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Dong XX, Chen DL, Miao YF, Li DL, Kai JY, Hu DN, Zhang XF, Carla L, Andrzej G, Pan CW. The impact of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and calcium on risk of age-related macular degeneration: a Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr 2024:S0002-9165(24)00590-2. [PMID: 38964658 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and calcium and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) are unclear. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the causal role of 25(OH)D concentrations, calcium concentrations, and dietary supplements use of vitamin D and calcium on risk of AMD and its subtypes. METHODS Independent genetic variants associated with 25(OH)D and calcium concentrations were used as instrumental variables in published genome-wide association studies (GWASs) of European ancestry. The bidirectional 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses were performed using summary-level data from the UK Biobank and FinnGen datasets. Sensitivity analyses were conducted to ensure the robustness of the MR results. The meta-analyses were conducted using both fixed-effect and random-effect models to provide comprehensive and reliable estimates. RESULTS A standard deviation increase in calcium concentrations was linked to a 14%, 17%, and 13% reduction in the likelihood of developing AMD (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.77, 0.97), wet AMD (95% CI: 0.73, 0.95), and dry AMD (95% CI: 0.75, 1.00), respectively. No significant causal relationships were detected between genetically predicted 25(OH)D concentrations and AMD and its subtypes (all P > 0.05). The combined analyses showed that higher calcium concentrations were associated with a reduced risk of overall AMD, with an odds ratio of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.81, 0.98). CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence supporting the causal relationship between calcium concentrations and risk of AMD and its subtypes, which may have important implications for the prevention, monitoring, and treatment of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing-Xuan Dong
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dong-Ling Chen
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi-Fan Miao
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan-Lin Li
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jia-Yan Kai
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Dan-Ning Hu
- New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, United States
| | - Xiao-Feng Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lanca Carla
- Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (ESTeSL), Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; Comprehensive Health Research Center (CHRC), Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Grzybowski Andrzej
- Institute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland
| | - Chen-Wei Pan
- School of Public Health, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Haghmorad D, Soltanmohammadi A, Jadid Tavaf M, Zargarani S, Yazdanpanah E, Shadab A, Yousefi B. The protective role of interaction between vitamin D, sex hormones and calcium in multiple sclerosis. Int J Neurosci 2024; 134:735-753. [PMID: 36369838 DOI: 10.1080/00207454.2022.2147431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neurological disorder that causes disability and paralysis, especially among young adults. Although interactions of several factors, such as viral infections, autoimmunity, genetic and environmental factors, performance a role in the beginning and progression of the disease, the exact cause of MS is unknown to date. Different immune cells such as Th1 and Th17 play an impressive role in the immunopathogenesis of MS, while, regulatory cells such as Th2 and Treg diminish the severity of the illness. Sex hormones have a vital role in many autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis. Testosterone, estrogen and progesterone have various roles in the progress of MS, which higher prevalence of disease in women and more severe in men reveals the importance of sex hormones' role in this disease. Vitamin D after chemical changes in the body, as an active hormone called calcitriol, plays an important role in regulating immune responses and improves MS by modulating the immune system. The optimum level of calcium in the body with vitamin D modulates immune responses and calcium as an essential ion in the body plays a key role in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. The interaction between vitamin D and sex hormones has protective and therapeutic effects against MS and functional synergy between estrogen and calcitriol occurs in disease recovery. Moreover, vitamin D and calcium interact with each other to regulate the immune system and shift them to anti-inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Haghmorad
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Azita Soltanmohammadi
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Maryam Jadid Tavaf
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Simin Zargarani
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yazdanpanah
- Immunology Research Center, Department of Immunology and Allergy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Shadab
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Bahman Yousefi
- Cancer Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
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3
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Montazeri-Najafabady N, Dabbaghmanesh MH. The Association Between CYP2R1 rs10741657 Polymorphisms and Bone Variables, Vitamin D, and Calcium in Iranian Children and Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Study. Biochem Genet 2024:10.1007/s10528-024-10826-1. [PMID: 38834820 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-024-10826-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a common disorder with a strong genetic component. Bone mineral density (BMD), vitamin D, and calcium levels declining are a main contributor of osteoporosis and fragility fractures. This cross-sectional study designed to explore the possible link between CYP2R1 rs10741657 polymorphism and BMD of the total hip, lumbar spine and femoral neck, vitamin D, and calcium in Iranian children and adolescents. 247 children and adolescents (127 girls and 120 boys) between 9 and 18 years old from Kawar (an urban area located 50 km east of Shiraz, the capital city of the Fars province in the south of Iran) were randomly selected based on age-stratified systematic sampling and recruited for genetic analysis. The polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method was used for genotyping CYP2R1 rs10741657. Anthropometric, biochemical, and bone mineral density (BMD) parameters were also measured. The results specified that in the dominant [P < 0.0001, - 2.943 (- 4.357-1.529)] and over-dominant [P < 0.0001, 2.789 (1.369-4.209)] models, vitamin D concentration significantly differed between genotypes. The highest vitamin D levels were displayed for participants carrying the rs10741657 AG genotype (16.47 ng/ml). In regard to calcium, in a dominant model [P = 0.012, 0.194 (0.043-0.345)] and over-dominant model [P = 0.008, 0.206 (- 0.357-0.055), there was a significant association. AG genotype displayed the highest (9.96 mg/dl) and GG genotype the lowest (9.75 mg/dl) calcium values. This study reported the association of CYP2R1 rs10741657 polymorphisms with calcium and vitamin D levels in Iranian children and adolescents.
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Fang A, Zhao Y, Yang P, Zhang X, Giovannucci EL. Vitamin D and human health: evidence from Mendelian randomization studies. Eur J Epidemiol 2024; 39:467-490. [PMID: 38214845 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-023-01075-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
We summarized the current evidence on vitamin D and major health outcomes from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies. PubMed and Embase were searched for original MR studies on vitamin D in relation to any health outcome from inception to September 1, 2022. Nonlinear MR findings were excluded due to concerns about the validity of the statistical methods used. A meta-analysis was preformed to synthesize study-specific estimates after excluding overlapping samples, where applicable. The methodological quality of the included studies was evaluated according to the STROBE-MR checklist. A total of 133 MR publications were eligible for inclusion in the analyses. The causal association between vitamin D status and 275 individual outcomes was examined. Linear MR analyses showed genetically high 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations were associated with reduced risk of multiple sclerosis incidence and relapse, non-infectious uveitis and scleritis, psoriasis, femur fracture, leg fracture, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, anorexia nervosa, delirium, heart failure, ovarian cancer, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, dyslipidemia, and bacterial pneumonia, but increased risk of Behçet's disease, Graves' disease, kidney stone disease, fracture of radium/ulna, basal cell carcinoma, and overall cataracts. Stratified analyses showed that the inverse association between genetically predisposed 25(OH)D concentrations and multiple sclerosis risk was significant and consistent regardless of the genetic instruments GIs selected. However, the associations with most of the other outcomes were only pronounced when using genetic variants not limited to those in the vitamin D pathway as GIs. The methodological quality of the included MR studies was substantially heterogeneous. Current evidence from linear MR studies strongly supports a causal role of vitamin D in the development of multiple sclerosis. Suggestive support for a number of other health conditions could help prioritize conditions where vitamin D may be beneficial or harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Fang
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Nutrition, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Food, Nutrition and Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Yang
- School of Nursing, Peking University, Beijing, China
- School of Nursing, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Edward L Giovannucci
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Saadh MJ, Ahmed HM, Alani ZK, Al Zuhairi RAH, Almarhoon ZM, Ahmad H, Ubaid M, Alwan NH. The Role of Gut-derived Short-Chain Fatty Acids in Multiple Sclerosis. Neuromolecular Med 2024; 26:14. [PMID: 38630350 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-024-08783-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic condition affecting the central nervous system (CNS), where the interplay of genetic and environmental factors influences its pathophysiology, triggering immune responses and instigating inflammation. Contemporary research has been notably dedicated to investigating the contributions of gut microbiota and their metabolites in modulating inflammatory reactions within the CNS. Recent recognition of the gut microbiome and dietary patterns as environmental elements impacting MS development emphasizes the potential influence of small, ubiquitous molecules from microbiota, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These molecules may serve as vital molecular signals or metabolic substances regulating host cellular metabolism in the intricate interplay between microbiota and the host. A current emphasis lies on optimizing the health-promoting attributes of colonic bacteria to mitigate urinary tract issues through dietary management. This review aims to spotlight recent investigations on the impact of SCFAs on immune cells pivotal in MS, the involvement of gut microbiota and SCFAs in MS development, and the considerable influence of probiotics on gastrointestinal disruptions in MS. Comprehending the gut-CNS connection holds promise for the development of innovative therapeutic approaches, particularly probiotic-based supplements, for managing MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan
| | - Hani Moslem Ahmed
- Department of Dental Industry Techniques, Al-Noor University College, Nineveh, Iraq
| | - Zaid Khalid Alani
- College of Health and Medical Technical, Al-Bayan University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Zainab M Almarhoon
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hijaz Ahmad
- Section of Mathematics, International Telematic University Uninettuno, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II, 39, 00186, Rome, Italy.
- Center for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Mubarak Al-Abdullah, Kuwait.
- Department of Computer Science and Mathematics, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon.
| | - Mohammed Ubaid
- Medical Technical College, Al-Farahidi University, Baghdad, Iraq
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6
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Kresge HA, Blostein F, Goleva S, Albiñana C, Revez JA, Wray NR, Vilhjálmsson BJ, Zhu Z, McGrath JJ, Davis LK. Phenomewide Association Study of Health Outcomes Associated With the Genetic Correlates of 25 Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration and Vitamin D Binding Protein Concentration. Twin Res Hum Genet 2024; 27:69-79. [PMID: 38644690 PMCID: PMC11138239 DOI: 10.1017/thg.2024.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
While it is known that vitamin D deficiency is associated with adverse bone outcomes, it remains unclear whether low vitamin D status may increase the risk of a wider range of health outcomes. We had the opportunity to explore the association between common genetic variants associated with both 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and the vitamin D binding protein (DBP, encoded by the GC gene) with a comprehensive range of health disorders and laboratory tests in a large academic medical center. We used summary statistics for 25OHD and DBP to generate polygenic scores (PGS) for 66,482 participants with primarily European ancestry and 13,285 participants with primarily African ancestry from the Vanderbilt University Medical Center Biobank (BioVU). We examined the predictive properties of PGS25OHD, and two scores related to DBP concentration with respect to 1322 health-related phenotypes and 315 laboratory-measured phenotypes from electronic health records. In those with European ancestry: (a) the PGS25OHD and PGSDBP scores, and individual SNPs rs4588 and rs7041 were associated with both 25OHD concentration and 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D concentrations; (b) higher PGS25OHD was associated with decreased concentrations of triglycerides and cholesterol, and reduced risks of vitamin D deficiency, disorders of lipid metabolism, and diabetes. In general, the findings for the African ancestry group were consistent with findings from the European ancestry analyses. Our study confirms the utility of PGS and two key variants within the GC gene (rs4588 and rs7041) to predict the risk of vitamin D deficiency in clinical settings and highlights the shared biology between vitamin D-related genetic pathways a range of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailey A. Kresge
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Freida Blostein
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Slavina Goleva
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Clara Albiñana
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Joana A. Revez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Wray
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Bjarni J. Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Genomic Mechanisms of Disease, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - John J. McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Lea K. Davis
- Vanderbilt Genetics Institute, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Division of Neurology, Pharmacology and Special Education, Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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Reay WR, Kiltschewskij DJ, Di Biase MA, Gerring ZF, Kundu K, Surendran P, Greco LA, Clarke ED, Collins CE, Mondul AM, Albanes D, Cairns MJ. Genetic influences on circulating retinol and its relationship to human health. Nat Commun 2024; 15:1490. [PMID: 38374065 PMCID: PMC10876955 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45779-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Retinol is a fat-soluble vitamin that plays an essential role in many biological processes throughout the human lifespan. Here, we perform the largest genome-wide association study (GWAS) of retinol to date in up to 22,274 participants. We identify eight common variant loci associated with retinol, as well as a rare-variant signal. An integrative gene prioritisation pipeline supports novel retinol-associated genes outside of the main retinol transport complex (RBP4:TTR) related to lipid biology, energy homoeostasis, and endocrine signalling. Genetic proxies of circulating retinol were then used to estimate causal relationships with almost 20,000 clinical phenotypes via a phenome-wide Mendelian randomisation study (MR-pheWAS). The MR-pheWAS suggests that retinol may exert causal effects on inflammation, adiposity, ocular measures, the microbiome, and MRI-derived brain phenotypes, amongst several others. Conversely, circulating retinol may be causally influenced by factors including lipids and serum creatinine. Finally, we demonstrate how a retinol polygenic score could identify individuals more likely to fall outside of the normative range of circulating retinol for a given age. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the genetics of circulating retinol, as well as revealing traits which should be prioritised for further investigation with respect to retinol related therapies or nutritional intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R Reay
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Dylan J Kiltschewskij
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Maria A Di Biase
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zachary F Gerring
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kousik Kundu
- Human Genetics, Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Haematology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, UK
| | - Praveen Surendran
- British Heart Foundation Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Clinical Medicine, Addenbrooke's Hospital, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Health Data Research UK, Wellcome Genome Campus and University of Cambridge, Hinxton, UK
| | - Laura A Greco
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Erin D Clarke
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Clare E Collins
- School of Health Sciences, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia
- Food and Nutrition Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Alison M Mondul
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Demetrius Albanes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Murray J Cairns
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, Australia.
- Precision Medicine Research Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton, NSW, Australia.
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Toews JNC, Philippe TJ, Dordevic M, Hill LA, Hammond GL, Viau V. Corticosteroid-Binding Globulin (SERPINA6) Consolidates Sexual Dimorphism of Adult Rat Liver. Endocrinology 2023; 165:bqad179. [PMID: 38015819 PMCID: PMC10699879 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqad179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Produced by the liver, corticosteroid-binding globulin (CBG) regulates the plasma distribution and actions of glucocorticoids. A sex difference in pituitary growth hormone secretion patterns established during puberty in rats results in increased hepatic CBG production and 2-fold higher plasma corticosterone levels in females. Glucocorticoids control hepatic development and metabolic activities, and we have therefore examined how disrupting the SerpinA6 gene encoding CBG influences plasma corticosterone dynamics, as well as liver gene expression in male and female rats before and after puberty. Comparisons of corticosterone plasma clearance and hepatic uptake in adult rats, with or without CBG, indicated that CBG limits corticosterone clearance by reducing its hepatic uptake. Hepatic transcriptomic profiling revealed minor sex differences (207 differentially expressed genes) and minimal effect of CBG deficiency in 30-day-old rats before puberty. While liver transcriptomes in 60-day-old males lacking CBG remained essentially unchanged, 2710 genes were differentially expressed in wild-type female vs male livers at this age. Importantly, ∼10% of these genes lost their sexually dimorphic expression in adult females lacking CBG, including those related to cholesterol biosynthesis, inflammation, and lipid and amino acid catabolism. Another 203 genes were altered by the loss of CBG specifically in adult females, including those related to xenobiotic metabolism, circadian rhythm, and gluconeogenesis. Our findings reveal that CBG consolidates the sexual dimorphism of the rat liver initiated by sex differences in growth hormone secretion patterns and provide insight into how CBG deficiencies are linked to glucocorticoid-dependent diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia N C Toews
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Tristan J Philippe
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Matthew Dordevic
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Lesley A Hill
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Geoffrey L Hammond
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Victor Viau
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
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9
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Carlberg C, Mycko MP. Linking Mechanisms of Vitamin D Signaling with Multiple Sclerosis. Cells 2023; 12:2391. [PMID: 37830605 PMCID: PMC10571821 DOI: 10.3390/cells12192391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental triggers often work via signal transduction cascades that modulate the epigenome and transcriptome of cell types involved in the disease process. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system being characterized by a combination of recurring inflammation, demyelination and progressive loss of axons. The mechanisms of MS onset are not fully understood and genetic variants may explain only some 20% of the disease susceptibility. From the environmental factors being involved in disease development low vitamin D levels have been shown to significantly contribute to MS susceptibility. The pro-hormone vitamin D3 acts via its metabolite 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3) as a high affinity ligand to the transcription factor VDR (vitamin D receptor) and is a potent modulator of the epigenome at thousands of genomic regions and the transcriptome of hundreds of genes. A major target tissue of the effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 and VDR are cells of innate and adaptive immunity, such as monocytes, dendritic cells as well as B and T cells. Vitamin D induces immunological tolerance in T cells and reduces inflammatory reactions of various types of immune cells, all of which are implicated in MS pathogenesis. The immunomodulatory effects of 1,25(OH)2D3 contribute to the prevention of MS. However, the strength of the responses to vitamin D3 supplementation is highly variegated between individuals. This review will relate mechanisms of individual's vitamin D responsiveness to MS susceptibility and discuss the prospect of vitamin D3 supplementation as a way to extinguish the autoimmunity in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Carlberg
- Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, 10-748 Olsztyn, Poland
- Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marcin P. Mycko
- Department of Neurology, Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Warszawska 30, 10-082 Olsztyn, Poland;
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10
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Flatby HM, Ravi A, Damås JK, Solligård E, Rogne T. Circulating levels of micronutrients and risk of infections: a Mendelian randomization study. BMC Med 2023; 21:84. [PMID: 36882828 PMCID: PMC9993583 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-023-02780-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Micronutrients play an essential role at every stage of the immune response, and deficiencies can therefore lead to increased susceptibility to infections. Previous observational studies and randomized controlled trials of micronutrients and infections are limited. We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to evaluate the effect of blood levels of eight micronutrients (copper, iron, selenium, zinc, beta-carotene, vitamin B12, vitamin C, and vitamin D) on the risk of three infections (gastrointestinal infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections). METHODS Two-sample MR was conducted using publicly available summary statistics from independent cohorts of European ancestry. For the three infections, we used data from UK Biobank and FinnGen. Inverse variance-weighted MR analyses were performed, together with a range of sensitivity analyses. The threshold for statistical significance was set at P < 2.08E-03. RESULTS We found a significant association between circulating levels of copper and risk of gastrointestinal infections, where a one standard deviation increase in blood levels of copper was associated with an odds ratio of gastrointestinal infections of 0.91 (95% confidence interval 0.87 to 0.97, P = 1.38E-03). This finding was robust in extensive sensitivity analyses. There was no clear association between the other micronutrients and the risk of infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results strongly support a role of copper in the susceptibility to gastrointestinal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene M Flatby
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3. etg, 7491, Trondheim, Norway. .,Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Anuradha Ravi
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3. etg, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jan K Damås
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3. etg, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Infectious Diseases, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erik Solligård
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3. etg, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Clinic of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, St. Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Tormod Rogne
- Gemini Center for Sepsis Research, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Prinsesse Kristinas gate 3, Akutten og Hjerte-lunge-senteret, 3. etg, 7491, Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology and Center for Perinatal, Pediatric and Environmental Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
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11
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Rivera-Paredez B, Hidalgo-Bravo A, León-Reyes G, Barajas-Olmos F, Martínez-Hernández A, Orozco L, Denova-Gutiérrez E, Salmerón J, Velázquez-Cruz R. The role of single nucleotide variant rs3819817 of the Histidine Ammonia-Lyase gene and 25-Hydroxyvitamin D on bone mineral density, adiposity markers, and skin pigmentation, in Mexican population. J Endocrinol Invest 2023:10.1007/s40618-023-02051-1. [PMID: 36862244 DOI: 10.1007/s40618-023-02051-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D (VD) deficiency and osteoporosis have become a global public health problem. A variant in the Histidine Ammonia-Lyase (HAL) gene has been associated with VD levels and bone mineral density (BMD). However, whether this variant has an influence on VD levels and BMD in Mexican adults remain unclear. METHODS This cross-sectional analysis included 1,905 adults participating in the Health Worker Cohort Study and 164 indigenous postmenopausal women from the Metabolic Analysis in an Indigenous Sample (MAIS) cohort. The rs3819817 variant was genotyped by TaqMan probe assay. Total 25 hydroxyvitamin D levels were measured by DiaSorin Liaison. BMD at the different sites was assessed through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Linear and logistic regression models were performed to evaluate the associations of interest. RESULTS The prevalence of VD deficiency was 41%, showing differences between sexes. Obesity and skin pigmentation were associated with lower levels of VD in males and females. rs3819817-T allele was associated with low levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, VD deficiency, and hip and femoral neck BMD values (g/cm2). We found two interactions with VD levels, one between adiposity and rs3819817-T allele (P = 0.017) and another between skin pigmentation and rs3819817-T allele (P = 0.019). In indigenous postmenopausal women, we observed higher VD levels in the southern region compared to the northern region (P < 0.001); however, we did not observe differences by genotype. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that the genetic variant rs3819817 has an essential function in VD levels and BMD and suggests a role in skin pigmentation in the Mexican population.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Rivera-Paredez
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, México
| | - A Hidalgo-Bravo
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Mexico City, México
| | - G León-Reyes
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, México
| | - F Barajas-Olmos
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, México
| | - A Martínez-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, México
| | - L Orozco
- Laboratorio de Inmunogenómica y Enfermedades Metabólicas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, México
| | - E Denova-Gutiérrez
- Centro de Investigación en Nutrición y Salud, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública (INSP), Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| | - J Salmerón
- Centro de Investigación en Políticas, Población y Salud de la Facultad de Medicina de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, México
| | - R Velázquez-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Genómica del Metabolismo Óseo, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), Mexico City, México.
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12
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Xie Y, Acosta JN, Ye Y, Demarais ZS, Conlon CJ, Chen M, Zhao H, Falcone GJ. Whole-Exome Sequencing Analyses Support a Role of Vitamin D Metabolism in Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 2023; 54:800-809. [PMID: 36762557 PMCID: PMC10467223 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.122.040883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ischemic stroke (IS) is a highly heritable trait, and genome-wide association studies have identified several commonly occurring susceptibility risk loci for this condition. However, there are limited data on the contribution of rare genetic variation to IS. METHODS We conducted an exome-wide study using whole-exome sequencing data from 152 058 UK Biobank participants, including 1777 IS cases. We performed single-variant analyses for rare variants and gene-based analyses for loss-of-function and deleterious missense rare variants. We validated these results through (1) gene-based testing using summary statistics from MEGASTROKE-a genome-wide association study of IS that included 67 162 IS cases and 454 450 controls, (2) gene-based testing using individual-level data from 1706 IS survivors, including 142 recurrent IS cases, enrolled in the VISP trial (Vitamin Intervention for Stroke Prevention); and (3) gene-based testing against neuroimaging phenotypes related to cerebrovascular disease using summary-level data from 42 310 UK Biobank participants with available magnetic resonance imaging data. RESULTS In single-variant association analyses, none of the evaluated variants were associated with IS at genome-wide significance levels (P<5×10-8). In the gene-based analysis focused on loss-of-function and deleterious missense variants, rare genetic variation at CYP2R1 was significantly associated with IS risk (P=2.6×10-6), exceeding the Bonferroni-corrected threshold for 16 074 tests (P<3.1×10-6). Validations analyses indicated that CYP2R1 was associated with IS risk in MEGASTROKE (gene-based test, P=0.003), with IS recurrence in the VISP trial (gene-based test, P=0.001) and with neuroimaging traits (white matter hyperintensity, mean diffusivity, and fractional anisotropy) in the UK Biobank neuroimaging study (all gene-based tests, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Because CYP2R1 plays an important role in vitamin D metabolism and existing observational evidence suggests an association between vitamin D levels and cerebrovascular disease, our results support a role of this pathway in the occurrence of IS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhan Xie
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julián N. Acosta
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yixuan Ye
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Zachariah S. Demarais
- Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Carolyn J. Conlon
- Frank H. Netter M.D. School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Program of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Guido J. Falcone
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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13
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Clarke SLN, Mitchell RE, Sharp GC, Ramanan AV, Relton CL. Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2023; 75:674-681. [PMID: 34748291 DOI: 10.1002/acr.24815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Observational studies report mixed findings regarding the association between vitamin D and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) incidence or activity; however, such studies are susceptible to considerable bias. Because low vitamin D levels are common within the general population and easily corrected, there is potential public health benefit in identifying a causal association between vitamin D insufficiency and JIA incidence. To limit bias due to confounding and reverse causation, we examined the causal effect of the major circulating form of vitamin D, 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25-[OH]D), on JIA incidence using Mendelian randomization (MR). METHODS In this 2-sample MR analysis, we used summary level data from the largest and most recent genome-wide association study of 25-(OH)D levels (sample size 443,734), alongside summary data from 2 JIA genetic studies (sample sizes 15,872 and 12,501), all from European populations. To test and account for potential bias due to pleiotropy, we employed multiple MR methods and sensitivity analyses. RESULTS We found no evidence of a causal relationship between genetically predicted 25-(OH)D levels and JIA incidence (odds ratio 1.00 [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 0.76, 1.33] per SD increase in standardized natural-log transformed 25-[OH]D levels). This estimate was consistent across all methods tested. Additionally, there was no evidence that genetically predicted JIA causally influences 25-(OH)D levels (-0.002 SD change in standardized natural-log transformed 25-[OH]D levels per doubling odds in genetically predicted JIA [95% CI -0.006, 0.002]). CONCLUSION Given the lack of a causal relationship between 25-(OH)D levels and JIA, population level vitamin D supplementation is unlikely to reduce JIA incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah L N Clarke
- University of Bristol and Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Gemma C Sharp
- University of Bristol, Bristol, UK, and University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
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14
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Albiñana C, Zhu Z, Borbye-Lorenzen N, Boelt SG, Cohen AS, Skogstrand K, Wray NR, Revez JA, Privé F, Petersen LV, Bulik CM, Plana-Ripoll O, Musliner KL, Agerbo E, Børglum AD, Hougaard DM, Nordentoft M, Werge T, Mortensen PB, Vilhjálmsson BJ, McGrath JJ. Genetic correlates of vitamin D-binding protein and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in neonatal dried blood spots. Nat Commun 2023; 14:852. [PMID: 36792583 PMCID: PMC9932173 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The vitamin D binding protein (DBP), encoded by the group-specific component (GC) gene, is a component of the vitamin D system. In a genome-wide association study of DBP concentration in 65,589 neonates we identify 26 independent loci, 17 of which are in or close to the GC gene, with fine-mapping identifying 2 missense variants on chromosomes 12 and 17 (within SH2B3 and GSDMA, respectively). When adjusted for GC haplotypes, we find 15 independent loci distributed over 10 chromosomes. Mendelian randomization analyses identify a unidirectional effect of higher DBP concentration and (a) higher 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentration, and (b) a reduced risk of multiple sclerosis and rheumatoid arthritis. A phenome-wide association study confirms that higher DBP concentration is associated with a reduced risk of vitamin D deficiency. Our findings provide valuable insights into the influence of DBP on vitamin D status and a range of health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Albiñana
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Nis Borbye-Lorenzen
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sanne Grundvad Boelt
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Mass Spectrometry, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Arieh S Cohen
- Testcenter Denmark, Statens Serum Institut, Artillerivej 5, DK-2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Kristin Skogstrand
- Center for Neonatal Screening, Department of Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Joana A Revez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Florian Privé
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Liselotte V Petersen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
| | - Cynthia M Bulik
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Nutrition, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Oleguer Plana-Ripoll
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Katherine L Musliner
- Department of Affective Disorders, Aarhus University and Aarhus University Hospital-Psychiatry, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Esben Agerbo
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anders D Børglum
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Biomedicine and the iSEQ Center, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - David M Hougaard
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Department for Congenital Disorders, Statens Serum Institut, 2300, Copenhagen S, Denmark
| | - Merete Nordentoft
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Mental Health Services in the Capital Region of Denmark, Mental Health Center Copenhagen, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Thomas Werge
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Services, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen N, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Lundbeck Center for Geogenetics, GLOBE Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Preben Bo Mortensen
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- CIRRAU - Centre for Integrated Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bjarni J Vilhjálmsson
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, iPSYCH, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark
- Bioinformatics Research Centre, Aarhus University, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - John J McGrath
- National Centre for Register-Based Research, Aarhus University, 8210, Aarhus V, Denmark.
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Brisbane, QLD, 4076, Australia.
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15
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Yuan S, Larsson SC. Inverse Association Between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 21:398-405.e4. [PMID: 35101633 DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [S-25(OH)D] and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are correlated in many observational studies, whereas the causality of this association is uncertain, especially in European populations. We conducted a bidirectional Mendelian randomization study to determine the association between S-25(OH)D and NAFLD. METHODS Seven and 6 independent genetic variants associated with S-25(OH)D and NAFLD at the genome-wide-significance level, respectively, were selected as instrumental variables. Summary-level data for S-25(OH)D were obtained from the Study of Underlying Genetic Determinants of Vitamin D and Highly Related Traits consortium including 79,366 individuals. Summary-level data for NAFLD were available from a genome-wide association meta-analysis (1483 cases and 17,781 controls), the FinnGen consortium (894 cases and 217,898 controls), and the UK Biobank study (275 cases and 360,919 controls). Summary-level data for 4 liver enzymes were obtained from the UK Biobank. RESULTS There were genetic correlations of S-25(OH)D with NAFLD and certain liver enzymes. Genetically predicted higher levels of S-25(OH)D were consistently associated with a decreased risk of NAFLD in the 3 sources. For a 1-SD increase in genetically predicted S-25(OH)D levels, the combined odds ratio of NAFLD was 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.69 to 0.89). Genetically predicted higher levels of S-25(OH)D showed a borderline association with aspartate aminotransferase levels (change -1.17; 95% CI, -1.36 to 0.01). Genetic predisposition to NAFLD was not associated with S-25(OH)D (change 0.13; 95% CI, -1.26 to 0.53). CONCLUSIONS Our findings have clinical implications as they suggest that increased vitamin D levels may play a role in NAFLD prevention in European populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Susanna C Larsson
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Unit of Medical Epidemiology, Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Hyppönen E, Vimaleswaran KS, Zhou A. Genetic Determinants of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations and Their Relevance to Public Health. Nutrients 2022; 14:4408. [PMID: 36297091 PMCID: PMC9606877 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin studies suggest a considerable genetic contribution to the variability in 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) concentrations, reporting heritability estimates up to 80% in some studies. While genome-wide association studies (GWAS) suggest notably lower rates (13−16%), they have identified many independent variants that associate with serum 25(OH)D concentrations. These discoveries have provided some novel insight into the metabolic pathway, and in this review we outline findings from GWAS studies to date with a particular focus on 35 variants which have provided replicating evidence for an association with 25(OH)D across independent large-scale analyses. Some of the 25(OH)D associating variants are linked directly to the vitamin D metabolic pathway, while others may reflect differences in storage capacity, lipid metabolism, and pathways reflecting skin properties. By constructing a genetic score including these 25(OH)D associated variants we show that genetic differences in 25(OH)D concentrations persist across the seasons, and the odds of having low concentrations (<50 nmol/L) are about halved for individuals in the highest 20% of vitamin D genetic score compared to the lowest quintile, an impact which may have notable influences on retaining adequate levels. We also discuss recent studies on personalized approaches to vitamin D supplementation and show how Mendelian randomization studies can help inform public health strategies to reduce adverse health impacts of vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
| | - Karani S. Vimaleswaran
- Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
- The Institute for Food, Nutrition and Health (IFNH), University of Reading, Reading RG6 6DZ, UK
| | - Ang Zhou
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia
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17
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Sparks AM, Johnston SE, Handel I, Pilkington JG, Berry J, Pemberton JM, Nussey DH, Mellanby RJ. Vitamin D status is heritable and under environment-dependent selection in the wild. Mol Ecol 2022; 31:4607-4621. [PMID: 34888965 PMCID: PMC9545857 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D has a well-established role in skeletal health and is increasingly linked to chronic disease and mortality in humans and companion animals. Despite the clear significance of vitamin D for health and obvious implications for fitness under natural conditions, no longitudinal study has tested whether the circulating concentration of vitamin D is under natural selection in the wild. Here, we show that concentrations of dietary-derived vitamin D2 and endogenously produced vitamin D3 metabolites are heritable and largely polygenic in a wild population of Soay sheep (Ovis aries). Vitamin D2 status was positively associated with female adult survival, and vitamin D3 status predicted female fecundity in particular, good environment years when sheep density and competition for resources was low. Our study provides evidence that vitamin D status has the potential to respond to selection, and also provides new insights into how vitamin D metabolism is associated with fitness in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M. Sparks
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
- Faculty of Biological SciencesSchool of BiologyUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Susan E. Johnston
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Ian Handel
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteThe University of EdinburghHospital for Small AnimalsRoslinUK
| | - Jill G. Pilkington
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jacqueline Berry
- Specialist Assay Laboratory (Vitamin D)Clinical BiochemistryManchester Royal InfirmaryManchesterUK
| | - Josephine M. Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Daniel H. Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary BiologySchool of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Richard J. Mellanby
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin InstituteThe University of EdinburghHospital for Small AnimalsRoslinUK
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18
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Goris A, Vandebergh M, McCauley JL, Saarela J, Cotsapas C. Genetics of multiple sclerosis: lessons from polygenicity. Lancet Neurol 2022; 21:830-842. [PMID: 35963264 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(22)00255-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale mapping studies have identified 236 independent genetic variants associated with an increased risk of multiple sclerosis. However, none of these variants are found exclusively in patients with multiple sclerosis. They are located throughout the genome, including 32 independent variants in the MHC and one on the X chromosome. Most variants are non-coding and seem to act through cell-specific effects on gene expression and splicing. The likely functions of these variants implicate both adaptive and innate immune cells in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis, provide pivotal biological insight into the causes and mechanisms of multiple sclerosis, and some of the variants implicated in multiple sclerosis also mediate risk of other autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Genetics offers an approach to showing causality for environmental factors, through Mendelian randomisation. No single variant is necessary or sufficient to cause multiple sclerosis; instead, each increases total risk in an additive manner. This combined contribution from many genetic factors to disease risk, or polygenicity, has important consequences for how we interpret the epidemiology of multiple sclerosis and how we counsel patients on risk and prognosis. Ongoing efforts are focused on increasing cohort sizes, increasing diversity and detailed characterisation of study populations, and translating these associations into an understanding of the biology of multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- An Goris
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Marijne Vandebergh
- KU Leuven, Leuven Brain Institute, Department of Neurosciences, Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jacob L McCauley
- John P Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Janna Saarela
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland and Department of Clinical Genetics, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Chris Cotsapas
- Departments of Neurology and Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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19
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Lai HJ, Song J, Lu Q, Murali SG, Gajapathy M, Wilk BM, Brown DM, Worthey EA, Farrell PM. Genetic factors help explain the variable responses of young children with cystic fibrosis to vitamin D supplements. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 51:367-376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2022.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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20
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Moon RJ, Cooke LDF, D’Angelo S, Curtis EM, Titcombe P, Davies JH, Godfrey KM, Cleal JK, Lewis RM, Cooper C, Harvey NC. Maternal and Fetal Genetic Variation in Vitamin D Metabolism and Umbilical Cord Blood 25-Hydroxyvitamin D. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3403-e3410. [PMID: 35474389 PMCID: PMC9282354 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in vitamin D metabolism pathway genes are associated with circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) in adults. Less is known about the relationships between mother and offspring SNPs and umbilical cord blood 25(OH)D. OBJECTIVE (1) To undertake a meta-analysis of the relationships of maternal and offspring SNPs in the vitamin D metabolism pathway and cord blood 25(OH)D in pregnant women including novel data; and (2) to examine these relationships in women who received antenatal cholecalciferol supplementation in a clinical trial. METHODS Novel data analysis from an observational mother-offspring cohort study (Southampton Women's Survey) and the MAVIDOS double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of 1000 IU/day cholecalciferol supplementation in pregnancy, and an electronic literature search of published studies in PubMed up to 31 July 2021. Studies reporting associations between rs12785878 (DHCR7), rs10741657 (CYP2R1), rs6013897 (CYP24A1), or rs2282679 (GC) and cord blood 25(OH)D. One published study was included in addition to the novel data analysis. Associations between both maternal and offspring SNPs at rs2282679 (GC) and rs12785878 (DHCR7), and cord blood 25(OH)D were identified. When maternal genotype was adjusted for offspring genotype, and vice versa, there was persisting evidence for associations with maternal rs12785878 (β [95% CI] 1.6 nmol/L [0.3, 2.8] per common allele), and offspring rs2282679 (β 3.1 nmol/L ]2.0, 4.4] per common allele). Maternal and offspring SNPs at rs1074657 and rs613897 were not associated with cord blood 25(OH)D. RESULT Associations between both maternal and offspring SNPs at rs2282679 (GC) and rs12785878 (DHCR7), and cord blood 25(OH)D were identified. When maternal genotype was adjusted for offspring genotype, and vice versa, there was persisting evidence for associations with maternal rs12785878 (β [95% CI] 1.6 nmol/L [0.3, 2.8] per common allele), and offspring rs2282679 (β 3.1 nmol/L ]2.0, 4.4] per common allele). Maternal and offspring SNPs at rs1074657 and rs613897 were not associated with cord blood 25(OH)D. CONCLUSION Common genetic variation in the vitamin D metabolism pathway is associated with umbilical cord blood 25(OH)D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Moon
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton,UK
| | - Laura D F Cooke
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
| | - Stefania D’Angelo
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
| | - Elizabeth M Curtis
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
| | - Philip Titcombe
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
| | - Justin H Davies
- Paediatric Endocrinology, Southampton Children’s Hospital, Southampton University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton,UK
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
- NIHR Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton,UK
| | - Jane K Cleal
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
| | - Rohan M Lewis
- The Institute of Developmental Sciences, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
| | - Cyrus Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
- NIHR Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton,UK
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Nicholas C Harvey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton,UK
- NIHR Southampton Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton,UK
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21
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Elkhwanky MS, Kummu O, Hakkola J. Streptozotocin-induced Diabetes Represses Hepatic CYP2R1 Expression but Induces Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylation in Male Mice. Endocrinology 2022; 163:6582260. [PMID: 35524739 PMCID: PMC9155637 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqac060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency [ie, low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D)] associates with the prevalence of metabolic diseases including type 1 diabetes; however, the molecular mechanisms are incompletely understood. Recent studies have indicated that both fasting and metabolic diseases suppress the cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2R1, the major hepatic vitamin D 25-hydroxylase. We specifically studied the effect of a mouse model of type 1 diabetes on the regulation of Cyp2r1 and vitamin D status. We show that streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice suppresses the expression of the Cyp2r1 in the liver. While insulin therapy normalized the blood glucose levels in the diabetic mice, it did not rescue the diabetes-induced suppression of Cyp2r1. Similar regulation of Cyp2r1 was observed also in the kidney. Plasma 25-OH-D level was not decreased and was, in contrast, higher after 4 and 8 weeks of diabetes. Furthermore, the vitamin D 25-hydroxylase activity was increased in the livers of the diabetic mice, suggesting compensation of the Cyp2r1 repression by other vitamin D 25-hydroxylase enzymes. Cyp27b1, the vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, expression in the kidney and the plasma 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D level were higher after 4 weeks of diabetes, while both were normalized after 13 weeks. In summary, these results indicate that in the mouse model of type 1 diabetes suppression of hepatic Cyp2r1 expression does not result in reduced hepatic vitamin D 25-hydroxylase activity and vitamin D deficiency. This may be due to induction of other vitamin D 25-hydroxylase enzymes in response to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud-Sobhy Elkhwanky
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Outi Kummu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center Oulu, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Correspondence: Jukka Hakkola, MD, PhD, Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Oulu, POB 5000, FI-90014 University of Oulu, Finland.
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22
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Fatima M, Lamis A, Siddiqui SW, Ashok T, Patni N, Fadiora OE. Therapeutic Role of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis: An Essentially Contested Concept. Cureus 2022; 14:e26186. [PMID: 35911285 PMCID: PMC9311493 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.26186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the nervous system with incredibly intricate etiopathogenesis involving numerous genetic, epigenetic, and environmental risk factors. Major environmental risk factors include ultraviolet (UV) radiation, vitamin D, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, smoking, and high body mass index (BMI). Vitamin D, in particular, can be viewed as one piece of this puzzle, with various tabs and pockets, occupying a sequential site. In this article, we have briefly discussed the neuroimmunology of MS and the role of vitamin D in regulating immune responses. Various observational studies and clinical trials were reviewed and discussed according to stages of disease activity and course of the disease. The data reviewed in this article implied that serum vitamin D levels greatly influence the risk of developing MS and disease activity. Long-term follow-up studies indicated that low serum vitamin D levels correlate with worse disability outcomes. Since clinical trials did not provide significant evidence, the role of vitamin D in controlling disease activity remains unresolved. Larger clinical trials are needed to support the findings of observational studies and provide significant evidence in favour of vitamin D.
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23
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Gootjes C, Zwaginga JJ, Roep BO, Nikolic T. Functional Impact of Risk Gene Variants on the Autoimmune Responses in Type 1 Diabetes. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886736. [PMID: 35603161 PMCID: PMC9114814 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is an autoimmune disease that develops in the interplay between genetic and environmental factors. A majority of individuals who develop T1D have a HLA make up, that accounts for 50% of the genetic risk of disease. Besides these HLA haplotypes and the insulin region that importantly contribute to the heritable component, genome-wide association studies have identified many polymorphisms in over 60 non-HLA gene regions that also contribute to T1D susceptibility. Combining the risk genes in a score (T1D-GRS), significantly improved the prediction of disease progression in autoantibody positive individuals. Many of these minor-risk SNPs are associated with immune genes but how they influence the gene and protein expression and whether they cause functional changes on a cellular level remains a subject of investigation. A positive correlation between the genetic risk and the intensity of the peripheral autoimmune response was demonstrated both for HLA and non-HLA genetic risk variants. We also observed epigenetic and genetic modulation of several of these T1D susceptibility genes in dendritic cells (DCs) treated with vitamin D3 and dexamethasone to acquire tolerogenic properties as compared to immune activating DCs (mDC) illustrating the interaction between genes and environment that collectively determines risk for T1D. A notion that targeting such genes for therapeutic modulation could be compatible with correction of the impaired immune response, inspired us to review the current knowledge on the immune-related minor risk genes, their expression and function in immune cells, and how they may contribute to activation of autoreactive T cells, Treg function or β-cell apoptosis, thus contributing to development of the autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Gootjes
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jaap Jan Zwaginga
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Bart O Roep
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Tatjana Nikolic
- Laboratory of Immunomodulation and Regenerative Cell Therapy, Department of Internal Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
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24
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Vandebergh M, Dubois B, Goris A. Effects of Vitamin D and Body Mass Index on Disease Risk and Relapse Hazard in Multiple Sclerosis: A Mendelian Randomization Study. NEUROLOGY(R) NEUROIMMUNOLOGY & NEUROINFLAMMATION 2022; 9:9/3/e1165. [PMID: 35393342 PMCID: PMC8990978 DOI: 10.1212/nxi.0000000000001165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Decreased vitamin D levels and obesity are associated with an increased risk for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, whether they also affect the disease course after onset remains unclear. With larger data sets now available, we used Mendelian randomization (MR) to determine whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and body mass index (BMI) are causally associated with MS risk and, moving beyond susceptibility toward heterogeneity, with relapse hazard. Methods We used genetic variants from 4 distinct genome-wide association studies (GWASs) for serum 25OHD in up to 416,247 individuals and for BMI from a GWAS in 681,275 individuals. Applying 2-sample MR, we examined associations of 25OHD and BMI with the risk of MS, with summary statistics from the International Multiple Sclerosis Genetics Consortium GWAS in 14,802 MS cases and 26,703 controls. In addition, we examined associations with relapse hazard, with data from our GWAS in 506 MS cases. Results A 1-SD increase in genetically predicted natural-log transformed 25OHD levels decreased odds of MS up to 28% (95% CI: 12%–40%, p = 0.001) and decreased hazard for a relapse occurring up to 43% (95% CI: 15%–61%, p = 0.006). A 1-SD increase in genetically predicted BMI, corresponding to roughly 5 kg/m2, increased risk for MS with 30% (95% CI: 15%–47%, p = 3.76 × 10−5). On the contrary, we did not find evidence for a causal role of higher BMI with an increased hazard for occurrence of a relapse. Discussion This study supports causal effects of genetically predicted serum 25OHD concentrations and BMI on risk of MS. In contrast, serum 25OHD but not BMI is significantly associated with relapse hazard after onset. These findings might offer clinical implications for both prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- From the Laboratory for Neuroimmunology (M.V., B.D., A.G.), Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven; and Department of Neurology (B.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- From the Laboratory for Neuroimmunology (M.V., B.D., A.G.), Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven; and Department of Neurology (B.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- From the Laboratory for Neuroimmunology (M.V., B.D., A.G.), Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven; and Department of Neurology (B.D.), University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
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25
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Vandebergh M, Degryse N, Dubois B, Goris A. Environmental risk factors in multiple sclerosis: bridging Mendelian randomization and observational studies. J Neurol 2022; 269:4565-4574. [PMID: 35366084 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-022-11072-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex disease with both genetic variants and environmental factors involved in disease susceptibility. The main environmental risk factors associated with MS in observational studies include obesity, vitamin D deficiency, Epstein-Barr virus infection and smoking. As modifying these environmental and lifestyle factors may enable prevention, it is important to pinpoint causal links between these factors and MS. Leveraging genetics through the Mendelian randomization (MR) paradigm is an elegant way to inform prevention strategies in MS. In this review, we summarize MR studies regarding the impact of environmental factors on MS susceptibility, thereby paying attention to quality criteria which will aid readers in interpreting any MR studies. We draw parallels and differences with observational studies and randomized controlled trials and look forward to the challenges that such work presents going forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijne Vandebergh
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Degryse
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bénédicte Dubois
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Neurology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Goris
- Laboratory for Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49 bus 1022, 3000, Leuven, Belgium.
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26
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Bahmani E, Hoseini R, Amiri E. Home-based Aerobic Training and Vitamin D Improve Neurotrophins and Inflammatory Biomarkers in MS Patients. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2022; 60:103693. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2022.103693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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27
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Genetic Variation and Mendelian Randomization Approaches. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:327-342. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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28
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Chen X, Fu J, Qian Y, Zhi X, Pu L, Gu C, Shu J, Lv L, Cai C. Vitamin D levels and Vitamin D-related gene polymorphisms in Chinese children with type 1 diabetes. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:965296. [PMID: 36275052 PMCID: PMC9581124 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.965296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low vitamin D levels may play a role in type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility. Since 25(OH)D synthesis is genetically regulated, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of important genes have also been shown to modulate the risk of T1D, so this study aimed to investigate the relationship between five SNPs in CYP2R1, DHCR7, CYP24A1, VDR genes, serum 25(OH)D levels and T1D in Chinese children. This case-control study included 141 T1D patients and 200 age-matched healthy children.25 (OH) D concentration was determined, genotyping was performed by High resolution melting (HRM). There was a significant difference in the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and sufficiency between T1D and healthy controls. (χ 2 = 10.86, p = 0.004), however no evidence of the association between any group of SNPs and circulating 25(OH) D levels was observed. The allele distribution of CYP2R1(rs1993116) was significantly different between T1D and control group (p = 0.040), and the C allele carriers of rs1993116 had a higher risk of T1D than the T allele carriers, Carriers of the CC and CT genotypes of rs1993116 have higher T1D risk than those carrying the TT genotype. GMDR analysis revealed a significant interaction between CYP2R1(rs12794714) and CYP2R1(rs1993116) in the risk of T1D with a maximum testing balance accuracy of 60.39%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Chen
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Ying Qian
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Xiufang Zhi
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linjie Pu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunyu Gu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Graduate College of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianbo Shu
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China
| | - Ling Lv
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Department of Endocrinology, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China
| | - Chunquan Cai
- Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Pediatric Research Institute, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Tianjin University Children's Hospital), Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Birth Defects for Prevention and Treatment, Tianjin Children's Hospital (Children's Hospital of Tianjin University), Tianjin, China
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29
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Kim YA, Yoon JW, Lee Y, Choi HJ, Yun JW, Bae E, Kwon SH, Ahn SE, Do AR, Jin H, Won S, Park DJ, Shin CS, Seo JH. Unveiling Genetic Variants Underlying Vitamin D Deficiency in Multiple Korean Cohorts by a Genome-Wide Association Study. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2021; 36:1189-1200. [PMID: 34852423 PMCID: PMC8743587 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2021.1241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological data have shown that vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent in Korea. Genetic factors influencing vitamin D deficiency in humans have been studied in Europe but are less known in East Asian countries, including Korea. We aimed to investigate the genetic factors related to vitamin D levels in Korean people using a genome-wide association study (GWAS). METHODS We included 12,642 subjects from three different genetic cohorts consisting of Korean participants. The GWAS was performed on 7,590 individuals using linear or logistic regression meta- and mega-analyses. After identifying significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we calculated heritability and performed replication and rare variant analyses. In addition, expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis for significant SNPs was performed. RESULTS rs12803256, in the actin epsilon 1, pseudogene (ACTE1P) gene, was identified as a novel polymorphism associated with vitamin D deficiency. SNPs, such as rs11723621 and rs7041, in the group-specific component gene (GC) and rs11023332 in the phosphodiesterase 3B (PDE3B) gene were significantly associated with vitamin D deficiency in both meta- and mega-analyses. The SNP heritability of the vitamin D concentration was estimated to be 7.23%. eQTL analysis for rs12803256 for the genes related to vitamin D metabolism, including glutamine-dependent NAD(+) synthetase (NADSYN1) and 7-dehydrocholesterol reductase (DHCR7), showed significantly different expression according to alleles. CONCLUSION The genetic factors underlying vitamin D deficiency in Korea included polymorphisms in the GC, PDE3B, NADSYN1, and ACTE1P genes. The biological mechanism of a non-coding SNP (rs12803256) for DHCR7/NADSYN1 on vitamin D concentrations is unclear, warranting further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye An Kim
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ji Won Yoon
- Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Young Lee
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Hyuk Jin Choi
- Healthcare System Gangnam Center, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Jae Won Yun
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Eunsin Bae
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Seung-Hyun Kwon
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
| | - So Eun Ahn
- Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Ah-Ra Do
- Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Heejin Jin
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Sungho Won
- Department of Public Health Science, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
- RexSoft, Inc.,
Korea
| | - Do Joon Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Chan Soo Shin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul,
Korea
| | - Je Hyun Seo
- Veterans Medical Research Institute, Veterans Health Service Medical Center, Seoul,
Korea
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30
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Najjar L, Sutherland J, Zhou A, Hyppönen E. Vitamin D and Type 1 Diabetes Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Genetic Evidence. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13124260. [PMID: 34959812 PMCID: PMC8707565 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Several observational studies have examined vitamin D pathway polymorphisms and their association with type 1 diabetes (T1D) susceptibility, with inconclusive results. We aimed to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis assessing associations between selected variants affecting 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] and T1D risk. We conducted a systematic search of Medline, Embase, Web of Science and OpenGWAS updated in April 2021. The following keywords “vitamin D” and/or “single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)” and “T1D” were selected to identify relevant articles. Seven SNPs (or their proxies) in six genes were analysed: CYP2R1 rs10741657, CYP2R1 (low frequency) rs117913124, DHCR7/NADSYN1 rs12785878, GC rs3755967, CYP24A1 rs17216707, AMDHD1 rs10745742 and SEC23A rs8018720. Seven case-control and three cohort studies were eligible for quantitative synthesis (n = 10). Meta-analysis results suggested no association with T1D (range of pooled ORs for all SNPs: 0.97–1.02; p > 0.01). Heterogeneity was found in DHCR7/NADSYN1 rs12785878 (I2: 64.8%, p = 0.02). Sensitivity analysis showed exclusion of any single study did not alter the overall pooled effect. No association with T1D was observed among a Caucasian subgroup. In conclusion, the evidence from the meta-analysis indicates a null association between selected variants affecting serum 25(OH)D concentrations and T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Najjar
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.N.); (J.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Joshua Sutherland
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.N.); (J.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Ang Zhou
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.N.); (J.S.); (A.Z.)
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Elina Hyppönen
- Australian Centre for Precision Health, Unit of Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, P.O. Box 2471, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia; (L.N.); (J.S.); (A.Z.)
- South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-(08)-83022518
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Serum calcium and 25-hydroxyvitamin D in relation to longevity, cardiovascular disease and cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. NPJ Genom Med 2021; 6:86. [PMID: 34650087 PMCID: PMC8516873 DOI: 10.1038/s41525-021-00250-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Associations of serum calcium (S-Ca) and 25-hydroxyvitamin D (S-25(OH)D) concentrations with longevity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer are not clear. We conducted a Mendelian randomization study to examine the associations of S-Ca and S-25(OH)D with longevity and risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The primary genetic instruments for S-Ca and S-25(OH)D were obtained from genome-wide association meta-analyses that included 61,054 individuals for S-Ca and up to 79,366 individuals for S-25(OH)D. Genetic variants associated with S-Ca and S-25(OH)D in the UK Biobank were used as confirmatory instruments. We obtained summary-level data for associations of these instruments with individual survival later than the 90th versus at most the 60th percentile of expected age at death from a genome-wide association meta-analysis including 11,262 cases and 25,483 controls, and with parental longevity (both parents in top 10% percentile) from the UK Biobank including 7,182 cases and 79,767 controls. Data for cardiovascular disease (111,108 cases and 107,684 controls) and cancer (38,036 cases and 180,756 controls) were obtained from the FinnGen consortium. A one standard deviation increase in genetically-predicted S-Ca concentration was associated with lower odds of longevity (odds ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.55-0.95) and increased risk of cardiovascular disease (odds ratio, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.03-1.20). The associations were consistent in confirmatory analyses. There was no evidence supporting an association between genetically-predicted S-Ca and cancer, and no associations of genetically-predicted S-25(OH)D with the studied outcomes. Lifelong higher levels of S-Ca but not S-25(OH)D may shorten life expectancy and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
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Sampathkumar A, Tan KM, Chen L, Chong MFF, Yap F, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Gluckman PD, Ramasamy A, Karnani N. Genetic Link Determining the Maternal-Fetal Circulation of Vitamin D. Front Genet 2021; 12:721488. [PMID: 34621292 PMCID: PMC8490770 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.721488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D is an essential micronutrient whose demand is heightened during pregnancy to support the growth of the fetus. Furthermore, the fetus does not produce vitamin D and hence relies exclusively on the supply of maternal vitamin D through the placenta. Vitamin D inadequacy is linked with pregnancy complications and adverse infant outcomes. Hence, early predictive markers of vitamin D inadequacy such as genetic vulnerability are important to both mother and offspring. In this multi-ethnic Asian birth cohort study, we report the first genome-wide association analysis (GWAS) of maternal and fetal vitamin D in circulation. For this, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was measured in the antenatal blood of mothers during mid gestation (n=942), and the cord blood of their offspring at birth (n=812). Around ~7 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were regressed against 25OHD concentrations to identify genetic risk variants. About 41% of mothers had inadequate 25OHD (≤75nmol/L) during pregnancy. Antenatal 25OHD was associated with ethnicity [Malay (Β=−22.32nmol/L, p=2.3×10−26); Indian (Β=−21.85, p=3.1×10−21); reference Chinese], age (Β=0.47/year, p=0.0058), and supplement intake (Β=16.47, p=2.4×10−13). Cord blood 25OHD highly correlated with antenatal vitamin D (r=0.75) and was associated with ethnicity [Malay (Β=−4.44, p=2.2×10−7); Indian (Β=−1.99, p=0.038); reference Chinese]. GWAS analysis identified rs4588, a missense variant in the group-specific component (GC) gene encoding vitamin D binding protein (VDBP), and its defining haplotype, as a risk factor for low antenatal (Β=−8.56/T-allele, p=1.0×10−9) and cord blood vitamin D (Β=−3.22/T-allele, p=1.0×10−8) in all three ethnicities. We also discovered a novel association in a SNP downstream of CYP2J2 (rs10789082), a gene involved in 25-hydroxylation of vitamin D, with vitamin D in pregnant women (Β=−7.68/G-allele, p=1.5×10−8), but not their offspring. As the prevention and early detection of suboptimal vitamin D levels are of profound importance to both mother and offspring’s health, the genetic risk variants identified in this study allow risk assessment and precision in early intervention of vitamin D deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Sampathkumar
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Karen M Tan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Li Chen
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health (SSHPH), National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Neerja Karnani
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Biochemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore, Singapore.,Bioinformatics Institute (BII), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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33
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Zhu T, Zhao J, Zhuo S, Hu Z, Ouyang S, Wunier, Yu S, Chen Y, Li Y, Le Y. High Fat Diet and High Cholesterol Diet Reduce Hepatic Vitamin D-25-Hydroxylase Expression and Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 3 Level through Elevating Circulating Cholesterol, Glucose, and Insulin Levels. Mol Nutr Food Res 2021; 65:e2100220. [PMID: 34448353 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.202100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Low circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels associate with obesity, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia, but the underlying mechanisms remain uncertain. As energy-dense diet contributes to these disorders, this study investigates whether diet could impair vitamin D metabolism. METHODS AND RESULTS Compared with control chow-fed mice, high fat diet (HFD)-fed mice show lower serum 25(OH)D3 and 1,25(OH)2 D3 levels, lower hepatic vitamin D 25-hydroxylase Cyp2r1 expression but comparable renal vitamin D metabolic enzymes expression. Time course studies show that after HFD feeding, the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids, glucose, and insulin elevate sequentially and before the reduction of hepatic Cyp2r1 expression and serum 25(OH)D3 levels. Hepatic Cyp2r1 expression also reduces after consuming high fat and high sucrose diet. After high cholesterol diet feeding, serum total cholesterol rises and hepatic Cyp2r1 expression decreases ahead of the reduction of serum 25(OH)D3 . In vitro studies demonstrate that high concentrations of cholesterol, glucose, and insulin significantly inhibit Cyp2r1expression in primary murine hepatocytes. Further studies show that dietary restriction in HFD-fed mice ameliorates hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia, and elevates hepatic Cyp2r1 expression and serum 25(OH)D3 level. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that diet-induced elevation of circulating cholesterol, glucose, and insulin reduces serum 25(OH)D3 level through suppressing hepatic Cyp2r1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Jingyu Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shu Zhuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Zhimin Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuyu Ouyang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Wunier
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Shuting Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yan Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yu Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Yingying Le
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200031, China.,Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100021, China
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Dodhia SA, West NX, Thomas SJ, Timpson NJ, Johansson I, Lif Holgerson P, Dudding T, Haworth S. Examining the causal association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and caries in children and adults: a two-sample Mendelian randomization approach. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:281. [PMID: 34386609 PMCID: PMC8327219 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16369.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior observational studies have reported that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with decreased caries risk in children. However, these studies are prone to bias and confounding so do not provide causal inference. Genetic variants associated with a risk factor of interest can be used as proxies, in a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, to test for causal association with an outcome. The objective was to estimate the causal association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (the commonly measured vitamin D metabolite in blood) and dental caries using a two-sample MR approach which estimates the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Methods: A total of 79 genetic variants reliably associated with 25(OH)D were identified from genome-wide association studies and used as a proxy measure of 25(OH)D. The association of this proxy measure with three outcome measures was tested; specifically: caries in primary teeth (n=17,035, aged 3-12 years), caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence (n=13,386, aged 6-18 years), and caries severity in adulthood proxied by decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) counts (n=26,792, aged 18-93 years). Results: The estimated causal effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D could be summarized as an odds ratio of 1.06 (95%CI: 0.81, 1.31; P=0.66) for caries in primary teeth and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.76, 1.23; P=0.97) for caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence. In adults, the estimated casual effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D was 0.31 fewer affected tooth surfaces (95%CI: from 1.81 fewer DMFS to 1.19 more DMFS; P=0.68) Conclusions: The MR-derived effect estimates for these three measures are small in magnitude with wide confidence intervals and do not provide evidence for a causal relationship between 25(OH)D and dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A. Dodhia
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicola X. West
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Steven J. Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Tom Dudding
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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35
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Vitamin D and COVID-19 susceptibility and severity in the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative: A Mendelian randomization study. PLoS Med 2021; 18:e1003605. [PMID: 34061844 PMCID: PMC8168855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased vitamin D levels, as reflected by 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) measurements, have been proposed to protect against COVID-19 based on in vitro, observational, and ecological studies. However, vitamin D levels are associated with many confounding variables, and thus associations described to date may not be causal. Vitamin D Mendelian randomization (MR) studies have provided results that are concordant with large-scale vitamin D randomized trials. Here, we used 2-sample MR to assess evidence supporting a causal effect of circulating 25OHD levels on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. METHODS AND FINDINGS Genetic variants strongly associated with 25OHD levels in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 443,734 participants of European ancestry (including 401,460 from the UK Biobank) were used as instrumental variables. GWASs of COVID-19 susceptibility, hospitalization, and severe disease from the COVID-19 Host Genetics Initiative were used as outcome GWASs. These included up to 14,134 individuals with COVID-19, and up to 1,284,876 without COVID-19, from up to 11 countries. SARS-CoV-2 positivity was determined by laboratory testing or medical chart review. Population controls without COVID-19 were also included in the control groups for all outcomes, including hospitalization and severe disease. Analyses were restricted to individuals of European descent when possible. Using inverse-weighted MR, genetically increased 25OHD levels by 1 standard deviation on the logarithmic scale had no significant association with COVID-19 susceptibility (odds ratio [OR] = 0.95; 95% CI 0.84, 1.08; p = 0.44), hospitalization (OR = 1.09; 95% CI: 0.89, 1.33; p = 0.41), and severe disease (OR = 0.97; 95% CI: 0.77, 1.22; p = 0.77). We used an additional 6 meta-analytic methods, as well as conducting sensitivity analyses after removal of variants at risk of horizontal pleiotropy, and obtained similar results. These results may be limited by weak instrument bias in some analyses. Further, our results do not apply to individuals with vitamin D deficiency. CONCLUSIONS In this 2-sample MR study, we did not observe evidence to support an association between 25OHD levels and COVID-19 susceptibility, severity, or hospitalization. Hence, vitamin D supplementation as a means of protecting against worsened COVID-19 outcomes is not supported by genetic evidence. Other therapeutic or preventative avenues should be given higher priority for COVID-19 randomized controlled trials.
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Bhattacharyya U, Deshpande SN, Bhatia T, Thelma BK. Revisiting Schizophrenia from an Evolutionary Perspective: An Association Study of Recent Evolutionary Markers and Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2021; 47:827-836. [PMID: 33350444 PMCID: PMC8759809 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbaa179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The persistence of schizophrenia in human populations at a high prevalence and with a large heritability estimate despite reduced fertility and increased mortality rate is a Darwinian paradox. This may be likely if the genomic components that predispose to schizophrenia are also advantageous for the acquisition of important human traits, such as language and cognition. Accordingly, an emerging group of genomic markers of recent evolution in humans, namely human accelerated regions (HARs), since our divergence from chimpanzees, are gaining importance for neurodevelopmental disorders, such as schizophrenia. We hypothesize that variants within HARs may affect the expression of genes under their control, thus contributing to disease etiology. A total of 49 HAR single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were prioritized from the complete repertoire of HARs (n = 2737) based on their functional relevance and prevalence in the South Asian population. Test of association using 2 independent schizophrenia case-control cohorts of north Indian ethnicity (discovery: n = 930; replication: n = 1104) revealed 3 SNPs (rs3800926, rs3801844, and rs764453) from chromosome 7 and rs77047799 from chromosome 3 to be significantly associated (combined analysis: Bonferroni corrected P < .002-.000004). Of note, these SNPs were found to alter the expression of neurodevelopmental genes such as SLC25A13, MAD1L1, and ULK4; a few from the HOX gene family; and a few genes that are implicated in mitochondrial function. These SNPs may most likely alter binding sites of transcription factors, including TFCP2, MAFK, SREBF2, E2F1, and/or methylation signatures around these genes. These findings reiterate a neurodevelopmental basis of schizophrenia and also open up a promising avenue to investigate HAR-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in schizophrenia etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - B K Thelma
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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37
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Liu DY, Li RY, Fu LJ, Adu-Gyamfi EA, Yang Y, Xu Y, Zhao LT, Zhang TF, Bao HQ, Xu XO, Gao XH, Yang XN, Ding YB. SNP rs12794714 of CYP2R1 is associated with serum vitamin D levels and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA): a case-control study. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:179-190. [PMID: 33625596 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Vitamin D (VD) deficiency seems to be associated with the risk of recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). Vitamin D receptor (VDR) and cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily R member 1 (CYP2R1) are two genes which are vital for VD metabolism and actions. However, whether single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in these genes are correlated with the risk of RSA are poorly understood. Therefore, we aimed to characterize the relationships among VDR SNPs, CYP2R1 SNPs and RSA. METHODS This case-control study enrolled 75 RSA patients and 83 controls. Serum VD and some cytokines were detected with LC-MS/MS and flow cytometry, respectively. Genotyping for three SNPs of CYP2R1 (rs10741657, rs10766197 and rs12794714) and five SNPs of VDR (rs7975232, rs1544410, rs2189480, rs2228570 and rs2239179) was done with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and high-throughput sequencing. All the data were analyzed with appropriate methods and in different models. RESULTS The results revealed a significant correlation between the AG genotype of CYP2R1 rs12794714 and VD levels (OR 0.686; 95% CI 0.49-0.96; p = 0.028). Besides, the AG and GG genotypes of CYP2R1 rs12794714 were markedly related to the risk of RSA (OR 52.394, 59.497; 95% CI 2.683-1023.265, 3.110-1138.367; p = 0.009, 0.007, respectively). CONCLUSION Our results indicate that CYP2R1 rs12794714 might be a risk factor for RSA. Hence, early screening of pregnant women for CYP2R1 rs12794714 is necessary to warrant proactive counseling and treatment against RSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Yuan Liu
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ren-Yan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Juan Fu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Enoch Appiah Adu-Gyamfi
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Yin Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Le-Tian Zhao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian-Feng Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua-Qiong Bao
- Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Academy of Population and Family Planning, Chongqing, 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ou Xu
- Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Academy of Population and Family Planning, Chongqing, 400020, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Han Gao
- NHC Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Reproductive Health, Chongqing Population and Family Planning Science and Technology Research Institute, Chongqing, 401120, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue-Niu Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Academy of Population and Family Planning, Chongqing, 400020, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yu-Bin Ding
- The Joint International Research Laboratory of Reproduction and Development, Ministry of Education, Department of Reproductive Biology, School of Public Health and Management, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China.
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Harroud A, Manousaki D, Butler-Laporte G, Mitchell RE, Davey Smith G, Richards JB, Baranzini SE. The relative contributions of obesity, vitamin D, leptin, and adiponectin to multiple sclerosis risk: A Mendelian randomization mediation analysis. Mult Scler 2021; 27:1994-2000. [PMID: 33605807 DOI: 10.1177/1352458521995484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is associated with increased risk of multiple sclerosis (MS); however, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine the extent to which decreased vitamin D bioavailability and altered levels of adiponectin and leptin mediate the association between obesity and MS. METHODS We performed Mendelian randomization (MR) analyses to estimate the effects on MS of body mass index (BMI), 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), adiponectin, and leptin levels in a cohort of 14,802 MS cases and 26,703 controls. We then estimated the proportion of the effect of obesity on MS explained by these potential mediators. RESULTS Genetic predisposition to higher BMI was associated with increased MS risk (odds ratio (OR) = 1.33 per standard deviation (SD), 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.09-1.63), while higher 25OHD levels reduced odds of MS (OR = 0.72 per SD, 95% CI = 0.60-0.87). In contrast, we observed no effect of adiponectin or leptin. In MR mediation analysis, 5.2% of the association between BMI and MS was attributed to obesity lowering 25OHD levels (95% CI = 0.3%-31.0%). CONCLUSIONS This study found that a minority of the increased risk of MS conferred by obesity is mediated by lowered vitamin D levels, while leptin and adiponectin had no effect. Consequently, vitamin D supplementation would only modestly reverse the effect of obesity on MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Harroud
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Despoina Manousaki
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Guillaume Butler-Laporte
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ruth E Mitchell
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK/Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - George Davey Smith
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK/Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - J Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Medicine, McGill University Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, Occupational Health, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada/Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio E Baranzini
- Department of Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA/Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA/Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA/Bakar Computational Health Sciences Institute, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Sallinen RJ, Dethlefsen O, Ruotsalainen S, Mills RD, Miettinen TA, Jääskeläinen TE, Lundqvist A, Kyllönen E, Kröger H, Karppinen JI, Lamberg-Allardt C, Viljakainen H, Kaunisto MA, Kallioniemi O. Genetic Risk Score for Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentration Helps to Guide Personalized Vitamin D Supplementation in Healthy Finnish Adults. J Nutr 2021; 151:281-292. [PMID: 33382404 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic factors modify serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] concentration and can affect the optimal intake of vitamin D. OBJECTIVES We aimed to personalize vitamin D supplementation by applying knowledge of genetic factors affecting serum 25(OH)D concentration. METHODS We performed a genome-wide association study of serum 25(OH)D concentration in the Finnish Health 2011 cohort (n = 3339) using linear regression and applied the results to develop a population-matched genetic risk score (GRS) for serum 25(OH)D. This GRS was used to tailor vitamin D supplementation for 96 participants of a longitudinal Digital Health Revolution (DHR) Study. The GRS, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and personalized supplementation and dietary advice were electronically returned to participants. Serum 25(OH)D concentrations were assessed using immunoassays and vitamin D intake using FFQs. In data analyses, cross-sectional and repeated-measures statistical tests and models were applied as described in detail elsewhere. RESULTS GC vitamin D-binding protein and cytochrome P450 family 2 subfamily R polypeptide 1 genes showed genome-wide significant associations with serum 25(OH)D concentration. One single nucleotide polymorphism from each locus (rs4588 and rs10741657) was used to develop the GRS. After returning data to the DHR Study participants, daily vitamin D supplement users increased from 32.6% to 60.2% (P = 6.5 × 10-6) and serum 25(OH)D concentration from 64.4 ± 20.9 nmol/L to 68.5 ± 19.2 nmol/L (P = 0.006) between August and November. Notably, the difference in serum 25(OH)D concentrations between participants with no risk alleles and those with 3 or 4 risk alleles decreased from 20.7 nmol/L to 8.0 nmol/L (P = 0.0063). CONCLUSIONS We developed and applied a population-matched GRS to identify individuals genetically predisposed to low serum 25(OH)D concentration. We show how the electronic return of individual genetic risk, serum 25(OH)D concentrations, and factors affecting vitamin D status can be used to tailor vitamin D supplementation. This model could be applied to other populations and countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riitta J Sallinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Dethlefsen
- National Bioinformatics Infrastructure Sweden, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanni Ruotsalainen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Robert D Mills
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo A Miettinen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuija E Jääskeläinen
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Annamari Lundqvist
- Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Department of Public Health Solutions, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eero Kyllönen
- Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine Division, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heikki Kröger
- Department of Orthopaedics, Traumatology and Handsurgery, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland.,Kuopio Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaro I Karppinen
- Medical Research Center Oulu, University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland.,Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Heli Viljakainen
- Department of Food and Nutrition, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari A Kaunisto
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Science for Life Laboratory, Department of Oncology-Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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40
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Dodhia SA, West NX, Thomas SJ, Timpson NJ, Johansson I, Lif Holgerson P, Dudding T, Haworth S. Is vitamin D a modifiable risk factor for dental caries? Wellcome Open Res 2020; 5:281. [PMID: 34386609 PMCID: PMC8327219 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16369.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Prior observational studies have reported that higher levels of vitamin D are associated with decreased caries risk in children. However, these studies are prone to bias and confounding so do not provide causal inference. Genetic variants associated with a risk factor of interest can be used as proxies, in a Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, to test for causal association with an outcome. The objective was to estimate the causal association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) (the commonly measured vitamin D metabolite in blood) and dental caries using a MR approach which estimates the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Methods: A total of 79 genetic variants reliably associated with 25(OH)D were identified from genome-wide association studies and used as a proxy measure of 25(OH)D. The association of this proxy measure with three outcome measures was tested; specifically: caries in primary teeth (n=17,035, aged 3-12 years), caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence (n=13,386, aged 6-18 years), and caries severity in adulthood proxied by decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces (DMFS) counts (n=26,792, aged 18-93 years). Results: The estimated causal effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D could be summarized as an odds ratio of 1.06 (95%CI: 0.81, 1.31; P=0.66) for caries in primary teeth and 1.00 (95%CI: 0.76, 1.23; P=0.97) for caries in permanent teeth in childhood and adolescence. In adults, the estimated casual effect of a one standard deviation increase in natural log-transformed 25(OH)D was 0.31 fewer affected tooth surfaces (95%CI: from 1.81 fewer DMFS to 1.19 more DMFS; P=0.68) Conclusions: The MR-derived effect estimates for these three measures are small in magnitude with wide confidence intervals and do not provide evidence against the null hypothesis of no effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena A. Dodhia
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicola X. West
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Steven J. Thomas
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
- Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Ingegerd Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Section of Cariology, Umea University, Umeå, Sweden
| | | | - Tom Dudding
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
| | - Simon Haworth
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS1 2LY, UK
- Medical Research Council Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN, UK
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41
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Scazzone C, Agnello L, Bivona G, Lo Sasso B, Ciaccio M. Vitamin D and Genetic Susceptibility to Multiple Sclerosis. Biochem Genet 2020; 59:1-30. [PMID: 33159645 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-020-10010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS), resulting from the interaction among genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Vitamin D is a secosteroid, and its circulating levels are influenced by environment and genetics. In the last decades, research data on the association between MS and vitamin D status led to hypothesize a possible role for hypovitaminosis D as a risk factor for MS. Some gene variants encoding proteins involved in vitamin D metabolism, transport, and function, which are responsible for vitamin D status alterations, have been related to MS susceptibility. This review explores the current literature on the influence of vitamin D-related genes in MS susceptibility, reporting all single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) investigated to date in 12 vitamin D pathway genes. Among all, the gene codifying vitamin D receptor (VDR) is the most studied. The association between VDR SNPs and MS risk has been reported by many Authors, with a few studies producing opposite results. Other vitamin D-related genes (including DHCR7/NADSYN1, CYP2R1, CYP27A1, CYP3A4, CYP27B1, CYP24A1, Megalin-DAB2-Cubilin, FGF-23, and Klotho) have been less investigated and achieved more conflicting evidence. Taken together, findings from the studies reviewed cannot clarify whether and to what extent vitamin D-related gene variants can influence MS risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Scazzone
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, CAP 90127, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Luisa Agnello
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, CAP 90127, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Giulia Bivona
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, CAP 90127, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
| | - Bruna Lo Sasso
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, CAP 90127, Palermo, Sicily, Italy
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, Palermo, Italy
| | - Marcello Ciaccio
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, Via del Vespro, 129, CAP 90127, Palermo, Sicily, Italy.
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, Palermo, Italy.
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Çolak Y, Nordestgaard BG, Afzal S. Low vitamin D and risk of bacterial pneumonias: Mendelian randomisation studies in two population-based cohorts. Thorax 2020; 76:468-478. [PMID: 33109689 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2020-215288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vitamin D may regulate the innate immune system, and randomised controlled trials suggest a beneficial effect of vitamin D supplementation against acute respiratory tract infections. By using a Mendelian randomisation approach, we tested the hypothesis that low 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with increased risk of bacterial pneumonia in observational and genetic analyses. METHODS We genotyped 116 335 randomly chosen white Danes aged 20 to 100 from the Copenhagen City Heart Study and Copenhagen General Population Study for plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D decreasing genetic variants around CYP2R1 (rs117913124, rs12794714 and rs10741657), DHCR7 (rs7944926 and rs11234027), GEMIN2 (rs2277458) and HAL (rs3819817). Information on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was available on 35 833 individuals. Individuals were followed from 1981 through 2018 for hospital diagnoses of bacterial pneumonias. RESULTS During up to 38 years follow-up, we observed 6342 bacterial pneumonias in observational analyses and 13 916 in genetic analyses. In observational analyses, multivariable adjusted HR for bacterial pneumonias was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.16 to 1.40) for individuals with 25-hydroxyvitamin D<25 nmol/L compared with those with ≥25 nmol/L. In genetic analyses, the OR for bacterial pneumonia per 10 nmol/L lower plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D was 1.12 (95% CI: 1.02 to 1.23) in Wald's ratio, 1.12 (95% CI: 1.04 to 1.20) in inverse-variance weighted, 1.63 (95% CI: 0.96 to 2.78) in MR-Egger and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.05 to 1.26) in weighted median instrumental variable analysis. This association was strongest for genetic variants around CYP2R1. There was no observational or genetic evidence to support that 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with risk of urinary tract infections, skin infections, sepsis or gastroenteritis, which were used as negative control outcomes. CONCLUSIONS Low vitamin D is associated observationally and genetically with increased risk of bacterial pneumonias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Çolak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and the Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark .,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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43
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Feng Q, Bønnelykke K, Ek WE, Chawes BL, Yuan S, Cheung CL, Li GH, Leung RY, Cheung BM. Null association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels with allergic rhinitis, allergic sensitization and non-allergic rhinitis: A Mendelian randomization study. Clin Exp Allergy 2020; 51:78-86. [PMID: 32949071 DOI: 10.1111/cea.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous observational studies have not found a conclusive association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) levels and allergic rhinitis (AR) or allergic sensitization (AS). OBJECTIVE To investigate a causal association between 25(OH)D levels with risk of AR and AS, using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. METHODS Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), previously shown to be associated with serum 25(OH)D levels, were identified as instrumental variables. The primary outcome was AR, and the secondary outcomes were AS and non-allergic rhinitis (NAR). The genome-wide association (GWA) summary statistics of the outcomes were obtained from two cohort studies (EAGLE Consortium and UK Biobank). An MR analysis with random-effects inverse-variance weighted method was performed as the primary analysis to estimate overall effect size (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI]). Sensitivity analysis using weighted median method and MR-Egger regression method was conducted. A subgroup analysis based on 25(OH)D synthesis-related SNPs was further applied. RESULTS Serum 25(OH)D levels were not causally associated with risk of AR (OR: 0.960; 95% CI: 0.779-1.184), AS (OR: 1.059; 95% CI: 0.686 to 1.634) or NAR (OR: 0.937; 95% CI: 0.588-1.491). Subgroup analysis also showed null association between 25(OH)D synthesis-related SNPs and the outcomes. Sensitivity analyses yielded similar results. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE This MR study found no evidence supporting a causal association between serum 25(OH)D levels and risk of AR, AS and NAR in European-ancestry population. This argues against the previous postulation that vitamin D supplementation is effective in prevention of allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Feng
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Klaus Bønnelykke
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Weronica E Ek
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bo L Chawes
- COPSAC, Copenhagen Prospective Studies on Asthma in Childhood, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shuai Yuan
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ching Lung Cheung
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Centre for Genomic Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Gloria Hy Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Raymond Yh Leung
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Bernard My Cheung
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, Queen Mary Hospital, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China.,Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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Cooke Bailey JN, Bush WS, Crawford DC. Editorial: The Importance of Diversity in Precision Medicine Research. Front Genet 2020; 11:875. [PMID: 33005167 PMCID: PMC7479241 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica N. Cooke Bailey
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - William S. Bush
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Dana C. Crawford
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
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45
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Elkhwanky MS, Kummu O, Piltonen TT, Laru J, Morin-Papunen L, Mutikainen M, Tavi P, Hakkola J. Obesity Represses CYP2R1, the Vitamin D 25-Hydroxylase, in the Liver and Extrahepatic Tissues. JBMR Plus 2020; 4:e10397. [PMID: 33210060 PMCID: PMC7657391 DOI: 10.1002/jbm4.10397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Low plasma level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH-D), namely vitamin D deficiency, is associated with obesity and weight loss improves 25-OH-D status. However, the mechanism behind obesity-induced vitamin D deficiency remains unclear. Here, we report that obesity suppresses the expression of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2R1, the main vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, in both mice and humans. In humans, weight loss induced by gastric bypass surgery increased the expression of CYP2R1 in the s.c. adipose tissue suggesting recovery after the obesity-induced suppression. At the same time, CYP27B1, the vitamin D 1α-hydroxylase, was repressed by the weight loss. In a mouse (C57BL/6N) model of diet-induced obesity, the plasma 25-OH-D was decreased. In accordance, the CYP2R1 expression was strongly repressed in the liver. Moreover, obesity repressed the expression of CYP2R1 in several extrahepatic tissues, the kidney, brown adipose tissue, and testis, but not in the white adipose tissue. Obesity had a similar effect in both male and female mice. In mice, obesity repressed expression of the vitamin D receptor in brown adipose tissue. Obesity also upregulated the expression of the vitamin D receptor and CYP24A1 in the s.c. adipose tissue of a subset of mice; however, no effect was observed in the human s.c. adipose tissue. In summary, we show that obesity affects CYP2R1 expression both in the mouse and human tissues. We suggest that in mouse the CYP2R1 repression in the liver plays an important role in obesity-induced vitamin D deficiency. Currently, it is unclear whether the CYP2R1 downregulation in extrahepatic tissues could contribute to the obesity-induced low plasma 25-OH-D, however, this phenomenon may affect at least the local 25-OH-D concentrations. © 2020 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud-Sobhy Elkhwanky
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Oulu Oulu Finland.,Biocenter Oulu University of Oulu Oulu Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Outi Kummu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Oulu Oulu Finland.,Biocenter Oulu University of Oulu Oulu Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Terhi T Piltonen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Johanna Laru
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Laure Morin-Papunen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Center Oulu University Hospital, University of Oulu Oulu Finland
| | - Maija Mutikainen
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Pasi Tavi
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences University of Eastern Finland Kuopio Finland
| | - Jukka Hakkola
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology University of Oulu Oulu Finland.,Biocenter Oulu University of Oulu Oulu Finland.,Medical Research Center Oulu Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu Oulu Finland
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Genetic variants of mineral metabolism in health and disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2020; 29:387-393. [PMID: 32427690 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Disturbances in mineral metabolism are common among individuals with chronic kidney disease and have consistently been associated with cardiovascular and bone disease. The current review aims to describe the current knowledge of the genetic aspects of mineral metabolism disturbances and to suggest directions for future studies to uncover the cause and pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease - mineral bone disorder. RECENT FINDINGS The most severe disorders of mineral metabolism are caused by highly penetrant, rare, single-gene disruptive mutations. More recently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have made an important contribution to our understanding of the genetic determinants of circulating levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, fibroblast growth factor-23, parathyroid hormone, fetuin-A and osteoprotegerin. Although the majority of these genes are known members of mineral homeostasis pathways, GWAS with larger sample sizes have enabled the discovery of many genes not known to be involved in the regulation of mineral metabolism. SUMMARY GWAS have enabled remarkable developments in our ability to discover the genetic basis of mineral metabolism disturbances. Although we are far from using these findings to inform clinical practice, we are gaining understanding of novel biological mechanisms and providing insight into ethnic variation in these traits.
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47
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Casella A, Long C, Zhou J, Lai M, O’Lear L, Caplan I, Levine MA, Roizen JD. Differential Frequency of CYP2R1 Variants Across Populations Reveals Pathway Selection for Vitamin D Homeostasis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa056. [PMID: 32115644 PMCID: PMC7096315 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Normal vitamin D homeostasis is necessary to ensure optimal mineral metabolism. Dietary insufficiency of vitamin D and the lack of sunlight each have well understood roles in vitamin D deficiency; however, the extent to which common genetic variations in vitamin D metabolizing enzymes contribute to alterations in vitamin D homeostasis remains uncertain. OBJECTIVE To examine the possibility that common coding variation in vitamin D metabolizing enzymes alters vitamin D homeostasis we determined the effect of 44 nonsynonymous polymorphisms in CYP2R1, the vitamin D 25-hydroxylase, on enzyme function. RESULTS Twenty-one of these polymorphisms decreased activity, while 2 variants increased activity. The frequency of CYP2R1 alleles with decreased 25-hydroxylase activity is 3 in every 1000 Caucasians and 7 in every 1000 African Americans. In populations where exposure to sunlight is high, alleles with decreased function occur at a frequency as high as 8%. The pattern of selected variation as compared to nonselected variation is consistent with it being the result of positive selection for nonfunctional alleles closer to the equator. To examine this possibility, we examined the variation pattern in another protein in the vitamin D pathway, the vitamin D binding protein (GC protein). The pattern of selected variation in the GC protein as compared to nonselected variation is also consistent with it being the result of positive selection for nonfunctional alleles closer to the equator. CONCLUSIONS CYP2R1 polymorphisms have important effects on vitamin D homeostasis, and the geographic variability of CYP2R1 alleles represents an adaptation to differential exposures to UVB irradiation from sunlight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Casella
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caela Long
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jingman Zhou
- Spark Therapeutics, Inc, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Meizan Lai
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren O’Lear
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ilana Caplan
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael A Levine
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey D Roizen
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Pennsylvania, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Çolak Y, Afzal S, Nordestgaard BG. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Osteoporotic Fractures: Mendelian Randomization Analysis in 2 Large Population-Based Cohorts. Clin Chem 2020; 66:676-685. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Whether low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations cause osteoporotic fractures is unclear. We tested the hypothesis that low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations are associated with increased risk of osteoporotic fractures using a Mendelian randomization analysis.
Methods
We genotyped 116 335 randomly chosen white Danish persons aged 20–100 years in 2 population-based cohort studies for plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D decreasing genotypes in CYP2R1 (rs117913124 and rs12794714), DHCR7 (rs7944926 and rs11234027), GEMIN2 (rs2277458), and HAL (rs3819817); 35 833 had information on plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D. We assessed risk of total, osteoporotic, and anatomically localized fractures from 1981 through 2017. Information on fractures and vital status was obtained from nationwide registries.
Results
During up to 36 years of follow-up, we observed 17 820 total fractures, 10 861 osteoporotic fractures, and 3472 fractures of hip or femur. Compared with individuals with 25-hydroxyvitamin D ≥ 50nmol/L, multivariable adjusted hazard ratios (95% CIs) for total fractures were 1.03 (0.97–1.09) for individuals with 25–49.9 nmol/L, 1.19 (1.10–1.28) for individuals with 12.5–24.9 nmol/L, and 1.39 (1.21–1.60) for individuals with 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 12.5 nmol/L. Corresponding hazard ratios were 1.07 (1.00–1.15), 1.25 (1.13–1.37), and 1.49 (1.25–1.77) for osteoporotic fractures and 1.09 (0.98–1.22), 1.37 (1.18–1.57), and 1.41 (1.09–1.81) for fractures of hip or femur, respectively. Hazard ratios per 1 increase in vitamin D allele score, corresponding to 3.0% (approximately 1.6 nmol/L) lower 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations, were 0.99 (0.98–1.00) for total fractures, 0.99 (0.97–1.00) for osteoporotic fractures, and 0.98 (0.95–1.00) for fractures of hip or femur.
Conclusions
Low plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations were associated with osteoporotic fractures; however, Mendelian randomization analysis provided no evidence supporting a causal role for vitamin D in the risk for osteoporotic fractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunus Çolak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Shoaib Afzal
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
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49
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Revez JA, Lin T, Qiao Z, Xue A, Holtz Y, Zhu Z, Zeng J, Wang H, Sidorenko J, Kemper KE, Vinkhuyzen AAE, Frater J, Eyles D, Burne THJ, Mitchell B, Martin NG, Zhu G, Visscher PM, Yang J, Wray NR, McGrath JJ. Genome-wide association study identifies 143 loci associated with 25 hydroxyvitamin D concentration. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1647. [PMID: 32242144 PMCID: PMC7118120 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15421-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency is a candidate risk factor for a range of adverse health outcomes. In a genome-wide association study of 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) concentration in 417,580 Europeans we identify 143 independent loci in 112 1-Mb regions, providing insights into the physiology of vitamin D and implicating genes involved in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism, dermal tissue properties, and the sulphonation and glucuronidation of 25OHD. Mendelian randomization models find no robust evidence that 25OHD concentration has causal effects on candidate phenotypes (e.g. BMI, psychiatric disorders), but many phenotypes have (direct or indirect) causal effects on 25OHD concentration, clarifying the epidemiological relationship between 25OHD status and the health outcomes examined in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana A Revez
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tian Lin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhen Qiao
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Angli Xue
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yan Holtz
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Zhihong Zhu
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Zeng
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Huanwei Wang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julia Sidorenko
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Kemper
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna A E Vinkhuyzen
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Julanne Frater
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Darryl Eyles
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Thomas H J Burne
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia
| | - Brittany Mitchell
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health, and Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Gu Zhu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Institute for Advanced Research, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325027, China
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
| | - John J McGrath
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
- Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, The Park Centre for Mental Health, Wacol, QLD, Australia.
- National Centre for Register-based Research, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.
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50
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Forgetta V, Manousaki D, Istomine R, Ross S, Tessier MC, Marchand L, Li M, Qu HQ, Bradfield JP, Grant SFA, Hakonarson H, Paterson AD, Piccirillo C, Polychronakos C, Richards JB. Rare Genetic Variants of Large Effect Influence Risk of Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2020; 69:784-795. [PMID: 32005708 PMCID: PMC7085253 DOI: 10.2337/db19-0831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Most replicated genetic determinants for type 1 diabetes are common (minor allele frequency [MAF] >5%). We aimed to identify novel rare or low-frequency (MAF <5%) single nucleotide polymorphisms with large effects on risk of type 1 diabetes. We undertook deep imputation of genotyped data followed by genome-wide association testing and meta-analysis of 9,358 type 1 diabetes case and 15,705 control subjects from 12 European cohorts. Candidate variants were replicated in a separate cohort of 4,329 case and 9,543 control subjects. Our meta-analysis identified 27 independent variants outside the MHC, among which 3 were novel and had MAF <5%. Three of these variants replicated with P replication < 0.05 and P combined < P discovery In silico analysis prioritized a rare variant at 2q24.3 (rs60587303 [C], MAF 0.5%) within the first intron of STK39, with an effect size comparable with those of common variants in the INS and PTPN22 loci (combined [from the discovery and replication cohorts] estimate of odds ratio [ORcombined] 1.97, 95% CI 1.58-2.47, P combined = 2.9 × 10-9). Pharmacological inhibition of Stk39 activity in primary murine T cells augmented effector responses through enhancement of interleukin 2 signaling. These findings provide insight into the genetic architecture of type 1 diabetes and have identified rare variants having a large effect on disease risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Forgetta
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Despoina Manousaki
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Roman Istomine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stephanie Ross
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Marie-Catherine Tessier
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Marchand
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Min Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Child Health and Human Development Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hui-Qi Qu
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Jonathan P Bradfield
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Struan F A Grant
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pliladelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Hakon Hakonarson
- Center for Applied Genomics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
- Division of Human Genetics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Pliladelphia, PA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Andrew D Paterson
- Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ciriaco Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Program in Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health, Centre for Translational Biology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Constantin Polychronakos
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - J Brent Richards
- Centre for Clinical Epidemiology, Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, U.K
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