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Santangelo S, Invernizzi S, Sorce MN, Casiraghi V, Peverelli S, Brusati A, Colombrita C, Ticozzi N, Silani V, Bossolasco P, Ratti A. NEK1 haploinsufficiency worsens DNA damage, but not defective ciliogenesis, in C9ORF72 patient-derived iPSC-motoneurons. Hum Mol Genet 2024:ddae121. [PMID: 39222049 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddae121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The hexanucleotide G4C2 repeat expansion (HRE) in C9ORF72 gene is the major cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), leading to both loss- and gain-of-function pathomechanisms. The wide clinical heterogeneity among C9ORF72 patients suggests potential modifying genetic and epigenetic factors. Notably, C9ORF72 HRE often co-occurs with other rare variants in ALS/FTD-associated genes, such as NEK1, which encodes for a kinase involved in multiple cell pathways, including DNA damage response and ciliogenesis. In this study, we generated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and differentiated motoneurons (iPSC-MNs) from an ALS patient carrying both C9ORF72 HRE and a NEK1 loss-of-function mutation to investigate the biological effect of NEK1 haploinsufficiency on C9ORF72 pathology in a condition of oligogenicity. Double mutant C9ORF72/NEK1 cells showed increased pathological C9ORF72 RNA foci in iPSCs and higher DNA damage levels in iPSC-MNs compared to single mutant C9ORF72 cells, but no effect on DNA damage response. When we analysed the primary cilium, we observed a defective ciliogenesis in C9ORF72 iPSC-MNs which was not worsened by NEK1 haploinsufficiency in the double mutant iPSC-MNs. Altogether, our study shows that NEK1 haploinsufficiency influences differently DNA damage and cilia length, potentially acting as a modifier at biological level in an in vitro ALS patient-derived disease model of C9ORF72 pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Santangelo
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan 20054, Italy
| | - Sabrina Invernizzi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan 20054, Italy
| | - Marta Nice Sorce
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
| | - Valeria Casiraghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan 20054, Italy
| | - Silvia Peverelli
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
| | - Alberto Brusati
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 21, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Claudia Colombrita
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
- "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
- "Dino Ferrari" Center, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Francesco Sforza 35, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Patrizia Bossolasco
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Fratelli Cervi 93, Segrate, Milan 20054, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience - Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Via Zucchi 18, Cusano Milanino, Milan 20095, Italy
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Şimşek-Kiper PÖ, Karaosmanoğlu B, Taşkıran EZ, Türer ÖB, Utine GE, Soyer T. A novel GRK2 variant in a patient with Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia accompanied by Morgagni hernia. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63629. [PMID: 38647386 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal ciliopathies constitute a subgroup of ciliopathies characterized by various skeletal anomalies arising from mutations in genes impacting cilia, ciliogenesis, intraflagellar transport process, or various signaling pathways. Short-rib thoracic dysplasias, previously known as Jeune asphyxiating thoracic dysplasia (ATD), stand out as the most prevalent and prototypical form of skeletal ciliopathies, often associated with semilethality. Recently, pathogenic variants in GRK2, a subfamily of mammalian G protein-coupled receptor kinases, have been identified as one of the underlying causes of Jeune ATD. In this study, we report a new patient with Jeune ATD, in whom exome sequencing revealed a novel homozygous GRK2 variant, and we review the clinical features and radiographic findings. In addition, our findings introduce Morgagni hernia and an organoaxial-type rotation anomaly of the stomach and midgut malrotation for the first time in the context of this recently characterized GRK2-related skeletal ciliopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Özlem Şimşek-Kiper
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Beren Karaosmanoğlu
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ekim Zihni Taşkıran
- Department of Medical Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Özlem Boybeyi Türer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülen Eda Utine
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Genetics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Tutku Soyer
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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3
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Peng Y, Zhou L, Chen J, Huang X, Pang J, Liu J, Tang W, Yang S, Liang C, Xie W. Clinical features and genetic analysis of a case series of skeletal ciliopathies in a prenatal setting. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:318. [PMID: 38062428 PMCID: PMC10704717 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Short-rib polydactyly syndrome (SRPS) refers to a group of lethal skeletal dysplasias that can be difficult to differentiate between subtypes or from other non-lethal skeletal dysplasias such as Ellis-van Creveld syndrome and Jeune syndrome in a prenatal setting. We report the ultrasound and genetic findings of four unrelated fetuses with skeletal dysplasias. METHODS Systemic prenatal ultrasound examination was performed in the second or third trimester. Genetic tests including GTG-banding, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) array and exome sequencing were performed with amniocytes or aborted fetal tissues. RESULTS The major and common ultrasound anomalies for the four unrelated fetuses included short long bones of the limbs and narrow thorax. No chromosomal abnormalities and pathogenic copy number variations were detected. Exome sequencing revealed three novel variants in the DYNC2H1 gene, namely NM_001080463.2:c.6809G > A p.(Arg2270Gln), NM_001080463.2:3133C > T p.(Gln1045Ter), and NM_001080463.2:c.337C > T p.(Arg113Trp); one novel variant in the IFT172 gene, NM_015662.3:4540-5 T > A; and one novel variant in the WDR19 gene, NM_025132.4:c.2596G > C p.(Gly866Arg). The genotypes of DYNC2H1, IFT172 and WDR19 and the phenotypes of the fetuses give hints for the diagnosis of short-rib thoracic dysplasia (SRTD) with or without polydactyly 3, 10, and 5, respectively. CONCLUSION Our findings expand the mutation spectrum of DYNC2H1, IFT172 and WDR19 associated with skeletal ciliopathies, and provide useful information for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling on rare skeletal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road.
| | - Lin Zhou
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Jing Chen
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Xiaoliang Huang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Jialun Pang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Jing Liu
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Wanglan Tang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Shuting Yang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Changbiao Liang
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road
| | - Wanqin Xie
- Prenatal Diagnosis Center, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Research and Prevention, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, China, No. 53 Xiangchun Road.
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4
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Atique Tacla M, de Mello Copelli M, Pairet E, Monlleó IL, Ribeiro EM, Lustosa Mendes E, Helaers R, Vieira TP, Vikkula M, Gil-da-Silva-Lopes VL. Molecular investigation in individuals with orofacial clefts and microphthalmia-anophthalmia-coloboma spectrum. Eur J Hum Genet 2023:10.1038/s41431-023-01488-5. [PMID: 37932364 DOI: 10.1038/s41431-023-01488-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes genomic findings among individuals with both orofacial clefts (OC) and microphthalmia/anophthalmia/coloboma (MAC) recorded in the Brazilian Database on Craniofacial Anomalies (BDCA). Chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) were performed in 17 individuals with OC-MAC. Clinical interpretation of molecular findings was based on data available at the BDCA and on re-examination. No copy number variants (CNVs) classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic were detected by CMA. WES allowed a conclusive diagnosis in six individuals (35.29%), two of them with variants in the CHD7 gene, and the others with variants in the TFAP2A, POMT1, PTPN11, and TP63 genes with the following syndromes: CHARGE, CHD7-spectrum, Branchiooculofacial, POMT1-spectrum, LEOPARD, and ADULT. Variants of uncertain significance (VUS) possibly associated to the phenotypes were found in six other individuals. Among the individuals with VUSes, three individuals presented variants in genes associated to defects of cilia structure and/or function, including DYNC2H1, KIAA0586, WDR34, INTU, RPGRIP1L, KIF7, and LMNA. These results show that WES was the most effective molecular approach for OC-MAC in this cohort. This study also reinforces the genetic heterogeneity of OC-MAC, and the importance of genes related to ciliopathies in this phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Atique Tacla
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Matheus de Mello Copelli
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Eleonore Pairet
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabella Lopes Monlleó
- Clinical Genetics Service, University Hospital, Medical Genetics Sector, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas - UFAL, Maceió, AL, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raphaël Helaers
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Tarsis Paiva Vieira
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Miikka Vikkula
- Human Molecular Genetics, de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Vera Lúcia Gil-da-Silva-Lopes
- Department of Translational Medicine, Area of Medical Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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5
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Quadri N, Upadhyai P. Primary cilia in skeletal development and disease. Exp Cell Res 2023; 431:113751. [PMID: 37574037 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2023.113751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Primary cilia are non-motile, microtubule-based sensory organelle present in most vertebrate cells with a fundamental role in the modulation of organismal development, morphogenesis, and repair. Here we focus on the role of primary cilia in embryonic and postnatal skeletal development. We examine evidence supporting its involvement in physiochemical and developmental signaling that regulates proliferation, patterning, differentiation and homeostasis of osteoblasts, chondrocytes, and their progenitor cells in the skeleton. We discuss how signaling effectors in mechanotransduction and bone development, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, Fibroblast growth factor and second messenger pathways operate at least in part at the primary cilium. The relevance of primary cilia in bone formation and maintenance is underscored by a growing list of rare genetic skeletal ciliopathies. We collate these findings and summarize the current understanding of molecular factors and mechanisms governing primary ciliogenesis and ciliary function in skeletal development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Quadri
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Department of Medical Genetics, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India.
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6
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Hikoya A, Hosono K, Ono K, Arai S, Tachibana N, Kurata K, Torii K, Sato M, Saitsu H, Ogata T, Hotta Y. A case of siblings with juvenile retinitis pigmentosa associated with NEK1 gene variants. Ophthalmic Genet 2023; 44:480-485. [PMID: 36341712 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2022.2141788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia(axial SMD) is associated with early-onset retinal dystrophy and various skeletal dysplasias of varying severity. NEK1 is the causative gene for short rib polydactyly syndrome and axial SMD. Here, we report a case of siblings with juvenile retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and NEK1 variants not associated with systemic disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS The patients were a 7-year-old-girl and a 9-year-old boy with RP, who were followed for 9 years. Whole exome sequencing (WES) was performed on the siblings and their parents, who were not consanguineous. RESULTS The corrected visual acuity of the girl and the boy at first visit was binocular 20/63 and 20/100 OD and 20/63 OS, respectively. The siblings had narrowing of retinal blood vessels and retinal pigment epithelium atrophy in the fundus and showed an extinguished pattern in electroretinogram. On optical coherence tomography, there was a mottled ellipsoid band with progressive loss in the outer macular, the edges of which corresponded to the ring of hyperautofluorescence on fundus autofluorescence imaging. The siblings showed progressive visual field constriction. Radiological examination did not reveal any skeletal abnormalities. We identified two rare heterozygous NEK1 variants in the patients: c.240 G>A; p.(M80I) and c.634_639dup;p.(V212_L213dup). Heterozygous variants were recognized in the father and mother, respectively. According to the guidelines of the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics, both variants were classified as likely pathogenic. CONCLUSION This is the first report of RP patients with NEK1 variants not associated with skeletal abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Hikoya
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Katsuhiro Hosono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kaoru Ono
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Shinji Arai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Nobutaka Tachibana
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kurata
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Kaoruko Torii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Miho Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Hirotomo Saitsu
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Biochemistry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu Medical Center, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hotta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan
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Mann JR, McKenna ED, Mawrie D, Papakis V, Alessandrini F, Anderson EN, Mayers R, Ball HE, Kaspi E, Lubinski K, Baron DM, Tellez L, Landers JE, Pandey UB, Kiskinis E. Loss of function of the ALS-associated NEK1 kinase disrupts microtubule homeostasis and nuclear import. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi5548. [PMID: 37585529 PMCID: PMC10431718 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi5548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Loss-of-function variants in NIMA-related kinase 1 (NEK1) constitute a major genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), accounting for 2 to 3% of all cases. However, how NEK1 mutations cause motor neuron (MN) dysfunction is unknown. Using mass spectrometry analyses for NEK1 interactors and NEK1-dependent expression changes, we find functional enrichment for proteins involved in the microtubule cytoskeleton and nucleocytoplasmic transport. We show that α-tubulin and importin-β1, two key proteins involved in these processes, are phosphorylated by NEK1 in vitro. NEK1 is essential for motor control and survival in Drosophila models in vivo, while using several induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-MN models, including NEK1 knockdown, kinase inhibition, and a patient mutation, we find evidence for disruptions in microtubule homeostasis and nuclear import. Notably, stabilizing microtubules with two distinct classes of drugs restored NEK1-dependent deficits in both pathways. The capacity of NEK1 to modulate these processes that are critically involved in ALS pathophysiology renders this kinase a formidable therapeutic candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob R. Mann
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Elizabeth D. McKenna
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Darilang Mawrie
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Vasileios Papakis
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Francesco Alessandrini
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Eric N. Anderson
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Ryan Mayers
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Hannah E. Ball
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Evan Kaspi
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Katherine Lubinski
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Desiree M. Baron
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Liana Tellez
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - John E. Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Udai B. Pandey
- Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15224, USA
| | - Evangelos Kiskinis
- The Ken & Ruth Davee Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Simpson Querrey Institute, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
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8
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Bagyinszky E, Hulme J, An SSA. Studies of Genetic and Proteomic Risk Factors of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Inspire Biomarker Development and Gene Therapy. Cells 2023; 12:1948. [PMID: 37566027 PMCID: PMC10417729 DOI: 10.3390/cells12151948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease affecting the upper and lower motor neurons, leading to muscle weakness, motor impairments, disabilities and death. Approximately 5-10% of ALS cases are associated with positive family history (familial ALS or fALS), whilst the remainder are sporadic (sporadic ALS, sALS). At least 50 genes have been identified as causative or risk factors for ALS. Established pathogenic variants include superoxide dismutase type 1 (SOD1), chromosome 9 open reading frame 72 (c9orf72), TAR DNA Binding Protein (TARDBP), and Fused In Sarcoma (FUS); additional ALS-related genes including Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 2B (CHMP2B), Senataxin (SETX), Sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1), TANK Binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) and NIMA Related Kinase 1 (NEK1), have been identified. Mutations in these genes could impair different mechanisms, including vesicle transport, autophagy, and cytoskeletal or mitochondrial functions. So far, there is no effective therapy against ALS. Thus, early diagnosis and disease risk predictions remain one of the best options against ALS symptomologies. Proteomic biomarkers, microRNAs, and extracellular vehicles (EVs) serve as promising tools for disease diagnosis or progression assessment. These markers are relatively easy to obtain from blood or cerebrospinal fluids and can be used to identify potential genetic causative and risk factors even in the preclinical stage before symptoms appear. In addition, antisense oligonucleotides and RNA gene therapies have successfully been employed against other diseases, such as childhood-onset spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), which could also give hope to ALS patients. Therefore, an effective gene and biomarker panel should be generated for potentially "at risk" individuals to provide timely interventions and better treatment outcomes for ALS patients as soon as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Bagyinszky
- Graduate School of Environment Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - John Hulme
- Graduate School of Environment Department of Industrial and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - Seong Soo A. An
- Department of Bionano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam-si 13120, Republic of Korea
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9
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Gregorczyk M, Pastore G, Muñoz I, Carroll T, Streubel J, Munro M, Lis P, Lange S, Lamoliatte F, Macartney T, Toth R, Brown F, Hastie J, Pereira G, Durocher D, Rouse J. Functional characterization of C21ORF2 association with the NEK1 kinase mutated in human in diseases. Life Sci Alliance 2023; 6:e202201740. [PMID: 37188479 PMCID: PMC10185812 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202201740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The NEK1 kinase controls ciliogenesis, mitosis, and DNA repair, and NEK1 mutations cause human diseases including axial spondylometaphyseal dysplasia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. C21ORF2 mutations cause a similar pattern of human diseases, suggesting close functional links with NEK1 Here, we report that endogenous NEK1 and C21ORF2 form a tight complex in human cells. A C21ORF2 interaction domain "CID" at the C-terminus of NEK1 is necessary for its association with C21ORF2 in cells, and pathogenic mutations in this region disrupt the complex. AlphaFold modelling predicts an extended binding interface between a leucine-rich repeat domain in C21ORF2 and the NEK1-CID, and our model may explain why pathogenic mutations perturb the complex. We show that NEK1 mutations that inhibit kinase activity or weaken its association with C21ORF2 severely compromise ciliogenesis, and that C21ORF2, like NEK1 is required for homologous recombination. These data enhance our understanding of how the NEK1 kinase is regulated, and they shed light on NEK1-C21ORF2-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Gregorczyk
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Graziana Pastore
- The Lunenfeld-Tannenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ivan Muñoz
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas Carroll
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Johanna Streubel
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Meagan Munro
- The Lunenfeld-Tannenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Pawel Lis
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Sven Lange
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Frederic Lamoliatte
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas Macartney
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Rachel Toth
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Fiona Brown
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - James Hastie
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Gislene Pereira
- German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Centre for Organismal Studies, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Daniel Durocher
- The Lunenfeld-Tannenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - John Rouse
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
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10
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Shao Y, Zhou L, Li F, Zhao L, Zhang BL, Shao F, Chen JW, Chen CY, Bi X, Zhuang XL, Zhu HL, Hu J, Sun Z, Li X, Wang D, Rivas-González I, Wang S, Wang YM, Chen W, Li G, Lu HM, Liu Y, Kuderna LFK, Farh KKH, Fan PF, Yu L, Li M, Liu ZJ, Tiley GP, Yoder AD, Roos C, Hayakawa T, Marques-Bonet T, Rogers J, Stenson PD, Cooper DN, Schierup MH, Yao YG, Zhang YP, Wang W, Qi XG, Zhang G, Wu DD. Phylogenomic analyses provide insights into primate evolution. Science 2023; 380:913-924. [PMID: 37262173 DOI: 10.1126/science.abn6919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Comparative analysis of primate genomes within a phylogenetic context is essential for understanding the evolution of human genetic architecture and primate diversity. We present such a study of 50 primate species spanning 38 genera and 14 families, including 27 genomes first reported here, with many from previously less well represented groups, the New World monkeys and the Strepsirrhini. Our analyses reveal heterogeneous rates of genomic rearrangement and gene evolution across primate lineages. Thousands of genes under positive selection in different lineages play roles in the nervous, skeletal, and digestive systems and may have contributed to primate innovations and adaptations. Our study reveals that many key genomic innovations occurred in the Simiiformes ancestral node and may have had an impact on the adaptive radiation of the Simiiformes and human evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Long Zhou
- Center of Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women's Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fang Li
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Animal Sex and Development, ZhejiangWanli University, Ningbo 315100, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Bao-Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Feng Shao
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), Southwest University School of Life Sciences, Chongqing 400715, China
| | | | - Chun-Yan Chen
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Xupeng Bi
- Center of Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women's Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Zhuang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
| | | | - Jiang Hu
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Zongyi Sun
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xin Li
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Depeng Wang
- Grandomics Biosciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | | | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Yun-Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou 510070, China
| | - Gang Li
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Hui-Meng Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Yang Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710119, China
| | - Lukas F K Kuderna
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Kyle Kai-How Farh
- Illumina Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Illumina Inc, San Diego, CA 92122, USA
| | - Peng-Fei Fan
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510275, China
| | - Li Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resource in Yunnan, School of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, China
| | - Ming Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Jin Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - George P Tiley
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Anne D Yoder
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Christian Roos
- Gene Bank of Primates and Primate Genetics Laboratory, German Primate Center, Leibniz Institute for Primate Research, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Takashi Hayakawa
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Japan Monkey Centre, Inuyama, Aichi 484-0081, Japan
| | - Tomas Marques-Bonet
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology (UPF-CSIC), PRBB, 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution of Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig de Lluís Companys, 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- CNAG-CRG, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institut Català de Paleontologia Miquel Crusafont, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici ICTA-ICP, c/ Columnes s/n, 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey Rogers
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Peter D Stenson
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David N Cooper
- Institute of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | | | - Yong-Gang Yao
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms of Chinese Academy of Sciences & Yunnan Province, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Ya-Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Qi
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 710069, China
| | - Guojie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center of Evolutionary & Organismal Biology, and Women's Hospital at Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
- Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou 311121, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650201, China
- National Resource Center for Non-Human Primates, Kunming Primate Research Center, and National Research Facility for Phenotypic & Genetic Analysis of Model Animals (Primate Facility), Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650107, China
- KIZ-CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Diseases, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650204, China
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11
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Dalton SE, Workalemahu T, Allshouse AA, Page JM, Reddy UM, Saade GR, Pinar H, Goldenberg RL, Dudley DJ, Silver RM. Copy number variants and fetal growth in stillbirths. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2023; 228:579.e1-579.e11. [PMID: 36356697 PMCID: PMC10149588 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2022.11.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fetal growth abnormalities are associated with a higher incidence of stillbirth, with small and large for gestational age infants incurring a 3 to 4- and 2 to 3-fold increased risk, respectively. Although clinical risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, and placental insufficiency have been associated with fetal growth aberrations and stillbirth, the role of underlying genetic etiologies remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to assess the relationship between abnormal copy number variants and fetal growth abnormalities in stillbirths using chromosomal microarray. STUDY DESIGN A secondary analysis utilizing a cohort study design of stillbirths from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network was performed. Exposure was defined as abnormal copy number variants including aneuploidies, pathogenic copy number variants, and variants of unknown clinical significance. The outcomes were small for gestational age and large for gestational age stillbirths, defined as a birthweight <10th percentile and greater than the 90th percentile for gestational age, respectively. RESULTS Among 393 stillbirths with chromosomal microarray and birthweight data, 16% had abnormal copy number variants. The small for gestational age outcome was more common among those with abnormal copy number variants than those with a normal microarray (29.5% vs 16.5%; P=.038). This finding was consistent after adjusting for clinically important variables. In the final model, only abnormal copy number variants and maternal age remained significantly associated with small for gestational age stillbirths, with an adjusted odds ratio of 2.22 (95% confidence interval, 1.12-4.18). Although large for gestational age stillbirths were more likely to have an abnormal microarray: 6.2% vs 3.3% (P=.275), with an odds ratio of 2.35 (95% confidence interval, 0.70-7.90), this finding did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Genetic abnormalities are more common in the setting of small for gestational age stillborn fetuses. Abnormal copy number variants not detectable by traditional karyotype make up approximately 50% of the genetic abnormalities in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Dalton
- University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT; Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT
| | | | | | | | | | - George R Saade
- University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, TX
| | - Halit Pinar
- Brown University School of Medicine, Providence, RI
| | | | | | - Robert M Silver
- University of Utah Health, Salt Lake City, UT; Intermountain Healthcare, Salt Lake City, UT.
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12
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Joseph BB, Naslavsky N, Binti S, Conquest S, Robison L, Bai G, Homer RO, Grant BD, Caplan S, Fay DS. Conserved NIMA kinases regulate multiple steps of endocytic trafficking. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010741. [PMID: 37099601 PMCID: PMC10166553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NIMA-related kinases have primarily been studied for their roles in cell cycle progression (NEK1/2/6/7/9), checkpoint-DNA-damage control (NEK1/2/4/5/10/11), and ciliogenesis (NEK1/4/8). We previously showed that Caenorhabditis elegans NEKL-2 (NEK8/9 homolog) and NEKL-3 (NEK6/7 homolog) regulate apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the worm epidermis and are essential for molting. Here we show that NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 also have distinct roles in controlling endosome function and morphology. Specifically, loss of NEKL-2 led to enlarged early endosomes with long tubular extensions but showed minimal effects on other compartments. In contrast, NEKL-3 depletion caused pronounced defects in early, late, and recycling endosomes. Consistently, NEKL-2 was strongly localized to early endosomes, whereas NEKL-3 was localized to multiple endosomal compartments. Loss of NEKLs also led to variable defects in the recycling of two resident cargoes of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), MIG-14/Wntless and TGN-38/TGN38, which were missorted to lysosomes after NEKL depletion. In addition, defects were observed in the uptake of clathrin-dependent (SMA-6/Type I BMP receptor) and independent cargoes (DAF-4/Type II BMP receptor) from the basolateral surface of epidermal cells after NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 depletion. Complementary studies in human cell lines further showed that siRNA knockdown of the NEKL-3 orthologs NEK6 and NEK7 led to missorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor from endosomes. Moreover, in multiple human cell types, depletion of NEK6 or NEK7 disrupted both early and recycling endosomal compartments, including the presence of excess tubulation within recycling endosomes, a defect also observed after NEKL-3 depletion in worms. Thus, NIMA family kinases carry out multiple functions during endocytosis in both worms and humans, consistent with our previous observation that human NEKL-3 orthologs can rescue molting and trafficking defects in C. elegans nekl-3 mutants. Our findings suggest that trafficking defects could underlie some of the proposed roles for NEK kinases in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shaonil Binti
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Conquest
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Lexi Robison
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rafael O. Homer
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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13
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Kirola L, Mukherjee A, Mutsuddi M. Recent Updates on the Genetics of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Frontotemporal Dementia. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:5673-5694. [PMID: 35768750 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02934-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) primarily affect the motor and frontotemporal areas of the brain, respectively. These disorders share clinical, genetic, and pathological similarities, and approximately 10-15% of ALS-FTD cases are considered to be multisystemic. ALS-FTD overlaps have been linked to families carrying an expansion in the intron of C9orf72 along with inclusions of TDP-43 in the brain. Other overlapping genes (VCP, FUS, SQSTM1, TBK1, CHCHD10) are also involved in similar functions that include RNA processing, autophagy, proteasome response, protein aggregation, and intracellular trafficking. Recent advances in genome sequencing have identified new genes that are involved in these disorders (TBK1, CCNF, GLT8D1, KIF5A, NEK1, C21orf2, TBP, CTSF, MFSD8, DNAJC7). Additional risk factors and modifiers have been also identified in genome-wide association studies and array-based studies. However, the newly identified genes show higher disease frequencies in combination with known genes that are implicated in pathogenesis, thus indicating probable digenetic/polygenic inheritance models, along with epistatic interactions. Studies suggest that these genes play a pleiotropic effect on ALS-FTD and other diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Ataxia, and Parkinsonism. Besides, there have been numerous improvements in the genotype-phenotype correlations as well as clinical trials on stem cell and gene-based therapies. This review discusses the possible genetic models of ALS and FTD, the latest therapeutics, and signaling pathways involved in ALS-FTD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxmi Kirola
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India.
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14
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In Mitosis You Are Not: The NIMA Family of Kinases in Aspergillus, Yeast, and Mammals. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23074041. [PMID: 35409400 PMCID: PMC8999480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23074041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Never in mitosis gene A (NIMA) family of serine/threonine kinases is a diverse group of protein kinases implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including cilia regulation, microtubule dynamics, mitotic processes, cell growth, and DNA damage response. The founding member of this family was initially identified in Aspergillus and was found to play important roles in mitosis and cell division. The yeast family has one member each, Fin1p in fission yeast and Kin3p in budding yeast, also with functions in mitotic processes, but, overall, these are poorly studied kinases. The mammalian family, the main focus of this review, consists of 11 members named Nek1 to Nek11. With the exception of a few members, the functions of the mammalian Neks are poorly understood but appear to be quite diverse. Like the prototypical NIMA, many members appear to play important roles in mitosis and meiosis, but their functions in the cell go well beyond these well-established activities. In this review, we explore the roles of fungal and mammalian NIMA kinases and highlight the most recent findings in the field.
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15
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Abraham SP, Nita A, Krejci P, Bosakova M. Cilia kinases in skeletal development and homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:577-608. [PMID: 34582081 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cilia are dynamic compartments that regulate multiple aspects of cellular signaling. The production, maintenance, and function of cilia involve more than 1000 genes in mammals, and their mutations disrupt the ciliary signaling which manifests in a plethora of pathological conditions-the ciliopathies. Skeletal ciliopathies are genetic disorders affecting the development and homeostasis of the skeleton, and encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies ranging from isolated polydactyly to lethal syndromic dysplasias. The recent advances in forward genetics allowed for the identification of novel regulators of skeletogenesis, and revealed a growing list of ciliary proteins that are critical for signaling pathways implicated in bone physiology. Among these, a group of protein kinases involved in cilia assembly, maintenance, signaling, and disassembly has emerged. In this review, we summarize the functions of cilia kinases in skeletal development and disease, and discuss the available and upcoming treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara P Abraham
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Bosakova
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic.,International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital, Brno, Czech Republic
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16
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Wang H, Qi W, Zou C, Xie Z, Zhang M, Naito MG, Mifflin L, Liu Z, Najafov A, Pan H, Shan B, Li Y, Zhu ZJ, Yuan J. NEK1-mediated retromer trafficking promotes blood-brain barrier integrity by regulating glucose metabolism and RIPK1 activation. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4826. [PMID: 34376696 PMCID: PMC8355301 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25157-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function mutations in NEK1 gene, which encodes a serine/threonine kinase, are involved in human developmental disorders and ALS. Here we show that NEK1 regulates retromer-mediated endosomal trafficking by phosphorylating VPS26B. NEK1 deficiency disrupts endosomal trafficking of plasma membrane proteins and cerebral proteome homeostasis to promote mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunction and aggregation of α-synuclein. The metabolic and proteomic defects of NEK1 deficiency disrupts the integrity of blood-brain barrier (BBB) by promoting lysosomal degradation of A20, a key modulator of RIPK1, thus sensitizing cerebrovascular endothelial cells to RIPK1-dependent apoptosis and necroptosis. Genetic inactivation of RIPK1 or metabolic rescue with ketogenic diet can prevent postnatal lethality and BBB damage in NEK1 deficient mice. Inhibition of RIPK1 reduces neuroinflammation and aggregation of α-synuclein in the brains of NEK1 deficient mice. Our study identifies a molecular mechanism by which retromer trafficking and metabolism regulates cerebrovascular integrity, cerebral proteome homeostasis and RIPK1-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Weiwei Qi
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengyu Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhangdan Xie
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Lauren Mifflin
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhen Liu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ayaz Najafov
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heling Pan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bing Shan
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Li
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Jiang Zhu
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junying Yuan
- Department of Cell Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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17
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Antony D, Brunner HG, Schmidts M. Ciliary Dyneins and Dynein Related Ciliopathies. Cells 2021; 10:cells10081885. [PMID: 34440654 PMCID: PMC8391580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10081885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although ubiquitously present, the relevance of cilia for vertebrate development and health has long been underrated. However, the aberration or dysfunction of ciliary structures or components results in a large heterogeneous group of disorders in mammals, termed ciliopathies. The majority of human ciliopathy cases are caused by malfunction of the ciliary dynein motor activity, powering retrograde intraflagellar transport (enabled by the cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex) or axonemal movement (axonemal dynein complexes). Despite a partially shared evolutionary developmental path and shared ciliary localization, the cytoplasmic dynein-2 and axonemal dynein functions are markedly different: while cytoplasmic dynein-2 complex dysfunction results in an ultra-rare syndromal skeleto-renal phenotype with a high lethality, axonemal dynein dysfunction is associated with a motile cilia dysfunction disorder, primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) or Kartagener syndrome, causing recurrent airway infection, degenerative lung disease, laterality defects, and infertility. In this review, we provide an overview of ciliary dynein complex compositions, their functions, clinical disease hallmarks of ciliary dynein disorders, presumed underlying pathomechanisms, and novel developments in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinu Antony
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Han G. Brunner
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Schmidts
- Center for Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg University Faculty of Medicine, Mathildenstrasse 1, 79106 Freiburg, Germany;
- Genome Research Division, Human Genetics Department, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences (RIMLS), Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 KL Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-761-44391; Fax: +49-761-44710
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18
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Ciliary Signalling and Mechanotransduction in the Pathophysiology of Craniosynostosis. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12071073. [PMID: 34356089 PMCID: PMC8306115 DOI: 10.3390/genes12071073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Craniosynostosis (CS) is the second most prevalent inborn craniofacial malformation; it results from the premature fusion of cranial sutures and leads to dimorphisms of variable severity. CS is clinically heterogeneous, as it can be either a sporadic isolated defect, more frequently, or part of a syndromic phenotype with mendelian inheritance. The genetic basis of CS is also extremely heterogeneous, with nearly a hundred genes associated so far, mostly mutated in syndromic forms. Several genes can be categorised within partially overlapping pathways, including those causing defects of the primary cilium. The primary cilium is a cellular antenna serving as a signalling hub implicated in mechanotransduction, housing key molecular signals expressed on the ciliary membrane and in the cilioplasm. This mechanical property mediated by the primary cilium may also represent a cue to understand the pathophysiology of non-syndromic CS. In this review, we aimed to highlight the implication of the primary cilium components and active signalling in CS pathophysiology, dissecting their biological functions in craniofacial development and in suture biomechanics. Through an in-depth revision of the literature and computational annotation of disease-associated genes we categorised 18 ciliary genes involved in CS aetiology. Interestingly, a prevalent implication of midline sutures is observed in CS ciliopathies, possibly explained by the specific neural crest origin of the frontal bone.
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19
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Costantini A, Valta H, Suomi AM, Mäkitie O, Taylan F. Oligogenic Inheritance of Monoallelic TRIP11, FKBP10, NEK1, TBX5, and NBAS Variants Leading to a Phenotype Similar to Odontochondrodysplasia. Front Genet 2021; 12:680838. [PMID: 34149817 PMCID: PMC8206634 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.680838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal dysplasias are often well characterized, and only a minority of the cases remain unsolved after a thorough analysis of pathogenic variants in over 400 genes that are presently known to cause monogenic skeletal diseases. Here, we describe an 11-year-old Finnish girl, born to unrelated healthy parents, who had severe short stature and a phenotype similar to odontochondrodysplasia (ODCD), a monogenic skeletal dysplasia caused by biallelic TRIP11 variants. The family had previously lost a fetus due to severe skeletal dysplasia. Exome sequencing and bioinformatic analysis revealed an oligogenic inheritance of a heterozygous nonsense mutation in TRIP11 and four likely pathogenic missense variants in FKBP10, TBX5, NEK1, and NBAS in the index patient. Interestingly, all these genes except TBX5 are known to cause skeletal dysplasia in an autosomal recessive manner. In contrast, the fetus was found homozygous for the TRIP11 mutation, and achondrogenesis type IA diagnosis was, thus, molecularly confirmed, indicating two different skeletal dysplasia forms in the family. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of an oligogenic inheritance model of a skeletal dysplasia in a Finnish family. Our findings may have implications for genetic counseling and for understanding the yet unsolved cases of rare skeletal dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Costantini
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Valta
- Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne-Maarit Suomi
- Department of Pediatrics, Seinäjoki Central Hospital, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Outi Mäkitie
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Children's Hospital, Pediatric Research Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.,Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, and Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fulya Taylan
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery and Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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20
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Doornbos C, Roepman R. Moonlighting of mitotic regulators in cilium disassembly. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4955-4972. [PMID: 33860332 PMCID: PMC8233288 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03827-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Correct timing of cellular processes is essential during embryological development and to maintain the balance between healthy proliferation and tumour formation. Assembly and disassembly of the primary cilium, the cell’s sensory signalling organelle, are linked to cell cycle timing in the same manner as spindle pole assembly and chromosome segregation. Mitotic processes, ciliary assembly, and ciliary disassembly depend on the centrioles as microtubule-organizing centres (MTOC) to regulate polymerizing and depolymerizing microtubules. Subsequently, other functional protein modules are gathered to potentiate specific protein–protein interactions. In this review, we show that a significant subset of key mitotic regulator proteins is moonlighting at the cilium, among which PLK1, AURKA, CDC20, and their regulators. Although ciliary assembly defects are linked to a variety of ciliopathies, ciliary disassembly defects are more often linked to brain development and tumour formation. Acquiring a better understanding of the overlap in regulators of ciliary disassembly and mitosis is essential in finding therapeutic targets for the different diseases and types of tumours associated with these regulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cenna Doornbos
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. .,Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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21
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Baumann G, Meckel T, Böhm K, Shih YH, Dickhaut M, Reichardt T, Pilakowski J, Pehl U, Schmidt B. Illuminating a Dark Kinase: Structure-Guided Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of a Potent Nek1 Inhibitor and Its Effects on the Embryonic Zebrafish Pronephros. J Med Chem 2021; 65:1265-1282. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Georg Baumann
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Kevin Böhm
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Yung-Hsin Shih
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Mirco Dickhaut
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Torben Reichardt
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Johannes Pilakowski
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ulrich Pehl
- Merck Healthcare KGaA, Biopharma R&D, Discovery and Development Technologies, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Boris Schmidt
- Clemens Schöpf−Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Technische Universität Darmstadt, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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22
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Latour BL, Van De Weghe JC, Rusterholz TD, Letteboer SJ, Gomez A, Shaheen R, Gesemann M, Karamzade A, Asadollahi M, Barroso-Gil M, Chitre M, Grout ME, van Reeuwijk J, van Beersum SE, Miller CV, Dempsey JC, Morsy H, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Neuhauss SC, Boldt K, Ueffing M, Keramatipour M, Sayer JA, Alkuraya FS, Bachmann-Gagescu R, Roepman R, Doherty D. Dysfunction of the ciliary ARMC9/TOGARAM1 protein module causes Joubert syndrome. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4423-4439. [PMID: 32453716 DOI: 10.1172/jci131656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Joubert syndrome (JBTS) is a recessive neurodevelopmental ciliopathy characterized by a pathognomonic hindbrain malformation. All known JBTS genes encode proteins involved in the structure or function of primary cilia, ubiquitous antenna-like organelles essential for cellular signal transduction. Here, we used the recently identified JBTS-associated protein armadillo repeat motif-containing 9 (ARMC9) in tandem-affinity purification and yeast 2-hybrid screens to identify a ciliary module whose dysfunction underlies JBTS. In addition to the known JBTS-associated proteins CEP104 and CSPP1, we identified coiled-coil domain containing 66 (CCDC66) and TOG array regulator of axonemal microtubules 1 (TOGARAM1) as ARMC9 interaction partners. We found that TOGARAM1 variants cause JBTS and disrupt TOGARAM1 interaction with ARMC9. Using a combination of protein interaction analyses, characterization of patient-derived fibroblasts, and analysis of CRISPR/Cas9-engineered zebrafish and hTERT-RPE1 cells, we demonstrated that dysfunction of ARMC9 or TOGARAM1 resulted in short cilia with decreased axonemal acetylation and polyglutamylation, but relatively intact transition zone function. Aberrant serum-induced ciliary resorption and cold-induced depolymerization in ARMC9 and TOGARAM1 patient cell lines suggest a role for this new JBTS-associated protein module in ciliary stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke L Latour
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | | | - Tamara Ds Rusterholz
- Institute of Medical Genetics, and.,Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Stef Jf Letteboer
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Arianna Gomez
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Ranad Shaheen
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Matthias Gesemann
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Arezou Karamzade
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Asadollahi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Miguel Barroso-Gil
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Manali Chitre
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Megan E Grout
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Sylvia Ec van Beersum
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Caitlin V Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Jennifer C Dempsey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Heba Morsy
- Department of Human Genetics, Medical Research Institute, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | | | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,The University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.,University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Deborah A Nickerson
- The University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics is detailed in Supplemental Acknowledgments.,University of Washington Center for Mendelian Genomics, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephan Cf Neuhauss
- Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Karsten Boldt
- Medical Proteome Center, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Medical Proteome Center, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Keramatipour
- Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - John A Sayer
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruxandra Bachmann-Gagescu
- Institute of Medical Genetics, and.,Department of Molecular Life Sciences, University of Zurich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ronald Roepman
- Department of Human Genetics and Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Dan Doherty
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington, USA
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23
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Rich KA, Roggenbuck J, Kolb SJ. Searching Far and Genome-Wide: The Relevance of Association Studies in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Front Neurosci 2021; 14:603023. [PMID: 33584177 PMCID: PMC7873947 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.603023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and rare variant association studies (RVAS) are applied across many areas of complex disease to analyze variation in whole genomes of thousands of unrelated patients. These approaches are able to identify variants and/or biological pathways which are associated with disease status and, in contrast to traditional linkage studies or candidate gene approaches, do so without requiring multigenerational affected families, prior hypotheses, or known genes of interest. However, the novel associations identified by these methods typically have lower effect sizes than those found in classical family studies. In the motor neuron disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), GWAS, and RVAS have been used to identify multiple disease-associated genes but have not yet resulted in novel therapeutic interventions. There is significant urgency within the ALS community to identify additional genetic markers of disease to uncover novel biological mechanisms, stratify genetic subgroups of disease, and drive drug development. Given the widespread and increasing application of genetic association studies of complex disease, it is important to recognize the strengths and limitations of these approaches. Here, we review ALS gene discovery via GWAS and RVAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Rich
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Jennifer Roggenbuck
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Pharmacology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, United States
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24
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Lattante S, Doronzio PN, Conte A, Marangi G, Martello F, Bisogni G, Meleo E, Colavito D, Del Giudice E, Patanella AK, Bernardo D, Romano A, Zollino M, Sabatelli M. Novel variants and cellular studies on patients' primary fibroblasts support a role for NEK1 missense variants in ALS pathogenesis. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:65-71. [PMID: 33445179 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last few years, NEK1 has been identified as a new gene related to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Loss-of-function variants have been mostly described, although several missense variants exist, which pathogenic relevance remains to be established. We attempted to determine the contribution of NEK1 gene in an Italian cohort of 531 sporadic and familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients applying massive parallel sequencing technologies. We filtered results of NEK1 gene and identified 20 NEK1 rare variants (MAF < 0.01) in 22 patients. In particular, we found two novel frameshift variants (p.Glu929Asnfs*12 and p.Val1030Ilefs*23), 18 missense variants, including the p.Arg261His in three patients, and a novel variant in the start codon, the p.Met1?, which most likely impairs translation initiation. To clarify the role of NEK1 missense variants we investigated NEK1 expression in primary fibroblast cultures. We obtained skin biopsies from four patients with NEK1 variants and we assessed NEK1 expression by western blot and immunofluorescence. We detected a decrease in NEK1 expression in fibroblasts from patients with NEK1 variants, suggesting that missense variants in NEK1 gene may have a pathogenic role. Moreover, we observed additional variants in ALS related genes in seven patients with NEK1 variants (32%), further supporting an oligogenic ALS model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lattante
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Niccolò Doronzio
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Amelia Conte
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Martello
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Bisogni
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliana Meleo
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Colavito
- Research & Innovation (R&I Genetics) srl, 35127 Padua, Italy
| | | | - Agata Katia Patanella
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Daniela Bernardo
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Romano
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy.,Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
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25
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Weiss B, Eberle B, Roeth R, de Bruin C, Lui JC, Paramasivam N, Hinderhofer K, van Duyvenvoorde HA, Baron J, Wit JM, Rappold GA. Evidence That Non-Syndromic Familial Tall Stature Has an Oligogenic Origin Including Ciliary Genes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:660731. [PMID: 34194391 PMCID: PMC8237855 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.660731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human growth is a complex trait. A considerable number of gene defects have been shown to cause short stature, but there are only few examples of genetic causes of non-syndromic tall stature. Besides rare variants with large effects and common risk alleles with small effect size, oligogenic effects may contribute to this phenotype. Exome sequencing was carried out in a tall male (height 3.5 SDS) and his parents. Filtered damaging variants with high CADD scores were validated by Sanger sequencing in the trio and three other affected and one unaffected family members. Network analysis was carried out to assess links between the candidate genes, and the transcriptome of murine growth plate was analyzed by microarray as well as RNA Seq. Heterozygous gene variants in CEP104, CROCC, NEK1, TOM1L2, and TSTD2 predicted as damaging were found to be shared between the four tall family members. Three of the five genes (CEP104, CROCC, and NEK1) belong to the ciliary gene family. All genes are expressed in mouse growth plate. Pathway and network analyses indicated close functional connections. Together, these data expand the spectrum of genes with a role in linear growth and tall stature phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Weiss
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Birgit Eberle
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ralph Roeth
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christiaan de Bruin
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Julian C. Lui
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Nagarajan Paramasivam
- Computational Oncology Group, Molecular Diagnostics Program at the National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Katrin Hinderhofer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Jeffrey Baron
- Section on Growth and Development, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jan M. Wit
- Department of Pediatrics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Gudrun A. Rappold
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Human Genetics, Ruprecht Karls University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Gudrun A. Rappold,
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26
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Santoni M, Piva F, Cimadamore A, Giulietti M, Battelli N, Montironi R, Cosmai L, Porta C. Exploring the Spectrum of Kidney Ciliopathies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2020; 10:E1099. [PMID: 33339422 PMCID: PMC7766105 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics10121099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ciliopathies are a group of multi-organ diseases caused by the disruption of the primary cilium. This event leads to a variety of kidney disorders, including nephronophthisis, renal cystic dysplasia, and renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Primary cilium contributes to the regulation of the cell cycle and protein homeostasis, that is, the balance between protein synthesis and degradation by acting on the ubiquitin-proteasome system, autophagy, and mTOR signaling. Many proteins are involved in renal ciliopathies. In particular, fibrocystin (PKHD1) is involved in autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD), while polycystin-1 (PKD1) and polycystin-2 (PKD2) are implicated in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Moreover, primary cilia are associated with essential signaling pathways, such as Hedgehog, Wnt, and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF). In this review, we focused on the ciliopathies associated with kidney diseases, exploring genes and signaling pathways associated with primary cilium and the potential role of cilia as therapeutic targets in renal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Santoni
- Oncology Unit, Macerata Hospital, 62100 Macerata, Italy;
| | - Francesco Piva
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.)
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Matteo Giulietti
- Department of Specialistic Clinical and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, 60126 Ancona, Italy; (F.P.); (M.G.)
| | | | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, 60126 Ancona, Italy;
| | - Laura Cosmai
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, ASST Fatebenefratelli-Sacco, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, 20121 Milan, Italy;
| | - Camillo Porta
- Chair of Oncology, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology, University of Bari ‘A. Moro’, 70121 Bari, Italy;
- Division of Medical Oncology, A.O.U. ConsorzialePoliclinico di Bari, 70124 Bari, Italy
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27
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Zhang Y, Chen W, Zeng W, Lu Z, Zhou X. Biallelic loss of function NEK3 mutations deacetylate α-tubulin and downregulate NUP205 that predispose individuals to cilia-related abnormal cardiac left-right patterning. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:1005. [PMID: 33230144 PMCID: PMC7684299 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Defective left–right (LR) organization involving abnormalities in cilia ultrastructure causes laterality disorders including situs inversus (SI) and heterotaxy (Htx) with the prevalence approximately 1/10,000 births. In this study, we describe two unrelated family trios with abnormal cardiac LR patterning. Through whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified compound heterozygous mutations (c.805-1G >C; p. Ile269GlnfsTer8/c.1117dupA; p.Thr373AsnfsTer19) (c.29T>C; p.Ile10Thr/c.356A>G; p.His119Arg) of NEK3, encoding a NIMA (never in mitosis A)-related kinase, in two affected individuals, respectively. Protein levels of NEK3 were abrogated in Patient-1 with biallelic loss-of function (LoF) NEK3 mutations that causes premature stop codon. Subsequence transcriptome analysis revealed that NNMT (nicotinamide N-methyltransferase) and SIRT2 (sirtuin2) was upregulated by NEK3 knockdown in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in vitro, which associates α-tubulin deacetylation by western blot and immunofluorescence. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis further identified defective ciliary ultrastructure in Patient-1. Furthermore, inner ring components of nuclear pore complex (NPC) including nucleoporin (NUP)205, NUP188, and NUP155 were significantly downregulated in NEK3-silenced cells. In conclusion, we identified biallelic mutations of NEK3 predispose individual to abnormal cardiac left–right patterning via SIRT2-mediated α-tubulin deacetylation and downregulation of inner ring nucleoporins. Our study suggested that NEK3 could be a candidate gene for human ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhang
- Department of Assisted Reproduction, and Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 201204, Shanghai, China
| | - Weicheng Chen
- Pediatric Cardiovascular Center, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, 201102, Shanghai, China
| | - Weijia Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 200433, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhouping Lu
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 201204, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhou
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, 201204, Shanghai, China.
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28
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Bosakova M, Abraham SP, Nita A, Hruba E, Buchtova M, Taylor SP, Duran I, Martin J, Svozilova K, Barta T, Varecha M, Balek L, Kohoutek J, Radaszkiewicz T, Pusapati GV, Bryja V, Rush ET, Thiffault I, Nickerson DA, Bamshad MJ, Rohatgi R, Cohn DH, Krakow D, Krejci P. Mutations in GRK2 cause Jeune syndrome by impairing Hedgehog and canonical Wnt signaling. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e11739. [PMID: 33200460 PMCID: PMC7645380 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201911739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in genes affecting primary cilia cause ciliopathies, a diverse group of disorders often affecting skeletal development. This includes Jeune syndrome or asphyxiating thoracic dystrophy (ATD), an autosomal recessive skeletal disorder. Unraveling the responsible molecular pathology helps illuminate mechanisms responsible for functional primary cilia. We identified two families with ATD caused by loss-of-function mutations in the gene encoding adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (ADRBK1 or GRK2). GRK2 cells from an affected individual homozygous for the p.R158* mutation resulted in loss of GRK2, and disrupted chondrocyte growth and differentiation in the cartilage growth plate. GRK2 null cells displayed normal cilia morphology, yet loss of GRK2 compromised cilia-based signaling of Hedgehog (Hh) pathway. Canonical Wnt signaling was also impaired, manifested as a failure to respond to Wnt ligand due to impaired phosphorylation of the Wnt co-receptor LRP6. We have identified GRK2 as an essential regulator of skeletogenesis and demonstrate how both Hh and Wnt signaling mechanistically contribute to skeletal ciliopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Bosakova
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Sara P Abraham
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Alexandru Nita
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eva Hruba
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Marcela Buchtova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - S Paige Taylor
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Ivan Duran
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Jorge Martin
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Katerina Svozilova
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Tomas Barta
- Department of Histology and EmbryologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Miroslav Varecha
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Lukas Balek
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | | | - Tomasz Radaszkiewicz
- Institute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Ganesh V Pusapati
- Department of BiochemistryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Vitezslav Bryja
- Institute of Experimental BiologyFaculty of ScienceMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
| | - Eric T Rush
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic MedicineKansas CityMOUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MissouriKansas CityMOUSA
| | - Isabelle Thiffault
- Children's Mercy Kansas City, Center for Pediatric Genomic MedicineKansas CityMOUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of MissouriKansas CityMOUSA
| | | | - Michael J Bamshad
- Department of Genome SciencesUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAUSA
- Division of Genetic MedicineSeattle Children's HospitalSeattleWAUSA
| | | | - Rajat Rohatgi
- Department of BiochemistryStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
- Department of MedicineStanford UniversityPalo AltoCAUSA
| | - Daniel H Cohn
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental BiologyUniversity of California at Los AngelesLos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Deborah Krakow
- Department of Orthopaedic SurgeryDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Human GeneticsDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyDavid Geffen School of Medicine at UCLALos AngelesCAUSA
| | - Pavel Krejci
- Department of BiologyFaculty of MedicineMasaryk UniversityBrnoCzech Republic
- International Clinical Research CenterSt. Anne's University HospitalBrnoCzech Republic
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics of the CASBrnoCzech Republic
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29
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Lattante S, Marangi G, Doronzio PN, Conte A, Bisogni G, Zollino M, Sabatelli M. High-Throughput Genetic Testing in ALS: The Challenging Path of Variant Classification Considering the ACMG Guidelines. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11101123. [PMID: 32987860 PMCID: PMC7600768 DOI: 10.3390/genes11101123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of high-throughput sequencing technologies and screening of big patient cohorts with familial and sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) led to the identification of a significant number of genetic variants, which are sometimes difficult to interpret. The American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) provided guidelines to help molecular geneticists and pathologists to interpret variants found in laboratory testing. We assessed the application of the ACMG criteria to ALS-related variants, combining data from literature with our experience. We analyzed a cohort of 498 ALS patients using massive parallel sequencing of ALS-associated genes and identified 280 variants with a minor allele frequency < 1%. Examining all variants using the ACMG criteria, thus considering the type of variant, inheritance, familial segregation, and possible functional studies, we classified 20 variants as “pathogenic”. In conclusion, ALS’s genetic complexity, such as oligogenic inheritance, presence of genes acting as risk factors, and reduced penetrance, needs to be considered when interpreting variants. The goal of this work is to provide helpful suggestions to geneticists and clinicians dealing with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Lattante
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0630154606
| | - Paolo Niccolò Doronzio
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Amelia Conte
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Complex Operational Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Giulia Bisogni
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Complex Operational Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (M.S.)
| | - Marcella Zollino
- Section of Genomic Medicine, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy; (S.L.); (P.N.D.); (M.Z.)
- Complex Operational Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Laboratory and Infectious Disease Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Adult NEMO Clinical Center, Complex Operational Unit of Neurology, Department of Aging, Neurological, Orthopedic and Head-Neck Sciences, A. Gemelli University Hospital Foundation IRCCS, 00168 Roma, Italy; (A.C.); (G.B.); (M.S.)
- Section of Neurology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Roma, Italy
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30
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Watanabe Y, Nakagawa T, Akiyama T, Nakagawa M, Suzuki N, Warita H, Aoki M, Nakayama K. An Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-Associated Mutant of C21ORF2 Is Stabilized by NEK1-Mediated Hyperphosphorylation and the Inability to Bind FBXO3. iScience 2020; 23:101491. [PMID: 32891887 PMCID: PMC7481237 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
C21ORF2 and NEK1 have been identified as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-associated genes. Both genes are also mutated in certain ciliopathies, suggesting that they might contribute to the same signaling pathways. Here we show that FBXO3, the substrate receptor of an SCF ubiquitin ligase complex, binds and ubiquitylates C21ORF2, thereby targeting it for proteasomal degradation. C21ORF2 stabilizes the kinase NEK1, with the result that loss of FBXO3 stabilizes not only C21ORF2 but also NEK1. Conversely, NEK1-mediated phosphorylation stabilizes C21ORF2 by attenuating its interaction with FBXO3. We found that the ALS-associated V58L mutant of C21ORF2 is more susceptible to phosphorylation by NEK1, with the result that it is not ubiquitylated by FBXO3 and therefore accumulates together with NEK1. Expression of C21ORF2(V58L) in motor neurons induced from mouse embryonic stem cells impaired neurite outgrowth. We suggest that inhibition of NEK1 activity is a potential therapeutic approach to ALS associated with C21ORF2 mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuaki Watanabe
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan; Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tadashi Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Makiko Nakagawa
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakayama
- Division of Cell Proliferation, ART, Graduate School of Medicine, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan.
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31
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Ji Y, Garland MA, Sun B, Zhang S, Reynolds K, McMahon M, Rajakumar R, Islam MS, Liu Y, Chen Y, Zhou CJ. Cellular and developmental basis of orofacial clefts. Birth Defects Res 2020; 112:1558-1587. [PMID: 32725806 DOI: 10.1002/bdr2.1768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 06/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During craniofacial development, defective growth and fusion of the upper lip and/or palate can cause orofacial clefts (OFCs), which are among the most common structural birth defects in humans. The developmental basis of OFCs includes morphogenesis of the upper lip, primary palate, secondary palate, and other orofacial structures, each consisting of diverse cell types originating from all three germ layers: the ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm. Cranial neural crest cells and orofacial epithelial cells are two major cell types that interact with various cell lineages and play key roles in orofacial development. The cellular basis of OFCs involves defective execution in any one or several of the following processes: neural crest induction, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, migration, proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, primary cilia formation and its signaling transduction, epithelial seam formation and disappearance, periderm formation and peeling, convergence and extrusion of palatal epithelial seam cells, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton dynamics, and extracellular matrix function. The latest cellular and developmental findings may provide a basis for better understanding of the underlying genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and molecular mechanisms of OFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Michael A Garland
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Bo Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Shuwen Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Kurt Reynolds
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Moira McMahon
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Ratheya Rajakumar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Mohammad S Islam
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Yue Liu
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - YiPing Chen
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - Chengji J Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California at Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine of Shriners Hospitals for Children, School of Medicine, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Biochemistry, Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology (BMCDB) graduate group, University of California, Davis, California, USA
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32
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Al Mutairi F, Alkhalaf R, Alkhorayyef A, Alroqi F, Yusra A, Umair M, Nouf F, Khan A, Meshael A, Hamad A, Monira A, Asiri A, Alhamoudi KM, Alfadhel M. Homozygous truncating NEK10 mutation, associated with primary ciliary dyskinesia: a case report. BMC Pulm Med 2020; 20:141. [PMID: 32414360 PMCID: PMC7229615 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-020-1175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia (PCD) is also known as immotile-cilia syndrome, an autosomal recessive disorder of ciliary function, leading to mucus retention in the respiratory system in childhood. Our knowledge in the pathophysiological aspect of this devastating disorder is increasing with the advancement of genetic and molecular testing. Case presentation Here in, we report two siblings with a classical clinical and radiological presentation of PCD. Using whole exome sequencing we identified a homozygous truncating variant (c.3402 T > A); p.(Tyr1134*) in the NEK10 gene. Western bolt analysis revealed a decrease in the expression of NEK10 protein in the patient cells. Conclusions NEK10 plays a central role in the post-mitotic process of cilia assembly, regulating ciliary length and functions during physiological and pathological status. This study highlights the challenges of identifying disease-causing variants for a highly heterogeneous disorder and reports on the identification of a novel variant in NEK10 which recently associated with PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Al Mutairi
- Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, P. O Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia. .,Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Randa Alkhalaf
- Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, P. O Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Alkhorayyef
- Pulmonary Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fayhan Alroqi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Immunology Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdulaziz Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alyafee Yusra
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fetaini Nouf
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amjad Khan
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alharbi Meshael
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aleidi Hamad
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaujan Monira
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulaziz Asiri
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kheloud M Alhamoudi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genetics Division, Department of Pediatrics, King Abdullah specialized Children's Hospital, King Abdulaziz Medical City, P. O Box 22490, Riyadh, 11426, Saudi Arabia.,Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Ministry of National Guard Health Affairs (MNGH), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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33
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Ni X, Wang J, Lv M, Liu C, Zhong Y, Tian S, Wu H, Cheng H, Gao Y, Tan Q, Chen B, Li Q, Song B, Wei Z, Zhou P, He X, Zhang F, Cao Y. A novel homozygous mutation in WDR19 induces disorganization of microtubules in sperm flagella and nonsyndromic asthenoteratospermia. J Assist Reprod Genet 2020; 37:1431-1439. [PMID: 32323121 PMCID: PMC7311615 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-020-01770-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthenoteratospermia with multiple morphological abnormalities in the sperm flagella (MMAF) is a significant cause of male infertility. WDR19 is a core component in the IFT-A complex and has a critical role in intraflagellar transport. However, the role of WDR19 mutations in male infertility has yet to be examined. METHODS AND RESULTS We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) for 65 asthenoteratospermia individuals and identified a proband who carried a homozygous WDR19 (c.A3811G, p.K1271E) mutation from a consanguineous family. Systematic examinations, including CT scanning and retinal imaging, excluded previous ciliopathic syndromes in the proband. Moreover, semen analysis of this patient showed that the progressive rate decreased to zero, and the sperm flagella showed multiple morphological abnormalities. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy assays indicated that the ultrastructure of sperm flagella in the patient was completely destroyed, while immunofluorescence revealed that WDR19 was absent from the sperm neck and flagella. Moreover, IFT140 and IFT88, predicted to interact with WDR19 directly, were mis-allocated in the WDR19-mutated sperm. Notably, the MMAF subject harboring WDR19 variant and his partner successfully achieved clinical pregnancy through intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). CONCLUSIONS We identified WDR19 as a novel pathogenic gene for male infertility caused by asthenoteratospermia in the absence of other ciliopathic phenotypes, and that patients carrying WDR19 variant can have favorable pregnancy outcomes following ICSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Ni
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Mingrong Lv
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Chunyu Liu
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116, China
| | - Yading Zhong
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Shixiong Tian
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China.,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116, China
| | - Huan Wu
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Huiru Cheng
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Gao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qing Tan
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Beili Chen
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Bing Song
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health and Genetics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230022, China.,Anhui Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biopreservation and Artificial Organs, Hefei, 230022, China
| | - Zhaolian Wei
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Ping Zhou
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiaojin He
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, NHC Key Laboratory of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering at School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai, 200011, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211116, China.
| | - Yunxia Cao
- Reproductive Medicine Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Study on Abnormal Gametes and Reproductive Tract, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China. .,Key Laboratory of Population Health Across Life Cycle (Anhui Medical University), Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Hefei, China.
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Peres de Oliveira A, Kazuo Issayama L, Betim Pavan IC, Riback Silva F, Diniz Melo-Hanchuk T, Moreira Simabuco F, Kobarg J. Checking NEKs: Overcoming a Bottleneck in Human Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25081778. [PMID: 32294979 PMCID: PMC7221840 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25081778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In previous years, several kinases, such as phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), have been linked to important human diseases, although some kinase families remain neglected in terms of research, hiding their relevance to therapeutic approaches. Here, a review regarding the NEK family is presented, shedding light on important information related to NEKs and human diseases. NEKs are a large group of homologous kinases with related functions and structures that participate in several cellular processes such as the cell cycle, cell division, cilia formation, and the DNA damage response. The review of the literature points to the pivotal participation of NEKs in important human diseases, like different types of cancer, diabetes, ciliopathies and central nervous system related and inflammatory-related diseases. The different known regulatory molecular mechanisms specific to each NEK are also presented, relating to their involvement in different diseases. In addition, important information about NEKs remains to be elucidated and is highlighted in this review, showing the need for other studies and research regarding this kinase family. Therefore, the NEK family represents an important group of kinases with potential applications in the therapy of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andressa Peres de Oliveira
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (A.P.d.O.); (L.K.I.); (I.C.B.P.); (F.R.S.); (T.D.M.-H.)
| | - Luidy Kazuo Issayama
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (A.P.d.O.); (L.K.I.); (I.C.B.P.); (F.R.S.); (T.D.M.-H.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Isadora Carolina Betim Pavan
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (A.P.d.O.); (L.K.I.); (I.C.B.P.); (F.R.S.); (T.D.M.-H.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Alimentos e Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil;
| | - Fernando Riback Silva
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (A.P.d.O.); (L.K.I.); (I.C.B.P.); (F.R.S.); (T.D.M.-H.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Talita Diniz Melo-Hanchuk
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Tecidual, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-862, Brazil; (A.P.d.O.); (L.K.I.); (I.C.B.P.); (F.R.S.); (T.D.M.-H.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
| | - Fernando Moreira Simabuco
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar em Alimentos e Saúde, Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, São Paulo 13484-350, Brazil;
| | - Jörg Kobarg
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-871, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-19-3521-8143
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35
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Suzuki N, Akiyama T, Warita H, Aoki M. Omics Approach to Axonal Dysfunction of Motor Neurons in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Front Neurosci 2020; 14:194. [PMID: 32269505 PMCID: PMC7109447 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an intractable adult-onset neurodegenerative disease that leads to the loss of upper and lower motor neurons (MNs). The long axons of MNs become damaged during the early stages of ALS. Genetic and pathological analyses of ALS patients have revealed dysfunction in the MN axon homeostasis. However, the molecular pathomechanism for the degeneration of axons in ALS has not been fully elucidated. This review provides an overview of the proposed axonal pathomechanisms in ALS, including those involving the neuronal cytoskeleton, cargo transport within axons, axonal energy supply, clearance of junk protein, neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), and aberrant axonal branching. To improve understanding of the global changes in axons, the review summarizes omics analyses of the axonal compartments of neurons in vitro and in vivo, including a motor nerve organoid approach that utilizes microfluidic devices developed by this research group. The review also discusses the relevance of intra-axonal transcription factors frequently identified in these omics analyses. Local axonal translation and the relationship among these pathomechanisms should be pursued further. The development of novel strategies to analyze axon fractions provides a new approach to establishing a detailed understanding of resilience of long MN and MN pathology in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Suzuki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.,Department of Neurology, Shodo-kai Southern Tohoku General Hospital, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Akiyama
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Warita
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masashi Aoki
- Department of Neurology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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36
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Chivukula RR, Montoro DT, Leung HM, Yang J, Shamseldin HE, Taylor MS, Dougherty GW, Zariwala MA, Carson J, Daniels MLA, Sears PR, Black KE, Hariri LP, Almogarri I, Frenkel EM, Vinarsky V, Omran H, Knowles MR, Tearney GJ, Alkuraya FS, Sabatini DM. A human ciliopathy reveals essential functions for NEK10 in airway mucociliary clearance. Nat Med 2020; 26:244-251. [PMID: 31959991 PMCID: PMC7018620 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-019-0730-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raghu R Chivukula
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA. .,Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA. .,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Daniel T Montoro
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hui Min Leung
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jason Yang
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hanan E Shamseldin
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Martin S Taylor
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Gerard W Dougherty
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Maimoona A Zariwala
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Johnny Carson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - M Leigh Anne Daniels
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick R Sears
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katharine E Black
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lida P Hariri
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ibrahim Almogarri
- Department of Pediatrics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Evgeni M Frenkel
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Vladimir Vinarsky
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heymut Omran
- Department of General Pediatrics, University Children's Hospital Muenster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael R Knowles
- Cystic Fibrosis/Pulmonary Research and Treatment Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Guillermo J Tearney
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Fowzan S Alkuraya
- Department of Genetics, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
| | - David M Sabatini
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.,Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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37
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Jiang YY, Maier W, Baumeister R, Minevich G, Joachimiak E, Wloga D, Ruan Z, Kannan N, Bocarro S, Bahraini A, Vasudevan KK, Lechtreck K, Orias E, Gaertig J. LF4/MOK and a CDK-related kinase regulate the number and length of cilia in Tetrahymena. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008099. [PMID: 31339880 PMCID: PMC6682161 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The length of cilia is controlled by a poorly understood mechanism that involves members of the conserved RCK kinase group, and among them, the LF4/MOK kinases. The multiciliated protist model, Tetrahymena, carries two types of cilia (oral and locomotory) and the length of the locomotory cilia is dependent on their position with the cell. In Tetrahymena, loss of an LF4/MOK ortholog, LF4A, lengthened the locomotory cilia, but also reduced their number. Without LF4A, cilia assembled faster and showed signs of increased intraflagellar transport (IFT). Consistently, overproduced LF4A shortened cilia and downregulated IFT. GFP-tagged LF4A, expressed in the native locus and imaged by total internal reflection microscopy, was enriched at the basal bodies and distributed along the shafts of cilia. Within cilia, most LF4A-GFP particles were immobile and a few either diffused or moved by IFT. We suggest that the distribution of LF4/MOK along the cilium delivers a uniform dose of inhibition to IFT trains that travel from the base to the tip. In a longer cilium, the IFT machinery may experience a higher cumulative dose of inhibition by LF4/MOK. Thus, LF4/MOK activity could be a readout of cilium length that helps to balance the rate of IFT-driven assembly with the rate of disassembly at steady state. We used a forward genetic screen to identify a CDK-related kinase, CDKR1, whose loss-of-function suppressed the shortening of cilia caused by overexpression of LF4A, by reducing its kinase activity. Loss of CDKR1 alone lengthened both the locomotory and oral cilia. CDKR1 resembles other known ciliary CDK-related kinases: LF2 of Chlamydomonas, mammalian CCRK and DYF-18 of C. elegans, in lacking the cyclin-binding motif and acting upstream of RCKs. The new genetic tools we developed here for Tetrahymena have potential for further dissection of the principles of cilia length regulation in multiciliated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yang Jiang
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Wolfgang Maier
- Bio 3/Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bio 3/Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and ZBMZ, Faculty of Medicine, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gregory Minevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Ewa Joachimiak
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Wloga
- Laboratory of Cytoskeleton and Cilia Biology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zheng Ruan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Natarajan Kannan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Stephen Bocarro
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Anoosh Bahraini
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Krishna Kumar Vasudevan
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Karl Lechtreck
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Eduardo Orias
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jacek Gaertig
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America
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38
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Umair M, Bilal M, Ali RH, Alhaddad B, Ahmad F, Abdullah, Haack TB, Alfadhel M, Ansar M, Meitinger T, Ahmad W. Whole‐exome sequencing revealed a nonsense mutation in
STKLD1
causing non‐syndromic pre‐axial polydactyly type A affecting only upper limb. Clin Genet 2019; 96:134-139. [DOI: 10.1111/cge.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Umair
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health ScienceMinistry of National Guard‐Health Affairs (MNGHA) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Institute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitat Munchen Munchen Germany
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Raja H. Ali
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
- Division of Hematology/OncologyBoston Children's Hospital Boston Massachusetts
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitat Munchen Munchen Germany
| | - Farooq Ahmad
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Abdullah
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Tobias B. Haack
- Institute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitat Munchen Munchen Germany
| | - Majid Alfadhel
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health ScienceMinistry of National Guard‐Health Affairs (MNGHA) Riyadh Saudi Arabia
- Division of Genetics, Department of PediatricsKing Abdullah Specialized Children's Hospital Riyadh Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Ansar
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human GeneticsTechnische Universitat Munchen Munchen Germany
| | - Wasim Ahmad
- Department of BiochemistryQuaid‐i‐Azam University Islamabad Pakistan
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39
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Wheway G, Mitchison HM. Opportunities and Challenges for Molecular Understanding of Ciliopathies-The 100,000 Genomes Project. Front Genet 2019; 10:127. [PMID: 30915099 PMCID: PMC6421331 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cilia are highly specialized cellular organelles that serve multiple functions in human development and health. Their central importance in the body is demonstrated by the occurrence of a diverse range of developmental disorders that arise from defects of cilia structure and function, caused by a range of different inherited mutations found in more than 150 different genes. Genetic analysis has rapidly advanced our understanding of the cell biological basis of ciliopathies over the past two decades, with more recent technological advances in genomics rapidly accelerating this progress. The 100,000 Genomes Project was launched in 2012 in the UK to improve diagnosis and future care for individuals affected by rare diseases like ciliopathies, through whole genome sequencing (WGS). In this review we discuss the potential promise and medical impact of WGS for ciliopathies and report on current progress of the 100,000 Genomes Project, reviewing the medical, technical and ethical challenges and opportunities that new, large scale initiatives such as this can offer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Wheway
- Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah M. Mitchison
- Genetics and Genomic Medicine, University College London, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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40
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Tripathy R, Leca I, van Dijk T, Weiss J, van Bon BW, Sergaki MC, Gstrein T, Breuss M, Tian G, Bahi-Buisson N, Paciorkowski AR, Pagnamenta AT, Wenninger-Weinzierl A, Martinez-Reza MF, Landler L, Lise S, Taylor JC, Terrone G, Vitiello G, Del Giudice E, Brunetti-Pierri N, D'Amico A, Reymond A, Voisin N, Bernstein JA, Farrelly E, Kini U, Leonard TA, Valence S, Burglen L, Armstrong L, Hiatt SM, Cooper GM, Aldinger KA, Dobyns WB, Mirzaa G, Pierson TM, Baas F, Chelly J, Cowan NJ, Keays DA. Mutations in MAST1 Cause Mega-Corpus-Callosum Syndrome with Cerebellar Hypoplasia and Cortical Malformations. Neuron 2018; 100:1354-1368.e5. [PMID: 30449657 PMCID: PMC6436622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.10.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Corpus callosum malformations are associated with a broad range of neurodevelopmental diseases. We report that de novo mutations in MAST1 cause mega-corpus-callosum syndrome with cerebellar hypoplasia and cortical malformations (MCC-CH-CM) in the absence of megalencephaly. We show that MAST1 is a microtubule-associated protein that is predominantly expressed in post-mitotic neurons and is present in both dendritic and axonal compartments. We further show that Mast1 null animals are phenotypically normal, whereas the deletion of a single amino acid (L278del) recapitulates the distinct neurological phenotype observed in patients. In animals harboring Mast1 microdeletions, we find that the PI3K/AKT3/mTOR pathway is unperturbed, whereas Mast2 and Mast3 levels are diminished, indicative of a dominant-negative mode of action. Finally, we report that de novo MAST1 substitutions are present in patients with autism and microcephaly, raising the prospect that mutations in this gene give rise to a spectrum of neurodevelopmental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Tripathy
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Ines Leca
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Tessa van Dijk
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Janneke Weiss
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Clinical Genetics, De Boelelaan 1117, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Bregje W van Bon
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maria Christina Sergaki
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstrein
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Martin Breuss
- Department of Neurosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Guoling Tian
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Nadia Bahi-Buisson
- Université Paris Descartes, Institut Cochin Hôpital Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | | | - Alistair T Pagnamenta
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Andrea Wenninger-Weinzierl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Maria Fernanda Martinez-Reza
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Lukas Landler
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Stefano Lise
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Jenny C Taylor
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 7BN, UK
| | - Gaetano Terrone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Vitiello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Ennio Del Giudice
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Section of Pediatrics, Federico II University, 80131 Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandra D'Amico
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Alexandre Reymond
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Norine Voisin
- Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Usha Kini
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Oxford Regional Genetics Service, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK
| | - Thomas A Leonard
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stéphanie Valence
- Centre de référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet et Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Lydie Burglen
- Centre de référence des Malformations et Maladies Congénitales du Cervelet et Département de Génétique et Embryologie Médicale, APHP, Hôpital Trousseau, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Linlea Armstrong
- Provincial Medical Genetics Programme, BCWH and Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6H 3N1, Canada
| | - Susan M Hiatt
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Gregory M Cooper
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Kimberly A Aldinger
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - William B Dobyns
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Ghayda Mirzaa
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Tyler Mark Pierson
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurology & the Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine, Institute Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 ZA Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Jamel Chelly
- Service de Diagnostic Génétique, Hôpital Civil de Strasbourg, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 67091 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nicholas J Cowan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Pharmacology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - David Anthony Keays
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Campus Vienna Biocenter 1, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Vienna 1030, Austria.
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Pourreza MR, Mohammadi H, Sadeghian L, Asgharzadeh S, Sehhati M, Tabatabaiefar MA. Applying Two Different Bioinformatic Approaches to Discover Novel Genes Associated with Hereditary Hearing Loss via Whole-Exome Sequencing: ENDEAVOUR and HomozygosityMapper. Adv Biomed Res 2018; 7:141. [PMID: 30505812 PMCID: PMC6233028 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_80_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hearing loss (HL) is a highly prevalent heterogeneous deficiency of sensory-neural system with involvement of several dozen genes. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) is capable of discovering known and novel genes involved with HL. MATERIALS AND METHODS Two pedigrees with HL background from Khuzestan province of Iran were selected. Polymerase chain reaction-sequencing of GJB2 and homozygosity mapping of 16 DFNB loci were performed. One patient of the first and two affected individuals from the second pedigree were subjected to WES. The result files were analyzed using tools on Ubuntu 16.04. Short reads were mapped to reference genome (hg19, NCBI Build 37). Sorting and duplication removals were done. Variants were obtained and annotated by an online software tool. Variant filtration was performed. In the first family, ENDEAVOUR was applied to prioritize candidate genes. In the second family, a combination of shared variants, homozygosity mapping, and gene expression were implemented to launch the disease-causing gene. RESULTS GJB2 sequencing and linkage analysis established no homozygosity-by-descent at any DFNB loci. Utilizing ENDEAVOUR, BBX: C.C857G (P.A286G), and MYH15: C.C5557T (P.R1853C) were put forward, but none of the variants co-segregated with the phenotype. Two genes, UNC13B and TRAK1, were prioritized in the homozygous regions detected by HomozygosityMapper. CONCLUSION WES is regarded a powerful approach to discover molecular etiology of Mendelian inherited disorders, but as it fails to enrich GC-rich regions, incapability of capturing noncoding regulatory regions and limited specificity and accuracy of copy number variations detection tools from exome data, it is assumed an insufficient procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Pourreza
- From the Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hannane Mohammadi
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ladan Sadeghian
- Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Center, Isfahan Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Samira Asgharzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Basic Health Sciences Institute, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mohammadreza Sehhati
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Tabatabaiefar
- From the Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Pediatric Inherited Diseases Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Noncommunicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Hossain D, Tsang WY. The role of ubiquitination in the regulation of primary cilia assembly and disassembly. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2018; 93:145-152. [PMID: 30213760 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The primary cilium is a cellular antenna found on the surface of many eukaryotic cells, whose main role is to sense and transduce signals that regulate growth, development, and differentiation. Although once believed to be a vestigial organelle without important function, it has become clear that defects in primary cilium are responsible for a wide variety of genetic diseases affecting many organs and tissues, including the brain, eyes, heart, kidneys, liver, and pancreas. The primary cilium is mainly present in quiescent and differentiated cells, and controls must exist to ensure that this organelle is assembled or disassembled at the right time. Although many protein components required for building the cilium have been identified, mechanistic details of how these proteins are spatially and temporally regulated and how these regulations are connected to external cues are beginning to emerge. This review article highlights the role of ubiquitination and in particular, E3 ubiquitin ligases and deubiquitinases, in the control of primary cilia assembly and disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delowar Hossain
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - William Y Tsang
- Institut de recherches cliniques de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H2W 1R7, Canada; Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H4A 3J1, Canada; Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
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Chen CP, Ko TM, Chang TY, Chern SR, Chen SW, Lai ST, Chuang TY, Wang W. Prenatal diagnosis of short-rib polydactyly syndrome type III or short-rib thoracic dysplasia 3 with or without polydactyly (SRTD3) associated with compound heterozygous mutations in DYNC2H1 in a fetus. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2018; 57:123-127. [PMID: 29458881 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2017.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We present the perinatal imaging findings and molecular genetic analysis in a fetus with short-rib polydactyly syndrome (SRPS) type III or short-rib thoracic dysplasia 3 with or without polydactyly (SRTD3). CASE REPORT A 29-year-old, primigravid woman was referred for genetic counseling at 15 weeks of gestation because of abnormal ultrasound findings of short limbs, a narrow chest and bilateral polydactyly of the hands and feet, consistent with a diagnosis of SRPS type III. Chorionic villus sampling was performed, and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) was applied to analyze a panel of 25 genes including CEP120, DYNC2H1, DYNC2LI1, EVC, EVC2, FGFR2, FGFR3, HOXD10, IFT122, IFT140, IFT172, IFT52, IFT80, KIAA0586, NEK1, PAPSS2, SLC26A2, SOX9, TCTEX1D2, TCTN3, TTC21B, WDR19, WDR34, WDR35 and WDR60. The NGS analysis identified novel mutations in the DYNC2H1 gene. The fetus was compound heterozygous for a missense mutation c.8077G > T (p.Asp2693Tyr) of paternal origin in DYNC2H1 and a frameshift mutation c.11741_11742delTT (p.Phe3914X) of maternal origin in DYNC2H1. The fetus had a karyotype of 46,XY, and postnatally manifested characteristic SRPS type III phenotype. CONCLUSION Targeted NGS is useful in genetic diagnosis of fetal skeletal dysplasia and SRPS, and the information acquired is helpful in genetic counseling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical and Community Health Nursing, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Tsang-Ming Ko
- Genephile Bioscience Laboratory, Ko's Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | - Schu-Rern Chern
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Wen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ting Lai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Yun Chuang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wayseen Wang
- Department of Medical Research, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Bioengineering, Tatung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Joshi AU, Mochly-Rosen D. Mortal engines: Mitochondrial bioenergetics and dysfunction in neurodegenerative diseases. Pharmacol Res 2018; 138:2-15. [PMID: 30144530 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known for their role in ATP generation. However, studies over the past two decades have shown that mitochondria do much more than that. Mitochondria regulate both necrotic and apoptotic cell death pathways, they store and therefore coordinate cellular Ca2+ signaling, they generate and metabolize important building blocks, by-products and signaling molecules, and they also generate and are targets of free radical species that modulate many aspects of cell physiology and pathology. Most estimates suggest that although the brain makes up only 2 percent of body weight, utilizes about 20 percent of the body's total ATP. Thus, mitochondrial dysfunction greatly impacts brain functions and is indeed associated with numerous neurodegenerative diseases. Furthermore, a number of abnormal disease-associated proteins have been shown to interact directly with mitochondria, leading to mitochondrial dysfunction and subsequent neuronal cell death. Here, we discuss the role of mitochondrial dynamics impairment in the pathological processes associated with neurodegeneration and suggest that a therapy targeting mitochondrialdysfunction holds a great promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit U Joshi
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, 94305-5174, USA
| | - Daria Mochly-Rosen
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, CA, 94305-5174, USA.
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Hua K, Ferland RJ. Primary Cilia Reconsidered in the Context of Ciliopathies: Extraciliary and Ciliary Functions of Cilia Proteins Converge on a Polarity theme? Bioessays 2018; 40:e1700132. [PMID: 29882973 PMCID: PMC6239423 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Once dismissed as vestigial organelles, primary cilia have garnered the interest of scientists, given their importance in development/signaling, and for their implication in a new disease category known as ciliopathies. However, many, if not all, "cilia" proteins also have locations/functions outside of the primary cilium. These extraciliary functions can complicate the interpretation of a particular ciliopathy phenotype: it may be a result of defects at the cilium and/or at extraciliary locations, and it could be broadly related to a unifying cellular process for these proteins, such as polarity. Assembly of a cilium has many similarities to the development of other polarized structures. This evolutionarily preserved process for the assembly of polarized cell structures offers a perspective on how the cilium may have evolved. We hypothesize that cilia proteins are critical for cell polarity, and that core polarity proteins may have been specialized to form various cellular protrusions, including primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet Hua
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
| | - Russell J Ferland
- Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
- Department of Neurology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA, 12208
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Mutation screening of NEK1 in Chinese ALS patients. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 71:267.e1-267.e4. [PMID: 30093141 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2018.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
NEK1 was recently identified as an amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) gene through rare variant burden analysis, and its role in ALS in various populations is still unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency and spectrum of NEK1 mutations in an ALS cohort from mainland China. All exons and their flanking intron regions of NEK1 were screened by direct nucleotide sequencing in 377 unrelated ALS patients. These patients were also screened with a massive parallel sequencing gene panel for 24 known ALS genes and C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansion. In totality, we detected 9 variants, comprising 3 novel heterozygous loss-of-function mutations and 6 rare missense variants (MAF < 0.1%) in NEK1. The patient with splice site mutation also carried another probably damaging variant in SOD1. Our study established a NEK1 mutant frequency of 0.8% in Chinese ALS patients, further expanded its spectrum of variants, and highlighted the possibility of coexistence with variants in additional ALS genes in NEK1 loss-of-function carriers.
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Jeong AL, Ka HI, Han S, Lee S, Lee EW, Soh SJ, Joo HJ, Sumiyasuren B, Park JY, Lim JS, Park JH, Lee MS, Yang Y. Oncoprotein CIP2A promotes the disassembly of primary cilia and inhibits glycolytic metabolism. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:e45144. [PMID: 29491003 PMCID: PMC5934771 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In most mammalian cells, the primary cilium is a microtubule-enriched protrusion of the plasma membrane and acts as a key coordinator of signaling pathways during development and tissue homeostasis. The primary cilium is generated from the basal body, and cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A), the overexpression of which stabilizes c-MYC to support the malignant growth of tumor cells, is localized in the centrosome. Here, we show that CIP2A overexpression induces primary cilia disassembly through the activation of Aurora A kinase, and CIP2A depletion increases ciliated cells and cilia length in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE1) cells. CIP2A depletion also shifts metabolism toward the glycolytic pathway by altering the expression of metabolic genes related to glycolysis. However, glycolytic activation in CIP2A-depleted cells does not depend on cilia assembly, even though enhanced cilia assembly alone activates glycolytic metabolism. Collectively, these data suggest that CIP2A promotes primary cilia disassembly and that CIP2A depletion induces metabolic reprogramming independent of primary cilia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ae Lee Jeong
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Osong, Korea
| | - Hye In Ka
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sora Han
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sunyi Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
- Drug Evaluation Group, R&D Center CJ HealthCare, Icheon, Korea
| | - Eun-Woo Lee
- Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Korea
| | - Su Jung Soh
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jeong Joo
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Buyanravjkh Sumiyasuren
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Young Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Lim
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Myung Sok Lee
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young Yang
- Division of Biological Sciences, Department of Life Systems, Research Center for Women's Disease, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, Korea
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Quélin C, Loget P, Boutaud L, Elkhartoufi N, Milon J, Odent S, Fradin M, Demurger F, Pasquier L, Thomas S, Attié-Bitach T. Loss of function IFT27 variants associated with an unclassified lethal fetal ciliopathy with renal agenesis. Am J Med Genet A 2018; 176:1610-1613. [PMID: 29704304 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.38685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Ciliopathies comprise a group of clinically heterogeneous and overlapping disorders with a wide spectrum of phenotypes ranging from prenatal lethality to adult-onset disorders. Pathogenic variants in more than 100 ciliary protein-encoding genes have been described, most notably those involved in intraflagellar transport (IFT) which comprises two protein complexes, responsible for retrograde (IFT-A) and anterograde transport (IFT-B). Here we describe a fetus with an unclassified severe ciliopathy phenotype including short ribs, polydactyly, bilateral renal agenesis, and imperforate anus, with compound heterozygosity for c.118_125del, p.(Thr40Glyfs*11) and a c.352 +1G > T in IFT27, which encodes a small GTPase component of the IFT-B complex. We conclude that bilateral renal agenesis is a rare feature of this severe ciliopathy and this report highlights the phenotypic overlap of Pallister-Hall syndrome and ciliopathies. The phenotype in patients with IFT27 gene variants is wide ranging from Bardet-Biedl syndrome to a lethal phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Quélin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Philippe Loget
- Service d'Anatomopathologie, CHU Pontchaillou, Rennes, France
| | - Lucile Boutaud
- Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nadia Elkhartoufi
- Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France
| | - Joelle Milon
- Pôle d'imagerie médicale, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Sylvie Odent
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Mélanie Fradin
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Florence Demurger
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Laurent Pasquier
- Service de Génétique Clinique, Centre de Référence Maladies Rares CLAD-Ouest, CHU Hôpital Sud, Rennes, France
| | - Sophie Thomas
- Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Tania Attié-Bitach
- Unité d'Embryofoetopathologie, Service d'Histologie-Embryologie-Cytogénétique, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Inserm U1163, Université Paris Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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Lažetić V, Joseph BB, Bernazzani SM, Fay DS. Actin organization and endocytic trafficking are controlled by a network linking NIMA-related kinases to the CDC-42-SID-3/ACK1 pathway. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007313. [PMID: 29608564 PMCID: PMC5897031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Molting is an essential process in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans during which the epidermal apical extracellular matrix, termed the cuticle, is detached and replaced at each larval stage. The conserved NIMA-related kinases NEKL-2/NEK8/NEK9 and NEKL-3/NEK6/NEK7, together with their ankyrin repeat partners, MLT-2/ANKS6, MLT-3/ANKS3, and MLT-4/INVS, are essential for normal molting. In nekl and mlt mutants, the old larval cuticle fails to be completely shed, leading to entrapment and growth arrest. To better understand the molecular and cellular functions of NEKLs during molting, we isolated genetic suppressors of nekl molting-defective mutants. Using two independent approaches, we identified CDC-42, a conserved Rho-family GTPase, and its effector protein kinase, SID-3/ACK1. Notably, CDC42 and ACK1 regulate actin dynamics in mammals, and actin reorganization within the worm epidermis has been proposed to be important for the molting process. Inhibition of NEKL-MLT activities led to strong defects in the distribution of actin and failure to form molting-specific apical actin bundles. Importantly, this phenotype was reverted following cdc-42 or sid-3 inhibition. In addition, repression of CDC-42 or SID-3 also suppressed nekl-associated defects in trafficking, a process that requires actin assembly and disassembly. Expression analyses indicated that components of the NEKL-MLT network colocalize with both actin and CDC-42 in specific regions of the epidermis. Moreover, NEKL-MLT components were required for the normal subcellular localization of CDC-42 in the epidermis as well as wild-type levels of CDC-42 activation. Taken together, our findings indicate that the NEKL-MLT network regulates actin through CDC-42 and its effector SID-3. Interestingly, we also observed that downregulation of CDC-42 in a wild-type background leads to molting defects, suggesting that there is a fine balance between NEKL-MLT and CDC-42-SID-3 activities in the epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Lažetić
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - Sarina M. Bernazzani
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
- * E-mail:
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Nicolas A, Kenna KP, Renton AE, Ticozzi N, Faghri F, Chia R, Dominov JA, Kenna BJ, Nalls MA, Keagle P, Rivera AM, van Rheenen W, Murphy NA, van Vugt JJFA, Geiger JT, Van der Spek RA, Pliner HA, Shankaracharya, Smith BN, Marangi G, Topp SD, Abramzon Y, Gkazi AS, Eicher JD, Kenna A, Mora G, Calvo A, Mazzini L, Riva N, Mandrioli J, Caponnetto C, Battistini S, Volanti P, La Bella V, Conforti FL, Borghero G, Messina S, Simone IL, Trojsi F, Salvi F, Logullo FO, D'Alfonso S, Corrado L, Capasso M, Ferrucci L, Moreno CDAM, Kamalakaran S, Goldstein DB, Gitler AD, Harris T, Myers RM, Phatnani H, Musunuri RL, Evani US, Abhyankar A, Zody MC, Kaye J, Finkbeiner S, Wyman SK, LeNail A, Lima L, Fraenkel E, Svendsen CN, Thompson LM, Van Eyk JE, Berry JD, Miller TM, Kolb SJ, Cudkowicz M, Baxi E, Benatar M, Taylor JP, Rampersaud E, Wu G, Wuu J, Lauria G, Verde F, Fogh I, Tiloca C, Comi GP, Sorarù G, Cereda C, Corcia P, Laaksovirta H, Myllykangas L, Jansson L, Valori M, Ealing J, Hamdalla H, Rollinson S, Pickering-Brown S, Orrell RW, Sidle KC, Malaspina A, Hardy J, Singleton AB, Johnson JO, Arepalli S, Sapp PC, McKenna-Yasek D, Polak M, Asress S, Al-Sarraj S, King A, Troakes C, Vance C, de Belleroche J, Baas F, Ten Asbroek ALMA, Muñoz-Blanco JL, Hernandez DG, Ding J, Gibbs JR, Scholz SW, Floeter MK, Campbell RH, Landi F, Bowser R, Pulst SM, Ravits JM, MacGowan DJL, Kirby J, Pioro EP, Pamphlett R, Broach J, Gerhard G, Dunckley TL, Brady CB, Kowall NW, Troncoso JC, Le Ber I, Mouzat K, Lumbroso S, Heiman-Patterson TD, Kamel F, Van Den Bosch L, Baloh RH, Strom TM, Meitinger T, Shatunov A, Van Eijk KR, de Carvalho M, Kooyman M, Middelkoop B, Moisse M, McLaughlin RL, Van Es MA, Weber M, Boylan KB, Van Blitterswijk M, Rademakers R, Morrison KE, Basak AN, Mora JS, Drory VE, Shaw PJ, Turner MR, Talbot K, Hardiman O, Williams KL, Fifita JA, Nicholson GA, Blair IP, Rouleau GA, Esteban-Pérez J, García-Redondo A, Al-Chalabi A, Rogaeva E, Zinman L, Ostrow LW, Maragakis NJ, Rothstein JD, Simmons Z, Cooper-Knock J, Brice A, Goutman SA, Feldman EL, Gibson SB, Taroni F, Ratti A, Gellera C, Van Damme P, Robberecht W, Fratta P, Sabatelli M, Lunetta C, Ludolph AC, Andersen PM, Weishaupt JH, Camu W, Trojanowski JQ, Van Deerlin VM, Brown RH, van den Berg LH, Veldink JH, Harms MB, Glass JD, Stone DJ, Tienari P, Silani V, Chiò A, Shaw CE, Traynor BJ, Landers JE. Genome-wide Analyses Identify KIF5A as a Novel ALS Gene. Neuron 2018; 97:1267-1288. [PMID: 29566793 PMCID: PMC5867896 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 451] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To identify novel genes associated with ALS, we undertook two lines of investigation. We carried out a genome-wide association study comparing 20,806 ALS cases and 59,804 controls. Independently, we performed a rare variant burden analysis comparing 1,138 index familial ALS cases and 19,494 controls. Through both approaches, we identified kinesin family member 5A (KIF5A) as a novel gene associated with ALS. Interestingly, mutations predominantly in the N-terminal motor domain of KIF5A are causative for two neurodegenerative diseases: hereditary spastic paraplegia (SPG10) and Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 2 (CMT2). In contrast, ALS-associated mutations are primarily located at the C-terminal cargo-binding tail domain and patients harboring loss-of-function mutations displayed an extended survival relative to typical ALS cases. Taken together, these results broaden the phenotype spectrum resulting from mutations in KIF5A and strengthen the role of cytoskeletal defects in the pathogenesis of ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aude Nicolas
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin P Kenna
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alan E Renton
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Ronald M. Loeb Center for Alzheimer's Disease, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nicola Ticozzi
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Faraz Faghri
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ruth Chia
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janice A Dominov
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Brendan J Kenna
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Mike A Nalls
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Data Tecnica International, Glen Echo, MD, USA
| | - Pamela Keagle
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Alberto M Rivera
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wouter van Rheenen
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Natalie A Murphy
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Joke J F A van Vugt
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Joshua T Geiger
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rick A Van der Spek
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hannah A Pliner
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Shankaracharya
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Bradley N Smith
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Giuseppe Marangi
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Institute of Genomic Medicine, Catholic University, Roma, Italy
| | - Simon D Topp
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Yevgeniya Abramzon
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Athina Soragia Gkazi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - John D Eicher
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aoife Kenna
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Gabriele Mora
- ALS Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Mistretta, Messina, Italy
| | - Andrea Calvo
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Nilo Riva
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Experimental Neurology, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Jessica Mandrioli
- Department of Neuroscience, St. Agostino Estense Hospital, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Modena, Modena, Italy
| | - Claudia Caponnetto
- Department of Neurosciences, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Rehabilitation, Maternal and Child Health, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Stefania Battistini
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Neurological Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Paolo Volanti
- ALS Center, Salvatore Maugeri Foundation, IRCCS, Mistretta, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Francesca L Conforti
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, National Research Council, Mangone, Cosenza, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borghero
- Department of Neurology, Azienda Universitario Ospedaliera di Cagliari and University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sonia Messina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina and Nemo Sud Clinical Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Aurora Foundation, Messina, Italy
| | - Isabella L Simone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesca Trojsi
- Department of Medical, Surgical, Neurological, Metabolic and Aging Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Naples, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Salvi
- "Il Bene" Center for Immunological and Rare Neurological Diseases at Bellaria Hospital, IRCCS, Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Sandra D'Alfonso
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Lucia Corrado
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | | | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | | | | | - David B Goldstein
- Institute for Genomic Medicine, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Tim Harris
- Bioverativ, 225 2nd Avenue, Waltham, MA 02145, USA
| | - Richard M Myers
- HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology, Huntsville, AL 35806, USA
| | - Hemali Phatnani
- Center for Genomics of Neurodegenerative Diseases (CGND), New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | - Michael C Zody
- Computational Biology, New York Genome Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Julia Kaye
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Steven Finkbeiner
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA; Departments of Neurology and Physiology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stacia K Wyman
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alex LeNail
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Leandro Lima
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Fraenkel
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute, 415 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Clive N Svendsen
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - Leslie M Thompson
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Institute of Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jennifer E Van Eyk
- The Heart Institute and Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James D Berry
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Timothy M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Stephen J Kolb
- Department of Neurology, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Merit Cudkowicz
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA, USA; Neurological Clinical Research Institute (NCRI), Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Emily Baxi
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Michael Benatar
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - J Paul Taylor
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Evadnie Rampersaud
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
| | - Joanne Wuu
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Giuseppe Lauria
- 3rd Neurology Unit, Motor Neuron Diseases Center, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "Luigi Sacco," University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Federico Verde
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabella Fogh
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Cinzia Tiloca
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo P Comi
- Neurology Unit, IRCCS Foundation Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Gianni Sorarù
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | | | - Hannu Laaksovirta
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - Liisa Myllykangas
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lilja Jansson
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - Miko Valori
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - John Ealing
- Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Hisham Hamdalla
- Greater Manchester Neurosciences Centre, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Salford M6 8HD, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Faculty of Human and Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | | | - Richard W Orrell
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London NW3 2PG, UK
| | - Katie C Sidle
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrea Malaspina
- Centre for Neuroscience and Trauma, Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, NorthEast London and Essex Regional Motor Neuron Disease Care Centre, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience and Reta Lila Weston Laboratories, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Queen Square House, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Molecular Genetics Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Janel O Johnson
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sampath Arepalli
- Genomics Technology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Peter C Sapp
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Diane McKenna-Yasek
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Meraida Polak
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Seneshaw Asress
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Safa Al-Sarraj
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Andrew King
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Claire Troakes
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Caroline Vance
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | | | - Frank Baas
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - José Luis Muñoz-Blanco
- ALS-Neuromuscular Unit, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Genomics Technology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jinhui Ding
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - J Raphael Gibbs
- Computational Biology Group, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Sonja W Scholz
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - Mary Kay Floeter
- Motor Neuron Disorders Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Roy H Campbell
- Department of Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Francesco Landi
- Center for Geriatric Medicine, Department of Geriatrics, Neurosciences and Orthopedics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome 00168, Italy
| | - Robert Bowser
- Division of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Stefan M Pulst
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - John M Ravits
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Daniel J L MacGowan
- Mount Sinai Beth Israel Hospital, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Janine Kirby
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Erik P Pioro
- Department of Neurology, Neuromuscular Center, Neurological Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Roger Pamphlett
- Discipline of Pathology, Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 94 Mallett Street, Camperdown, NSW 2050, Australia
| | - James Broach
- Department of Biochemistry, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Glenn Gerhard
- Department of Pathology, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Travis L Dunckley
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Christopher B Brady
- Research and Development Service, Veterans Affairs Boston Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Neurology, Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Neil W Kowall
- Neurology Service, VA Boston Healthcare System and Boston University Alzheimer's Disease Center, Boston, MA 02130, USA
| | - Juan C Troncoso
- Departments of Pathology and Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | - Kevin Mouzat
- INM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Biochemistry, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Serge Lumbroso
- INM, University Montpellier, Montpellier, France; Department of Biochemistry, CHU Nîmes, Nîmes, France
| | - Terry D Heiman-Patterson
- Department of Neurology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Neurology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Freya Kamel
- Epidemiology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Durham, NC 27709, USA
| | - Ludo Van Den Bosch
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robert H Baloh
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tim M Strom
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Aleksey Shatunov
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Kristel R Van Eijk
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Mamede de Carvalho
- Institute of Physiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal; Department of Neurosciences, Hospital de Santa Maria-CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Bas Middelkoop
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Moisse
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Russell L McLaughlin
- Population Genetics Laboratory, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Michael A Van Es
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Markus Weber
- Neuromuscular Diseases Center/ALS Clinic, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Kevin B Boylan
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - A Nazli Basak
- Suna and Inan Kırac Foundation, Neurodegeneration Research Laboratory, Bogazici University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jesús S Mora
- ALS Unit/Neurology, Hospital San Rafael, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vivian E Drory
- Department of Neurology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Centre, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Pamela J Shaw
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Martin R Turner
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kevin Talbot
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
| | - Kelly L Williams
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Jennifer A Fifita
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Garth A Nicholson
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia; ANZAC Research Institute, Concord Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2139, Australia
| | - Ian P Blair
- Centre for MND Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- Montreal Neurological Institute, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jesús Esteban-Pérez
- Unidad de ELA, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U-723), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Redondo
- Unidad de ELA, Instituto de Investigación Hospital 12 de Octubre de Madrid, SERMAS, and Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER U-723), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ammar Al-Chalabi
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H2, Canada
| | - Lorne Zinman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Internal Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M4N 3M5, Canada
| | - Lyle W Ostrow
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | | | | | - Zachary Simmons
- Department of Neurology, Penn State Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Johnathan Cooper-Knock
- Sheffield Institute for Translational Neuroscience (SITraN), University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Alexis Brice
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Inserm, CNRS, Institut du Cerveau et la Moelle (ICM), Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP) - Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France
| | | | - Eva L Feldman
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Summer B Gibson
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Franco Taroni
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Antonia Ratti
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Cinzia Gellera
- Unit of Genetics of Neurodegenerative and Metabolic Diseases, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta," Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Philip Van Damme
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Robberecht
- KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Department of Neurosciences, Experimental Neurology and Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), B-3000 Leuven, Belgium; VIB, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Leuven, Belgium; University Hospitals Leuven, Department of Neurology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pietro Fratta
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Mario Sabatelli
- Centro Clinico NeMO, Institute of Neurology, Catholic University, Largo F. Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Lunetta
- NEuroMuscular Omnicenter (NEMO), Serena Onlus Foundation, Milan, Italy
| | - Albert C Ludolph
- Neurology Department, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter M Andersen
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå SE-90185, Sweden
| | - Jochen H Weishaupt
- Neurology Department, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - William Camu
- ALS Center, CHU Gui de Chauliac, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Robert H Brown
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | - Leonard H van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jan H Veldink
- Department of Neurology, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Matthew B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jonathan D Glass
- Department of Neurology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David J Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, MRL, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Pentti Tienari
- Department of Neurology, Helsinki University Hospital and Molecular Neurology Programme, Biomedicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki FIN-02900, Finland
| | - Vincenzo Silani
- Department of Neurology and Laboratory of Neuroscience, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Milan, Italy; Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, "Dino Ferrari" Center - Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan 20122, Italy
| | - Adriano Chiò
- "Rita Levi Montalcini" Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Turin, Italy; Neuroscience Institute of Torino, Turin 10124, Italy
| | - Christopher E Shaw
- Maurice Wohl Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London, London SE5 9RS, UK
| | - Bryan J Traynor
- Neuromuscular Diseases Research Section, Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, NIH, Porter Neuroscience Research Center, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA.
| | - John E Landers
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
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