1
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Ri K, Weng TH, Claveras Cabezudo A, Jösting W, Zhang Y, Bazzone A, Leong NCP, Welsch S, Doty RT, Gursu G, Lim TJY, Schmidt SL, Abkowitz JL, Hummer G, Wu D, Nguyen LN, Safarian S. Molecular mechanism of choline and ethanolamine transport in humans. Nature 2024; 630:501-508. [PMID: 38778100 PMCID: PMC11168923 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Human feline leukaemia virus subgroup C receptor-related proteins 1 and 2 (FLVCR1 and FLVCR2) are members of the major facilitator superfamily1. Their dysfunction is linked to several clinical disorders, including PCARP, HSAN and Fowler syndrome2-7. Earlier studies concluded that FLVCR1 may function as a haem exporter8-12, whereas FLVCR2 was suggested to act as a haem importer13, yet conclusive biochemical and detailed molecular evidence remained elusive for the function of both transporters14-16. Here, we show that FLVCR1 and FLVCR2 facilitate the transport of choline and ethanolamine across the plasma membrane, using a concentration-driven substrate translocation process. Through structural and computational analyses, we have identified distinct conformational states of FLVCRs and unravelled the coordination chemistry underlying their substrate interactions. Fully conserved tryptophan and tyrosine residues form the binding pocket of both transporters and confer selectivity for choline and ethanolamine through cation-π interactions. Our findings clarify the mechanisms of choline and ethanolamine transport by FLVCR1 and FLVCR2, enhance our comprehension of disease-associated mutations that interfere with these vital processes and shed light on the conformational dynamics of these major facilitator superfamily proteins during the transport cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiken Ri
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tsai-Hsuan Weng
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ainara Claveras Cabezudo
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
- IMPRS on Cellular Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Wiebke Jösting
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Nancy C P Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sonja Welsch
- Central Electron Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Raymond T Doty
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gonca Gursu
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tiffany Jia Ying Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sarah Luise Schmidt
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Janis L Abkowitz
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Di Wu
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Schara Safarian
- Department and Emeritus Group of Molecular Membrane Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
- Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune Mediated Diseases (CIMD), Frankfurt, Germany.
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2
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Cater RJ, Mukherjee D, Gil-Iturbe E, Erramilli SK, Chen T, Koo K, Santander N, Reckers A, Kloss B, Gawda T, Choy BC, Zhang Z, Katewa A, Larpthaveesarp A, Huang EJ, Mooney SWJ, Clarke OB, Yee SW, Giacomini KM, Kossiakoff AA, Quick M, Arnold T, Mancia F. Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2. Nature 2024; 629:704-709. [PMID: 38693257 PMCID: PMC11168207 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient that the human body needs in vast quantities for cell membrane synthesis, epigenetic modification and neurotransmission. The brain has a particularly high demand for choline, but how it enters the brain remains unknown1-3. The major facilitator superfamily transporter FLVCR1 (also known as MFSD7B or SLC49A1) was recently determined to be a choline transporter but is not highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier, whereas the related protein FLVCR2 (also known as MFSD7C or SLC49A2) is expressed in endothelial cells at the blood-brain barrier4-7. Previous studies have shown that mutations in human Flvcr2 cause cerebral vascular abnormalities, hydrocephalus and embryonic lethality, but the physiological role of FLVCR2 is unknown4,5. Here we demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro that FLVCR2 is a BBB choline transporter and is responsible for the majority of choline uptake into the brain. We also determine the structures of choline-bound FLVCR2 in both inward-facing and outward-facing states using cryo-electron microscopy. These results reveal how the brain obtains choline and provide molecular-level insights into how FLVCR2 binds choline in an aromatic cage and mediates its uptake. Our work could provide a novel framework for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents into the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary J Cater
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Dibyanti Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eva Gil-Iturbe
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Satchal K Erramilli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katie Koo
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Nicolás Santander
- Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de O'Higgins, Rancagua, Chile
| | - Andrew Reckers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brian Kloss
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Tomasz Gawda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brendon C Choy
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zhening Zhang
- Cryo-Electron Microscopy Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Aditya Katewa
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Amara Larpthaveesarp
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Eric J Huang
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Pathology Service, San Francisco VA Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Oliver B Clarke
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sook Wah Yee
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen M Giacomini
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anthony A Kossiakoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Matthias Quick
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, Area Neuroscience-Molecular Therapeutics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Thomas Arnold
- Department of Pediatrics, Neonatal Brain Research Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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3
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Son Y, Kenny TC, Khan A, Birsoy K, Hite RK. Structural basis of lipid head group entry to the Kennedy pathway by FLVCR1. Nature 2024; 629:710-716. [PMID: 38693265 PMCID: PMC11188936 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07374-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the two most abundant phospholipids in mammalian cells, are synthesized de novo by the Kennedy pathway from choline and ethanolamine, respectively1-6. Despite the essential roles of these lipids, the mechanisms that enable the cellular uptake of choline and ethanolamine remain unknown. Here we show that the protein encoded by FLVCR1, whose mutation leads to the neurodegenerative syndrome posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa7-9, transports extracellular choline and ethanolamine into cells for phosphorylation by downstream kinases to initiate the Kennedy pathway. Structures of FLVCR1 in the presence of choline and ethanolamine reveal that both metabolites bind to a common binding site comprising aromatic and polar residues. Despite binding to a common site, FLVCR1 interacts in different ways with the larger quaternary amine of choline in and with the primary amine of ethanolamine. Structure-guided mutagenesis identified residues that are crucial for the transport of ethanolamine, but dispensable for choline transport, enabling functional separation of the entry points into the two branches of the Kennedy pathway. Altogether, these studies reveal how FLVCR1 is a high-affinity metabolite transporter that serves as the common origin for phospholipid biosynthesis by two branches of the Kennedy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Son
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy C Kenny
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Artem Khan
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kıvanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard K Hite
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Zhou Q, Shi R. Shared Genetic Features of Psoriasis and Myocardial Infarction: Insights From a Weighted Gene Coexpression Network Analysis. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033893. [PMID: 38533976 PMCID: PMC11179746 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidence suggests a higher propensity for acute myocardial infarction (MI) in patients with psoriasis. However, the shared mechanisms underlying this comorbidity in these patients remain unclear. This study aimed to explore the shared genetic features of psoriasis and MI and to identify potential biomarkers indicating their coexistence. METHODS AND RESULTS Data sets obtained from the gene expression omnibus were examined using a weighted gene coexpression network analysis approach. Hub genes were identified using coexpression modules and validated in other data sets and through in vitro cellular experiments. Bioinformatics tools, including the Human microRNA Disease Database, StarBase, and miRNet databases, were used to construct a ceRNA network and predict potential regulatory mechanisms. By applying weighted gene coexpression network analysis, we identified 2 distinct modules that were significant for both MI and psoriasis. Inflammatory and immune pathways were highlighted by gene ontology enrichment analysis of the overlapping genes. Three pivotal genes-Src homology and collagen 1, disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like, and feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor family member 2-were identified as potential biomarkers. We constructed a ceRNA network that suggested the upstream regulatory roles of these genes in the coexistence of psoriasis and MI. CONCLUSIONS As potential therapeutic targets, Src homology and collagen 1, feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor family member 2, and disruptor of telomeric silencing 1-like provide novel insights into the shared genetic features between psoriasis and MI. This study paves the way for future studies focusing on the prevention of MI in patients with psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineThird Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
| | - Ruizheng Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular MedicineXiangya Hospital, Central South UniversityChangshaHunanChina
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5
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Hale AT, Boudreau H, Devulapalli R, Duy PQ, Atchley TJ, Dewan MC, Goolam M, Fieggen G, Spader HL, Smith AA, Blount JP, Johnston JM, Rocque BG, Rozzelle CJ, Chong Z, Strahle JM, Schiff SJ, Kahle KT. The genetic basis of hydrocephalus: genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact. Fluids Barriers CNS 2024; 21:24. [PMID: 38439105 PMCID: PMC10913327 DOI: 10.1186/s12987-024-00513-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Hydrocephalus (HC) is a heterogenous disease characterized by alterations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics that may cause increased intracranial pressure. HC is a component of a wide array of genetic syndromes as well as a secondary consequence of brain injury (intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), infection, etc.) that can present across the age spectrum, highlighting the phenotypic heterogeneity of the disease. Surgical treatments include ventricular shunting and endoscopic third ventriculostomy with or without choroid plexus cauterization, both of which are prone to failure, and no effective pharmacologic treatments for HC have been developed. Thus, there is an urgent need to understand the genetic architecture and molecular pathogenesis of HC. Without this knowledge, the development of preventive, diagnostic, and therapeutic measures is impeded. However, the genetics of HC is extraordinarily complex, based on studies of varying size, scope, and rigor. This review serves to provide a comprehensive overview of genes, pathways, mechanisms, and global impact of genetics contributing to all etiologies of HC in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew T Hale
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK.
| | - Hunter Boudreau
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Rishi Devulapalli
- Heersink School of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Phan Q Duy
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Travis J Atchley
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham, FOT Suite 1060, 1720 2ndAve, Birmingham, AL, 35294, UK
| | - Michael C Dewan
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Monroe Carell Jr. Children's Hospital, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Mubeen Goolam
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Graham Fieggen
- Neuroscience Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Heather L Spader
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Anastasia A Smith
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jeffrey P Blount
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - James M Johnston
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Brandon G Rocque
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Curtis J Rozzelle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Children's of Alabama, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Zechen Chong
- Heflin Center for Genomics, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, UK
| | - Jennifer M Strahle
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, St. Louis Children's Hospital, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Steven J Schiff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Kristopher T Kahle
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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6
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Nguyen XTA, Le TNU, Nguyen TQ, Thi Thuy Ha H, Artati A, Leong NCP, Nguyen DT, Lim PY, Susanto AV, Huang Q, Fam L, Leong LN, Bonne I, Lee A, Granadillo JL, Gooch C, Yu D, Huang H, Soong TW, Chang MW, Wenk MR, Adamski J, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Nguyen LN. MFSD7c functions as a transporter of choline at the blood-brain barrier. Cell Res 2024; 34:245-257. [PMID: 38302740 PMCID: PMC10907603 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00923-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the orphan transporter MFSD7c (also known as Flvcr2), are linked to Fowler syndrome. Here, we used Mfsd7c knockout (Mfsd7c-/-) mice and cell-based assays to reveal that MFSD7c is a choline transporter at the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We performed comprehensive metabolomics analysis and detected differential changes of metabolites in the brains and livers of Mfsd7c-/-embryos. Particularly, we found that choline-related metabolites were altered in the brains but not in the livers of Mfsd7c-/- embryos. Thus, we hypothesized that MFSD7c regulates the level of choline in the brain. Indeed, expression of human MFSD7c in cells significantly increased choline uptake. Interestingly, we showed that choline uptake by MFSD7c is greatly increased by choline-metabolizing enzymes, leading us to demonstrate that MFSD7c is a facilitative transporter of choline. Furthermore, single-cell patch clamp analysis showed that the import of choline by MFSD7c is electrogenic. Choline transport function of MFSD7c was shown to be conserved in vertebrates, but not in yeasts. We demonstrated that human MFSD7c is a functional ortholog of HNM1, the yeast choline importer. We also showed that several missense mutations identified in patients exhibiting Fowler syndrome had abolished or reduced choline transport activity. Mice lacking Mfsd7c in endothelial cells of the central nervous system suppressed the import of exogenous choline from blood but unexpectedly had increased choline levels in the brain. Stable-isotope tracing study revealed that MFSD7c was required for exporting choline derived from lysophosphatidylcholine in the brain. Collectively, our work identifies MFSD7c as a choline exporter at the BBB and provides a foundation for future work to reveal the disease mechanisms of Fowler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Thi Anh Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Thanh Nha Uyen Le
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Toan Q Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hoa Thi Thuy Ha
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anna Artati
- Metabolomics and Proteomics Core, Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Nancy C P Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dat T Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yen Lim
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Adelia Vicanatalita Susanto
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qianhui Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ling Fam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lo Ngah Leong
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Isabelle Bonne
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Immunology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angela Lee
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Jorge L Granadillo
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Catherine Gooch
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Dejie Yu
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hua Huang
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tuck Wah Soong
- Electrophysiology Core Facility, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Healthy Longevity Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Matthew Wook Chang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation (SynCTI), National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Synthetic Biology Translational Research Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Markus R Wenk
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Amaury Cazenave-Gassiot
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Life Sciences Institute, Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Cardiovascular Diseases Program, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
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7
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Calame DG, Wong JH, Panda P, Nguyen DT, Leong NC, Sangermano R, Patankar SG, Abdel-Hamid M, AlAbdi L, Safwat S, Flannery KP, Dardas Z, Fatih JM, Murali C, Kannan V, Lotze TE, Herman I, Ammouri F, Rezich B, Efthymiou S, Alavi S, Murphy D, Firoozfar Z, Nasab ME, Bahreini A, Ghasemi M, Haridy NA, Goldouzi HR, Eghbal F, Karimiani EG, Srinivasan VM, Gowda VK, Du H, Jhangiani SN, Coban-Akdemir Z, Marafi D, Rodan L, Isikay S, Rosenfeld JA, Ramanathan S, Staton M, Kerby C. Oberg, Clark RD, Wenman C, Loughlin S, Saad R, Ashraf T, Male A, Tadros S, Boostani R, Abdel-Salam GM, Zaki M, Abdalla E, Manzini MC, Pehlivan D, Posey JE, Gibbs RA, Houlden H, Alkuraya FS, Bujakowska K, Maroofian R, Lupski JR, Nguyen LN. Biallelic variation in the choline and ethanolamine transporter FLVCR1 underlies a pleiotropic disease spectrum from adult neurodegeneration to severe developmental disorders. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.02.09.24302464. [PMID: 38405817 PMCID: PMC10888986 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.09.24302464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
FLVCR1 encodes Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor 1 (FLVCR1), a solute carrier (SLC) transporter within the Major Facilitator Superfamily. FLVCR1 is a widely expressed transmembrane protein with plasma membrane and mitochondrial isoforms implicated in heme, choline, and ethanolamine transport. While Flvcr1 knockout mice die in utero with skeletal malformations and defective erythropoiesis reminiscent of Diamond-Blackfan anemia, rare biallelic pathogenic FLVCR1 variants are linked to childhood or adult-onset neurodegeneration of the retina, spinal cord, and peripheral nervous system. We ascertained from research and clinical exome sequencing 27 individuals from 20 unrelated families with biallelic ultra-rare missense and predicted loss-of-function (pLoF) FLVCR1 variant alleles. We characterize an expansive FLVCR1 phenotypic spectrum ranging from adult-onset retinitis pigmentosa to severe developmental disorders with microcephaly, reduced brain volume, epilepsy, spasticity, and premature death. The most severely affected individuals, including three individuals with homozygous pLoF variants, share traits with Flvcr1 knockout mice and Diamond-Blackfan anemia including macrocytic anemia and congenital skeletal malformations. Pathogenic FLVCR1 missense variants primarily lie within transmembrane domains and reduce choline and ethanolamine transport activity compared with wild-type FLVCR1 with minimal impact on FLVCR1 stability or subcellular localization. Several variants disrupt splicing in a mini-gene assay which may contribute to genotype-phenotype correlations. Taken together, these data support an allele-specific gene dosage model in which phenotypic severity reflects residual FLVCR1 activity. This study expands our understanding of Mendelian disorders of choline and ethanolamine transport and demonstrates the importance of choline and ethanolamine in neurodevelopment and neuronal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Calame
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jovi Huixin Wong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Puravi Panda
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Dat Tuan Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Nancy C.P. Leong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
| | - Riccardo Sangermano
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Sohil G. Patankar
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Mohamed Abdel-Hamid
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, Human Genetics and Genome Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Lama AlAbdi
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sylvia Safwat
- Department of Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Kyle P. Flannery
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, NY, USA
| | - Zain Dardas
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jawid M. Fatih
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chaya Murali
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Varun Kannan
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Timothy E. Lotze
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Isabella Herman
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
| | - Farah Ammouri
- Boys Town National Research Hospital, Boys Town, NE, USA
- The University of Kansas Health System, Westwood, KS, USA
| | - Brianna Rezich
- Munroe-Meyer Institute for Genetics and Rehabilitation, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Stephanie Efthymiou
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Shahryar Alavi
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - David Murphy
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Amir Bahreini
- KaryoGen, Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Majid Ghasemi
- Department of Neurology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Hamid Reza Goldouzi
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Eghbal
- Department of Medical Genetics, Next Generation Genetic Polyclinic, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghayoor Karimiani
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Institute, St George’s, University of London, Cranmer Terrace London, London, UK
| | | | - Vykuntaraju K. Gowda
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Indira Gandhi Institute of Child Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Haowei Du
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Zeynep Coban-Akdemir
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genetics Center, Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dana Marafi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Lance Rodan
- Department of Neurology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sedat Isikay
- Gaziantep Islam Science and Technology University, Medical Faculty, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Jill A. Rosenfeld
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Baylor Genetics Laboratories, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Subhadra Ramanathan
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Michael Staton
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Kerby C. Oberg
- Department of Pathology and Human Anatomy, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Robin D. Clark
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Catharina Wenman
- Rare & Inherited Disease Laboratory, NHS North Thames Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BH, UK
| | - Sam Loughlin
- Rare & Inherited Disease Laboratory, NHS North Thames Genomic Laboratory Hub, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, WC1N 3BH, UK
| | - Ramy Saad
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Tazeen Ashraf
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Alison Male
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Shereen Tadros
- North East Thames Regional Genetic Service, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Reza Boostani
- Department of Neurology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ghada M.H. Abdel-Salam
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Zaki
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Human Genetics and Genome Research Division, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ebtesam Abdalla
- Department of Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - M. Chiara Manzini
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Child Health Institute of New Jersey, NY, USA
| | - Davut Pehlivan
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Posey
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Henry Houlden
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - Fowzan S. Alkuraya
- Department of Translational Genomics, Center for Genomic Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kinga Bujakowska
- Ocular Genomics Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Reza Maroofian
- Department of Neuromuscular diseases, UCL Institute of Neurology, WC1N 3BG, London, UK
| | - James R. Lupski
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Long Nam Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228
- Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
- Singapore Lipidomics Incubator (SLING), Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
- Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117545
- Immunology Translational Research Program, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456
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8
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Cater RJ, Mukherjee D, Iturbe EG, Erramilli SK, Chen T, Koo K, Grez NS, Reckers A, Kloss B, Gawda T, Choy BC, Zheng Z, Clarke OB, Yee SW, Kossiakoff AA, Quick M, Arnold T, Mancia F. Structural and molecular basis of choline uptake into the brain by FLVCR2. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.05.561059. [PMID: 37873173 PMCID: PMC10592973 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.05.561059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Choline is an essential nutrient that the human body needs in vast quantities for cell membrane synthesis, epigenetic modification, and neurotransmission. The brain has a particularly high demand for choline, but how it enters the brain has eluded the field for over fifty years. The MFS transporter FLVCR1 was recently determined to be a choline transporter, and while this protein is not highly expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), its relative FLVCR2 is. Previous studies have shown that mutations in human Flvcr2 cause cerebral vascular abnormalities, hydrocephalus, and embryonic lethality, but the physiological role of FLVCR2 is unknown. Here, we demonstrate both in vivo and in vitro that FLVCR2 is a BBB choline transporter and is responsible for the majority of choline uptake into the brain. We also determine the structures of choline-bound FLVCR2 in the inward- and outward-facing states using cryo-electron microscopy to 2.49 and 2.77 Å resolution, respectively. These results reveal how the brain obtains choline and provide molecular-level insights into how FLVCR2 binds choline in an aromatic cage and mediates its uptake. Our work could provide a novel framework for the targeted delivery of neurotherapeutics into the brain.
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9
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Son Y, Kenny TC, Khan A, Birsoy K, Hite RK. Structural basis of lipid head group entry to the Kennedy pathway by FLVCR1. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.28.560019. [PMID: 37808796 PMCID: PMC10557757 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.28.560019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, the two most abundant phospholipids in mammalian cells, are synthesized de novo by the Kennedy pathway from choline and ethanolamine, respectively1-6. Despite the importance of these lipids, the mechanisms that enable the cellular uptake of choline and ethanolamine remain unknown. Here, we show that FLVCR1, whose mutation leads to the neurodegenerative syndrome PCARP7-9, transports extracellular choline and ethanolamine into cells for phosphorylation by downstream kinases to initiate the Kennedy pathway. Structures of FLVCR1 in the presence of choline and ethanolamine reveal that both metabolites bind to a common binding site comprised of aromatic and polar residues. Despite binding to a common site, the larger quaternary amine of choline interacts differently with FLVCR1 than does the primary amine of ethanolamine. Structure-guided mutagenesis identified residues that are critical for the transport of ethanolamine, while being dispensable for choline transport, enabling functional separation of the entry points into the two branches of the Kennedy pathway. Altogether, these studies reveal how FLCVR1 is a high-affinity metabolite transporter that serves as the common origin for phospholipid biosynthesis by two branches of the Kennedy pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeeun Son
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, NY, USA
| | - Timothy C. Kenny
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Artem Khan
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kivanç Birsoy
- Laboratory of Metabolic Regulation and Genetics, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Richard K. Hite
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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10
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Gkini V, Namba T. Glutaminolysis and the Control of Neural Progenitors in Neocortical Development and Evolution. Neuroscientist 2023; 29:177-189. [PMID: 35057642 PMCID: PMC10018057 DOI: 10.1177/10738584211069060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple types of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) contribute to the development of the neocortex, a brain region responsible for our higher cognitive abilities. Proliferative capacity of NPCs varies among NPC types, developmental stages, and species. The higher proliferative capacity of NPCs in the developing human neocortex is thought to be a major contributing factor why humans have the most expanded neocortex within primates. Recent studies have shed light on the importance of cell metabolism in the neocortical NPC proliferative capacity. Specifically, glutaminolysis, a metabolic pathway that converts glutamine to glutamate and then to α-ketoglutarate, has been shown to play a critical role in human NPCs, both in apical and basal progenitors. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge of NPC metabolism, focusing especially on glutaminolysis, and discuss the role of NPC metabolism in neocortical development, evolution, and neurodevelopmental disorders, providing a broader perspective on a newly emerging research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Gkini
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE—Helsinki
Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Takashi Namba
- Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE—Helsinki
Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Takashi Namba, Neuroscience Center, HiLIFE
— Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, PO 63,
Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki 00014, Finland.
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11
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Pujol C, Lebigot E, Gaignard P, Galai S, Kraoua I, Bault JP, Dard R, Youssef-Turki IB, Omar S, Boutron A, Wai T, Slama A. MPC2 variants disrupt mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism and cause an early-onset mitochondriopathy. Brain 2022; 146:858-864. [PMID: 36417180 PMCID: PMC9976959 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awac444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate is an essential metabolite produced by glycolysis in the cytosol and must be transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane into the mitochondrial matrix, where it is oxidized to fuel mitochondrial respiration. Pyruvate import is performed by the mitochondrial pyruvate carrier (MPC), a hetero-oligomeric complex composed by interdependent subunits MPC1 and MPC2. Pathogenic variants in the MPC1 gene disrupt mitochondrial pyruvate uptake and oxidation and cause autosomal-recessive early-onset neurological dysfunction in humans. The present work describes the first pathogenic variants in MPC2 associated with human disease in four patients from two unrelated families. In the first family, patients presented with antenatal developmental abnormalities and harboured a homozygous c.148T>C (p.Trp50Arg) variant. In the second family, patients that presented with infantile encephalopathy carried a missense c.2T>G (p.Met1?) variant disrupting the initiation codon. Patient-derived skin fibroblasts exhibit decreased pyruvate-driven oxygen consumption rates with normal activities of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and mitochondrial respiratory chain and no defects in mitochondrial content or morphology. Re-expression of wild-type MPC2 restored pyruvate-dependent respiration rates in patient-derived fibroblasts. The discovery of pathogenic variants in MPC2 therefore broadens the clinical and genetic landscape associated with inborn errors in pyruvate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Pauline Gaignard
- Biochemistry Department, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Said Galai
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia,Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ichraf Kraoua
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jean-Philippe Bault
- Department of Gynecology, Poissy—Saint Germain en Laye Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Rodolphe Dard
- Department of Gynecology, Poissy—Saint Germain en Laye Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France,Department of Medical Genetics, Poissy—Saint Germain en Laye Hospital, 78300 Poissy, France
| | - Ilhem Ben Youssef-Turki
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Pediatric Neurology, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souheil Omar
- Research Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of the Child (LR18SP04), Department of Clinical Biology, Faculty of Medicine of Tunis, National Institute Mongi Ben Hmida of Neurology, University of Tunis El Manar, 1068 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Audrey Boutron
- Biochemistry Department, Bicêtre Hospital, APHP Paris Saclay, 94270 Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Timothy Wai
- Correspondence to: Timothy Wai Mitochondrial Biology Group, Institut Pasteur 25 Rue du Docteur Roux, Paris 75015, France E-mail:
| | - Abdelhamid Slama
- Correspondence may also be addressed to: Abdel Slama Laboratoire de Biochimie, Hôpital de Bicêtre78 Rue du Général Leclerc, 94270 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France E-mail:
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12
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Su X, Ma G, Bai X, Zhang J, Li M, Zhang F, Sun T, Ma D, Lu F, Ji C. The prognostic marker FLVCR2 associated with tumor progression and immune infiltration for acute myeloid leukemia. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:978786. [DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.978786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is one of the most common hematopoietic malignancies in adults. The tumor microenvironment (TME) has a critical effect on AML occurrence, recurrence, and progression. The gene feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor family member 2 (FLVCR2) belongs to the major facilitator superfamily of transporter protein members, which is primarily involved in transporting small molecules. The potential role of FLVCR2 in the TME in AML has not been investigated. To clarify the expression and role of FLVCR2 in AML, we analyzed the Gene Expression Omnibus and The Cancer Genome Atlas databases and found that FLVCR2 mRNA expression significantly increased among patients with AML. Furthermore, based on an analysis of the Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis database, FLVCR2 upregulation predicted dismal overall survival of patients with AML. Our validation analysis revealed the significant upregulation of FLVCR2 within the bone marrow of AML relative to healthy controls by western blotting and qPCR assays. Gene set enrichment analysis was conducted to explore FLVCR2’s related mechanism in AML. We found that high FLVCR2 expression was related to infiltration degrees of immune cells and immune scores among AML cases, indicating that FLVCR2 possibly had a crucial effect on AML progression through the immune response. Specifically, FLVCR2 upregulation was negatively related to the immune infiltration degrees of activated natural killer cells, activated memory CD4+ T cells, activated dendritic cells, and CD8+ T cells using CIBERSORT analysis. According to the in vitro research, FLVCR2 silencing suppressed AML cell growth and promoted their apoptosis. This study provides insights into FLVCR2’s effect on tumor immunity, indicating that it might serve as an independent prognostic biomarker and was related to immune infiltration within AML.
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13
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Turgut GT, Altunoglu U, Sarac Sivrikoz T, Toksoy G, Kalaycı T, Avcı Ş, Karaman B, Gulec C, Başaran S, Sayın GY, Kayserili H, Uyguner ZO. Functional loss of ubiquitin‐specific protease 14 may lead to a novel distal arthrogryposis phenotype. Clin Genet 2022; 101:421-428. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.14117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gozde Tutku Turgut
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Umut Altunoglu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM) Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tugba Sarac Sivrikoz
- Perinatology Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Guven Toksoy
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Tuğba Kalaycı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Şahin Avcı
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM) Istanbul Turkey
| | - Birsen Karaman
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Pediatric Basic Sciences, Institute of Child Health Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Cagri Gulec
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Seher Başaran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Gözde Yeşil Sayın
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
| | - Hulya Kayserili
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
- Department of Medical Genetics Koç University School of Medicine (KUSoM) Istanbul Turkey
| | - Zehra Oya Uyguner
- Department of Medical Genetics, Istanbul Medical Faculty Istanbul University Istanbul Turkey
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14
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Matsui TK, Tsuru Y, Hasegawa K, Kuwako KI. Vascularization of human brain organoids. STEM CELLS (DAYTON, OHIO) 2021; 39:1017-1024. [PMID: 33754425 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Human brain organoids are three-dimensional tissues that are generated in vitro from pluripotent stem cells and recapitulate the early development of the human brain. Brain organoids consist mainly of neural lineage cells, such as neural stem/precursor cells, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. However, all human brain organoids lack vasculature, which plays indispensable roles not only in brain homeostasis but also in brain development. In addition to the delivery of oxygen and nutrition, accumulating evidence suggests that the vascular system of the brain regulates neural differentiation, migration, and circuit formation during development. Therefore, vascularization of human brain organoids is of great importance. Current trials to vascularize various organoids include the adjustment of cultivation protocols, the introduction of microfluidic devices, and the transplantation of organoids into immunodeficient mice. In this review, we summarize the efforts to accomplish vascularization and perfusion of brain organoids, and we discuss these attempts from a forward-looking perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi K Matsui
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Tsuru
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Koichi Hasegawa
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichiro Kuwako
- Department of Neural and Muscular Physiology, Shimane University School of Medicine, Izumo, Shimane, Japan
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15
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Kalailingam P, Wang KQ, Toh XR, Nguyen TQ, Chandrakanthan M, Hasan Z, Habib C, Schif A, Radio FC, Dallapiccola B, Weiss K, Nguyen LN. Deficiency of MFSD7c results in microcephaly-associated vasculopathy in Fowler syndrome. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4081-4093. [PMID: 32369449 DOI: 10.1172/jci136727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Several missense mutations in the orphan transporter FLVCR2 have been reported in Fowler syndrome. Affected subjects exhibit signs of severe neurological defects. We identified the mouse ortholog Mfsd7c as a gene expressed in the blood-brain barrier. Here, we report the characterizations of Mfsd7c-KO mice and compare these characterizations to phenotypic findings in humans with biallelic FLVCR2 mutations. Global KO of Mfsd7c in mice resulted in late-gestation lethality, likely due to CNS phenotypes. We found that the angiogenic growth of CNS blood vessels in the brain of Mfsd7c-KO embryos was inhibited in cortical ventricular zones and ganglionic eminences. Vascular tips were dilated and fused, resulting in glomeruloid vessels. Nonetheless, CNS blood vessels were intact, without hemorrhage. Both embryos and humans with biallelic FLVCR2 mutations exhibited reduced cerebral cortical layers, enlargement of the cerebral ventricles, and microcephaly. Transcriptomic analysis of Mfsd7cK-KO embryonic brains revealed upregulation of genes involved in glycolysis and angiogenesis. The Mfsd7c-KO brain exhibited hypoxia and neuronal cell death. Our results indicate that MFSD7c is required for the normal growth of CNS blood vessels and that ablation of this gene results in microcephaly-associated vasculopathy in mice and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pazhanichamy Kalailingam
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kai Qi Wang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xiu Ru Toh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Toan Q Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Madhuvanthi Chandrakanthan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zafrul Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Clair Habib
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Aharon Schif
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Rambam Health Care Center, Ruth Children's Hospital, Haifa, Israel
| | - Francesca Clementina Radio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, Scientific Institute for Research, Hospitalization and Healthcare (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Karin Weiss
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Rambam Health Care Center, Haifa, Israel
| | - Long N Nguyen
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,SLING and Immunology Program, Life Sciences Institute, Centre for Life Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Cardiovascular Disease Research (CVD) Programme, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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16
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Chambers IG, Willoughby MM, Hamza I, Reddi AR. One ring to bring them all and in the darkness bind them: The trafficking of heme without deliverers. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2021; 1868:118881. [PMID: 33022276 PMCID: PMC7756907 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme, as a hydrophobic iron-containing organic ring, is lipid soluble and can interact with biological membranes. The very same properties of heme that nature exploits to support life also renders heme potentially cytotoxic. In order to utilize heme, while also mitigating its toxicity, cells are challenged to tightly control the concentration and bioavailability of heme. On the bright side, it is reasonable to envision that, analogous to other transition metals, a combination of membrane-bound transporters, soluble carriers, and chaperones coordinate heme trafficking to subcellular compartments. However, given the dual properties exhibited by heme as a transition metal and lipid, it is compelling to consider the dark side: the potential role of non-proteinaceous biomolecules including lipids and nucleic acids that bind, sequester, and control heme trafficking and bioavailability. The emergence of inter-organellar membrane contact sites, as well as intracellular vesicles derived from various organelles, have raised the prospect that heme can be trafficked through hydrophobic channels. In this review, we aim to focus on heme delivery without deliverers - an alternate paradigm for the regulation of heme homeostasis through chaperone-less pathways for heme trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian G Chambers
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America
| | - Mathilda M Willoughby
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America
| | - Iqbal Hamza
- Department of Animal and Avian Sciences, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Amit R Reddi
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Parker Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States of America.
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17
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Li Y, Ivica NA, Dong T, Papageorgiou DP, He Y, Brown DR, Kleyman M, Hu G, Chen WW, Sullivan LB, Del Rosario A, Hammond PT, Vander Heiden MG, Chen J. MFSD7C switches mitochondrial ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in response to heme. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4837. [PMID: 32973183 PMCID: PMC7515921 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
ATP synthesis and thermogenesis are two critical outputs of mitochondrial respiration. How these outputs are regulated to balance the cellular requirement for energy and heat is largely unknown. Here we show that major facilitator superfamily domain containing 7C (MFSD7C) uncouples mitochondrial respiration to switch ATP synthesis to thermogenesis in response to heme. When heme levels are low, MSFD7C promotes ATP synthesis by interacting with components of the electron transport chain (ETC) complexes III, IV, and V, and destabilizing sarcoendoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2b (SERCA2b). Upon heme binding to the N-terminal domain, MFSD7C dissociates from ETC components and SERCA2b, resulting in SERCA2b stabilization and thermogenesis. The heme-regulated switch between ATP synthesis and thermogenesis enables cells to match outputs of mitochondrial respiration to their metabolic state and nutrient supply, and represents a cell intrinsic mechanism to regulate mitochondrial energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingzhong Li
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nikola A Ivica
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ting Dong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Dimitrios P Papageorgiou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Yanpu He
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Douglas R Brown
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Marianna Kleyman
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Walter W Chen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Boston Combined Residency Program, Department of Pediatrics, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lucas B Sullivan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Amanda Del Rosario
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Paula T Hammond
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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18
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Al-Murshedi F, Mirza H, Al-Saegh A, Al-Nabhani M, Al-Shabibi S, Baawain S, Al-Futaisi A, Al-Shehhi W, Al-Maawali A. Variability of non-lethal Fowler syndrome phenotype associated with FLVCR2 variants. Clin Genet 2020; 98:520-521. [PMID: 32901920 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fathiya Al-Murshedi
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Hassan Mirza
- Department of Behavioral Medicine, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Abeer Al-Saegh
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Maryam Al-Nabhani
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saud Al-Shabibi
- Department of Radiology, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Saleh Baawain
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Imaging, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Amna Al-Futaisi
- Department of Child Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
| | - Wafaa Al-Shehhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Royal Hospital, Ministry of Health, Muscat, Oman
| | - Almundher Al-Maawali
- Department of Genetics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman.,Genetic and Developmental Medicine Clinic, Sultan Qaboos University Hospital, Muscat, Oman
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19
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Santander N, Lizama CO, Meky E, McKinsey GL, Jung B, Sheppard D, Betsholtz C, Arnold TD. Lack of Flvcr2 impairs brain angiogenesis without affecting the blood-brain barrier. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:4055-4068. [PMID: 32369453 PMCID: PMC7410045 DOI: 10.1172/jci136578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowler syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive brain vascular disorder caused by mutation in FLVCR2 in humans. The disease occurs during a critical period of brain vascular development, is characterized by glomeruloid vasculopathy and hydrocephalus, and is almost invariably prenatally fatal. Here, we sought to gain insights into the process of brain vascularization and the pathogenesis of Fowler syndrome by inactivating Flvcr2 in mice. We showed that Flvcr2 was necessary for angiogenic sprouting in the brain, but surprisingly dispensable for maintaining the blood-brain barrier. Endothelial cells lacking Flvcr2 had altered expression of angiogenic factors, failed to adopt tip cell properties, and displayed reduced sprouting, leading to vascular malformations similar to those seen in humans with Fowler syndrome. Brain hypovascularization was associated with hypoxia and tissue infarction, ultimately causing hydrocephalus and death of mutant animals. Strikingly, despite severe vascular anomalies and brain tissue infarction, the blood-brain barrier was maintained in Flvcr2 mutant mice. Our Fowler syndrome model therefore defined the pathobiology of this disease and provided new insights into brain angiogenesis by showing uncoupling of vessel morphogenesis and blood-brain barrier formation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos O. Lizama
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | | | - Bongnam Jung
- Integrated Cardiometabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Dean Sheppard
- Department of Cell Biology, UCSF, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Integrated Cardiometabolic Center, Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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20
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De Luca C, Crow YJ, Rodero M, Rice GI, Ahmed M, Lammens M, De Cock P, Van Esch H, Lagae L, Rochtus A. Expanding the clinical spectrum of Fowler syndrome: Three siblings with survival into adulthood and systematic review of the literature. Clin Genet 2020; 98:423-432. [PMID: 32333401 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome (PVHH, OMIM 225790), also known as Fowler syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder of brain angiogenesis. PVHH has long been considered to be prenatally lethal. We evaluated the phenotypes of the first three siblings with survival into adulthood, performed a systematic review of the Fowler syndrome literature and delineated genotype-phenotype correlations using a scoring system to rate the severity of the disease. Thirty articles were included, describing 69 individual patients. To date, including our clinical reports, 72 patients have been described with Fowler syndrome. Only 6/72 (8%) survived beyond birth. Although our three patients carry the same mutations (c.327T>A-p.Asn109Lys and c.887C>T-p.Ser296Leu) in FLVCR2, only two of them presented with the same cerebral features, ventriculomegaly and cerebral calcifications, as affected fetuses. The third sibling has a surprisingly milder clinical and radiological phenotype, suggesting intrafamilial variability. Although no clear phenotype-genotype correlation exists, some variants appear to be associated with a less severe phenotype compatible with life. As such, it is important to consider Fowler syndrome in patients with gross ventriculomegaly, cortical malformations and/or cerebral calcifications on brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara De Luca
- Department of Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France.,Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Mathieu Rodero
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Neuroinflammation, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne-Paris-Cité, INSERM UMR 1163, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Gillian I Rice
- Division of Evolution and Genomic Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Melek Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Martin Lammens
- Department of Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Neuropathology, Born-Bunge Institute, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium.,Department of Pathology, Radboud University Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Paul De Cock
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hilde Van Esch
- Department of Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Lagae
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Anne Rochtus
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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21
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Cabello-Donayre M, Orrego LM, Herráez E, Vargas P, Martínez-García M, Campos-Salinas J, Pérez-Victoria I, Vicente B, Marín JJG, Pérez-Victoria JM. Leishmania heme uptake involves LmFLVCRb, a novel porphyrin transporter essential for the parasite. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:1827-1845. [PMID: 31372684 PMCID: PMC11104922 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis comprises a group of neglected diseases caused by the protozoan parasite Leishmania spp. As is the case for other trypanosomatid parasites, Leishmania is auxotrophic for heme and must scavenge this essential compound from its human host. In mammals, the SLC transporter FLVCR2 mediates heme import across the plasma membrane. Herein we identify and characterize Leishmania major FLVCRb (LmFLVCRb), the first member of the FLVCR family studied in a non-metazoan organism. This protein localizes to the plasma membrane of the parasite and is able to bind heme. LmFLVCRb levels in Leishmania, which are modulated by overexpression thereof or the abrogation of an LmFLVCRb allele, correlate with the ability of the parasite to take up porphyrins. Moreover, injection of LmFLVCRb cRNA to Xenopus laevis oocytes provides these cells with the ability to take up heme. This process is temperature dependent, requires monovalent ions and is inhibited at basic pH, characteristics shared by the uptake of heme by Leishmania parasites. Interestingly, LmFLVCRb is essential as CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout parasites were only obtained in the presence of an episomal copy of the gene. In addition, deletion of just one of the alleles of the LmFLVCRb gene markedly impairs parasite replication as intracellular amastigotes as well as its virulence in an in vivo model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Collectively, these results show that Leishmania parasites can rescue heme through plasma membrane transporter LFLVCRb, which could constitute a novel target for therapeutic intervention against Leishmania and probably other trypanosomatid parasites in which FLVCR genes are also present.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Cabello-Donayre
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lina M Orrego
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Elisa Herráez
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paola Vargas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Martínez-García
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jenny Campos-Salinas
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ignacio Pérez-Victoria
- Fundación MEDINA, Centro de Excelencia en Investigación de Medicamentos Innovadores en Andalucía, PTS Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Belén Vicente
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
| | - José J G Marín
- Experimental Hepatology and Drug Targeting (HEVEFARM), IBSAL, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Center for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M Pérez-Victoria
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", CSIC, (IPBLN-CSIC), PTS Granada, Granada, Spain.
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22
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Fan X, Lu HT, Hou L, Zhang L, Yang BY, Chen WM, Zhang HY, Chen X, Li FJ. [A comprehensive analysis of potential prognostic biomarkers for MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2020; 22:262-268. [PMID: 32204764 PMCID: PMC7389593 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2020.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the differentially expressed mRNAs between MYCN-amplified neuroblastoma (NB) and non-amplified NB, to screen out the genes which can be used to predict the prognosis of MYCN-amplified NB, and to analyze their value in predicting prognosis. METHODS NB transcriptome data and the clinical data of children were obtained from the TARGET database. According to the presence or absence of MYCN amplification, the children were divided into two groups: MYCN amplification (n=33) and non-MYCN amplification (n=121). The expression of mRNAs was compared between the two groups to obtain differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genome (KEGG) analysis was performed to investigate the main functions of DEGs. The Cox proportional-hazards regression model analysis was used to investigate the genes influencing the prognosis of MYCN-amplified NB. The children were divided into a high-risk group (n=77) and a low-risk group (n=77) based on the median of risk score. A survival analysis was used to compare survival rate between the two groups. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to investigate the value of risk score in predicting the prognosis of children with MYCN-amplified NB. RESULTS A total of 582 DEGs were screened out, and they were involved in important biological functions such as ribosome composition, expression of cell adhesion molecules, and activity of membrane receptor protein. The multivariate Cox regression model analysis showed that FLVCR2, SCN7A, PRSS12, NTRK1, and XAGE1A genes had a marked influence on the prognosis of the children with NB in the MYCN amplification group (P<0.05). The survival analysis showed that the high-risk group had a significantly lower overall survival rate than the low-risk group (P<0.05). The ROC curve analysis showed that risk score had a certain value in predicting the prognosis of the children with NB in the MYCN amplification group (P<0.05), with an area under the ROC curve of 0.729, an optimal cut-off value of 1.316, a sensitivity of 53.2%, and a specificity of 84.4%. CONCLUSIONS The mRNA expression of FLVCR2, SCN7A, PRSS12, NTRK1, and XAGE1A genes can be used as biomarkers to predict the prognosis of MYCN-amplified NB, which can help to refine clinical risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Fan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China.
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23
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Ravooru N, Paul OS, Nagendra HG, Sathyanarayanan N. Data enabled prediction analysis assigns folate/biopterin transporter (BT1) family to 36 hypothetical membrane proteins in Leishmania donovani. Bioinformation 2019; 15:697-708. [PMID: 31831951 PMCID: PMC6900323 DOI: 10.6026/97320630015697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease caused by the pathogenic protozoan Leishmania donovani and it is transmitted by an infected sand fly. Approximately 0.4 million cases of Visceral Leishmaniasis are reported across the globe every year, of which 67% is from the Indian subcontinent. The currently available drugs have not been effective owing to their high toxicity levels, inadequate specificity, drug resistance, extended treatment periods and/or prohibitive prices. For this reason, hypothetical proteins in this pathogen, which constitute about 67% of its proteome, must be distinctly characterized and studied for their potential role as drug targets for Leishmaniasis. Domain information from PFAM and functional information from GO has been used to assign putative functions to 36 hypothetical membrane proteins in this protozoan. Furthermore, as a case study, we have performed a thorough sequence level characterization of a hypothetical protein E9BPD7 from the BT1 family of membrane proteins that transports folate/biopterin. Phylogenetic analyses of E9BPD7 have revealed interesting evolutionary correlations to BT1 family and MFS superfamily, which have significant roles in a number of diseases and drug resistance pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nithin Ravooru
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology,Bangalore
- University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Ojal Sarah Paul
- Department of Biotechnology, Sir M Visvesvaraya Institute of Technology,Bangalore
| | | | - Nitish Sathyanarayanan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research,Bangalore
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24
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Dauge C, Fenouil T, Petit T, Jeanne-Pasquier C, Collardeau-Frachon S. Pulmonary Infantile Hemangioma Mimicking a Congenital Cystic Adenomatoid Malformation. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2019; 22:480-485. [PMID: 30913983 DOI: 10.1177/1093526619838743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Infantile hemangioma (IH) is the most common benign vascular tumor of infancy, occurring predominantly in the head and neck. It is characterized by specific endothelial expression of glucose transporter-1 (GLUT-1) and involution with time, spontaneous or on beta-blockers treatment. Although some predisposing factors are known, the exact pathogenesis remains unclear. We report a case of pulmonary IH GLUT-1 positive, initially suspected as a cystic pulmonary airway malformation, in a child presenting with both cardiac and renal malformations. The clinical, radiological, pathological, and genetics findings are discussed with a review of the literature. Although pulmonary IH is a rare lesion, it should be suspected when facing a pulmonary cystic mass in a child.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coralie Dauge
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital, Caen, France
| | - Tanguy Fenouil
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Femme Mère Enfant, CHU de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Thierry Petit
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital, Caen, France
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25
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Russo V, Roperto F, Taulescu M, De Falco F, Urraro C, Corrado F, Munday JS, Catoi C, Roperto S. Expression of the feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptors in normal and neoplastic urothelium of the urinary bladder of cattle associated with bovine papillomavirus infection. Vet Microbiol 2019; 229:147-152. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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26
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Kvarnung M, Taylan F, Nilsson D, Anderlid BM, Malmgren H, Lagerstedt-Robinson K, Holmberg E, Burstedt M, Nordenskjöld M, Nordgren A, Lundberg ES. Genomic screening in rare disorders: New mutations and phenotypes, highlighting ALG14 as a novel cause of severe intellectual disability. Clin Genet 2018; 94:528-537. [PMID: 30221345 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated 20 consanguineous families with multiple children affected by rare disorders. Detailed clinical examinations, exome sequencing of affected as well as unaffected family members and further validation of likely pathogenic variants were performed. In 16/20 families, we identified pathogenic variants in autosomal recessive disease genes (ALMS1, PIGT, FLVCR2, TFG, CYP7B1, ALG14, EXOSC3, MEGF10, ASAH1, WDR62, ASPM, PNPO, ERCC5, KIAA1109, RIPK4, MAN1B1). A number of these genes have only rarely been reported previously and our findings thus confirm them as disease genes, further delineate the associated phenotypes and expand the mutation spectrum with reports of novel variants. We highlight the findings in two affected siblings with splice altering variants in ALG14 and propose a new clinical entity, which includes severe intellectual disability, epilepsy, behavioral problems and mild dysmorphic features, caused by biallelic variants in ALG14.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malin Kvarnung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Britt-Marie Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Malmgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristina Lagerstedt-Robinson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Holmberg
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Medical and Clinical Genetics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Burstedt
- Department of Medical Bioscience, Medical and Clinical Genetics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Magnus Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ann Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth S Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Chiabrando D, Fiorito V, Petrillo S, Tolosano E. Unraveling the Role of Heme in Neurodegeneration. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:712. [PMID: 30356807 PMCID: PMC6189481 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential co-factor involved in several biological processes, including neuronal survival and differentiation. Nevertheless, an excess of free-heme promotes oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thus leading to cell death. The toxic properties of heme in the brain have been extensively studied during intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhages. Recently, a growing number of neurodegenerative disorders have been associated to alterations of heme metabolism. Hence, the etiology of such diseases remains undefined. The aim of this review is to highlight the neuropathological role of heme and to discuss the major heme-regulated pathways that might be crucial for the survival of neuronal cells. The understanding of the molecular mechanisms linking heme to neurodegeneration will be important for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
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28
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Mitochondrial Targeting in Neurodegeneration: A Heme Perspective. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2018; 11:ph11030087. [PMID: 30231533 PMCID: PMC6161291 DOI: 10.3390/ph11030087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction has achieved an increasing interest in the field of neurodegeneration as a pathological hallmark for different disorders. The impact of mitochondria is related to a variety of mechanisms and several of them can co-exist in the same disease. The central role of mitochondria in neurodegenerative disorders has stimulated studies intended to implement therapeutic protocols based on the targeting of the distinct mitochondrial processes. The review summarizes the most relevant mechanisms by which mitochondria contribute to neurodegeneration, encompassing therapeutic approaches. Moreover, a new perspective is proposed based on the heme impact on neurodegeneration. The heme metabolism plays a central role in mitochondrial functions, and several evidences indicate that alterations of the heme metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative disorders. By reporting the body of knowledge on this topic, the review intends to stimulate future studies on the role of heme metabolism in neurodegeneration, envisioning innovative strategies in the struggle against neurodegenerative diseases.
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29
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Harel T, Quek DQY, Wong BH, Cazenave-Gassiot A, Wenk MR, Fan H, Berger I, Shmueli D, Shaag A, Silver DL, Elpeleg O, Edvardson S. Homozygous mutation in MFSD2A, encoding a lysolipid transporter for docosahexanoic acid, is associated with microcephaly and hypomyelination. Neurogenetics 2018; 19:227-235. [DOI: 10.1007/s10048-018-0556-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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30
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Kline-Fath BM, Merrow AC, Calvo-Garcia MA, Nagaraj UD, Saal HM. Fowler syndrome and fetal MRI findings: a genetic disorder mimicking hydranencephaly/hydrocephalus. Pediatr Radiol 2018. [PMID: 29541808 DOI: 10.1007/s00247-018-4106-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fetal ventriculomegaly is a common referral for prenatal MRI, with possible etiologies being hydrocephalus and hydranencephaly. The underlying cause of hydranencephaly is unknown, but many have suggested that the characteristic supratentorial injury is related to idiopathic bilateral occlusions of the internal carotid arteries from an acquired or destructive event. Fowler syndrome is a rare genetic disorder that causes fetal akinesia and a proliferative vasculopathy that can result in an apparent hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly complex. On prenatal imaging, the presence of significant parenchymal loss in the supratentorial and infratentorial brain is a clue to the diagnosis, which should prompt early genetic testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M Kline-Fath
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA. .,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Arnold C Merrow
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Maria A Calvo-Garcia
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Usha D Nagaraj
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, 3333 Burnet Ave., Cincinnati, OH, 45229-3039, USA.,University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Howard M Saal
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.,Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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31
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Radio FC, Di Meglio L, Agolini E, Bellacchio E, Rinelli M, Toscano P, Boldrini R, Novelli A, Di Meglio A, Dallapiccola B. Proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome or Fowler syndrome: Report of a family and insight into the disease's mechanism. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2018; 6:446-451. [PMID: 29500860 PMCID: PMC6014450 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fowler syndrome is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by hydranencephaly–hydrocephaly and multiple pterygium due to fetal akinesia. To date, around 45 cases from 27 families have been reported, and the pathogenic bi‐allelic mutations in FLVCR2 gene described in 15 families. The pathogenesis of this condition has not been fully elucidated so far. Methods We report on an additional family with two affected fetuses carrying a novel homozygous mutation in FLVCR2 gene, and describe the impact of known mutants on the protein structural and functional impairment. Results The present report confirms the genetic homogeneity of Fowler syndrome and describes a new FLVCR2 mutation affecting the protein function. The structural analysis of the present and previously published FLVCR2 mutations supports the hypothesis of a reduced heme import as the underlying disease's mechanism due to the stabilization of the occluded conformation or a protein misfolding. Conclusion Our data suggest the hypothesis of heme deficiency as the major pathogenic mechanism of Fowler syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lavinia Di Meglio
- Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Ultrasound and Prenal Diagnosis "Aniello Di Meglio", Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Bellacchio
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Martina Rinelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Toscano
- Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Ultrasound and Prenal Diagnosis "Aniello Di Meglio", Naples, Italy
| | - Renata Boldrini
- Pathology Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Aniello Di Meglio
- Federico II University, Naples, Italy.,Ultrasound and Prenal Diagnosis "Aniello Di Meglio", Naples, Italy
| | - Bruno Dallapiccola
- Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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32
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Ponka P, Sheftel AD, English AM, Scott Bohle D, Garcia-Santos D. Do Mammalian Cells Really Need to Export and Import Heme? Trends Biochem Sci 2017; 42:395-406. [PMID: 28254242 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Heme is a cofactor that is essential to almost all forms of life. The production of heme is a balancing act between the generation of the requisite levels of the end-product and protection of the cell and/or organism against any toxic substrates, intermediates and, in this case, end-product. In this review, we provide an overview of our understanding of the formation and regulation of this metallocofactor and discuss new research on the cell biology of heme homeostasis, with a focus on putative transmembrane transporters now proposed to be important regulators of heme distribution. The main text is complemented by a discussion dedicated to the intricate chemistry and biochemistry of heme, which is often overlooked when new pathways of heme transport are conceived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prem Ponka
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada.
| | - Alex D Sheftel
- Spartan Bioscience Inc., Ottawa, ON, K2H 1B2, Canada; High Impact Editing, Ottawa, ON, K1B 3Y6, Canada
| | - Ann M English
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Centre for Research in Molecular Modeling and PROTEO, Concordia University, Montréal, QC, H4B 1R, Canada
| | - D Scott Bohle
- Department of Chemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0B8, Canada
| | - Daniel Garcia-Santos
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, Montréal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada; Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3G 1Y6, Canada
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33
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Deng H, Zheng W, Jankovic J. Genetics and molecular biology of brain calcification. Ageing Res Rev 2015; 22:20-38. [PMID: 25906927 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Brain calcification is a common neuroimaging finding in patients with neurological, metabolic, or developmental disorders, mitochondrial diseases, infectious diseases, traumatic or toxic history, as well as in otherwise normal older people. Patients with brain calcification may exhibit movement disorders, seizures, cognitive impairment, and a variety of other neurologic and psychiatric symptoms. Brain calcification may also present as a single, isolated neuroimaging finding. When no specific cause is evident, a genetic etiology should be considered. The aim of the review is to highlight clinical disorders associated with brain calcification and provide summary of current knowledge of diagnosis, genetics, and pathogenesis of brain calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Deng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Wen Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China; Center for Experimental Medicine, Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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34
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Roles of small RNAs in the effects of nutrition on apoptosis and spermatogenesis in the adult testis. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10372. [PMID: 25996545 PMCID: PMC4440528 DOI: 10.1038/srep10372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We tested whether reductions in spermatozoal quality induced by under-nutrition are associated with increased germ cell apoptosis and disrupted spermatogenesis, and whether these effects are mediated by small RNAs. Groups of 8 male sheep were fed for a 10% increase or 10% decrease in body mass over 65 days. Underfeeding increased the number of apoptotic germ cells (P < 0.05) and increased the expression of apoptosis-related genes (P < 0.05) in testicular tissue. We identified 44 miRNAs and 35 putative piRNAs that were differentially expressed in well-fed and underfed males (FDR < 0.05). Some were related to reproductive system development, apoptosis (miRNAs), and sperm production and quality (piRNAs). Novel-miR-144 (miR-98), was found to target three apoptotic genes (TP53, CASP3, FASL). The proportion of miRNAs as a total of small RNAs was greater in well-fed males than in underfed males (P < 0.05) and was correlated (r = 0.8, P < 0.05) with the proportion of piRNAs in well-fed and underfed males. In conclusion, the reductions in spermatozoal quality induced by under-nutrition are caused, at least partly, by disruptions to Sertoli cell function and increased germ cell apoptosis, mediated by changes in the expression of miRNAs and piRNAs.
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35
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Kvarnung M, Taylan F, Nilsson D, Albåge M, Nordenskjöld M, Anderlid BM, Nordgren A, Syk Lundberg E. Mutations in FLVCR2 associated with Fowler syndrome and survival beyond infancy. Clin Genet 2015; 89:99-103. [PMID: 25677735 DOI: 10.1111/cge.12565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proliferative vasculopathy and hydranencephaly-hydrocephaly syndrome (PVHH, OMIM 225790), also known as Fowler syndrome, is a rare autosomal recessive disorder, caused by mutations in FLVCR2. Hallmarks of the syndrome are glomerular vasculopathy in the central nervous system, severe hydrocephaly, hypokinesia and arthrogryphosis. The disorder is considered prenatally lethal. We report the first patients, a brother and a sister, with Fowler syndrome and survival beyond infancy. The patients present a phenotype of severe intellectual and neurologic disability with seizures, absence of functional movements, and no means of communication. Imaging of the brain showed calcifications, profound ventriculomegaly with only a thin edging of the cerebral cortex and hypoplastic cerebellum. Investigation with whole-exome sequencing (WES) revealed, in both patients, a homozygous pathogenic mutation in FLVCR2, c.1289C>T, compatible with a diagnosis of Fowler syndrome. The results highlight the power of combining WES with a thorough clinical examination in order to identify disease-causing mutations in patients whose clinical presentation differs from previously described cases. Specifically, the findings demonstrate that Fowler syndrome is a diagnosis to consider, not only prenatally but also in severely affected children with gross ventriculomegaly on brain imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kvarnung
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - F Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D Nilsson
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet Science Park, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Albåge
- Department of Paediatrics, Astrid Lindgren Childrens Hospital, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Nordenskjöld
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - B M Anderlid
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Nordgren
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Syk Lundberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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36
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Pavone P, Praticò AD, Vitaliti G, Ruggieri M, Rizzo R, Parano E, Pavone L, Pero G, Falsaperla R. Hydranencephaly: cerebral spinal fluid instead of cerebral mantles. Ital J Pediatr 2014; 40:79. [PMID: 25326191 PMCID: PMC4421920 DOI: 10.1186/s13052-014-0079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The authors report a wide and updated revision of hydranencephaly, including a literature review, and present the case of a patient affected by this condition, still alive at 36 months. Hydranencephaly is an isolated and with a severe prognosis abnormality, affecting the cerebral mantle. In this condition, the cerebral hemispheres are completely or almost completely absent and are replaced by a membranous sac filled with cerebrospinal fluid. Midbrain is usually not involved. Hydranencephaly is a relatively rare cerebral disorder. Differential diagnosis is mainly relevant when considering severe hydrocephalus, poroencephalic cyst and alobar holoprosencephaly. Ethical questions related to the correct criteria for the surgical treatment are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Pavone
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
| | - Andrea D Praticò
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Vitaliti
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
| | - Martino Ruggieri
- Department of Formative Processes, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Renata Rizzo
- Chair of Child Neuropsychiatry, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Enrico Parano
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
| | - Lorenzo Pavone
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Pero
- Neuroradiologic Unit, Department of Radiology, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
| | - Raffaele Falsaperla
- Unit of Pediatrics and Pediatric Emergency, University Hospital "Policlinico-Vittorio Emanuele", Catania, Italy.
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37
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Chiabrando D, Vinchi F, Fiorito V, Mercurio S, Tolosano E. Heme in pathophysiology: a matter of scavenging, metabolism and trafficking across cell membranes. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:61. [PMID: 24782769 PMCID: PMC3986552 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Heme (iron-protoporphyrin IX) is an essential co-factor involved in multiple biological processes: oxygen transport and storage, electron transfer, drug and steroid metabolism, signal transduction, and micro RNA processing. However, excess free-heme is highly toxic due to its ability to promote oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation, thus leading to membrane injury and, ultimately, apoptosis. Thus, heme metabolism needs to be finely regulated. Intracellular heme amount is controlled at multiple levels: synthesis, utilization by hemoproteins, degradation and both intracellular and intercellular trafficking. This review focuses on recent findings highlighting the importance of controlling intracellular heme levels to counteract heme-induced oxidative stress. The contributions of heme scavenging from the extracellular environment, heme synthesis and incorporation into hemoproteins, heme catabolism and heme transport in maintaining adequate intracellular heme content are discussed. Particular attention is put on the recently described mechanisms of heme trafficking through the plasma membrane mediated by specific heme importers and exporters. Finally, the involvement of genes orchestrating heme metabolism in several pathological conditions is illustrated and new therapeutic approaches aimed at controlling heme metabolism are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Chiabrando
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vinchi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Veronica Fiorito
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Sonia Mercurio
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
| | - Emanuela Tolosano
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin Turin, Italy
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38
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A. Hicks J, Yoo D, Liu HC. Characterization of the microRNAome in porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infected macrophages. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82054. [PMID: 24339989 PMCID: PMC3855409 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV), a member of the arterivirus family, is the causative agent of Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome (PRRS). PRRS is characterized by late term abortions and respiratory disease, particularly in young pigs. Small regulatory RNAs termed microRNA (miRNA) are associated with gene regulation at the post-transcriptional level. MiRNAs are known to play many diverse and complex roles in viral infections. To discover the impact of PRRSV infections on the cellular miRNAome, Illumina deep sequencing was used to construct small RNA expression profiles from in vitro cultured PRRSV-infected porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). A total of forty cellular miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed within the first 48 hours post infection (hpi). The expression of six miRNAs, miR-30a-3p, miR-132, miR-27b*, miR-29b, miR-146a and miR-9-2, were altered at more than one time point. Target gene identification suggests that these miRNAs are involved in regulating immune signaling pathways, cytokine, and transcription factor production. The most highly repressed miRNA at 24 hpi was miR-147. A miR-147 mimic was utilized to maintain miR-147 levels in PRRSV-infected PAMs. PRRSV replication was negatively impacted by high levels of miR-147. Whether down-regulation of miR-147 is directly induced by PRRSV or if it is part of the cellular response and PRRSV indirectly benefits remains to be determined. No evidence could be found of PRRSV-encoded miRNAs. Overall, the present study has revealed that a large and diverse group of miRNAs are expressed in swine alveolar macrophages and that the expression of a subset of these miRNAs is altered in PRRSV infected macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Hicks
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dongwan Yoo
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Hsiao-Ching Liu
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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39
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Alexander SPH, Benson HE, Faccenda E, Pawson AJ, Sharman JL, Spedding M, Peters JA, Harmar AJ. The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14: transporters. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 170:1706-96. [PMID: 24528242 PMCID: PMC3892292 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY 2013/14 provides concise overviews of the key properties of over 2000 human drug targets with their pharmacology, plus links to an open access knowledgebase of drug targets and their ligands (www.guidetopharmacology.org), which provides more detailed views of target and ligand properties. The full contents can be found at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.12444/full. Transporters are one of the seven major pharmacological targets into which the Guide is divided, with the others being G protein-coupled receptors, ligand-gated ion channels, ion channels, catalytic receptors, nuclear hormone receptors and enzymes. These are presented with nomenclature guidance and summary information on the best available pharmacological tools, alongside key references and suggestions for further reading. A new landscape format has easy to use tables comparing related targets. It is a condensed version of material contemporary to late 2013, which is presented in greater detail and constantly updated on the website www.guidetopharmacology.org, superseding data presented in previous Guides to Receptors and Channels. It is produced in conjunction with NC-IUPHAR and provides the official IUPHAR classification and nomenclature for human drug targets, where appropriate. It consolidates information previously curated and displayed separately in IUPHAR-DB and the Guide to Receptors and Channels, providing a permanent, citable, point-in-time record that will survive database updates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen PH Alexander
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham Medical SchoolNottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
| | - Helen E Benson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Elena Faccenda
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Adam J Pawson
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | - Joanna L Sharman
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
| | | | - John A Peters
- Neuroscience Division, Medical Education Institute, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of DundeeDundee, DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Anthony J Harmar
- The University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of EdinburghEdinburgh, EH16 4TJ, UK
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Khan AA, Quigley JG. Heme and FLVCR-related transporter families SLC48 and SLC49. Mol Aspects Med 2013; 34:669-82. [PMID: 23506900 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heme is critical for a variety of cellular processes, but excess intracellular heme may result in oxidative stress and membrane injury. Feline leukemia virus subgroup C receptor (FLVCR1), a member of the SLC49 family of four paralogous genes, is a cell surface heme exporter, essential for erythropoiesis and systemic iron homeostasis. Disruption of FLVCR1 function blocks development of erythroid progenitors, likely due to heme toxicity. Mutations of SLC49A1 encoding FLVCR1 are noted in patients with a rare neurodegenerative disorder: posterior column ataxia with retinitis pigmentosa. FLVCR2 is highly homologous to FLVCR1 and may function as a cellular heme importer. Mutations of SLC49A2 encoding FLVCR2 are observed in Fowler syndrome, a rare proliferative vascular disorder of the brain. The functions of the remaining members of the SLC49 family, MFSD7 and DIRC2 (encoded by the SLC49A3 and SLC49A4 genes), are unknown, although the latter is implicated in hereditary renal carcinomas. SLC48A1 (heme responsive gene-1, HRG-1), the sole member of the SLC48 family, is associated with the endosome and appears to transport heme from the endosome into the cytosol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anwar A Khan
- Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Akawi NA, Canpolat FE, White SM, Quilis-Esquerra J, Morales Sanchez M, Gamundi MJ, Mochida GH, Walsh CA, Ali BR, Al-Gazali L. Delineation of the clinical, molecular and cellular aspects of novel JAM3 mutations underlying the autosomal recessive hemorrhagic destruction of the brain, subependymal calcification, and congenital cataracts. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:498-505. [PMID: 23255084 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
We have recently shown that the hemorrhagic destruction of the brain, subependymal, calcification, and congenital cataracts is caused by biallelic mutations in the gene encoding junctional adhesion molecule 3 (JAM3) protein. Affected members from three new families underwent detailed clinical examination including imaging of the brain. Affected individuals presented with a distinctive phenotype comprising hemorrhagic destruction of the brain, subependymal calcification, and congenital cataracts. All patients had a catastrophic clinical course resulting in death. Sequencing the coding exons of JAM3 revealed three novel homozygous mutations: c.2T>G (p.M1R), c.346G>A (p.E116K), and c.656G>A (p.C219Y). The p.M1R mutation affects the start codon and therefore is predicted to impair protein synthesis. Cellular studies showed that the p.C219Y mutation resulted in a significant retention of the mutated protein in the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting a trafficking defect. The p.E116K mutant traffics normally to the plasma membrane as the wild-type and may have lost its function due to the lack of interaction with an interacting partner. Our data further support the importance of JAM3 in the development and function of the vascular system and the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia A Akawi
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Yuan X, Fleming MD, Hamza I. Heme transport and erythropoiesis. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2013; 17:204-11. [PMID: 23415705 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In humans, systemic heme homeostasis is achieved via coordinated regulation of heme synthesis, transport and degradation. Although the heme biosynthesis and degradation pathways have been well characterized, the pathways for heme trafficking and incorporation into hemoproteins remain poorly understood. In the past few years, researchers have exploited genetic, cellular and biochemical tools, to identify heme transporters and, in the process, reveal unexpected functions for this elusive group of proteins. However, given the complexity of heme trafficking pathways, current knowledge of heme transporters is fragmented and sometimes contradictory. This review seeks to focus on recent studies on heme transporters with specific emphasis on their functions during erythropoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojing Yuan
- Department of Animal & Avian Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
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Feline leukaemia virus: Half a century since its discovery. Vet J 2013; 195:16-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Petridis AK, Krause-Titz UR, Doukas A, Mehdorn HM. Delayed diagnosis of hydranencephaly in a nine-month-old child. Clin Pract 2011; 1:e65. [PMID: 24765326 PMCID: PMC3981365 DOI: 10.4081/cp.2011.e65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2011] [Accepted: 08/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a case of a child suffering of hydranencephaly. The interesting fact in the case is that there were no embryological examinations during pregnancy and therefore could the anomaly, which would have been easily avoided by regular visits to the obstetrician, not be diagnosed timely. Education of mothers is always necessary irrespective on how developed a country is and how good the medical treatment and diagnostic tools are. Every pregnant woman needs to be well educated in matters of pregnancy monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios K Petridis
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Ulf R Krause-Titz
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
| | - Alexandros Doukas
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Germany
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Thomas S, Encha-Razavi F, Devisme L, Etchevers H, Bessieres-Grattagliano B, Goudefroye G, Elkhartoufi N, Pateau E, Ichkou A, Bonnière M, Marcorelle P, Parent P, Manouvrier S, Holder M, Laquerrière A, Loeuillet L, Roume J, Martinovic J, Mougou-Zerelli S, Gonzales M, Meyer V, Wessner M, Feysot CB, Nitschke P, Leticee N, Munnich A, Lyonnet S, Wookey P, Gyapay G, Foliguet B, Vekemans M, Attié-Bitach T. High-throughput sequencing of a 4.1 Mb linkage interval reveals FLVCR2 deletions and mutations in lethal cerebral vasculopathy. Hum Mutat 2011; 31:1134-41. [PMID: 20690116 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Rare lethal disease gene identification remains a challenging issue, but it is amenable to new techniques in high-throughput sequencing (HTS). Cerebral proliferative glomeruloid vasculopathy (PGV), or Fowler syndrome, is a severe autosomal recessive disorder of brain angiogenesis, resulting in abnormally thickened and aberrant perforating vessels leading to hydranencephaly. In three multiplex consanguineous families, genome-wide SNP analysis identified a locus of 14 Mb on chromosome 14. In addition, 280 consecutive SNPs were identical in two Turkish families unknown to be related, suggesting a founder mutation reducing the interval to 4.1 Mb. To identify the causative gene, we then specifically enriched for this region with sequence capture and performed HTS in a proband of seven families. Due to technical constraints related to the disease, the average coverage was only 7×. Nonetheless, iterative bioinformatic analyses of the sequence data identified mutations and a large deletion in the FLVCR2 gene, encoding a 12 transmembrane domain-containing putative transporter. A striking absence of alpha-smooth muscle actin immunostaining in abnormal vessels in fetal PGV brains, suggests a deficit in pericytes, cells essential for capillary stabilization and remodeling during brain angiogenesis. This is the first lethal disease-causing gene to be identified by comprehensive HTS of an entire linkage interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Thomas
- INSERM U-781, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
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Rajadhyaksha AM, Elemento O, Puffenberger EG, Schierberl KC, Xiang JZ, Putorti ML, Berciano J, Poulin C, Brais B, Michaelides M, Weleber RG, Higgins JJ. Mutations in FLVCR1 cause posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet 2010; 87:643-54. [PMID: 21070897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2010.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of inherited retinal diseases has advanced our knowledge of the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in sensory neural signaling. Dysfunction of two specific sensory modalities, vision and proprioception, characterizes the phenotype of the rare, autosomal-recessive disorder posterior column ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (PCARP). Using targeted DNA capture and high-throughput sequencing, we analyzed the entire 4.2 Mb candidate sequence on chromosome 1q32 to find the gene mutated in PCARP in a single family. Employing comprehensive bioinformatic analysis and filtering, we identified a single-nucleotide coding variant in the feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular receptor 1 (FLVCR1), a gene encoding a heme-transporter protein. Sanger sequencing confirmed the FLVCR1 mutation in this family and identified different homozygous missense mutations located within the protein's transmembrane channel segment in two other unrelated families with PCARP. To determine whether the selective pathologic features of PCARP correlated with FLVCR1 expression, we examined wild-type mouse Flvcr1 mRNA levels in the posterior column of the spinal cord and the retina via quantitative real-time reverse-transcriptase PCR. The Flvcr1 mRNA levels were most abundant in the retina, followed by the posterior column of the spinal cord and other brain regions. These results suggest that aberrant FLVCR1 causes a selective degeneration of a subpopulation of neurons in the retina and the posterior columns of the spinal cord via dysregulation of heme or iron homeostasis. This finding broadens the molecular basis of sensory neural signaling to include common mechanisms that involve proprioception and vision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali M Rajadhyaksha
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, 10065, USA
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Lalonde E, Albrecht S, Ha KCH, Jacob K, Bolduc N, Polychronakos C, Dechelotte P, Majewski J, Jabado N. Unexpected allelic heterogeneity and spectrum of mutations in Fowler syndrome revealed by next-generation exome sequencing. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:918-23. [PMID: 20518025 DOI: 10.1002/humu.21293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Protein coding genes constitute approximately 1% of the human genome but harbor 85% of the mutations with large effects on disease-related traits. Therefore, efficient strategies for selectively sequencing complete coding regions (i.e., "whole exome") have the potential to contribute our understanding of human diseases. We used a method for whole-exome sequencing coupling Agilent whole-exome capture to the Illumina DNA-sequencing platform, and investigated two unrelated fetuses from nonconsanguineous families with Fowler Syndrome (FS), a stereotyped phenotype lethal disease. We report novel germline mutations in feline leukemia virus subgroup C cellular-receptor-family member 2, FLVCR2, which has recently been shown to cause FS. Using this technology, we identified three types of genetic abnormalities: point-mutations, insertions-deletions, and intronic splice-site changes (first pathogenic report using this technology), in the fetuses who both were compound heterozygotes for the disease. Although revealing a high level of allelic heterogeneity and mutational spectrum in FS, this study further illustrates the successful application of whole-exome sequencing to uncover genetic defects in rare Mendelian disorders. Of importance, we show that we can identify genes underlying rare, monogenic and recessive diseases using a limited number of patients (n=2), in the absence of shared genetic heritage and in the presence of allelic heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Lalonde
- McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, Canada
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Abstract
Mutations in FLVCR2, a cell surface protein related by homology and membrane topology to the heme exporter/retroviral receptor FLVCR1, have recently been associated with Fowler syndrome, a vascular disorder of the brain. We previously identified FLVCR2 to function as a receptor for FY981 feline leukemia virus (FeLV). However, the cellular function of FLVCR2 remains unresolved. Here, we report the cellular function of FLVCR2 as an importer of heme, based on the following observations. First, FLVCR2 binds to hemin-conjugated agarose, and binding is competed by free hemin. Second, mammalian cells and Xenopus laevis oocytes expressing FLVCR2 display enhanced heme uptake. Third, heme import is reduced after the expression of FLVCR2-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) or after the binding of the FY981 FeLV envelope protein to the FLVCR2 receptor. Finally, cells overexpressing FLVCR2 are more sensitive to heme toxicity, a finding most likely attributable to enhanced heme uptake. Tissue expression analysis indicates that FLVCR2 is expressed in a broad range of human tissues, including liver, placenta, brain, and kidney. The identification of a cellular function for FLVCR2 will have important implications in elucidating the pathogenic mechanisms of Fowler syndrome and of phenotypically associated disorders.
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