M. MacDonald
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (I.M.M.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R7, Canada
| | - W. Ted Allison
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H7, Canada; (I.M.M.); (W.T.A.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E9, Canada
- Centre for Prions and Protein Folding Diseases, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2M8, Canada
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26
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Takita S, Seko Y. eys +/- ; lrp5 +/- Zebrafish Reveals Lrp5 Can Be the Receptor of Retinol in the Visual Cycle. iScience 2020; 23:101762. [PMID: 33251495 PMCID: PMC7683268 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision is essential for vertebrates including humans. Sustained vision is accomplished by retinoid metabolism, the “visual cycle,” where all-trans retinol (atROL) is incorporated into the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) from photoreceptors presumably through decade-long missing receptor(s). Here, we show that the LDL-related receptor-5 (Lrp5) protein is linked to the retinol binding protein 1a (Rbp1a), the transporter of atROL in the visual cycle, by generating and analyzing the digenic eyes shut homolog+/-; lrp5+/− zebrafish, the same form of gene defect detected in a human case of inherited retinal degeneration. Global gene expression analysis followed by genetic study clarified that rbp1a played a role downstream of lrp5. Rbp1a protein was colocalized with Lrp5 protein at microvilli of RPE cells. Furthermore, Rbp1a directly bound to the C-terminal intracellular region of Lrp5 in vitro. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that Lrp5 is a potent candidate of the receptor of atROL in the visual cycle. eys+/-; lrp5+/− zebrafish showed mild photoreceptor degeneration Microarray analysis identified dramatical decrease of rbp1a expression Rbp1a protein was colocalized with Lrp5 protein at the microvilli of the RPE Rbp1a directly bound to the C-terminal intracellular region of Lrp5 in vitro
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Takita
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
| | - Yuko Seko
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, Saitama 359-8555, Japan
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27
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EYS is a major gene involved in retinitis pigmentosa in Japan: genetic landscapes revealed by stepwise genetic screening. Sci Rep 2020; 10:20770. [PMID: 33247286 PMCID: PMC7695703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77558-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Next-generation sequencing (NGS) has greatly advanced the studies of causative genes and variants of inherited diseases. While it is sometimes challenging to determine the pathogenicity of identified variants in NGS, the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics established the guidelines to help the interpretation. However, as to the genetic screenings for patients with retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in Japan, none of the previous studies utilized the guidelines. Considering that EYS is the major causative gene of RP in Japan, we conducted stepwise genetic screening of 220 Japanese patients with RP utilizing the guidelines. Step 1-4 comprised the following, in order: Sanger sequencing for two major EYS founder mutations; targeted sequencing of all coding regions of EYS; whole genome sequencing; Sanger sequencing for Alu element insertion in RP1, a recently determined founder mutation for RP. Among the detected variants, 2, 19, 173, and 1 variant(s) were considered pathogenic and 8, 41, 44, and 5 patients were genetically solved in step 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Totally, 44.5% (98/220) of the patients were genetically solved, and 50 (51.0%) were EYS-associated and 5 (5.1%) were Alu element-associated. Among the unsolved 122 patients, 22 had at least one possible pathogenic variant.
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28
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Tian W, Li X, Li Y, Wang L, Yang Y, Sun K, Liu W, Zhou B, Lei B, Zhu X. Identification of Novel EYS Mutations by Targeted Sequencing Analysis. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2020; 24:745-753. [PMID: 33058741 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2020.0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is an inherited and progressive degenerative retinal disease that often results in severe vision loss and blindness. However, mutations in known RP disease genes account for only 60% of RP cases, indicating that there are additional pathogenic mutations are yet to be identified. We aimed to identify the causative mutations in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene in a cohort of Chinese RP and rod-cone dystrophy families. Materials and Methods: Targeted next-generation sequencing was applied to identify novel mutations in these patients. Candidate variants were evaluated using bioinformatics tools. Mutations were confirmed by Sanger sequencing. Results: We identified eight heterozygous mutations in the EYS gene in the four probands, including a novel frameshift deletion mutation, c.8242_8243del (p.L2748fs); a novel insertion mutation, c.5802_5803insT (p.I1935YfsX6); a novel splicing mutation, c.1300-1G>A; two heterozygous stop-gain mutations, c.1750G>T (p.E584X) and c.8805C>A (p.Y2935X); and three novel missense mutations, c.8269G>A (p.V2757I), c.2545C>T (p.R849C) and c.7506C>A (p.S2502R). Only c.8805C>A had been reported previously in RP patients. None of these mutations were present in 1000 control individuals. Conclusions: We identified seven novel mutations in the EYS gene, expanding the mutational specra of EYS in Chinese patients with RP and rod-cone dystrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanli Tian
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao Li
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Ya Li
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sichuan Academy of Medicine and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Yeming Yang
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuanxiang Sun
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Liu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Zhou
- Psychosomatic Medicine Center, Sichuan Academy of Medicine and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Bo Lei
- People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Henan Provincial People's Hospital, Henan Eye Institute, Henan Eye Hospital, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xianjun Zhu
- The Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, First People's Hospital of Shangqiu, Shangqiu, China
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Cundy O, Broadgate S, Halford S, MacLaren RE, Shanks ME, Clouston P, Gilhooley MJ, Downes SM. "Genetic and clinical findings in an ethnically diverse retinitis pigmentosa cohort associated with pathogenic variants in EYS". Eye (Lond) 2020; 35:1440-1449. [PMID: 32728228 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-020-1105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The EYS gene is an important cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP). The objective of this study is to report on novel pathogenic variants in EYS and the range of associated phenotypes. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This retrospective case series at a tertiary referral centre for inherited retinal diseases describes patients with an IRD and at least two variants in the EYS gene. Phenotyping included multimodal retinal imaging; genotyping molecular genetic analysis using targeted next generation sequencing. Sanger sequencing verification and analysis of novel variants using in silico approaches to determine their predicted pathogenicity. RESULTS Eight male and four female patients were included. Age at onset ranged from 11 to 62 years with variable symptom presentation; ten patients showed classical features of retinitis pigmentosa, albeit with great variation in disease severity and extent. Two patients had atypical phenotypes: one with localised inferior sector pigmentation and a mild RP phenotype with changes predominantly at the posterior pole. Eighteen variants in EYS were identified, located across the gene: six were novel. Eight variants were missense, two altered splicing, one was a whole exon duplication and the remainder were predicted to result in premature truncation of the protein. CONCLUSION The marked variability in severity and age of onset in most patients in this ethnically diverse cohort adds to growing evidence that that mild phenotypes are associated with EYS variants. Similarly, the two atypical cases add to the growing diversity of EYS disease as do the six novel pathogenic variants described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Cundy
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Suzanne Broadgate
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Morag E Shanks
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Penny Clouston
- Oxford Medical Genetics Laboratories, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, The Churchill Hospital, Oxford, OX3 7LE, UK
| | - Michael J Gilhooley
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Susan M Downes
- Oxford Eye Hospital, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK. .,Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Oxford University, West Wing, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headley Way, Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK.
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30
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Liu Y, Yu M, Shang X, Nguyen MHH, Balakrishnan S, Sager R, Hu H. Eyes shut homolog (EYS) interacts with matriglycan of O-mannosyl glycans whose deficiency results in EYS mislocalization and degeneration of photoreceptors. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7795. [PMID: 32385361 PMCID: PMC7210881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in eyes shut homolog (EYS), a secreted extracellular matrix protein containing multiple laminin globular (LG) domains, and in protein O-mannose β1, 2-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase 1 (POMGnT1), an enzyme involved in O-mannosyl glycosylation, cause retinitis pigmentosa (RP), RP25 and RP76, respectively. How EYS and POMGnT1 regulate photoreceptor survival is poorly understood. Since some LG domain-containing proteins function by binding to the matriglycan moiety of O-mannosyl glycans, we hypothesized that EYS interacted with matriglycans as well. To test this hypothesis, we performed EYS Far-Western blotting assay and generated pomgnt1 mutant zebrafish. The results showed that EYS bound to matriglycans. Pomgnt1 mutation in zebrafish resulted in a loss of matriglycan, retention of synaptotagmin-1-positive EYS secretory vesicles within the outer nuclear layer, and diminished EYS protein near the connecting cilia. Photoreceptor density in 2-month old pomgnt1 mutant retina was similar to the wild-type animals but was significantly reduced at 6-months. These results indicate that EYS protein localization to the connecting cilia requires interaction with the matriglycan and that O-mannosyl glycosylation is required for photoreceptor survival in zebrafish. This study identified a novel interaction between EYS and matriglycan demonstrating that RP25 and RP76 are mechanistically linked in that O-mannosyl glycosylation controls targeting of EYS protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Liu
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Miao Yu
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Xuanze Shang
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - My Hong Hoai Nguyen
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Plattsburgh, 101 Broad St., Plattsburgh, New York, 12901, USA
| | - Shanmuganathan Balakrishnan
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Rachel Sager
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
| | - Huaiyu Hu
- Center for Vision Research, Departments of Neuroscience and Physiology and of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA.
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31
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Genetic Spectrum of EYS-associated Retinal Disease in a Large Japanese Cohort: Identification of Disease-associated Variants with Relatively High Allele Frequency. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5497. [PMID: 32218477 PMCID: PMC7099090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62119-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Biallelic variants in the EYS gene are a major cause of autosomal recessive inherited retinal disease (IRD), with a high prevalence in the Asian population. The purpose of this study was to identify pathogenic EYS variants, to determine the clinical/genetic spectrum of EYS-associated retinal disease (EYS-RD), and to discover disease-associated variants with relatively high allele frequency (1%-10%) in a nationwide Japanese cohort. Sixty-six affected subjects from 61 families with biallelic or multiple pathogenic/disease-associated EYS variants were ascertained by whole-exome sequencing. Three phenotype groups were identified in EYS-RD: retinitis pigmentosa (RP; 85.94%), cone-rod dystrophy (CORD; 10.94%), and Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA; 3.12%). Twenty-six pathogenic/disease-associated EYS variants were identified, including seven novel variants. The two most prevalent variants, p.(Gly843Glu) and p.(Thr2465Ser) were found in 26 and twelve families (42.6%, 19.7%), respectively, for which the allele frequency (AF) in the Japanese population was 2.2% and 3.0%, respectively. These results expand the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of EYS-RD, accounting for a high proportion of EYS-RD both in autosomal recessive RP (23.4%) and autosomal recessive CORD (9.9%) in the Japanese population. The presence of EYS variants with relatively high AF highlights the importance of considering the pathogenicity of non-rare variants in relatively prevalent Mendelian disorders.
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32
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Clinical Course and Electron Microscopic Findings in Lymphocytes of Patients with DRAM2-Associated Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041331. [PMID: 32079136 PMCID: PMC7072995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
DRAM2-associated retinopathy is a rare inherited retinal dystrophy, and its outcome has not been determined. A single retinal involvement by a mutation of the DRAM2 gene is unexplained. We found three unrelated patients with a disease-causing DRAM2 variant in a biallelic state from 1555 Japanese individuals of 1314 families with inherited retinal dystrophy. We reviewed their medical records and examined their peripheral lymphocytes by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Patient 1 was a 38-year-old woman who complained of night blindness and reduced vision. She developed macular degeneration at age 43 years. Patients 2 and 3 were a man and a woman both of whom noticed night blindness in their 30s. Both had a degeneration in the macula and midperiphery in their 40s, which progressed to a diffuse retinal degeneration in their 60s when their vision was reduced to hand motions. Three novel DRAM2 variants were identified. TEM of the lymphocytes of Patients 1 and 2 showed abnormal structures in 40.6% and 0.3% of the peripheral lymphocytes, respectively. We concluded that the DRAM2-associated retinopathy of our patients was a progressive rod-cone dystrophy, and the visual outcome was poor. The systemic effect of DRAM2 mutations may be compensable and have variations.
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33
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Rodríguez-Muñoz A, Aller E, Jaijo T, González-García E, Cabrera-Peset A, Gallego-Pinazo R, Udaondo P, Salom D, García-García G, Millán JM. Expanding the Clinical and Molecular Heterogeneity of Nonsyndromic Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. J Mol Diagn 2020; 22:532-543. [PMID: 32036094 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A cohort of 172 patients diagnosed clinically with nonsyndromic retinal dystrophies, from 110 families underwent full ophthalmologic examination, including retinal imaging, electrophysiology, and optical coherence tomography, when feasible. Molecular analysis was performed using targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS). Variants were filtered and prioritized according to the minimum allele frequency, and finally classified according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines. Multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification and array comparative genomic hybridization were performed to validate copy number variations identified by NGS. The diagnostic yield of this study was 62% of studied families. Thirty novel mutations were identified. The study found phenotypic intra- and interfamilial variability in families with mutations in C1QTNF5, CERKL, and PROM1; biallelic mutations in PDE6B in a unilateral retinitis pigmentosa patient; interocular asymmetry RP in 50% of the symptomatic RPGR-mutated females; the first case with possible digenism between CNGA1 and CNGB1; and a ROM1 duplication in two unrelated retinitis pigmentosa families. Ten unrelated cases were reclassified. This study highlights the clinical utility of targeted NGS for nonsyndromic inherited retinal dystrophy cases and the importance of full ophthalmologic examination, which allows new genotype-phenotype associations and expands the knowledge of this group of disorders. Identifying the cause of disease is essential to improve patient management, provide accurate genetic counseling, and take advantage of gene therapy-based treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Rodríguez-Muñoz
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Elena Aller
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Teresa Jaijo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Genetics Unit, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio González-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departments of Neurophysiology, Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Gallego-Pinazo
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Macula Unit, Oftalvist Clinic, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patricia Udaondo
- Ophthalmology, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Salom
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Departments of Ophthalmology, Hospital de Manises, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gema García-García
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
| | - José M Millán
- Molecular, Cellular and Genomics Biomedicine Research Group, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Fe, Valencia, Spain; Unidad Mixta de Enfermedades raras IIS La Fe-Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Network for Rare Diseases, Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe, Valencia, Spain.
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34
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Sun Y, Li JK, He W, Wang ZS, Bai JY, Xu L, Xing B, Zhang JG, Wang L, Li W, Chen F. Genetic and clinical analysis in Chinese patients with retinitis pigmentosa caused by EYS mutations. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1117. [PMID: 31944634 PMCID: PMC7057104 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 12/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Panel‐based targeted exome sequencing was applied to identify the pathogenic variants and genetic characteristics of retinitis pigmentosa (RP) in two Chinese families, and to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between clinical manifestations and genotypes. Methods A total of 17 subjects, comprising two probands (total patients: four subjects) and their family member, were recruited in this study. All subjects underwent comprehensive ophthalmic examinations and clinical evaluations, and the complete history and medical records were collected according to the standard procedures. All participants were screened using the multigene panel test (Target_Eye_792_V2 chip), and Sanger sequencing was used to confirm the candidate variants. Results Among these two families, a total of three novel mutations in the EYS gene were identified in patients, including a homozygous frameshift mutation c.9252_9253insT detected in two patients in one family, and the compound heterozygous splicesite mutation c.5644+2T>C and frameshift mutation c.1920_1923delTGAG detected in two patients in the another family. All patients in both families had early onset of night blindness and poor visual acuity, and with typical posterior capsule opacification. The mutation co‐segregated within all recruited individuals. In addition, one patient with compound heterozygous mutations was found to have typical blue‐blindness symptoms and detected a previously reported disease‐causing mutation c.235G>A in OPN1SW gene, which caused blue blindness manifestations and was first discovered in patient combined with RP causative genes. Conclusions Panel‐based targeted exome sequencing was used to identify three novel variants of RP causative gene, and we also detected a known pathogenic variants of blue‐blindness causative genes in two patients. Our finding will provide a powerful basis for genetic counseling and enhance our current understanding of the genetics factors for RP families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Sun
- Shenyang He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China.,He University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-Kang Li
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei He
- Shenyang He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China.,He University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhuo-Shi Wang
- Shenyang He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China.,He University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin-Yue Bai
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ling Xu
- Shenyang He Eye Specialist Hospital, Shenyang, China.,He University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bo Xing
- School of Basic Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Lusheng Wang
- Department of Computer Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.,BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wei Li
- He University, Shenyang, China.,BGI Education Center, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Fang Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.,Laboratory of Genomics and Molecular Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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35
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Identification of Genes Required for Apical Protein Trafficking in Drosophila Photoreceptor Cells. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2019; 9:4007-4017. [PMID: 31649044 PMCID: PMC6893196 DOI: 10.1534/g3.119.400635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila melanogaster photoreceptor cells are highly polarized epithelial cells. Their apical membrane is further subdivided into the stalk membrane and the light-sensing rhabdomere. The photo-pigment Rhodopsin1 (Rh1) localizes to the rhabdomere, whereas the apical determinant Crumbs (Crb) is enriched at the stalk membrane. The proteoglycan Eyes shut (Eys) is secreted through the apical membrane into an inter-rhabdomeral space. Rh1, Crb, and Eys are essential for the development of photoreceptor cells, normal vision, and photoreceptor cell survival. Human orthologs of all three proteins have been linked to retinal degenerative diseases. Here, we describe an RNAi-based screen examining the importance of 237 trafficking-related genes in apical trafficking of Eys, Rh1, and Crb. We found 28 genes that have an effect on the localization and/or levels of these apical proteins and analyzed several factors in more detail. We show that the Arf GEF protein Sec71 is required for biosynthetic traffic of both apical and basolateral proteins, that the exocyst complex and the microtubule-based motor proteins dynein and kinesin promote the secretion of Eys and Rh1, and that Syntaxin 7/Avalanche controls the endocytosis of Rh1, Eys, and Crb.
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36
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Iwanami M, Oishi A, Ogino K, Seko Y, Nishida-Shimizu T, Yoshimura N, Kato S. Five major sequence variants and copy number variants in the EYS gene account for one-third of Japanese patients with autosomal recessive and simplex retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Vis 2019; 25:766-779. [PMID: 31814702 PMCID: PMC6857781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To elucidate the variant spectrum of the EYS gene in a large cohort of Japanese patients with autosomal recessive and simplex retinitis pigmentosa (arRP and sRP). METHODS We performed a direct sequencing analysis of 44 exons of the EYS gene in 469 patients with RP (including 144 arRP, 288 sRP, and 17 autosomal dominant RP (adRP) cases) in eastern and western regions of Japan and a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) of patients who had a single heterozygous pathogenic variant. RESULTS We identified six pathogenic and 16 likely pathogenic variants from a total of 186 nucleotide sequence variants, of which five variants, c.2528G>A (p.(Gly843Glu)), c.4957dupA (p.(Ser1653Lysfs*2)), c.6557G>A (p.(Gly2186Glu)), c.6563T>C (p.(Ile2188Thr)), and c.8868C>A (p.(Tyr2956*)), were prevalent in patients with arRP and sRP. The homozygous and heterozygous combinations of these five variants accounted for 32.4% (140/432) of Japanese patients with arRP and sRP. Five patients with adRP also had these variants. These five variants segregated with the phenotype in 15 families with RP. MLPA revealed seven copy number variations (CNVs) of the EYS exon(s). CONCLUSIONS This study showed that five major sequence variants and CNVs in the EYS gene account for one-third of Japanese patients with arRP and sRP, and these variants are also responsible for RP showing an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. This is the first report showing the pathogenicity of three missense variants (p.(Gly843Glu), p.(Gly2186Glu), and p.(Ile2188Thr)) and the presence of CNVs in the EYS gene of Japanese patients with arRP and sRP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Iwanami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Akio Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ken Ogino
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuko Seko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan,Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Nishida-Shimizu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Seishi Kato
- Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
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37
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Collison FT, Fishman GA, Nagasaki T, Zernant J, McAnany JJ, Park JC, Allikmets R. Characteristic Ocular Features in Cases of Autosomal Recessive PROM1 Cone-Rod Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2347-2356. [PMID: 31136651 PMCID: PMC6538366 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.19-26993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To define characteristic ocular features in a group of patients with autosomal recessive (AR) PROM1 cone-rod dystrophy (CRD). Methods Three males and one female from three unrelated families were first seen at the ages of 15 to 22 years and diagnosed with CRD. Clinical testing available for review included full-field electroretinogram (ERG) in three patients, as well as near-infrared autofluorescence (NIR-AF), spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), and color fundus photography in all four patients. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on all cases, and whole genome sequencing (WGS) was performed in two families. Results WES found compound heterozygous PROM1 variants in one isolated male, plus heterozygous variants in the remaining patients. WGS uncovered deleterious PROM1 variants in these two families. ERG showed markedly reduced cone-isolated amplitudes and variably reduced rod-isolated amplitudes. The dark-adapted combined rod and cone responses demonstrated notably reduced a-wave amplitudes and moderately reduced b-waves, and the resultant waveform resembled the normal rod-isolated response. On fundus examination, oval-shaped macular lesions were observed, as were several small, circular hypoautofluorescent lesions within the posterior pole on NIR-AF. Three patients showed extramacular circular atrophic lesions. Conclusions The autofluorescence changes, peripheral retinal abnormalities, and ERG findings have not been emphasized in previous reports of AR PROM1, but they became a recognizable phenotype in this cohort of patients. A similar constellation of findings may be observed in CRD due to CDHR1, a functionally related gene. The pattern of abnormalities reported herein may help to focus genetic screening in patients with these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick T Collison
- The Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Gerald A Fishman
- The Pangere Center for Inherited Retinal Diseases, The Chicago Lighthouse, Chicago, Illinois, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - Jana Zernant
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
| | - J Jason McAnany
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Jason C Park
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, The University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States
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Pierrache LHM, Messchaert M, Thiadens AAHJ, Haer-Wigman L, de Jong-Hesse Y, van Zelst-Stams WAG, Collin RWJ, Klaver CCW, van den Born LI. Extending the Spectrum of EYS-Associated Retinal Disease to Macular Dystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2019; 60:2049-2063. [PMID: 31074760 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.18-25531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To assess the phenotypic variability and natural course of inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) caused by EYS mutations. Methods Multiethnic cohort study (N = 30) with biallelic EYS variants from a clinical IRD database (retinitis pigmentosa [RP], N = 27; cone-rod dystrophy [CRD], N = 1; and macular dystrophy, N = 2). In vitro minigene splice assay was performed to determine the effect on EYS pre-mRNA splicing of the c.1299+5_1299+8del variant in macular dystrophy patients. Results We found 27 different EYS variants in RP patients and 7 were novel. The rate of visual field loss of the V4e isopter area was -0.84 ± 0.44 ln(deg2) per year, and the rate of visual acuity loss was 0.75 Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study letters per year. Ellipsoid zone width was correlated with area of the hyperautofluorescent ring, with rs = 0.78 and P < 0.001. Rate of decline in ellipsoid zone width was -57 ± 17 μm per year (P < 0.01) (n = 14) or -3.69% ± 0.51% from baseline per year (P < 0.001). An isolated CRD patient carried a homozygous EYS variant (c.9405T>A), previously identified in RP patients. Two siblings with macular dystrophy carried compound heterozygous EYS variants: c.1299+5_1299+8del and c.6050G>T. The former was novel and shown to result in skipping of exon 8, and the latter was a known RP variant. Conclusions We report on EYS-associated macular dystrophy, extending the spectrum of EYS-associated IRDs. We observed heterogeneity between RP patients in age of onset and disease progression. Identical EYS variants were found in cases with RP, CRD, and macular dystrophy. Screening for EYS variants in CRD and macular dystrophy patients might increase the diagnostic yield in previously unsolved cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence H M Pierrache
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Muriël Messchaert
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Lonneke Haer-Wigman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne de Jong-Hesse
- Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rob W J Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - L Ingeborgh van den Born
- The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Rotterdam Ophthalmic Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Takita S, Miyamoto-Matsui K, Seko Y. Intra- and interspecies comparison of EYS transcripts highlights its characteristics in the eye. FASEB J 2019; 33:9422-9433. [PMID: 31120796 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900056rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inherited mutations in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene cause retinitis pigmentosa. Although knock out of eys in zebrafish is pathogenic, the molecular function of EYS in vertebrate photoreceptors is poorly understood. Here, we show that the 5' portion of EYS is eye-specific across vertebrates. We previously determined that a 3' fragment of EYS with an unknown transcription start site is expressed in human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). To obtain insights into the molecular function of EYS in vertebrate photoreceptors, we extensively analyzed EYS (eys) expression in the human fibroblast cell line HDF-adult (HDF-a), the Y79 retinoblastoma cell line, and in zebrafish eyes using rapid amplification of cDNA end, cap analysis of gene expression, RNA sequencing, and RT-PCR. In HDF-a cells, we identified a novel transcript variant (tv), tv5, transcribed from exon 37. In Y79 cells and zebrafish eyes, EYS (eys) was predominantly transcribed from exon 1 or 2, whereas it was transcribed exclusively from exon 37 in HDF-a cells. In the zebrafish eye, there were splice variants that introduced stop codons, resulting in complete loss of the 3' portion of the RNA. These comparative approaches indicate that the 5' portion of the EYS (eys) mRNA appears to be photoreceptor-specific and that the compositions of the deduced EYS proteins in the eye are well-conserved across vertebrates.-Takita, S., Miyamoto-Matsui, K., Seko, Y. Intra- and interspecies comparison of EYS transcripts highlights its characteristics in the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimpei Takita
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Miyamoto-Matsui
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Yuko Seko
- Visual Functions Section, Department of Rehabilitation for Sensory Functions, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, Tokorozawa, Japan
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Khan M, Fadaie Z, Cornelis SS, Cremers FPM, Roosing S. Identification and Analysis of Genes Associated with Inherited Retinal Diseases. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1834:3-27. [PMID: 30324433 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8669-9_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) display a very high degree of clinical and genetic heterogeneity, which poses challenges in finding the underlying defects in known IRD-associated genes and in identifying novel IRD-associated genes. Knowledge on the molecular and clinical aspects of IRDs has increased tremendously in the last decade. Here, we outline the state-of-the-art techniques to find the causative genetic variants, with special attention for next-generation sequencing which can combine molecular diagnostics and retinal disease gene identification. An important aspect is the functional assessment of rare variants with RNA and protein effects which can only be predicted in silico. We therefore describe the in vitro assessment of putative splice defects in human embryonic kidney cells. In addition, we outline the use of stem cell technology to generate photoreceptor precursor cells from patients' somatic cells which can subsequently be used for RNA and protein studies. Finally, we outline the in silico methods to interpret the causality of variants associated with inherited retinal disease and the registry of these variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mubeen Khan
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Zeinab Fadaie
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Stéphanie S Cornelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Frans P M Cremers
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Susanne Roosing
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Hohenester E. Laminin G-like domains: dystroglycan-specific lectins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2018; 56:56-63. [PMID: 30530204 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2018.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A unique O-mannose-linked glycan on the transmembrane protein dystroglycan binds a number of extracellular matrix proteins containing laminin G-like (LG) domains. The dystroglycan-matrix interaction is essential for muscle function: disrupted biosynthesis of the matrix-binding modification causes several forms of muscular dystrophy. The complete chemical structure of this modification has been deciphered in the past few years. We now know that LG domains bind to a glycosaminoglycan-like polysaccharide of [-3GlcAβ1,3Xylα1-] units, termed matriglycan, that is attached to a highly unusual heptasaccharide linker. X-ray crystallography has revealed the principles of Ca2+-dependent matriglycan binding by LG domains. In this review, the new structural insights are applied to the growing number of LG domain-containing proteins that bind dystroglycan. It is proposed that LG domains be recognised as 'D-type' lectins to indicate their conserved function in dystroglycan binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erhard Hohenester
- Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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42
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Wormser O, Gradstein L, Kadar E, Yogev Y, Perez Y, Mashkit E, Elbedour K, Drabkin M, Markus B, Kadir R, Halperin D, Khalaila S, Levy J, Lifshitz T, Manor E, Birk OS. Combined CNV, haplotyping and whole exome sequencing enable identification of two distinct novel EYS mutations causing RP in a single inbred tribe. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:2695-2703. [PMID: 30513137 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.40668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Whole exome sequencing (WES) has become routine in clinical practice, especially in studies of recessive hereditary diseases in inbred consanguineous families, where homozygosity of a founder mutation is assumed. Multiple members of two consanguineous families of a single Bedouin tribe were diagnosed with apparently autosomal recessive/pseudo-dominant retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Affected individuals exhibited severe visual impairment with nyctalopia, marked constriction of visual fields, markedly reduced and delayed responses on electro-retinography (ERG) and eventual loss of central vision. Combined copy-number variant (CNV) analysis, haplotype reconstruction and WES of the kindred identified two distinct novel mutations in EYS (RP25): a p.(W1817*) nonsense mutation (identified through WES) and a large deletion encompassing 9 of the 43 exons, that was missed by WES and was identified through microarray CNV analysis. Segregation analysis of both mutations demonstrated that all affected individuals were either homozygous for one of the mutations, or compound heterozygous for both. The two mutations are predicted to cause loss of function of the encoded protein and were not present in screening of 200 ethnically-matched controls. Our findings of two distinct mutations in the same gene in a single inbred kindred, identified only through combined WES and microarray CNV analysis, highlight the limitations of either CNV or WES alone, as the heterozygous deletion had normal WES read-depth values. Moreover, they demonstrate pitfalls in homozygosity mapping for disease-causing variant identification in inbred communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Wormser
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Libe Gradstein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka Medical Center and Clalit Health Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Einat Kadar
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yuval Yogev
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Yonatan Perez
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Elena Mashkit
- Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Khalil Elbedour
- Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Max Drabkin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Barak Markus
- The Nancy and Stephen Grand Israel National Center for Personalized Medicine, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Rotem Kadir
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Daniel Halperin
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Soltan Khalaila
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka Medical Center and Clalit Health Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Jaime Levy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hadassah University Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tova Lifshitz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Soroka Medical Center and Clalit Health Services, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Esther Manor
- Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Ohad S Birk
- The Morris Kahn Laboratory of Human Genetics, National Institute for Biotechnology in the Negev and Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
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Seko Y, Iwanami M, Miyamoto-Matsui K, Takita S, Aoi N, Umezawa A, Kato S. The manner of decay of genetically defective EYS gene transcripts in photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts derived from retinitis pigmentosa patients depends on the type of mutation. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:279. [PMID: 30359287 PMCID: PMC6202841 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-1016-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Generation of induced photoreceptors holds promise for in vitro modeling of intractable retinal diseases. Retinitis pigmentosa is an inherited retinal dystrophy that leads to visual impairment. The EYS gene was reported to be the most common gene responsible for autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP). arRP with defects in the EYS gene is denoted by “EYS-RP”. We previously established a “redirect differentiation” method to generate photosensitive photoreceptor-like cells from commercially available human dermal fibroblasts. In this study, we produced photoreceptor-like cells from dermal fibroblasts of EYS-RP patients as a replacement for the degenerative retinas using “redirect differentiation”. We analyzed defective transcripts of the EYS gene in these cells to elucidate phenotypes of EYS-RP patients because decay of transcripts was previously suggested to be involved in phenotypic variation associated with diseases. Methods Using “redirect differentiation” by CRX, RAX, NeuroD and OTX2, we made photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts derived from three normal volunteers and three EYS-RP patients with homozygous or heterozygous mutations. We tested inducible expression of the photoreceptor-specific genes (blue opsin, rhodopsin, recoverin, S-antigen, PDE6C) in these cells. We then analyzed transcripts derived from three different types of the defective EYS gene, c.1211dupA, c.4957dupA and c.8805C > A, expressed in these cells by RT-PCR and sequencing. Results Photoreceptor-specific genes including the EYS gene were up-regulated in all the photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts tested. However, expression levels of defective transcripts were markedly different depending on the type of mutation. Transcripts derived from these three defective genes were scarcely detected, expressed at a lower level, and expressed at almost the same level as in normal volunteers, respectively. Conclusions Expression levels of genetically defective EYS gene transcripts in photoreceptor-directed fibroblasts of EYS-RP patients vary depending on the type of mutation. Variation in expression levels in transcripts having c.1211dupA, c.4957dupA and c.8805C > A suggests that almost complete nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD), partial NMD and escape from NMD occurred for these transcripts, respectively. To determine the relationship with phenotypic variations in EYS-RP patients, more samples are needed. The present study also suggests that the redirect differentiation method could be a valuable tool for disease modeling despite some limitations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-1016-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Seko
- Sensory Functions Section, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan. .,Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan.
| | - Masaki Iwanami
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan.,Present Address: Iwanami Eye Clinic, 7-1-3, Tsuchihashi, Miyamae-ku Kawasaki-shi, Kanagawa, 216-0005, Japan
| | - Kiyoko Miyamoto-Matsui
- Sensory Functions Section, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Shimpei Takita
- Sensory Functions Section, Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Aoi
- Department of Plastic, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Teikyo University School of Medicine, 2-11-1 Kaga Itabashi-ku, Itabashi, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Akihiro Umezawa
- Department of Reproductive Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, National Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, 157-8535, Japan
| | - Seishi Kato
- Research Institute, National Rehabilitation Center for Persons with Disabilities, 4-1 Namiki, Tokorozawa, 359-8555, Japan
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A new approach based on targeted pooled DNA sequencing identifies novel mutations in patients with Inherited Retinal Dystrophies. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15457. [PMID: 30337596 PMCID: PMC6194132 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRD) are a heterogeneous group of diseases that mainly affect the retina; more than 250 genes have been linked to the disease and more than 20 different clinical phenotypes have been described. This heterogeneity both at the clinical and genetic levels complicates the identification of causative mutations. Therefore, a detailed genetic characterization is important for genetic counselling and decisions regarding treatment. In this study, we developed a method consisting on pooled targeted next generation sequencing (NGS) that we applied to 316 eye disease related genes, followed by High Resolution Melting and copy number variation analysis. DNA from 115 unrelated test samples was pooled and samples with known mutations were used as positive controls to assess the sensitivity of our approach. Causal mutations for IRDs were found in 36 patients achieving a detection rate of 31.3%. Overall, 49 likely causative mutations were identified in characterized patients, 14 of which were first described in this study (28.6%). Our study shows that this new approach is a cost-effective tool for detection of causative mutations in patients with inherited retinopathies.
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Mahato S, Nie J, Plachetzki DC, Zelhof AC. A mosaic of independent innovations involving eyes shut are critical for the evolutionary transition from fused to open rhabdoms. Dev Biol 2018; 443:188-202. [PMID: 30243673 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A fundamental question in evolutionary biology is how developmental processes are modified to produce morphological innovations while abiding by functional constraints. Here we address this question by investigating the cellular mechanism responsible for the transition between fused and open rhabdoms in ommatidia of apposition compound eyes; a critical step required for the development of visual systems based on neural superposition. Utilizing Drosophila and Tribolium as representatives of fused and open rhabdom morphology in holometabolous insects respectively, we identified three changes required for this innovation to occur. First, the expression pattern of the extracellular matrix protein Eyes Shut (EYS) was co-opted and expanded from mechanosensory neurons to photoreceptor cells in taxa with open rhabdoms. Second, EYS homologs obtained a novel extension of the amino terminus leading to the internalization of a cleaved signal sequence. This amino terminus extension does not interfere with cleavage or function in mechanosensory neurons, but it does permit specific targeting of the EYS protein to the apical photoreceptor membrane. Finally, a specific interaction evolved between EYS and a subset of Prominin homologs that is required for the development of open, but not fused, rhabdoms. Together, our findings portray a case study wherein the evolution of a set of molecular novelties has precipitated the origin of an adaptive photoreceptor cell arrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simpla Mahato
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Jing Nie
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - David C Plachetzki
- Molecular, Cellular, and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA.
| | - Andrew C Zelhof
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Mucciolo DP, Sodi A, Passerini I, Murro V, Cipollini F, Borg I, Pelo E, Contini E, Virgili G, Rizzo S. Fundus phenotype in retinitis pigmentosa associated with EYS mutations. Ophthalmic Genet 2018; 39:589-602. [PMID: 30153090 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2018.1509351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE to report phenotypic and genotypic features in a group of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP) patients associated with EYS mutations. METHODS we retrospectively reviewed the clinical records and the molecular genetic data of arRP patients carrying mutations in the EYS gene. All the patients underwent a comprehensive opthalmological examination. Additional investigation included color fundus photography, fundus autofluorescence, Goldmann visual field, OCT scans and full-field standard electroretinography. RESULTS we studied 10 RP patients (20 eyes) characterized by mutations in the EYS gene. Thirteen different sequence variants in the EYS gene were identified. In total, nine mutations found in our series had not previously been reported in the literature. All patients in our series complained of typical RP symptoms at the onset of the disease, namely night blindness and progressive constriction of the visual field. Visual acuity ranged from light perception to 20/20. Relevant findings reported in our series are Interdigitation-zone (IZ band) involvement, present even in the milder phenotypes and an estimated prevalence of 6.2% of arRP associated with EYS mutations. CONCLUSIONS we reported the mutation spectrum of a group of EYS-related RP patients including nine novel mutations and the associated clinical phenotypes. Our series is the largest group of EYS-related arRP patients in the Italian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Pasquale Mucciolo
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Eye Clinic, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Andrea Sodi
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Eye Clinic, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Ilaria Passerini
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Vittoria Murro
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Eye Clinic, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Francesca Cipollini
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Eye Clinic, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Isabella Borg
- c Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Pathology , Mater Dei Hospital , Malta.,d Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery , University of Malta , Malta
| | - Elisabetta Pelo
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Elisa Contini
- b Department of Genetic Diagnosis , Careggi Teaching Hospital , Florence , Italy
| | - Gianni Virgili
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Eye Clinic, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
| | - Stanislao Rizzo
- a Department of Surgery and Translational Medicine , Eye Clinic, University of Florence , Florence , Italy
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Messchaert M, Dona M, Broekman S, Peters TA, Corral-Serrano JC, Slijkerman RWN, van Wijk E, Collin RWJ. Eyes shut homolog is important for the maintenance of photoreceptor morphology and visual function in zebrafish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200789. [PMID: 30052645 PMCID: PMC6063403 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in eyes shut homolog (EYS), a gene predominantly expressed in the photoreceptor cells of the retina, are among the most frequent causes of autosomal recessive (ar) retinitis pigmentosa (RP), a progressive retinal disorder. Due to the absence of EYS in several rodent species and its retina-specific expression, still little is known about the exact function of EYS and the pathogenic mechanism underlying EYS-associated RP. We characterized eys in zebrafish, by RT-PCR analysis on zebrafish eye-derived RNA, which led to the identification of a 8,715 nucleotide coding sequence that is divided over 46 exons. The transcript is predicted to encode a 2,905-aa protein that contains 39 EGF-like domains and five laminin A G-like domains, which overall shows 33% identity with human EYS. To study the function of EYS, we generated a stable eysrmc101/rmc101 mutant zebrafish model using CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The introduced lesion is predicted to result in premature termination of protein synthesis and lead to loss of Eys function. Immunohistochemistry on retinal sections revealed that Eys localizes at the region of the connecting cilium and that both rhodopsin and cone transducin are mislocalized in the absence of Eys. Electroretinogram recordings showed diminished b-wave amplitudes in eysrmc101/rmc101 zebrafish (5 dpf) compared to age- and strain-matched wild-type larvae. In addition, decreased locomotor activity in response to light stimuli was observed in eys mutant larvae. Altogether, our study shows that absence of Eys leads to a disorganized retinal architecture and causes visual dysfunction in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muriël Messchaert
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Margo Dona
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sanne Broekman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Theo A. Peters
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Julio C. Corral-Serrano
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ralph W. N. Slijkerman
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erwin van Wijk
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rob W. J. Collin
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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48
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Sengillo JD, Lee W, Nagasaki T, Schuerch K, Yannuzzi LA, Freund KB, Sparrow JR, Allikmets R, Tsang SH. A Distinct Phenotype of Eyes Shut Homolog (EYS)-Retinitis Pigmentosa Is Associated With Variants Near the C-Terminus. Am J Ophthalmol 2018; 190:99-112. [PMID: 29550188 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajo.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Mutations in the eyes shut homolog (EYS) gene are a frequent cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa (arRP). This study used multimodal retinal imaging to elucidate genotype-phenotype correlations in EYS-related RP (EYS-RP). DESIGN Cross-sectional study. METHODS Multimodal retinal imaging and electrophysiologic testing were assessed for 16 patients with genetic confirmation of EYS-RP. RESULTS A total of 27 unique EYS variants were identified in 16 patients. Seven patients presented with an unusual crescent-shaped hyperautofluorescent (hyperAF) ring on fundus autofluorescence (FAF) imaging encompassing a large nasal-superior area of the posterior pole. Three patients had a typical circular or oval perifoveal hyperAF ring and 6 patients had no hyperAF ring. Spectral-domain (SD) and en face optical coherence tomography (OCT) showed preserved ellipsoid zone and retinal thickness spatially corresponding to areas within the hyperAF rings. Eleven patients presented with a rod-cone dystrophy on full-field electroretinogram (ffERG), 1 patient presented with cone-rod dystrophy, and 4 patients did not undergo ffERG testing. A significant spatial association was found between EYS variant position and FAF phenotype, with variants occurring at a nucleotide position greater than GRCh37 6:65300137 (c.5617C) being more associated with patients exhibiting hyperAF rings at presentation. CONCLUSIONS EYS-RP is a heterogeneous manifestation. Variants occurring in positions closer to the C-terminus of EYS are more common in patients presenting with hyperAF rings on FAF imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse D Sengillo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Winston Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Takayuki Nagasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kaspar Schuerch
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - K Bailey Freund
- Vitreous Retina Macula Consultants of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rando Allikmets
- Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, and Bernard & Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, New York, New York, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Department of Pathology & Cell Biology, Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA; Institute of Human Nutrition, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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49
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Schneider M, Al-Shareffi E, Haltiwanger RS. Biological functions of fucose in mammals. Glycobiology 2018; 27:601-618. [PMID: 28430973 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwx034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucose is a 6-deoxy hexose in the l-configuration found in a large variety of different organisms. In mammals, fucose is incorporated into N-glycans, O-glycans and glycolipids by 13 fucosyltransferases, all of which utilize the nucleotide-charged form, GDP-fucose, to modify targets. Three of the fucosyltransferases, FUT8, FUT12/POFUT1 and FUT13/POFUT2, are essential for proper development in mice. Fucose modifications have also been implicated in many other biological functions including immunity and cancer. Congenital mutations of a Golgi apparatus localized GDP-fucose transporter causes leukocyte adhesion deficiency type II, which results in severe developmental and immune deficiencies, highlighting the important role fucose plays in these processes. Additionally, changes in levels of fucosylated proteins have proven as useful tools for determining cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Chemically modified fucose analogs can be used to alter many of these fucose dependent processes or as tools to better understand them. In this review, we summarize the known roles of fucose in mammalian physiology and pathophysiology. Additionally, we discuss recent therapeutic advances for cancer and other diseases that are a direct result of our improved understanding of the role that fucose plays in these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Esam Al-Shareffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, DC 20007, USA
| | - Robert S Haltiwanger
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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Special Issue Introduction: Inherited Retinal Disease: Novel Candidate Genes, Genotype-Phenotype Correlations, and Inheritance Models. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9040215. [PMID: 29659558 PMCID: PMC5924557 DOI: 10.3390/genes9040215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are genetically and clinically heterogeneous disorders.[...].
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