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Nesper PL, Fawzi AA. Perfusion Deficits in Diabetes Without Retinopathy Localize to the Perivenular Deep Capillaries Near the Fovea on OCT Angiography. OPHTHALMOLOGY SCIENCE 2024; 4:100482. [PMID: 38751454 PMCID: PMC11090878 DOI: 10.1016/j.xops.2024.100482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Purpose To localize early capillary perfusion deficits in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) without clinical diabetic retinopathy (DR) using averaged OCT angiography (OCTA). Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Participants Patients with DM without DR and healthy controls. Methods We measured perfusion deficits in the full retina, superficial capillary plexus (SCP), and deep capillary plexus (DCP) on averaged 3 × 3-mm OCTA images. Perfusion deficits were defined as the percentage of retinal tissue located >30 μm from blood vessels, excluding the foveal avascular zone (FAZ). One eye from each patient was selected based on image quality. We measured deficits in the parafoveal region, the 300 μm surrounding the FAZ, and 300 to 1000 μm surrounding the FAZ. If a capillary layer within one of these regions was significantly different in DM without DR compared with controls, we further characterized the location of perfusion deficit as periarteriolar, perivenular, or the capillaries between these 2 zones. Main Outcome Measures Location of increased perfusion deficits in patients with DM without DR compared with controls. Results Sixteen eyes from 16 healthy controls were compared with 16 eyes from 16 patients with DM without DR (age 45.1 ± 10.7 and 47.4 ± 15.2 years respectively, P = 0.64). Foveal avascular zone area and perfusion deficits in the entire parafovea and the 300 to 1000-μm ring around the FAZ were not significantly different between groups (P > 0.05 for all). Perfusion deficits in 300 μm around the FAZ were significantly increased in patients with DM without DR in full retinal thickness, SCP, and DCP (P < 0.05 for all). When analyzing the perivenular, periarteriolar, and capillary zones, only the perivenular DCP perfusion deficits were significantly increased (5.03 ± 2.92% in DM without DR and 2.73 ± 1.97% in controls, P = 0.014). Conclusions Macular perfusion deficits in patients with DM without DR were significantly increased in the region nearest the FAZ, mainly at the perivenular deep capillaries. Further research on these early changes may improve our understanding of the capillaries most susceptible to vascular injury and disruption during diabetes. Financial Disclosures Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter L. Nesper
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Ahmed CM, Johnson HM, Lewin AS. Corneal application of SOCS1/3 peptides for the treatment of eye diseases mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1416181. [PMID: 39104531 PMCID: PMC11298391 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1416181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Several blinding diseases affecting the retina and optic nerve are exacerbated by or caused by dysregulated inflammation and oxidative stress. These diseases include uveitis, age related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma. Consequently, despite their divergent symptoms, treatments that reduce oxidative stress and suppress inflammation may be therapeutic. The production of inflammatory cytokines and their activities are regulated by a class of proteins termed Suppressors of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS). SOCS1 and SOCS3 are known to dampen signaling via pathways employing Janus kinases and signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins (JAK/STAT), Toll-like Receptors (TLR), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), mitogen activated kinase (MAPK) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3). We have developed cell-penetrating peptides from the kinase inhibitory region of the SOCS1 and SOCS3 (denoted as R9-SOCS1-KIR and R9-SOCS3-KIR) and tested them in retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells and in macrophage cell lines. SOCS-KIR peptides exhibited anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant and anti-angiogenic properties. In cell culture, both Th1 and Th17 cells were suppressed together with the inhibition of other inflammatory markers. We also observed a decrease in oxidants and a simultaneous rise in neuroprotective and anti-oxidant effectors. In addition, treatment prevented the loss of gap junction proteins and the ensuing drop in transepithelial electrical resistance in RPE cells. When tested in mouse models by eye drop instillation, they showed protection against autoimmune uveitis, as a prophylactic as well as a therapeutic. Mice with endotoxin-induced uveitis were protected by eye drop administration as well. R9-SOCS3-KIR was particularly effective against the pathways acting through STAT3, e.g. IL-6 and VEGF-A mediated responses that lead to macular degeneration. Eye drop administration of R9-SOCS3-KIR stimulated production of antioxidant effectors and reduced clinical symptoms in mouse model of oxidative stress that replicates the RPE injury occurring in AMD. Because these peptides suppress multiple pathogenic stimuli and because they can be delivered topically to the cornea, they are attractive candidates for therapeutics for uveitis, macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulbul M. Ahmed
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Howard M. Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alfred S. Lewin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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Vujosevic S, Lupidi M, Donati S, Astarita C, Gallinaro V, Pilotto E. Role of inflammation in diabetic macular edema and neovascular age-related macular degeneration. Surv Ophthalmol 2024:S0039-6257(24)00080-8. [PMID: 39029747 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2024.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024]
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME) and neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) are multifactorial disorders that affect the macula and cause significant vision loss. Although inflammation and neoangiogenesis are hallmarks of DME and nAMD, respectively, they share some biochemical mediators. While inflammation is a trigger for the processes that lead to the development of DME, in nAMD inflammation seems to be the consequence of retinal pigment epithelium and Bruch membrane alterations. These pathophysiologic differences may be the key issue that justifies the difference in treatment strategies. Vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors have changed the treatment of both diseases, however, many patients with DME fail to achieve the established therapeutic goals. From a clinical perspective, targeting inflammatory pathways with intravitreal corticosteroids has been proven to be effective in patients with DME. On the contrary, the clinical relevance of addressing inflammation in patients with nAMD has not been proven yet. We explore the role and implication of inflammation in the development of nAMD and DME and its therapeutical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stela Vujosevic
- Department of Biomedical, Surgical and Dental Sciences University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Eye Clinic, IRCCS MultiMedica, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Lupidi
- Eye Clinic, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Simone Donati
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Insubria of Varese, Varese, Italy
| | - Carlo Astarita
- AbbVie S.r.l., SR 148 Pontina, 04011, Campoverde, LT, Italy
| | | | - Elisabetta Pilotto
- Department of Neuroscience-Ophthalmology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Tang HX, Li JJ, Yuan Y, Ling Y, Mei Z, Zou H. Comparing the efficacy of dexamethasone implant and anti-VEGF for the treatment of macular edema: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305573. [PMID: 38985778 PMCID: PMC11236136 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the clinical efficacy of dexamethasone (DEX) implant, for the treatment of macular edema (ME) caused by retinal vein occlusion (RVO) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) through a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS The PubMed, Embase and Cochrane Library databases were comprehensively searched from inception to November 21, 2022, for studies evaluating the clinical efficacy of DEX implant for patients with retinal vein occlusion macular edema (RVO-ME) or diabetic macular edema (DME). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published in English were considered eligible. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was applied to assess the risk of bias in each study. Effect estimates with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were pooled using the random effects model. We also conducted subgroup analyses to explore the sources of heterogeneity and the stability of the results. RESULTS This meta-analysis included 8 RCTs (RVO-ME [n = 2] and DME [n = 6]) assessing a total of 336 eyes. Compared with anti-VEGF therapy, DEX implant treatment achieved superior outcomes in terms of best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (mean difference [MD] = -3.68 ([95% CI, -6.11 to -1.25], P = 0.003), and no heterogeneity was observed (P = 0.43, I2 = 0%). DEX implant treatment also significantly reduced central macular thickness (CMT) compared with anti-VEGF treatment (MD = -31.32 [95% CI, -57.92 to -4.72], P = 0.02), and there was a high level of heterogeneity between trials (P = 0.04, I2 = 54%). In terms of severe adverse events, DEX implant treatment had a higher risk of elevated intraocular pressure than anti-VEGF therapy (RR = 6.98; 95% CI: 2.16 to 22.50; P = 0.001), and there was no significant difference in cataract progression between the two groups (RR = 1.83; 95% CI: 0.63 to 5.27, P = 0.31). CONCLUSIONS Compared with anti-VEGF therapy, DEX implant treatment is more effective in improving BCVA and reducing ME. Additionally, DEX implant treatment has a higher risk of elevated intraocular pressure. Due to the small number of studies and the short follow-up period, the results should be interpreted with caution. The long-term effects of the two treatments need to be further determined. TRIAL REGISTRATION Prospero Registration Number CRD42021243185.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-xin Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-jing Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- Department of Pediatrics, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Ling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zubing Mei
- Department of Anorectal Surgery, Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Anorectal Disease Institute of Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Boscia F, Veritti D, Iaculli C, Lattanzio R, Freda S, Piergentili B, Varano M. Management of treatment-naïve diabetic macular edema patients: Review of real-world clinical data. Eur J Ophthalmol 2024:11206721241237069. [PMID: 38462923 DOI: 10.1177/11206721241237069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The high prevalence of Diabetic macular edema (DME) is a real global health problem. Its complex pathophysiology involves different pathways. Over the last decade, the introduction of intravitreal treatments has dramatically changed the management and prognosis of DME. Among the different treatment options, inhibitors of vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) and intravitreal steroids implants represent the first-line therapy of DME. We conducted a review of electronic databases to compile the available evidence about the clinical management of DME in a clinical setting, with a special focus on treatment-naïve patients. Anti-VEGF therapies represent a valuable option for treating DME patients. However, many patients do not respond properly to this treatment and, due to its administration regimen, many patients receive suboptimal treatment in real life. Current evidence demonstrated that in patients with DME, DEX-i improved significantly both anatomic and visual outcomes. Besides eyes with insufficient anti-VEGF respond or recalcitrant DME cases, DEX-i can be effectively and safely used in treatment-naïve DME patients as first line therapy. DEX-i may be considered first line therapy in different clinical scenarios, such as DME eyes with a greater inflammatory component, patients with cardiovascular events, vitrectomized eyes, or those requiring cataract surgery. In conclusion, there are still many points for improvement pending in the clinical management of the patient with DME. Since DME treatment must follow a patient-tailored approach, selecting the best therapeutic approach for each patient requires a good understanding of the pathophysiology of DME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boscia
- Department of Translational Medicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Veritti
- Department of Medicine - Ophthalmology, University of Udine, Udine, Italy
| | - Cristiana Iaculli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Policlinico Riuniti Di Foggia, University of Foggia, 71122, Foggia, Italy
| | - Rosangela Lattanzio
- Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Simona Freda
- AbbVie S.r.l., SR 148 Pontina, 04011, Campoverde, LT
| | | | - Monica Varano
- Ophthalmology Department, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
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Tierno IS, Agarwal M, Matisioudis N, Chandrakumar S, Ghosh K. Stiffness Measurement of Retinal Capillaries and Subendothelial Matrix using Atomic Force Microscopy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.28.582372. [PMID: 38464329 PMCID: PMC10925338 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.28.582372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
Retinal capillary degeneration is a clinical hallmark of the early stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our recent studies have revealed that diabetes-induced increase in retinal capillary stiffness plays a crucial and previously unrecognized causal role in inflammation-mediated degeneration of retinal capillaries. Retinal capillary stiffening results from overexpression of lysyl oxidase, an enzyme that crosslinks and stiffens the subendothelial matrix. Since tackling DR at the early stage is expected to prevent or slow down DR progression and associated vision loss, subendothelial matrix and capillary stiffness represent relevant and novel therapeutic targets for early DR management. Further, direct measurement of retinal capillary stiffness can serve as a crucial preclinical validation step for the development of new imaging techniques for non-invasive assessment of retinal capillary stiffness in animal and human subjects. With this view in mind, we here provide a detailed protocol for the isolation and stiffness measurement of mouse retinal capillaries and retinal subendothelial matrix using atomic force microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Santiago Tierno
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mahesh Agarwal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Sathishkumar Chandrakumar
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kaustabh Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Doheny Eye Institute, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Physiology Interdepartmental PhD Program, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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7
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Cui L, Yang C, Zou H. A two-year longitudinal observational study of the peripapillary microvasculature in pediatric type 1 diabetes mellitus patients without visual impairment or diabetic retinopathy. ADVANCES IN OPHTHALMOLOGY PRACTICE AND RESEARCH 2024; 4:15-22. [PMID: 38327667 PMCID: PMC10847056 DOI: 10.1016/j.aopr.2024.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
•Neurodegeneration precede microcirculatory deterioration in DR. Early signs can be seen in DM patients without visible DR symptoms, such as glial cell apoptosis and thinner retinal nerve fiber layer.•Peripapillary microvascular abnormalities in the peripapillary region may affect the normal metabolism of neurons and eventually aggravate the process of DR.•Prompting ongoing research to monitor the peripapillary microcirculation and microvasculature among T1DM children for early detection and prevention.•In longitudinal observation, the vessel density of the peripapillary superficial capillary plexus were slightly affected, while vessel density, blood flow, vessel morphological abnormalities and flow impairment area were significantly deteriorated in the deep capillary plexus.•The peripapillary deep capillary plexus is more susceptible and vulnerable to DR progression and could be used as a target for DR screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lipu Cui
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenhao Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Haidong Zou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Eye Diseases Prevention & Treatment Center, Shanghai Eye Hospital, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
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Mkabayi L, Viljoen Z, Krause RW, Lobb KA, Pletschke BI, Frost CL. Inhibitory effects of selected cannabinoids against dipeptidyl peptidase IV, an enzyme linked to type 2 diabetes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23289. [PMID: 38169946 PMCID: PMC10758829 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Ethnopharmacological relevance In recent times the decriminalisation of cannabis globally has increased its use as an alternative medication. Where it has been used in modern medicinal practises since the 1800s, there is limited scientific investigation to understand the biological activities of this plant. Aim of the study Dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) plays a key role in regulating glucose homeostasis, and inhibition of this enzyme has been used as a therapeutic approach to treat type 2 diabetes. However, some of the synthetic inhibitors for this enzyme available on the market may cause undesirable side effects. Therefore, it is important to identify new inhibitors of DPP-IV and to understand their interaction with this enzyme. Methods In this study, four cannabinoids (cannabidiol, cannabigerol, cannabinol and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol) were evaluated for their inhibitory effects against recombinant human DPP-IV and their potential inhibition mechanism was explored using both in vitro and in silico approaches. Results All four cannabinoids resulted in a dose-dependent response with IC50 values of between 4.0 and 6.9 μg/mL. Kinetic analysis revealed a mixed mode of inhibition. CD spectra indicated that binding of cannabinoids results in structural and conformational changes in the secondary structure of the enzyme. These findings were supported by molecular docking studies which revealed best docking scores at both active and allosteric sites for all tested inhibitors. Furthermore, molecular dynamics simulations showed that cannabinoids formed a stable complex with DPP-IV protein via hydrogen bonds at an allosteric site, suggesting that cannabinoids act by either inducing conformational changes or blocking the active site of the enzyme. Conclusion These results demonstrated that cannabinoids may modulate DPP-IV activity and thereby potentially assist in improving glycaemic regulation in type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lithalethu Mkabayi
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Zenobia Viljoen
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
| | - Rui W.M. Krause
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kevin A. Lobb
- Department of Chemistry, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Brett I. Pletschke
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, 6140, South Africa
| | - Carminita L. Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, 6031, South Africa
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Biswas A, Choudhury AD, Agrawal S, Bisen AC, Sanap SN, Verma SK, Kumar M, Mishra A, Kumar S, Chauhan M, Bhatta RS. Recent Insights into the Etiopathogenesis of Diabetic Retinopathy and Its Management. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2024; 40:13-33. [PMID: 37733327 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2023.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a microvascular retinal disease associated with chronic diabetes mellitus, characterized by the damage of blood vessels in the eye. It is projected to become the leading cause of blindness, given the increasing burden of the diabetic population worldwide. The diagnosis and management of DR pose significant challenges for physicians because of the involvement of multiple biochemical pathways and the complexity of ocular tissues. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the molecular pathways implicated in the pathogenesis of DR, including the polyo pathway, hexosamine pathway, protein kinase C (PKC), JAK/STAT signaling pathways, and the renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Methods: Academic databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar and Web of Science was systematically searched using a carefully constructed search strategy incorporating keywords like "Diabetic Retinopathy," "Molecular Pathways," "Pharmacological Treatments," and "Clinical Trials" to identify relevant literature for the comprehensive review. Results: In addition to activating other inflammatory cascades, these pathways contribute to the generation of oxidative stress within the retina. Furthermore, it aims to explore the existing pharmacotherapy options available for the treatment of DR. In addition to conventional pharmacological therapies such as corticosteroids, antivascular endothelial growth factors, and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), this review highlights the potential of repurposed drugs, phyto-pharmaceuticals, and novel pipeline drugs currently undergoing various stages of clinical trials. Conclusion: Overall, this review serves as a technical exploration of the complex nature of DR, highlighting both established and emerging molecular pathways implicated in its pathogenesis. Furthermore, it delves into the available pharmacological treatments, as well as the promising repurposed drugs, phyto-pharmaceuticals, and novel drugs currently being evaluated in clinical trials, with a focus on their specific mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpon Biswas
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Abhijit Deb Choudhury
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sristi Agrawal
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Amol Chhatrapati Bisen
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sachin Nashik Sanap
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarvesh Kumar Verma
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Anjali Mishra
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Shivansh Kumar
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Mridula Chauhan
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Rabi Sankar Bhatta
- Pharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetic Division, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
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Glass J, Robinson RL, Greenway G, Jones G, Sharma S. Diabetic Müller-Glial-Cell-Specific Il6ra Knockout Mice Exhibit Accelerated Retinal Functional Decline and Thinning of the Inner Nuclear Layer. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:1. [PMID: 38038619 PMCID: PMC10697173 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.15.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in the pathology of diabetic retinopathy (DR). IL-6 trans-signaling via soluble IL-6 receptor (IL-6R) is primarily responsible for its pro-inflammatory functions, whereas cis-signaling via membrane-bound IL-6R is anti-inflammatory. Using a Müller-glial-cell-specific Il6ra-/- mouse, we examined how loss of IL-6 cis-signaling in Müller glial cells (MGCs) affected retinal thinning and electroretinography (ERG) response over 9 months of diabetes. Methods Diabetes was induced in wildtype and knockout mice with streptozotocin (40 mg/kg, daily for 5 days). Spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT), ERG, and fundoscopy/fluorescein angiography (FA) were assessed at 2, 6, and 9 months of diabetes. MGCs and bipolar neurons were examined in retinal tissue sections by immunofluorescence. Results Diabetic MGC Il6ra-/- mice had significantly thinner retinas than diabetic wildtype mice at 2 (-7.6 µm), 6 (-12.0 µm), and 9 months (-5.0 µm) of diabetes, as well as significant thinning of the inner nuclear layer (INL). Diabetic MGC Il6ra-/- mice also showed a reduction in scotopic B-wave amplitude and B-wave/A-wave ratio earlier than wildtype diabetic mice. In retinal sections, we found a decrease in bipolar neuronal marker PKCα only in diabetic MGC Il6ra-/- mice, which was significantly lower than both controls and diabetic wildtype mice. Glutamine synthetase, a Müller cell marker, was reduced in both wildtype and MGC Il6ra-/- diabetic mice compared to their respective controls. Conclusions IL-6 cis-signaling in MGCs contributes to maintenance of the INL in diabetes, and loss of the IL-6 receptor reduces MGC-mediated neuroprotection of bipolar neurons in the diabetic retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Glass
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Rebekah L. Robinson
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Grace Greenway
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Garrett Jones
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, Georgia, United States
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Benítez-Camacho J, Ballesteros A, Beltrán-Camacho L, Rojas-Torres M, Rosal-Vela A, Jimenez-Palomares M, Sanchez-Gomar I, Durán-Ruiz MC. Endothelial progenitor cells as biomarkers of diabetes-related cardiovascular complications. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:324. [PMID: 37950274 PMCID: PMC10636846 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03537-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) constitutes a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose which can also lead to the so-called diabetic vascular complications (DVCs), responsible for most of the morbidity, hospitalizations and death registered in these patients. Currently, different approaches to prevent or reduce DM and its DVCs have focused on reducing blood sugar levels, cholesterol management or even changes in lifestyle habits. However, even the strictest glycaemic control strategies are not always sufficient to prevent the development of DVCs, which reflects the need to identify reliable biomarkers capable of predicting further vascular complications in diabetic patients. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), widely known for their potential applications in cell therapy due to their regenerative properties, may be used as differential markers in DVCs, considering that the number and functionality of these cells are affected under the pathological environments related to DM. Besides, drugs commonly used with DM patients may influence the level or behaviour of EPCs as a pleiotropic effect that could finally be decisive in the prognosis of the disease. In the current review, we have analysed the relationship between diabetes and DVCs, focusing on the potential use of EPCs as biomarkers of diabetes progression towards the development of major vascular complications. Moreover, the effects of different drugs on the number and function of EPCs have been also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefa Benítez-Camacho
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University, Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Ballesteros
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Lucía Beltrán-Camacho
- Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Córdoba, Spain
- Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology Department, Córdoba University, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Marta Rojas-Torres
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University, Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Antonio Rosal-Vela
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University, Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Margarita Jimenez-Palomares
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University, Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Ismael Sanchez-Gomar
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University, Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain
| | - Mª Carmen Durán-Ruiz
- Biomedicine, Biotechnology and Public Health Department, Science Faculty, Cádiz University, Torre Sur. Avda. República Saharaui S/N, Polígono Río San Pedro, Puerto Real, 11519, Cádiz, Spain.
- Biomedical Research and Innovation Institute of Cadiz (INIBICA), Cádiz, Spain.
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12
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Liu J, Wang H, Huang C. Exendin-4, a GLP-1 receptor agonist, suppresses diabetic retinopathy in vivo and in vitro. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37920998 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2274279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a complication of diabetes and a leading cause of blindness in adults. Studies have shown that glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) exerts a protective effect on patients with DR. Here, we investigated the protective effects of Exendin-4, a GLP-1 analogue, on DR. We established a high-glucose-induced HREC cell model and an STZ-induced rat DR Model to study the effect of Exendin-4 in DR in vitro and in vivo. The qRT-PCR, CCK-8, TUNEL, western blotting, tube formation assays, and ELISA were performed. In addition, we overexpressed TGFB2 to observe whether the protective effect of Exendin-4 was reversed. Our results showed that Exendin-4 inhibited the progression of DR. Furthermore, the protective effect of Exendin-4 was suppressed in cells overexpressing TGFB2. Our findings suggest that Exendin-4 may be involved in the regulation of TGFB2 expression levels to inhibit DR. These results indicate that Exendin-4 could be an effective therapy for DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jufen Liu
- Ophthalmology Department of Shangyu People's Hospital of Shaoxing City, Shaoxing, China
| | - Huijing Wang
- Health Management Center of Shangyu People's Hospital of Shaoxing City, Shaoxing, China
| | - Cuiting Huang
- Ophthalmology Department Of Ningde City Hospital, Ningde Normal University, China
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13
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Xiang XH, Wei J, Wang XF, Xu Q, Yu CL, He CL, Long T, Guo MS, Chen X, Zhou XG, Wu JM, Qin DL, Wu AG, Tang Y, Lv HB. Lychee seed polyphenol ameliorates DR via inhibiting inflammasome/apoptosis and angiogenesis in hRECs and db/db mice. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 167:115478. [PMID: 37703661 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood retinal barrier (BRB) damage is an important pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, and alleviating BRB damage has become a key target for DR treatment. We previously found that Lycopene seed polyphenols (LSP) maintained BRB integrity by inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated inflammation. However, it is still unknown whether LSP inhibits retinal neovascularization with abnormal capillaries and its mechanism of action. Here, we employed db/db mice and hRECs to find that LSP increases the level of glycolipid metabolism, maintains the morphology of retinal endothelial cells and inhibits acellular capillary neogenesis. Mechanistic studies revealed that LSP inhibits the NLRP3 inflammasome, reduces cell apoptosis in retinal tissue, increases tight junction protein (TJ) expression, and reduces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and Ve-Cadherin in vivo and in vitro. Collectively, this study finds that LSP inhibits inflammation and angiogenesis to improve BRB function to ameliorate DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hong Xiang
- Department of Ophthalmology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Ophthalmology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; Eye School and Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Ophthalmopathy Prevention & Cure and Visual Function Protection of Chengdu University of TCM, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xiao-Fang Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy School of Preclinical Medicine Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Qin Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Chong-Lin Yu
- Department of Human Anatomy School of Preclinical Medicine Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Chang-Long He
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Tao Long
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Song Guo
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Xue Chen
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhou
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Jian-Ming Wu
- Department of Human Anatomy School of Preclinical Medicine Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Da-Lian Qin
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - An-Guo Wu
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
| | - Yong Tang
- Sichuan Key Medical Laboratory of New Drug Discovery and Druggability Evaluation Luzhou Key Laboratory of Activity Screening and Druggability Evaluation for Chinese Materia Medica of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine of Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Hong-Bin Lv
- Department of Ophthalmology in the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.
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14
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Hu Z, Wang X, Hu Q, Chen X. Exploring the protective effects of herbal monomers against diabetic retinopathy based on the regulation of autophagy and apoptosis: A review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35541. [PMID: 37904448 PMCID: PMC10615407 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become one of the top 3 blinding eye diseases in the world. In spite of recent therapeutic breakthroughs, it is not yet possible to cure DR through pharmacotherapy. Cell death is thought to play a key role in the pathogenesis of DR. Moderate modulation of cellular autophagy and inhibition of apoptosis have been identified as effective targets for the treatment of DR. Numerous phytochemicals have emerged as potential new drugs for the treatment of DR. We collected basic DR research on herbal monomers through keywords such as autophagy and apoptosis, and conducted a systematic search for relevant research articles published in the PubMed database. This review provides the effects and reports of herbal monomers on various DR cellular and animal models in vivo and in vitro in the available literature, and emphasizes the importance of cellular autophagy and apoptosis as current DR therapeutic targets. Based on our review, we believe that herbal monomers that modulate autophagy and inhibit apoptosis may be potentially effective candidates for the development of new drugs in the treatment of DR. It provides a strategy for further development and application of herbal medicines for DR treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyu Hu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Graduate School of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangdong Chen
- Department of ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, People’s Republic of China
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15
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Spinetta R, Petrillo F, Reibaldi M, Tortori A, Mazzoni M, Metrangolo C, Gelormini F, Ricardi F, Giordano A. Intravitreal DEX Implant for the Treatment of Diabetic Macular Edema: A Review of National Consensus. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2461. [PMID: 37896220 PMCID: PMC10610055 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15102461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic macular edema (DME)'s therapeutic approach can frequently be challenging. The purpose of the review is to propose evidence-based recommendations on the employment of intravitreal dexamethasone implants (DEX) when approaching patients suffering from DME. Seven national consensuses redacted by different groups of retina specialists from Europe and Asia were examined and confronted. Each consensus was redacted utilizing a Delphi approach, in person meetings, or by reviewing the literature. DEX can be studied as a first-line strategy in individuals suffering from DME with inflammatory OCT biomarkers, in vitrectomized eyes, in patients with recent cardiovascular events, in pregnant women, in patients scheduled to undergo cataract surgery or with poor compliance. The other parameters considered were the indications to the DME treatment, when to switch to DEX, the definition of non-responder to anti-VEGFs agents and to the DEX implant, whether to combine DEX with laser photocoagulation, the association between glaucoma and DEX, and the management of DEX and the cataract. Although several years have passed since the introduction of DEX implants in the DME treatment, there is still not a unified agreement among retina specialists. This paper compares the approach in the DME treatment between countries from different continents and provides a broader and worldwide perspective of the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Petrillo
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10024 Turin, Italy; (M.R.); (F.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Michele Reibaldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10024 Turin, Italy; (M.R.); (F.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Antonia Tortori
- Ophthalmology Unit, Surgery Department, Piacenza Hospital, 29121 Piacenza, Italy;
| | - Maria Mazzoni
- University Center for Studies on Gender Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44124 Ferrara, Italy;
- Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Cristian Metrangolo
- Ophthalmology Unit, Ospedale di Circolo e Fondazione Macchi, ASST Sette Laghi, 21100 Varese, Italy;
| | - Francesco Gelormini
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10024 Turin, Italy; (M.R.); (F.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Federico Ricardi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Eye Clinic, Turin University, 10024 Turin, Italy; (M.R.); (F.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA;
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16
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Bora K, Kushwah N, Maurya M, Pavlovich MC, Wang Z, Chen J. Assessment of Inner Blood-Retinal Barrier: Animal Models and Methods. Cells 2023; 12:2443. [PMID: 37887287 PMCID: PMC10605292 DOI: 10.3390/cells12202443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper functioning of the neural retina relies on the unique retinal environment regulated by the blood-retinal barrier (BRB), which restricts the passage of solutes, fluids, and toxic substances. BRB impairment occurs in many retinal vascular diseases and the breakdown of BRB significantly contributes to disease pathology. Understanding the different molecular constituents and signaling pathways involved in BRB development and maintenance is therefore crucial in developing treatment modalities. This review summarizes the major molecular signaling pathways involved in inner BRB (iBRB) formation and maintenance, and representative animal models of eye diseases with retinal vascular leakage. Studies on Wnt/β-catenin signaling are highlighted, which is critical for retinal and brain vascular angiogenesis and barriergenesis. Moreover, multiple in vivo and in vitro methods for the detection and analysis of vascular leakage are described, along with their advantages and limitations. These pre-clinical animal models and methods for assessing iBRB provide valuable experimental tools in delineating the molecular mechanisms of retinal vascular diseases and evaluating therapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jing Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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17
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Zhou Q, Tang H, Li S. Protective effect of evolocumab on Müller cells in the rat retina under hyperglycaemic and hypoxic conditions. J Diabetes Complications 2023; 37:108593. [PMID: 37717351 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2023.108593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
AIMS In this study, rat retinal Müller cells (RMCs) were cultured in vitro to investigate the protective mechanism of evolocumab on rat RMCs in diabetes mellitus (DM) and the expression of relevant inflammatory factors. METHODS The expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) in the retinal tissues of diabetic rats was detected by immunohistochemistry. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at 5-7 d of life were selected as the source of RMCs and divided equally into three groups of 12 rats/24 eyes each. The effect of CoCl2 and evolocumab on the cellular activity of RMCs was determined by CCK-8 assay. The effect of CoCl2 and evolocumab on the migration level of RMCs after 72 h was measured by scratch test and the expression of various proteins after 72 h was measured by Western blot. RESULTS In STZ rats, the expression of PCSK9 was significantly upregulated in the retina, especially in the inner nuclear layer, which is mainly composed of RMCs. High glucose and CoCl2 stimulation markedly elevated PCSK9 and GFAP expression at the protein level in RMCs (P < 0.05). Evolocumab treatment (100 μg/ml) reduced the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors in stimulated RMCs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, evolocumab downregulates toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) levels and inhibited nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation in RMCs (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Evolocumab protects against inflammation in RMCs, at least in part, by negatively regulating the activation of the TLR-4/NF-κB signalling pathway. Evolocumab may be a promising anti-inflammatory therapy for ocular fundus diseases, such as DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Changzhou, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou, China.
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18
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Li Y, Liu J, Ma X, Bai X. Maresin-1 inhibits high glucose induced ferroptosis in ARPE-19 cells by activating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway. BMC Ophthalmol 2023; 23:368. [PMID: 37674121 PMCID: PMC10481498 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-023-03115-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maresin-1 plays an important role in diabetic illnesses and ferroptosis is associated with pathogenic processes of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The goal of this study is to explore the influence of maresin-1 on ferroptosis and its molecular mechanism in DR. METHODS ARPE-19 cells were exposed to high glucose (HG) condition for developing a cellular model of DR. The CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry were used to assess ARPE-19 cell proliferation and apoptosis, respectively. Furthermore, the GSH content, MDA content, ROS level, and Fe2+ level were measured by using a colorimetric GSH test kit, a Lipid Peroxidation MDA Assay Kit, a DCFH-DA assay and the phirozine technique, respectively. Immunofluorescence labelling was used to detect protein levels of ACSL4 and PTGS2. Messenger RNA and protein expression of HO-1, GPX4 and Nrf2 was evaluated through western blotting and quantitative real time-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). To establish a diabetic mouse model, mice were intraperitoneally injected 150 mg/kg streptozotocin. The MDA content, ROS level and the iron level were detected by using corresponding commercial kits. RESULTS Maresin-1 promoted cell proliferation while reducing the apoptotic process in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Maresin-1 significantly reduced ferroptosis induced by HG in ARPE-19 cells, as demonstrated as a result of decreased MDA content, ROS level, Fe2+ level, PTGS2 expression, ACSL4 expression and increased GSH content. With respect to mechanisms, maresin-1 treatment up-regulated the mRNA expression and protein expression of HO-1, GPX4 and Nrf2 in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. Nrf2 inhibitor reversed the inhibitory effects of maresin-1 on ferroptosis in HG-induced ARPE-19 cells. In vivo experiments, we found that Maresin-1 evidently repressed ferroptosis a mouse model of DR, as evidenced by the decreased MDA content, ROS level and iron level in retinal tissues of mice. CONCLUSION Maresin-1 protects ARPE cells from HG-induced ferroptosis via activating the Nrf2/HO-1/GPX4 pathway, suggesting that maresin-1 prevents DR development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufei Li
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, No.201-209 Hubinnan Road, Siming District, 361004, Xiamen, China
| | - Jieyu Liu
- Endocrinology Department, Beijing Electric Power Hospital, 100073, Beijing, China
| | - Xibo Ma
- Otorhinolaryngology Department, Jilin Province People's Hospital, 130000, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Ophthalmology Department, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Xiamen University, No.201-209 Hubinnan Road, Siming District, 361004, Xiamen, China.
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19
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Jiménez-Loygorri JI, Benítez-Fernández R, Viedma-Poyatos Á, Zapata-Muñoz J, Villarejo-Zori B, Gómez-Sintes R, Boya P. Mitophagy in the retina: Viewing mitochondrial homeostasis through a new lens. Prog Retin Eye Res 2023; 96:101205. [PMID: 37454969 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2023.101205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function is key to support metabolism and homeostasis in the retina, an organ that has one of the highest metabolic rates body-wide and is constantly exposed to photooxidative damage and external stressors. Mitophagy is the selective autophagic degradation of mitochondria within lysosomes, and can be triggered by distinct stimuli such as mitochondrial damage or hypoxia. Here, we review the importance of mitophagy in retinal physiology and pathology. In the developing retina, mitophagy is essential for metabolic reprogramming and differentiation of retina ganglion cells (RGCs). In basal conditions, mitophagy acts as a quality control mechanism, maintaining a healthy mitochondrial pool to meet cellular demands. We summarize the different autophagy- and mitophagy-deficient mouse models described in the literature, and discuss the potential role of mitophagy dysregulation in retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, and age-related macular degeneration. Finally, we provide an overview of methods used to monitor mitophagy in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo. This review highlights the important role of mitophagy in sustaining visual function, and its potential as a putative therapeutic target for retinal and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ignacio Jiménez-Loygorri
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Rocío Benítez-Fernández
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Viedma-Poyatos
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Zapata-Muñoz
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Villarejo-Zori
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Gómez-Sintes
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Boya
- Autophagy Lab, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas, CSIC, Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain; Departament of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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20
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Liu J, He Y, Kong L, Yang D, Lu N, Yu Y, Zhao Y, Wang Y, Ma Z. Study of Foveal Avascular Zone Growth in Individuals With Mild Diabetic Retinopathy by Optical Coherence Tomography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2023; 64:21. [PMID: 37698529 PMCID: PMC10501493 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.64.12.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between foveal vessels and retinal thickness in individuals with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and control subjects, and to reveal foveal avascular zone (FAZ) growth in early individuals with DR. Methods The regions with a thickness less than 60 µm were marked from the intima thickness maps and named FAZThic. The avascular zones extracted from the deep vascular plexus were designated as FAZAngi. The boundary of the two FAZ forms a ring region, which we called FAZRing. The FAZ growth rate was defined as the ratio of the FAZRing area to the FAZThic area. Thirty healthy controls and 30 individuals with mild nonproliferative DR were recruited for this study. Results The FAZThic area in individuals with mild DR and control subjects showed similar distribution. The FAZAngi area in individuals with mild DR are higher than that in control subjects on the whole, but there was no significant difference (P > 0.05). The FAZRing area in individuals with mild DR was significantly higher than that in control subjects (P < 0.001). However, there is still a small amount of overlap data between the two groups. For the FAZ growth rate, the individuals with mild DR were also significantly larger than the control subjects (P < 0.001). But there were no overlapping data between the two groups. Conclusions The growth of FAZ in individuals with mild DR can be inferred by comparing FAZAngi with FAZThic. This method minimizes the impact of individual variations and helps researchers to understand the progression mechanism of DR more deeply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao City, China
| | - Yang He
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
| | - Linghui Kong
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
| | - Dongni Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Nan Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Hospital of Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yao Yu
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao City, China
| | - Yuqian Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
| | - Yi Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao City, China
| | - Zhenhe Ma
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao City, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Precision Optical Sensing and Measurement Technology, Qinhuangdao City, China
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21
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Zhao L, Xu H, Liu X, Cheng Y, Xie J. The role of TET2-mediated ROBO4 hypomethylation in the development of diabetic retinopathy. J Transl Med 2023; 21:455. [PMID: 37430272 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In diabetic retinopathy, increasing evidence points to a link between the pathogenesis of retinal microangiopathy and the endothelial cell-specific factor roundabout4 (ROBO4). According to earlier research, specificity protein 1 (SP1) enhances the binding to the ROBO4 promoter, increasing Robo4 expression and hastening the progression of diabetic retinopathy. To determine if this is related to aberrant epigenetic modifications of ROBO4, we examined the methylation level of the ROBO4 promoter and the corresponding regulatory mechanism during the course of diabetic retinopathy and explored the effect of this mechanism on retinal vascular leakage and neovascularization. METHODS The methylation level of CpG sites in the ROBO4 promoter was detected in human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) cultured under hyperglycemic conditions and retinas from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The effects of hyperglycemia on DNA methyltransferase 1, Tet methylcytosine dioxygenase 2 (TET2), 5-methylcytosine, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, and the binding of TET2 and SP1 to the ROBO4 promoter, as well as the expression of ROBO4, zonula occludens 1 (ZO-1) and occludin were examined. Short hairpin RNA was used to suppress the expression of TET2 or ROBO4 and the structural and functional changes in the retinal microvascular system were assessed. RESULTS In HRECs cultured under hyperglycemic conditions, the ROBO4 promoter methylation level decreased. Hyperglycemia-induced TET2 overexpression caused active demethylation of ROBO4 by oxidizing 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, which enhanced the binding of SP1 to ROBO4, increased the expression of ROBO4, and decreased the expression of ZO-1 and occludin, leading to the abnormalities in monolayer permeability, migratory ability and angiogenesis of HRECs. The above pathway was also demonstrated in the retinas of diabetic mice, which caused leakage from retinal capillaries and neovascularization. Inhibition of TET2 or ROBO4 expression significantly ameliorated the dysfunction of HRECs and retinal vascular abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS In diabetes, TET2 can regulate the expression of ROBO4 and its downstream proteins by mediating active demethylation of the ROBO4 promoter, which accelerates the development of retinal vasculopathy. These findings suggest that TET2-induced ROBO4 hypomethylation is a potential therapeutic target, and anti- TET2/ROBO4 therapy is anticipated to emerge as a novel strategy for early intervention and delayed progression of diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangliang Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haitao Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jia'nan Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China.
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22
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Amorim M, Martins B, Fernandes R. Immune Fingerprint in Diabetes: Ocular Surface and Retinal Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9821. [PMID: 37372968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a prevalent global health issue associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a well-known inflammatory, neurovascular complication of diabetes and a leading cause of preventable blindness in developed countries among working-age adults. However, the ocular surface components of diabetic eyes are also at risk of damage due to uncontrolled diabetes, which is often overlooked. Inflammatory changes in the corneas of diabetic patients indicate that inflammation plays a significant role in diabetic complications, much like in DR. The eye's immune privilege restricts immune and inflammatory responses, and the cornea and retina have a complex network of innate immune cells that maintain immune homeostasis. Nevertheless, low-grade inflammation in diabetes contributes to immune dysregulation. This article aims to provide an overview and discussion of how diabetes affects the ocular immune system's main components, immune-competent cells, and inflammatory mediators. By understanding these effects, potential interventions and treatments may be developed to improve the ocular health of diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madania Amorim
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Martins
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Rosa Fernandes
- Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Institute of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB), University of Coimbra, 3004-531 Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Center of Coimbra (CACC), 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
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23
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Mota-Silva I, Castanho MARB, Silva-Herdade AS. Towards Non-Invasive Intravital Microscopy: Advantages of Using the Ear Lobe Instead of the Cremaster Muscle. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13040887. [PMID: 37109417 PMCID: PMC10145854 DOI: 10.3390/life13040887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is essential in the protection of the organism and wound repair, but in cases of chronic inflammation can also cause microvasculature deterioration. Thus, inflammation monitorization studies are important to test potential therapeutics. The intravital microscopy (IVM) technique monitors leukocyte trafficking in vivo, being a commonly used procedure to report systemic conditions. Although the cremaster muscle, an established protocol for IVM, may affect the hemodynamics because of its surgical preparation, only male animals are used, and longitudinal studies over time are not feasible. Thinking how this impacts future studies, our aim is to understand if the IVM technique can be successfully performed using the ear lobe instead of the cremaster muscle. Elevated IL-1β plasmatic concentrations confirmed the systemic inflammation developed in a diabetic animal model, while the elevated number of adherent and rolling leukocytes in the ear lobe allowed for the same conclusion. Thus, this study demonstrates that albeit its thickness, the ear lobe protocol for IVM is efficient, non-invasive, more reliable, cost-effective and timesaving.
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24
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Mathew B, Acha LG, Torres LA, Huang CC, Liu A, Kalinin S, Leung K, Dai Y, Feinstein DL, Ravindran S, Roth S. MicroRNA-based engineering of mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles for treatment of retinal ischemic disorders: Engineered extracellular vesiclesand retinal ischemia. Acta Biomater 2023; 158:782-797. [PMID: 36638942 PMCID: PMC10005109 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2023.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSCs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) are emerging therapeutic tools. Hypoxic pre-conditioning (HPC) of MSCs altered the production of microRNAs (miRNAs) in EVs, and enhanced the cytoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties of their derivative EVs in retinal cells. EV miRNAs were identified as the primary contributors of these EV functions. Through miRNA seq analyses, miRNA-424 was identified as a candidate for the retina to overexpress in EVs for enhancing cytoprotection and anti-inflammatory effects. FEEs (functionally engineered EVs) overexpressing miR424 (FEE424) significantly enhanced neuroprotection and anti-inflammatory activities in vitro in retinal cells. FEE424 functioned by reducing inflammatory cytokine production in retinal microglia, and attenuating oxygen free radicals in retinal Muller cells and microvascular endothelial cells, providing a multi-pronged approach to enhancing recovery after retinal ischemic insult. In an in vivo model of retinal ischemia, native, HPC, and FEE424 MSC EVs robustly and similarly restored function to close to baseline, and prevented loss of retinal ganglion cells, but HPC EVs provided the most effective attenuation of apoptosis-related and inflammatory cytokine gene expression. These results indicate the potential for EV engineering to produce ameliorative effects for retinal diseases with a significant inflammatory component. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: We show that functionally engineered extracellular vesicles (FEEs) from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) provide cytoprotection in rat retina subjected to ischemia. FEEs overexpressing microRNA 424 (FEE424) function by reducing inflammatory cytokine production in retinal microglia, and attenuating oxygen free radicals in Muller cells and microvascular endothelial cells, providing a multi-pronged approach to enhancing recovery. In an in vivo model of retinal ischemia in rats, native, hypoxic-preconditioned (HPC), and FEE424 MSC EVs robustly and similarly restored function, and prevented loss of retinal ganglion cells, but HPC EVs provided the most effective attenuation of apoptosis-related and inflammatory cytokine gene expression. The results indicate the potential for EV engineering to produce ameliorative effects for retinal diseases with a significant inflammatory component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biji Mathew
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Lorea Gamboa Acha
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Leianne A Torres
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Chun-Chieh Huang
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Alice Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Sergey Kalinin
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Kasey Leung
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Yang Dai
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois-Chicago
| | - Douglas L Feinstein
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago; Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs, Chicago, IL
| | - Sriram Ravindran
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois-Chicago.
| | - Steven Roth
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois-Chicago.
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25
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Towards a New Biomarker for Diabetic Retinopathy: Exploring RBP3 Structure and Retinoids Binding for Functional Imaging of Eyes In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054408. [PMID: 36901838 PMCID: PMC10002987 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a severe disease with a growing number of afflicted patients, which places a heavy burden on society, both socially and financially. While there are treatments available, they are not always effective and are usually administered when the disease is already at a developed stage with visible clinical manifestation. However, homeostasis at a molecular level is disrupted before visible signs of the disease are evident. Thus, there has been a constant search for effective biomarkers that could signal the onset of DR. There is evidence that early detection and prompt disease control are effective in preventing or slowing DR progression. Here, we review some of the molecular changes that occur before clinical manifestations are observable. As a possible new biomarker, we focus on retinol binding protein 3 (RBP3). We argue that it displays unique features that make it a very good biomarker for non-invasive, early-stage DR detection. Linking chemistry to biological function and focusing on new developments in eye imaging and two-photon technology, we describe a new potential diagnostic tool that would allow rapid and effective quantification of RBP3 in the retina. Moreover, this tool would also be useful in the future to monitor therapeutic effectiveness if levels of RBP3 are elevated by DR treatments.
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26
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Peng H, Han W, Ma B, Dai S, Long J, Zhou S, Li H, Chen B. Autophagy and senescence of rat retinal precursor cells under high glucose. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1047642. [PMID: 36686430 PMCID: PMC9846177 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1047642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Backgrounds Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common diabetic ocular disease characterized by retinal ganglion cell (RGC) changes. An abnormal environment, hyperglycemia, may progressively alter the structure and function of RGCs, which is a primary pathological feature of retinal neurodegeneration in DR. Accumulated studies confirmed autophagy and senescence play a vital role in DR; however, the underlying mechanisms need to be clarified. Methods This study included the microarray expression profiling dataset GSE60436 from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) to conduct the bioinformatics analysis. The R software was used to identify autophagy-related genes (ARGs) that were differentially expressed in fibrovascular membranes (FVMs) and normal retinas. Co-expression and tissue-specific expression were elicited for the filtered genes. The genes were then analyzed by ontology (GO) enrichment analysis, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA). R28 cells were cultured with high glucose, detected by reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-qPCR) and stained by apoptosis kit. Results In the retina, 31 differentially expressed ARGs (24 up-regulated genes) were discovered and enriched. The enrichment results revealed that differentially expressed ARGs were significantly enriched in autophagy, apoptosis, aging, and neural function. Four hub genes (i.e., TP53, CASP1, CCL2, and CASP1) were significantly up-regulated. Upregulation of cellular autophagy and apoptosis level was detected in the hyperglycemia model in vitro. Conclusions Our results provide evidence for the autophagy and cellular senescence mechanisms involved in retinal hyperglycemia injury, and the protective function of autophagy is limited. Further study may favour understanding the disease progression and neuroprotection of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanhan Peng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Wentao Han
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Benteng Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Shirui Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Jianfeng Long
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Shu Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Haoyu Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
| | - Baihua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Hunan Clinical Research Centre of Ophthalmic Disease, Changsha, China
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Proinflammatory Cytokines Trigger the Onset of Retinal Abnormalities and Metabolic Dysregulation in a Hyperglycemic Mouse Model. J Ophthalmol 2023; 2023:7893104. [PMID: 36895267 PMCID: PMC9991478 DOI: 10.1155/2023/7893104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Recent evidence has shown that retinal inflammation is a key player in diabetic retinopathy (DR) pathogenesis. To further understand and validate the metabolic biomarkers of DR, we investigated the effect of intravitreal proinflammatory cytokines on the retinal structure, function, and metabolism in an in vivo hyperglycemic mouse model. Methods C57Bl/6 mice were rendered hyperglycemic within one week of administration of a single high-dose intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, while control mice received vehicle injection. After confirming hyperglycemia, the mice received an intravitreal injection of either proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) or vehicle. Similarly, control mice received an intravitreal injection of either proinflammatory cytokines or vehicle. The retinal structure was evaluated using fundus imaging and optical coherence tomography, and retinal function was assessed using a focal electroretinogram (ERG), two days after cytokine injection. Retinas were collected for biochemical analysis to determine key metabolite levels and enzymatic activities. Results Hyperglycemic mice intraocularly injected with cytokines developed visible retinal vascular damage and intravitreal and intraretinal hyper-reflective spots two days after the cytokines injection. These mice also developed a significant functional deficit with reduced a-wave and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG at high light intensities compared to control mice. Furthermore, metabolic disruption was evident in these mice, with significantly higher retinal glucose, lactate, ATP, and glutamine levels and a significant reduction in glutamate levels compared with control mice. Minimal or no metabolic changes were observed in hyperglycemic mice without intraocular cytokines or in control mice with intraocular cytokines at 2 days post hyperglycemia. Conclusions Proinflammatory cytokines accelerated the development of vascular damage in the eyes of hyperglycemic mice. Significant changes were observed in retinal structure, function, and metabolic homeostasis. These findings support the idea that with the onset of inflammation in DR, there is a deficit in metabolism. Therefore, early intervention to prevent inflammation-induced retinal changes in diabetic patients may improve the disease outcome.
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28
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Portillo JAC, Yu JS, Vos S, Bapputty R, Lopez Corcino Y, Hubal A, Daw J, Arora S, Sun W, Lu ZR, Subauste CS. Disruption of retinal inflammation and the development of diabetic retinopathy in mice by a CD40-derived peptide or mutation of CD40 in Müller cells. Diabetologia 2022; 65:2157-2171. [PMID: 35920844 PMCID: PMC9630214 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-022-05775-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS CD40 expressed in Müller cells is a central driver of diabetic retinopathy. CD40 causes phospholipase Cγ1 (PLCγ1)-dependent ATP release in Müller cells followed by purinergic receptor (P2X7)-dependent production of proinflammatory cytokines in myeloid cells. In the diabetic retina, CD40 and P2X7 upregulate a broad range of inflammatory molecules that promote development of diabetic retinopathy. The molecular event downstream of CD40 that activates the PLCγ1-ATP-P2X7-proinflammatory cytokine cascade and promotes development of diabetic retinopathy is unknown. We hypothesise that disruption of the CD40-driven molecular events that trigger this cascade prevents/treats diabetic retinopathy in mice. METHODS B6 and transgenic mice with Müller cell-restricted expression of wild-type (WT) CD40 or CD40 with mutations in TNF receptor-associated factor (TRAF) binding sites were made diabetic using streptozotocin. Leucostasis was assessed using FITC-conjugated concanavalin A. Histopathology was examined in the retinal vasculature. Expression of inflammatory molecules and phospho-Tyr783 PLCγ1 (p-PLCγ1) were assessed using real-time PCR, immunoblot and/or immunohistochemistry. Release of ATP and cytokines were measured by ATP bioluminescence and ELISA, respectively. RESULTS Human Müller cells with CD40 ΔT2,3 (lacks TRAF2,3 binding sites) were unable to phosphorylate PLCγ1 and release ATP in response to CD40 ligation, and could not induce TNF-α/IL-1β secretion in bystander myeloid cells. CD40-TRAF signalling acted via Src to induce PLCγ1 phosphorylation. Diabetic mice in which WT CD40 in Müller cells was replaced by CD40 ΔT2,3 failed to exhibit phosphorylation of PLCγ1 in these cells and upregulate P2X7 and TNF-α in microglia/macrophages. P2x7 (also known as P2rx7), Tnf-α (also known as Tnf), Il-1β (also known as Il1b), Nos2, Icam-1 (also known as Icam1) and Ccl2 mRNA were not increased in these mice and the mice did not develop retinal leucostasis and capillary degeneration. Diabetic B6 mice treated intravitreally with a cell-permeable peptide that disrupts CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling did not exhibit either upregulation of P2X7 and inflammatory molecules in the retina or leucostasis. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling activated the CD40-PLCγ1-ATP-P2X7-proinflammatory cytokine pathway. Src functioned as a link between CD40-TRAF2,3 and PLCγ1. Replacing WT CD40 with CD40 ΔT2,3 impaired activation of PLCγ1 in Müller cells, upregulation of P2X7 in microglia/macrophages, upregulation of a broad range of inflammatory molecules in the diabetic retina and the development of diabetic retinopathy. Administration of a peptide that disrupts CD40-TRAF2,3 signalling reduced retinal expression of inflammatory molecules and reduced leucostasis in diabetic mice, supporting the therapeutic potential of pharmacological inhibition of CD40-TRAF2,3 in diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose-Andres C Portillo
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jin-Sang Yu
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Vos
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Reena Bapputty
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Yalitza Lopez Corcino
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Alyssa Hubal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Jad Daw
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sahil Arora
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Wenyu Sun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Zheng-Rong Lu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carlos S Subauste
- Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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29
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The Role of Adaptive Immunity in Diabetic Retinopathy. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11216499. [PMID: 36362727 PMCID: PMC9657718 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11216499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is currently one of the common causes of vision loss in working-age adults. It is clinically diagnosed and classified according to the vascular changes in the fundus. However, the activation of immune cells occurs before these vascular changes become detectable. These, together with molecular studies and the positive clinical outcomes of anti-inflammatory treatment, highlight the pivotal involvement of the immune system. The role of innate immunity in DR pathophysiology has been studied in depth, but the contribution of adaptive immunity remains largely elusive. This review aims to summarize our current understanding of the activation mechanism of adaptive immunity in DR microenvironments and to discuss the relationship between adaptive immunity and local vascular units or innate immunity, which opens new avenues for clinical applications in DR treatment.
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Mohamed Farhan H, Nassar M, Hassan Ahmed M, Abougabal K, Abd Elazim Taha N. An association between the sarcolemmal membrane-associated protein gene and microvascular endothelial diabetic retinopathy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A preliminary case control study. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2022; 16:102653. [PMID: 36308782 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2022.102653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the most common microvascular diabetic complications. Sarcolemmal membrane-associated protein (SLMAP) has been implicated in playing a role in microvascular endothelial dysfunction. This study aimed to assess the significance of SLMAP rs17058639C > T gene polymorphism among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its relevance to microvascular endothelial diabetic retinopathy. METHODS We conducted this case-control study on 100 individuals divided into 60 participants with T2DM and 40 healthy controls. Patients with T2D were stratified into two groups: 40 patients with DR and 20 patients with diabetic non-retinopathy (DNR). Patients with T2DM were compared with age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Fundus examinations were conducted to detect microvascular endothelial changes. The polymorphism of SLMAP rs17058639C > T gene was identified by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) TaqMan allelic discrimination. RESULTS Patients with DR have significantly increased glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) compared to patients with DNR (P < 0.001). There was no statistically significant difference found between diabetic and control groups regarding the frequency of SLMAP rs17058639C > T genotypes. The homozygous CC genotype was the most common variant among patients with DR; however, the results did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS Diabetic retinopathy is correlated with poor glycemic control, and SLMAP rs17058639C > T polymorphism was associated with microvascular endothelial DR in patients with T2DM, although further studies with a large sample size are needed to confirm our findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Mohamed Farhan
- Clinical & Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud Nassar
- Medicine Department, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai / NYC Health + Hospital / Queens, New York, USA.
| | - Mansour Hassan Ahmed
- Ophthalmology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Khadiga Abougabal
- Clinical & Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
| | - Niveen Abd Elazim Taha
- Clinical & Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt.
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D'Agata V, D'Amico AG, Maugeri G, Bucolo C, Rossi S, Giunta S. Carnosol attenuates high glucose damage in human retinal endothelial cells through regulation of ERK/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2022:1-13. [PMID: 36300534 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2022.2137022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Carnosol is a natural compound with antioxidant properties. Based on this evidence, in the present study we investigated whether this compound can protect retinal vascular endothelium from hyperglycemic insult responsible for diabetic retinopathy development. We performed in vitro study on human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) cultured both in normal and high glucose conditions to assess the effects of carnosol on cell viability, Nrf2 expression, HO-1 activity, and ERK1/2 expression. HREC exposed to high glucose insult were treated with carnosol. Data indicated that carnosol treatment is able to induce HO-1 expression via Nrf2 activation and counteracts the damage elicited by high glucose. Further, carnosol activation of Nrf2/HO-1 signaling axis involves ERK1/2 pathway. These data confirm the therapeutic value of carnosol by suggesting its use to treat diabetic retinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Velia D'Agata
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Agata Grazia D'Amico
- Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Grazia Maugeri
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Claudio Bucolo
- Pharmacology Section, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
- Center for Research in Ocular Pharmacology (CERFO), University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
| | - Settimio Rossi
- Eye Clinic, Multidisciplinary Department of Medical, Surgical and Dental Sciences, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Napoli 80138, Italy
| | - Salvatore Giunta
- Section of Anatomy, Histology and Movement Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania 95100, Italy
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Inhibition of KCTD10 Affects Diabetic Retinopathy Progression by Reducing VEGF and Affecting Angiogenesis. Genet Res (Camb) 2022; 2022:4112307. [PMID: 36381427 PMCID: PMC9629933 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4112307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim We purposed to evaluate the KCTD10 effects of angiogenesis in diabetic retinopathy (DR). Methods We induced a DR cell model using high glucose (HG) treatment of HRECs and ARPE-19 cells. A DR rat was established by injecting streptozotocin. Small interference RNA targeted KCTD10 (si-KCTD10) was used to mediate KCTD10 inhibition in cell and animal models. The roles of KCTD10 on cell viability, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and related proteins (VEGF and HIF-1α) were observed by RT-qPCR, Western blot, CCK-8 assay, TUNEL staining, tube formation assay, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry assay. Results KCTD10 expression was upregulated in DR cells and retinal tissue of DR rats. Treatment of the cells with si-KCTD10 increased cell viability and decreased apoptosis and angiogenesis in DR cells. Inhibition of KCTD10 could reduce the expression of VEGF and HIF-1α in DR cells. Furthermore, KCTD10 inhibition reduced VEGF levels in the retinal tissue of DR rats. Conclusion This work showed that inhibition of KCTD10 relieved angiogenesis in DR.
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Robinson R, Glass J, Sharma A, Sharma S. Generation and characterization of a Müller-glial-cell-specific Il6ra knockout mouse to delineate the effects of IL-6 trans-signaling in the retina. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17626. [PMID: 36271280 PMCID: PMC9587029 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22329-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is implicated in various retinal and vascular complications associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). This cytokine functions through two main modalities: classical signaling, in cells expressing the membrane-bound receptor (IL-6Rα); and trans-signaling, possible in most cells through a soluble form of the receptor (sIL-6R). These pathways are considered to be anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory, respectively. Our recent studies in retinal endothelial cells and diabetic mice have shown that inhibiting only IL-6 trans-signaling is sufficient to prevent increased vascular leakage, oxidative stress, and inflammation characteristic of DR. Isolating the specific effects of each signaling pathway, however, remains difficult in cells expressing IL-6Rα that are thus capable of both classical and trans-signaling. Müller glial cells (MGCs), the most abundant retinal macroglial cells, span the entire retinal thickness with vital roles in maintaining retinal homeostasis and regulating the blood-retinal barrier through secreted factors. The specific effects of IL-6 trans-signaling in MGCs remain poorly understood given their responsiveness to both IL-6 signaling modalities. In this study, we addressed these concerns by generating an MGC-specific knockout mouse using Cre-loxP deletion of the Il6ra cytokine-binding region. We assessed transcriptional and translational Il6ra expression to confirm the knockout and characterized the effects of knockout on visual functioning in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah Robinson
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CAII 4139, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Joshua Glass
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CAII 4139, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CAII 4139, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Shruti Sharma
- Center for Biotechnology and Genomic Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, 1120 15th Street, CAII 4139, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
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Sharma K, Zhang Y, Paudel KR, Kachelmeier A, Hansbro PM, Shi X. The Emerging Role of Pericyte-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Vascular and Neurological Health. Cells 2022; 11:cells11193108. [PMID: 36231071 PMCID: PMC9563036 DOI: 10.3390/cells11193108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Pericytes (PCs), as a central component of the neurovascular unit, contribute to the regenerative potential of the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS) by virtue of their role in blood flow regulation, angiogenesis, maintenance of the BBB, neurogenesis, and neuroprotection. Emerging evidence indicates that PCs also have a role in mediating cell-to-cell communication through the secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs). Extracellular vesicles are cell-derived, micro- to nano-sized vesicles that transport cell constituents such as proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids from a parent originating cell to a recipient cell. PC-derived EVs (PC-EVs) play a crucial homeostatic role in neurovascular disease, as they promote angiogenesis, maintain the integrity of the blood-tissue barrier, and provide neuroprotection. The cargo carried by PC-EVs includes growth factors such as endothelial growth factor (VEGF), connecting tissue growth factors (CTGFs), fibroblast growth factors, angiopoietin 1, and neurotrophic growth factors such as brain-derived neurotrophic growth factor (BDNF), neuron growth factor (NGF), and glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), as well as cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, IL-10, and MCP-1. The PC-EVs also carry miRNA and circular RNA linked to neurovascular health and the progression of several vascular and neuronal diseases. Therapeutic strategies employing PC-EVs have potential in the treatment of vascular and neurodegenerative diseases. This review discusses current research on the characteristic features of EVs secreted by PCs and their role in neuronal and vascular health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kushal Sharma
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Yunpei Zhang
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Keshav Raj Paudel
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Allan Kachelmeier
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Philip M. Hansbro
- Centre for Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Xiaorui Shi
- Oregon Hearing Research Center, Department of Otolaryngology/Head & Neck Surgery, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-503-494-2997
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Abdelrahman AA, Bunch KL, Sandow PV, Cheng PNM, Caldwell RB, Caldwell RW. Systemic Administration of Pegylated Arginase-1 Attenuates the Progression of Diabetic Retinopathy. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182890. [PMID: 36139465 PMCID: PMC9497170 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a serious complication of diabetes that results from sustained hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, and oxidative stress. Under these conditions, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression is upregulated in the macrophages (MΦ) and microglia, resulting in increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory cytokines, which contribute to disease progression. Arginase 1 (Arg1) is a ureohydrolase that competes with iNOS for their common substrate, L-arginine. We hypothesized that the administration of a stable form of Arg1 would deplete L-arginine’s availability for iNOS, thus decreasing inflammation and oxidative stress in the retina. Using an obese Type 2 diabetic (T2DM) db/db mouse, this study characterized DR in this model and determined if systemic treatment with pegylated Arg1 (PEG-Arg1) altered the progression of DR. PEG-Arg1 treatment of db/db mice thrice weekly for two weeks improved visual function compared with untreated db/db controls. Retinal expression of inflammatory factors (iNOS, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) was significantly increased in the untreated db/db mice compared with the lean littermate controls. The increased retinal inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in db/db mice were suppressed with PEG-Arg1 treatment. Additionally, PEG-Arg1 treatment restored the blood–retinal barrier (BRB) function, as evidenced by the decreased tissue albumin extravasation and an improved endothelial ZO-1 tight junction integrity compared with untreated db/db mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar A. Abdelrahman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Katharine L. Bunch
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Porsche V. Sandow
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Paul N-M Cheng
- Bio-Cancer Treatment International, Bioinformatics Building, Hong Kong Science Park, Tai Po, Hong Kong SAR 511513, China
| | - Ruth B. Caldwell
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Vascular Biology Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - R. William Caldwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Culver Vision Discovery Institute, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-721-2345
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lncRNA ZFAS1 Positively Facilitates Endothelial Ferroptosis via miR-7-5p/ACSL4 Axis in Diabetic Retinopathy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9004738. [PMID: 36092160 PMCID: PMC9453005 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9004738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested the significant role of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNA) in regulating ferroptosis, while its regulatory mechanism in diabetic retinopathy (DR) remains unelucidated. In this work, we first demonstrated that lncRNA zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1) is upregulated in high glucose-cultured human retinal endothelial cells (hRECs) and ZFAS1 inhibition attenuated high glucose- (HG-) induced ferroptosis, which was evidenced by cell viability, total iron and ferrous iron levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, and Glutathione Peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression detection. Mechanistically, we validated that ZFAS1 may act as a competing endogenous RNA by competitively binding with microRNA-7-5p (miR-7-5p) and modulating the expression of its downstream molecule acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), which is now identified as a classic driver gene of ferroptosis process. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that HG-induced ZFAS1 elevation activates ferroptosis in hRECs and the ZFAS1/miR-7-5p/ACSL4 axis may serve as a therapeutic target for endothelial dysfunction in DR.
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Liu C, Ren Y, Sui X, Liu K, Zhang J, Wang Z, Li Y, Zhang Y. Integrating network pharmacology, transcriptomics, and molecular simulation to reveal the mechanism of tert-butylhydroquinone for treating diabetic retinopathy. Eur J Pharmacol 2022; 931:175215. [PMID: 35987258 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2022.175215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a common microvascular complication of diabetes mellitus, is a significant cause of blindness. As one of the crucial factors in the pathogenesis of DR, oxidative stress provides new insights for the treatment of DR. Tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), an efficient phenolic antioxidant, has been proved to inhibit diabetic retina injury. However, the mechanism of TBHQ for DR treatment is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the potential mechanism of TBHQ for treating DR. Firstly, the potential targets of TBHQ and DR were selected to construct protein-protein interaction network, which was applied to illustrate the potential mechanism of TBHQ against DR. Combined with transcriptomics and molecular simulation, the potential mechanisms were systematically verified. The results showed that TBHQ inhibited retinal microvascular injury by regulating oxidative stress, inflammation, cell proliferation-death regulation, and vascular system development. The mechanisms of these activities were associated with hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), forkhead box O (FoxO), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT), and rhoptry-associated protein1 (Rap1) signaling pathways and their related targets nitric oxide synthase 3 (NOS3), mitogen-activated protein kinase 8 (MAPK8), prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2 (PTGS2), and heme oxygenase 1 (HMOX1). In conclusion, a systematic perspective for the mechanism of TBHQ against DR was revealed by present study which lays a foundation for the application of TBHQ in treating DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoqun Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yue Ren
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Xin Sui
- Information and Educational Technology Center, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Kaiyang Liu
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Zian Wang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yingying Li
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China
| | - Yanling Zhang
- Key Laboratory of TCM-information Engineer of State Administration of TCM, School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 102488, China.
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Mohamed MK, Atef AA, Moemen LA, Abdel Azeem AA, Mohalhal IA, Taha AM. Association study of HIF-1α rs11549465 and VEGF rs3025039 genetic variants with diabetic retinopathy in Egyptian patients: crosslinks with angiogenic, inflammatory, and anti-inflammatory markers. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2022; 20:122. [PMID: 35969320 PMCID: PMC9378806 DOI: 10.1186/s43141-022-00401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Genetic factors are implicated in the progression of DR—a global cause of blindness. Hence, the current work investigated the association of HIF-1α rs11549465 and VEGF rs3025039 genetic variants with the different stages of retinopathy among T2DM Egyptian patients. The crosslinks of these variants were explored with angiogenesis (VEGF), inflammation (AGEP and VCAM-1), and anti-inflammation (CTRP3) markers. Two hundred eighty-eight subjects were recruited in this study: 72 served as controls and 216 were having T2DM and were divided into diabetics without retinopathy (DWR), diabetics with non-proliferative retinopathy (NPDR), and diabetics with proliferative retinopathy (PDR). The genetic variants were analyzed using PCR-RFLP and their associations with NPDR and PDR were statistically tested. The circulating levels of AGEP, VCAM-1, HIF-1α, VEGF, and CTRP3 were assayed followed by analyzing their associations statistically with the studied variants. Results Only HIF-1α rs11549465 genetic variant (recessive model) was significantly associated with the development of NPDR among T2DM patients (p < 0.025) with a significant correlation with the circulating HIF-1α level (p < 0.0001). However, this variant was not associated with PDR progression. Neither HIF-1α rs11549465 nor VEGF rs3025039 genetic variants were associated with the PDR progression. The circulating AGEP, VCAM-1, HIF-1α, and VEGF were significantly elevated (p < 0.0001) while the CTRP3 was significantly decreased (p < 0.0001) in NPDR and PDR groups. The HIF-1α rs11549465 CT and/or TT genotype carriers were significantly associated with AGEP and VCAM-1 levels in the NPDR group, while it showed a significant association with the CTRP3 level in the PDR group. The VEGF rs3025039 TT genotype carriers showed only a significant association with the CTRP3 level in the PDR group. Conclusion The significant association of HIF-1α rs11549465 other than VEGF rs3025039 with the initiation of NPDR in T2DM Egyptian patients might protect them from progression to the proliferative stage via elevating circulating HIF-1α. However, this protective role was not enough to prevent the development of NPDR because of enhancing angiogenesis and inflammation together with suppressing anti-inflammation. The non-significant association of HIF-1α rs11549465 with PDR among T2DM patients could not make this variant a risk factor for PDR progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azza A Atef
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Leqaa A Moemen
- Biochemistry Unit, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Islam A Mohalhal
- Surgical Retina, Research Institute of Ophthalmology, Giza, Egypt
| | - Alshaimaa M Taha
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
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Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor Protects Retinal Neural Cells and Prevents Pathological Angiogenesis in an Ex Vivo Ischemia Model. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:4199394. [PMID: 36035211 PMCID: PMC9410835 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4199394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Ocular ischemia/hypoxia is a severe problem in ophthalmology that can cause vision impairment and blindness. However, little is known about the changes occurring in the existing fully formed choroidal blood vessels. We developed a new whole organ culture model for ischemia/hypoxia in rat eyes and investigate the effects of pigment epithelium derived factor (PEDF) protein on the eye tissues. The concentration of oxygen within the vitreous was measured in the enucleated rat eyes and living rats. Then, ischemia was mimicked by incubating the freshly enucleated eyes in medium at 4°C for 14 h. Eyes were fixed immediately after enucleation or were intravitreally injected with PEDF protein or with vehicle before incubation. After incubation, light and electron microscopy (EM) as well as Tunel staining was performed. In the living rats, the intravitreal oxygen concentration was on average at 16.4% of the oxygen concentration in the air and did not change throughout the experiment whereas it was ca. 28% at the beginning of the experiment and gradually decreased over time in the enucleated eyes. EM analysis revealed that the shape of the choriocapillaris changed dramatically after 14 h incubation in the enucleated eyes. The endothelial cells made filopodia-like projections into the vessel lumen. They appeared identical to the labyrinth capillaries found in surgically extracted choroidal neovascular membranes from patients with wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD). These filopodia-like projections nearly closed the vessel lumen and showed open gaps between neighboring endothelial cells. PEDF significantly inhibited labyrinth capillary formation and kept the capillary lumen open. The number of TUNEL-positive ganglion cells and inner nuclear layer cells was significantly reduced in the PEDF-treated eyes compared to the vehicle-treated eyes. The structural changes in the chroidal vessels observed under ischemia/hypoxia conditions can mimic early changes in the process of pathological angiogenesis as observed in wet AMD patients. This new model can be used to investigate short-term drug effects on the choriocapillaris after ischemia/hypoxia and it highlighted the potential of PEDF as a promising candidate for treating wet AMD.
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Rathjen T, Kunkemoeller B, Cederquist CT, Wang X, Lockhart SM, Patti JC, Willenbrock H, Olsen GS, Povlsen GK, Beck HC, Rasmussen LM, Li Q, Park K, King GL, Rask-Madsen C. Endothelial Cell Insulin Signaling Regulates CXCR4 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Receptor 4) and Limits Leukocyte Adhesion to Endothelium. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2022; 42:e217-e227. [PMID: 35652755 PMCID: PMC9371472 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.122.317476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An activated, proinflammatory endothelium is a key feature in the development of complications of obesity and type 2 diabetes and can be caused by insulin resistance in endothelial cells. METHODS We analyzed primary human endothelial cells by RNA sequencing to discover novel insulin-regulated genes and used endothelial cell culture and animal models to characterize signaling through CXCR4 (C-X-C motif chemokine receptor 4) in endothelial cells. RESULTS CXCR4 was one of the genes most potently regulated by insulin, and this was mediated by PI3K (phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase), likely through FoxO1, which bound to the CXCR4 promoter. CXCR4 mRNA in CD31+ cells was 77% higher in mice with diet-induced obesity compared with lean controls and 37% higher in db/db mice than db/+ controls, consistent with upregulation of CXCR4 in endothelial cell insulin resistance. SDF-1 (stromal cell-derived factor-1)-the ligand for CXCR4-increased leukocyte adhesion to cultured endothelial cells. This effect was lost after deletion of CXCR4 by gene editing while 80% of the increase was prevented by treatment of endothelial cells with insulin. In vivo microscopy of mesenteric venules showed an increase in leukocyte rolling after intravenous injection of SDF-1, but most of this response was prevented in transgenic mice with endothelial overexpression of IRS-1 (insulin receptor substrate-1). CONCLUSIONS Endothelial cell insulin signaling limits leukocyte/endothelial cell interaction induced by SDF-1 through downregulation of CXCR4. Improving insulin signaling in endothelial cells or inhibiting endothelial CXCR4 may reduce immune cell recruitment to the vascular wall or tissue parenchyma in insulin resistance and thereby help prevent several vascular complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rathjen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.).,Novo Nordisk A/S, Måløv, Denmark (T.R., H.W., G.S.O., G.K.P.)
| | - Britta Kunkemoeller
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - Carly T Cederquist
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - Xuanchun Wang
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - Sam M Lockhart
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - James C Patti
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Qian Li
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - Kyoungmin Park
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - George L King
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
| | - Christian Rask-Madsen
- Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA (T.R., B.K., C.T.C., X.W., S.M.L., J.C.P., Q.L., K.P., G.L.K., C.R.-M.)
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Xia Z, Yang C, Yang X, Wu S, Feng Z, Qu L, Chen X, Liu L, Ma Y. LncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 is downregulated in diabetic retinopathy and promotes cell apoptosis by regulating miR-211/SIRT1. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2022; 14:73. [PMID: 35570299 PMCID: PMC9107717 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-022-00836-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM This study aimed to investigate the role of lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 in diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS Plasma MCM3AP-AS1 levels in DR patients (n = 80), T2DM patients (n = 80), and Controls (n = 80) were measured by qPCR and compared using ANOVA (one-way) and Tukey test. The expressions of lncRNA MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-211 in Human retinal pigment epithelial cells (hRPE) line ARPE-19 were detected by RT-qPCR. Western blot and annexin V-FITC staining were performed to investigate the role of MCM3AP-AS1/SIRT1 in ARPE-19 cell proliferation and apoptosis in vitro. RESULTS We observed that MCM3AP-AS1 was downregulated in DR patients 25 comparing to T2D patients without significantly complications. Bioinformatics analysis showed that MCM3AP-AS1 might bind miR-211. However, no significant correlation between these two factors was observed in DR patients. Consistently, overexpression of MCM3AP-AS1 and miR-211 failed to affect the expression of each other in hRPE. Interestingly, MCM3AP-AS1 overexpression upregulated SIRT1, a target of miR-211. Moreover, MCM3AP-AS1 was downregulated in DR patients compared to type 2 diabetic mellitus patients without significant complications. In RPEs, high glucose treatment downregulated MCM3AP-AS1. Cell apoptosis analysis showed that MCM3AP-AS1 and SIRT1 overexpression decreased the apoptotic rate of RPEs, and miR-211 overexpression reduced the effect of MCM3AP-AS1 and SIRT1 overexpression. CONCLUSION MCM3AP-AS1 is downregulated in DR and promotes cell apoptosis by regulating miR-211/SIRT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Xia
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China.
| | - Chaoying Yang
- Department of Dermatology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxi Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuduan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhen Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Qu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianghua Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Linyu Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Sixth Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, No. Two Heng Road 26th, Tianhe District, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510655, People's Republic of China
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Gong Y, Li X, Xie L. Circ_0001897 regulates high glucose-induced angiogenesis and inflammation in retinal microvascular endothelial cells through miR-29c-3p/transforming growth factor beta 2 axis. Bioengineered 2022; 13:11694-11705. [PMID: 35510503 PMCID: PMC9275961 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2070997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) has become the leading cause of blindness among adults at working age. Previous studies have implicated circ_0001897 in the development of DR. In this study, we investigated the functional roles and mechanisms of circ_0001897 in high glucose-induced angiogenesis and inflammation. Peripheral blood samples from DR patients and healthy controls were collected to examine circ_0001897 expression, which demonstrated a significant upregulation of circ_0001897 in DR patients. To investigate the functional role and mechanisms of circ_0001897, human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs) were treated with high glucose (HG) to establish an in vitro DR model of endothelial cells. HG treatment induced the upregulation of circ_0001897 in HRECs, and enhanced cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, as well as in vitro angiogenesis. Circ_0001897 knockdown significantly attenuated the cell proliferation, inflammatory responses, and angiogenesis induced by HG treatment. Mechanistically, circ_0001897 sponged and inhibited the activity of mir-29c-3p, which in turn regulates the downstream target transforming growth factor beta 2 (TGFB2). The effects of circ_0001897 knockdown could be rescued by mir-29c-3p inhibitor or TGFB2 overexpression. Collectively, our data demonstrated the novel role of circ_0001897/mir-29c-3p/TGFB2 axis in regulating HG-induced inflammation and angiogenesis of HRECs. These findings suggest that targeting circ_0001897 could serve as an intervention strategy to ameliorate DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudan Gong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Xinze Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
| | - Liuyi Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, Beilun People's Hospital, Ningbo, China
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Bushra S, Al-Sadeq DW, Bari R, Sahara A, Fadel A, Rizk N. Adiponectin Ameliorates Hyperglycemia-Induced Retinal Endothelial Dysfunction, Highlighting Pathways, Regulators, and Networks. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:3135-3166. [PMID: 35662872 PMCID: PMC9156523 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s358594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The pathophysiology of diabetic retinopathy (DR) is multifaced. A low level of circulating adiponectin (APN) in type 2 diabetes is associated with microvasculature complications, and its role in the evolution of DR is complex. Aim This study is designed to explore the potential impact of APN in the pathogenesis of DR, linking the changes in cellular and biological processes with the pathways, networks, and regulators involved in its actions. Methods Human microvascular retinal endothelial cells (HMRECs) were exposed to 30mM glucose (HG) and treated with globular adiponectin (30μg/mL) for 24 hours. The cells were evaluated for reactive oxidative stress (ROS) and apoptosis. RT-PCR profile arrays were utilized to evaluate the profile of genes involved in endothelial functions, angiogenesis, extracellular matrix, and adhesion molecules for hyperglycemic HMRECs treated with adiponectin. In addition, the barrier function, leukocyte migration, and angiogenesis were evaluated. The differential expressed genes (DEGs) were outlined, and bioinformatic analysis was applied. Results Adiponectin suppresses ROS production and apoptosis in HMRECs under HG conditions. Adiponectin improved migration and barrier functions in hyperglycemic cells. The bioinformatic analysis highlighted that the signaling pathways of integrin, HMGB1, and p38 AMPK, are mainly involved in the actions of APN on HMRECs. APN significantly affects molecular functions, including the adhesion of cells, chemotaxis, migration of WBCs, and angiogenesis. STAT3, NFKB, IKBKB, and mir-8 are the top upstream regulators, which affect the expressions of the genes of the data set, while TNF and TGFB1 are the top regulators. Conclusion Adiponectin significantly counteracts hyperglycemia at various cellular and molecular levels, reducing its impact on the pathophysiological progression towards DR in vitro using HMRECs. Adiponectin ameliorates inflammatory response, oxidative stress, and endothelial barrier dysfunction using a causal network of NFBk complex, TNF, and HMGB1 and integrin pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumbul Bushra
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Duaa W Al-Sadeq
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Redwana Bari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Afifah Sahara
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Amina Fadel
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nasser Rizk
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Biomedical Research Center (BRC), Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
- Correspondence: Nasser Rizk, Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, QU-Health, Qatar University, P.O. Box 2713, Doha, Qatar, Tel +974-4403-4786, Email
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Carpi-Santos R, de Melo Reis RA, Gomes FCA, Calaza KC. Contribution of Müller Cells in the Diabetic Retinopathy Development: Focus on Oxidative Stress and Inflammation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11040617. [PMID: 35453302 PMCID: PMC9027671 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy is a neurovascular complication of diabetes and the main cause of vision loss in adults. Glial cells have a key role in maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. In the retina, the predominant element is the Müller cell, a specialized cell with radial morphology that spans all retinal layers and influences the function of the entire retinal circuitry. Müller cells provide metabolic support, regulation of extracellular composition, synaptic activity control, structural organization of the blood–retina barrier, antioxidant activity, and trophic support, among other roles. Therefore, impairments of Müller actions lead to retinal malfunctions. Accordingly, increasing evidence indicates that Müller cells are affected in diabetic retinopathy and may contribute to the severity of the disease. Here, we will survey recently described alterations in Müller cell functions and cellular events that contribute to diabetic retinopathy, especially related to oxidative stress and inflammation. This review sheds light on Müller cells as potential therapeutic targets of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul Carpi-Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.-S.); (F.C.A.G.)
| | - Ricardo A. de Melo Reis
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil;
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, RJ, Brazil; (R.C.-S.); (F.C.A.G.)
| | - Karin C. Calaza
- Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Neurobiologia, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niteroi 24210-201, RJ, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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Simó R, Simó-Servat O, Bogdanov P, Hernández C. Diabetic Retinopathy: Role of Neurodegeneration and Therapeutic Perspectives. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 2022; 11:160-167. [PMID: 35533335 DOI: 10.1097/apo.0000000000000510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Retinal neurodegeneration plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the leading cause of preventable blindness. The hallmarks of diabetes-induced neurodegeneration are neural cell apoptosis and glial activation, which seem even before vascular lesions can be detected by ophthalmoscopic examination. The molecular mediators of retinal neurodegeneration include proinflamma- tory cytokines, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the molecular pathways closely related to chronic hyperglycemia. In this article, an overview of the main components of neurodegeneration, its key underlying mechanisms, and the more useful experimental models for investigative purposes will be given. In addition, the results of most relevant treatments based on neuroprotection, and the research gaps that should be filled will be critically reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Simó
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Simó-Servat
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Patricia Bogdanov
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Hernández
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomedica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ICSIII), Madrid, Spain
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Al-Namaeh M. Common causes of visual impairment in the elderly. MEDICAL HYPOTHESIS, DISCOVERY & INNOVATION OPHTHALMOLOGY JOURNAL 2022; 10:191-200. [PMID: 37641654 PMCID: PMC10460237 DOI: 10.51329/mehdiophthal1438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Background Aging is not a disease; rather, it is a process. As people age, visual impairment (VI) becomes more common. In 2010, the overall prevalence rate of vision impairment in all races was 25.66% in individuals aged ≥ 80 years, according to the estimate of the National Eye Institute at the National Institutes of Health. This review aimed to address the common causes of VI in the elderly. Methods In this narrative review, an electronic search of the PubMed/MEDLINE database was conducted using "visual impairment" and "elderly" for the period between January 2010 and April 2021, to include randomized clinical trials and observational studies concerning VI in the elderly. The selected time period was chosen to provide an updated review. Results The search yielded 2955 articles published over the period of more than 11 years. The relevant randomized clinical trials or observational studies were included and reviewed. Cataracts, refractive errors, open-angle glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy were the most common age-related ocular disorders leading to VI if untreated in the elderly. The loss of visual acuity can adversely affect quality of life in the elderly. Difficulty with activities of daily living related to VI can lead to social isolation, depression, and anxiety. Loss of vision in the elderly is linked to an increased risk of falls, hip fracture, depression, and poor quality of life. Conclusions The most common causes of VI in the elderly are cataracts and refractive errors. VI in most ocular diseases is more prevalent in women than in men due to longer lifespan. The overall prevalence of the main causes of VI in the elderly is expected to increase; therefore, health policymakers should consider this when planning for the health-enhancement program of the population.
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Rayavel P, Murukesh C. A Novel Approach for Identification of Biomakers in Diabetic Retinopathy Recognition. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL IMAGING AND HEALTH INFORMATICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1166/jmihi.2022.3934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In the emergence of anti-Antivascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs such as ranibizumab and bevacizumab, it has become obvious that the presence of outer retinal and subretinal fluid is the primary signal of the need for anti-VEGF therapy, and used to identify disease activity
and assist diabetic retinopathy treatment. Despite advancements in diabetic retinopathy (DR) treatments, early detection is critical for DR management and remains a significant barrier. Clinical DR can be distinguished from non proliferative DR without visible vision loss and vision-threatening
consequences such as macular edoema and proliferative retinopathy by retinal alterations in diabetes. The proposed method aggrandize the process of accurate detection of biomakers responsible for higher risk of diabetic retinopathy development in color fundus images. Furthermore, the proposed
approach could be employed to quantify these lesions and their distributions efficientively as evident in the experimentation results.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Rayavel
- Research Scholar (Anna University), Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Sri SaiRam Institute of Technology, Chennai 600044, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - C. Murukesh
- Velammal Engineering College, Chennai 600066, Tamil Nadu, India
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Jafari Z, Bigham A, Sadeghi S, Dehdashti SM, Rabiee N, Abedivash A, Bagherzadeh M, Nasseri B, Karimi-Maleh H, Sharifi E, Varma RS, Makvandi P. Nanotechnology-Abetted Astaxanthin Formulations in Multimodel Therapeutic and Biomedical Applications. J Med Chem 2022; 65:2-36. [PMID: 34919379 PMCID: PMC8762669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.1c01144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Astaxanthin (AXT) is one of the most important fat-soluble carotenoids that have abundant and diverse therapeutic applications namely in liver disease, cardiovascular disease, cancer treatment, protection of the nervous system, protection of the skin and eyes against UV radiation, and boosting the immune system. However, due to its intrinsic reactivity, it is chemically unstable, and therefore, the design and production processes for this compound need to be precisely formulated. Nanoencapsulation is widely applied to protect AXT against degradation during digestion and storage, thus improving its physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects. Nanocarriers are delivery systems with many advantages─ease of surface modification, biocompatibility, and targeted drug delivery and release. This review discusses the technological advancement in nanocarriers for the delivery of AXT through the brain, eyes, and skin, with emphasis on the benefits, limitations, and efficiency in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jafari
- Department
of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17443 Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashkan Bigham
- Institute
of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials
- National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 - Mostra D’Oltremare
pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Sahar Sadeghi
- Department
of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17443 Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Mehdi Dehdashti
- Cellular
and Molecular Biology Research Center, Shahid
Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 19857-17443 Tehran, Iran
| | - Navid Rabiee
- Department
of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9161 Tehran, Iran
- Department
of Physics, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9161 Tehran, Iran
- School
of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Alireza Abedivash
- Department
of Basic Sciences, Sari Agricultural Sciences
and Natural Resources University, 48181-68984 Sari, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Bagherzadeh
- Department
of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, 11155-9161 Tehran, Iran
| | - Behzad Nasseri
- Department
of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advance Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, 51664 Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hassan Karimi-Maleh
- School
of Resources and Environment, University
of Electronic Science and Technology of China, P.O. Box 611731, Xiyuan Avenue, 610054 Chengdu, PR China
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology,
Quchan University of Technology, 94771-67335 Quchan, Iran
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein Campus,
2028, 2006 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Esmaeel Sharifi
- Institute
of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials
- National Research Council (IPCB-CNR), Viale J.F. Kennedy 54 - Mostra D’Oltremare
pad. 20, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Department
of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical
Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University
of Medical Sciences, 6517838736 Hamadan, Iran
| | - Rajender S. Varma
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute, Palacky University, Šlechtitelů 27, 78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pooyan Makvandi
- Centre for
Materials Interfaces, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, viale
Rinaldo Piaggio 34, 56025 Pontedera, Pisa, Italy
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Suo L, Liu C, Zhang QY, Yao MD, Ma Y, Yao J, Jiang Q, Yan B. METTL3-mediated N 6-methyladenosine modification governs pericyte dysfunction during diabetes-induced retinal vascular complication. Am J Cancer Res 2022; 12:277-289. [PMID: 34987645 PMCID: PMC8690932 DOI: 10.7150/thno.63441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Microvascular complication is a major cause of morbidity and mortality among the patients with diabetes. Pericyte dysfunction is the predominant pathological manifestation of microvascular complication. N 6-methyladenosine (m6A) serves as the most prevalent modification in eukaryotic mRNAs. However, the role of m6A RNA modification in pericyte dysfunction is still unclear. Methods: Quantitative polymerase chain reactions and western blots were conducted to detect the change of m6A RNA modification in pericytes and mouse retinas following diabetic stress. MTT assay, transwell migration assay, caspase 3/7 activity assay, calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) staining, and TUNEL staining were conducted to determine the role of METTL3 in pericyte biology in vitro. Retinal trypsin digestion, vascular permeability assay, and IB4-NG2 double immunofluorescent staining were conducted to determine the role of METTL3 in retinal pericyte dysfunction and vascular complication. RNA sequencing, RNA pull-down assays and immunoblots were conducted to clarify the mechanism of METTL3-mediated pericyte dysfunction and vascular complication. Results: The levels of m6A RNA methylation were significantly up-regulated in pericytes and mouse retinas following diabetic stress, which were caused by increased expression of METTL3. METTL3 regulated the viability, proliferation, and differentiation of pericytes in vitro. Specific depletion of METTL3 in pericytes suppressed diabetes-induced pericyte dysfunction and vascular complication in vivo. METTL3 overexpression impaired pericyte function by repressing PKC-η, FAT4, and PDGFRA expression, which was mediated by YTHDF2-dependent mRNA decay. Conclusion: METTL3-mediated m6A methylation epigenetically regulates diabetes-induced pericyte dysfunction. METTL3-YTHDF2-PKC-η/FAT4/PDGFRA signaling axis could be therapeutically targeted for treating microvascular complications.
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50
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Sarker B, Cardona SM, Church KA, Vanegas D, Velazquez P, Rorex C, Rodriguez D, Mendiola AS, Kern TS, Domingo ND, Stephens R, Muzzio IA, Cardona AE. Defibrinogenation Ameliorates Retinal Microgliosis and Inflammation in A CX3CR1-Independent Manner. ASN Neuro 2022; 14:17590914221131446. [PMID: 36221892 PMCID: PMC9557863 DOI: 10.1177/17590914221131446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY STATEMENT Diabetic human and murine retinas revealed pronounced microglial morphological activation and vascular abnormalities associated with inflammation. Pharmacological fibrinogen depletion using ancrod dampened microglial morphology alterations, resolved fibrinogen accumulation, rescued axonal integrity, and reduced inflammation in the diabetic murine retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borna Sarker
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Sandra M. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Kaira A. Church
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Difernando Vanegas
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Priscila Velazquez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Colin Rorex
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | - Derek Rodriguez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
| | | | - Timothy S. Kern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Gavin Herbert Eye
Institute, University of California-Irvine,
Irvine, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center Research Service, Long Beach,
CA, USA
| | - Nadia D. Domingo
- Rutgers Center of Immunity and Inflammation,
Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ,
USA
| | - Robin Stephens
- Rutgers Center of Immunity and Inflammation,
Rutgers New
Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ,
USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, Rutgers
Center of Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers New Jersey Medical
School, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Isabel A. Muzzio
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, The University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Astrid E. Cardona
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
- South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases,
The University
of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX,
USA
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