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Klawetter S, Wahab S, Gievers L. Unsettling Common Sense Assumptions about Intimate Partner Violence in the NICU. Neoreviews 2024; 25:e245-e253. [PMID: 38688884 DOI: 10.1542/neo.25-5-e245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
NICU clinicians strive to provide family-centered care and often encounter complex and ethical challenges. Emerging evidence suggests that NICU clinicians likely interact with families experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV). However, little research and training exists to guide NICU clinicians in their thinking and practice in the midst of IPV. In this review, we use a structural violence framework to engage in a critical analysis of commonly held assumptions about IPV. These assumptions include an overreliance on binaries including male-female and offender-victim, the belief that people need to be rescued, prioritization of physical safety, and the notion that mandatory reporting helps families who experience violence. By reexamining these assumptions, this review guides NICU clinicians to consider alternatives to carceral and punitive responses to IPV, such as transformative justice and reflexive engagement.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphanie Wahab
- School of Social Work, Portland State University, Portland, OR
| | - Ladawna Gievers
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR
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2
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Ballucci D, Ghebrai S, Haan M. The Exosystem Impact: An Analysis of Male- and Female Physical Intimate Partner Violence Victimization in Heterosexual Relationships. VIOLENCE AND VICTIMS 2024; 39:53-70. [PMID: 38453374 DOI: 10.1891/vv-2021-0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
An increasing body of sociological research explores the complexity of intimate partner violence (IPV) in heterosexual relationships. However, early research in this area concentrated exclusively on male perpetration, thereby necessitating a better understanding of the contexts behind female-perpetrated and bidirectional IPV. Using the two most recent cycles of the Canadian General Social Survey (2014 and 2019), our study employs a multinomial logistic regression model to examine the prevalence and severity of female and male physical IPV victimization among a large sample of married and common-law heterosexual couples. Framing our analysis through one concentric level of Dutton's (1990) nested ecological model, the exosystem, we aim to understand whether these indicators serve as protective markers against severe and nonsevere physical IPV. We investigate the impact of eight exosystem indicators (financial stress, number of children, length of relationship, religiosity, employment, social support, education, and income). Our findings suggest that social support, employment, and household income serve as protective markers against male and female physical IPV victimization. Other protective factors include the length of the relationship and the partner's religiosity for female-perpetrated violence. At the same time, the presence of children in the household reduces the likelihood of male-perpetrated IPV despite being a risk marker for female perpetration. Risk factors for both men and women include education and their partner's employment. Future research should undertake a more in-depth exploration of the impact of exosystem and macrosystem factors on instances of IPV to generate a better understanding of predictive and preventative measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale Ballucci
- Department of Sociology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Sam Ghebrai
- Department of Sociology, Western University, London, Canada
| | - Michael Haan
- Department of Sociology, Western University, London, Canada
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3
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Morrison PK, Warling AD, Fleming R, Chang J. Partner Violent Men's Perspectives on the Factors That They Believe Contributed to Their Abusive Behaviors. Violence Against Women 2024; 30:460-484. [PMID: 36315631 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221134827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
While research on perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) is growing, few studies have sought to explore perpetrators' perspectives on their abusive behaviors. Thus, much remains unknown regarding how perpetrators view their abuse. We conducted 34 semistructured, open-ended interviews with men convicted of an IPV crime in which we broadly explored their perspectives on contributors to abuse. A history of exposure to violence as children, experiences with other traumatic events, and other causes (e.g., drug abuse) were the most cited. Our findings highlight areas where intervention efforts need to be tailored to address the unmet needs of men who perpetrate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rhonda Fleming
- Women's Center and Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Judy Chang
- Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences and Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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4
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Saunders KRK, Landau S, Howard LM, Fisher HL, Arseneault L, McLeod GFH, Oram S. Past-year intimate partner violence perpetration among people with and without depression: an individual participant data (IPD) meta-mediation analysis. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2023; 58:1735-1747. [PMID: 34842963 PMCID: PMC10627935 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-021-02183-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate whether (1) depression is associated with increased risk of past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration, disaggregated by sex, after controlling for potential confounders; (2) observed associations are mediated by alcohol misuse or past-year IPV victimisation. METHODS Systematic review and individual participant data (IPD) meta-mediation analysis of general population surveys of participants aged 16 years or older, that were conducted in a high-income country setting, and measured mental disorder and IPV perpetration in the last 12 months. RESULTS Four datasets contributed to meta-mediation analyses, with a combined sample of 12,679 participants. Depression was associated with a 7.4% and 4.8% proportion increase of past-year physical IPV perpetration among women and men, respectively. We found no evidence of mediation by alcohol misuse. Among women, past-year IPV victimisation mediated 45% of the total effect of depression on past-year IPV perpetration. Past-year severe IPV victimisation mediated 60% of the total effect of depression on past-year severe IPV perpetration. We could not investigate IPV victimisation as a mediator among men due to perfect prediction. CONCLUSIONS Mental health services, criminal justice services, and domestic violence perpetrator programmes should be aware that depression is associated with increased risk of IPV perpetration. Interventions to reduce IPV victimisation might help prevent IPV perpetration by women. Data collection on mental disorder and IPV perpetration should be strengthened in future population-based surveys, with greater consistency of data collection across surveys, as only four studies were able to contribute to the meta-mediation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R K Saunders
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Sabine Landau
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- Biostatistics and Health Informatics Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise M Howard
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Fisher
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- ESRC Centre for Society and Mental Health, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Geraldine F H McLeod
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Sian Oram
- Health Service and Population Research Department, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
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5
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Bhavsar V, McManus S, Saunders K, Howard LM. Intimate partner violence perpetration and mental health service use in England: analysis of nationally representative survey data. BJPsych Open 2023; 9:e64. [PMID: 37041111 PMCID: PMC10134318 DOI: 10.1192/bjo.2023.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence perpetration (IPVP) is associated with psychiatric disorders, but an association with mental health service use has not been fully established and is relevant for policy. Mental health service contact by perpetrators of intimate partner violence presents an opportunity for reducing harmful behaviours. AIMS To examine the association between IPVP and mental health service use. METHOD Analysis of national probability sample data from the 2014 Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, testing for associations between lifetime IPVP and mental health service use. We assessed the impact of missing data with multiple imputation and examined misreporting using probabilistic bias analysis. RESULTS The prevalence of reported lifetime IPVP was similar for men (8.0%) and women (8.6%). Before adjustments, IPVP was associated with mental health service use (odds ratio (OR) for any mental health service use in the past year for men: 2.8 (95% CI: 1.8-4.2), for women: 2.8 (95% CI: 2.1-3.8)). Adjustments for intimate partner violence victimisation and other life adversities had an attenuative influence. Associations remained on restricting comparisons with those without criminal justice involvement (OR for any mental health service use in the past year for men: 2.9 (95% CI: 1.7-4.8), for women: 2.3 (95% CI: 1.7-3.2)). CONCLUSION The strong association of IPVP with mental health service use is partly attributable to the concurrent presence of intimate partner violence victimisation and other life adversities. Efforts to improve the identification and assessment of IPVP in mental health services could benefit population health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Bhavsar
- Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London, UK; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Sally McManus
- Violence and Society Centre, City University of London, UK; and National Centre for Social Research, London, UK
| | - Katherine Saunders
- Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London, UK; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Louise M. Howard
- Section of Women's Mental Health, King's College London, UK; and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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6
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Hostinar CE, Swartz JR, Alen NV, Guyer AE, Hastings PD. The role of stress phenotypes in understanding childhood adversity as a transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND CLINICAL SCIENCE 2023; 132:277-286. [PMID: 37126060 PMCID: PMC10153067 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is a leading transdiagnostic risk factor for psychopathology, being associated with an estimated 31-62% of childhood-onset disorders and 23-42% of adult-onset disorders (Kessler et al., 2010). Major unresolved theoretical challenges stem from the nonspecific and probabilistic nature of the links between childhood adversity and psychopathology. The links are nonspecific because childhood adversity increases risk, through a range of mechanisms, for diverse forms of psychopathology and are probabilistic because not all individuals exposed to childhood adversity develop psychopathology. In this article, we propose a path forward by focusing on stress phenotypes, defined as biobehavioral patterns activated in response to stressors that can disrupt future functioning when persistent (e.g., reward seeking, social withdrawal, aggression). This review centers on the accumulating evidence that psychopathology appears to be more strongly predicted by behavior and biology during states of stress. Building on this observation, our theoretical framework proposes that we can model pathways from childhood adversity to psychopathology with greater specificity and certainty by understanding stress phenotypes, defined as patterns of behavior and their corresponding biological substrates that are elicited by stressors. This approach aims to advance our conceptualization of mediating pathways from childhood adversity to psychopathology. Understanding stress phenotypes will bring us closer to "precision mental health," a person-centered approach to identifying, preventing, and treating psychopathology. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Johnna R Swartz
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis
| | | | - Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology, University of California, Davis
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7
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Gottlieb L, Schmitt DP. When Staying Home Is Not Safe: An Investigation of the Role of Attachment Style on Stress and Intimate Partner Violence in the Time of COVID-19. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2023; 52:639-654. [PMID: 36344792 PMCID: PMC9640909 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-022-02457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a major public health concern, with increasing rates of IPV being seen around the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Previous research has linked the perpetration of IPV and other forms of sexual violence to aspects of romantic attachment psychology, with insecure anxious/preoccupied attachment most often linked to higher rates of IPV. Stressful events typically activate the attachment system and may either aggravate or disrupt its regulatory functioning. In the present study, we investigated whether COVID-related PTSD and depressive symptoms were associated with increased IPV perpetration and whether this relationship was moderated by levels of attachment security. Our findings indicated that higher COVID-related PTSD was significantly associated with increased IPV perpetration in securely attached individuals, whereas depressive symptoms was significantly associated with decreased IPV perpetration in securely attached individuals. IPV perpetration by insecure individuals was consistently high regardless of COVID-related PTSD or depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that COVID-related PTSD may erode adaptive attachment functioning, particularly among the previously secure, which can have important consequences for secure individuals and their intimate partners. The present findings may explain some of the recent increase in IPV cases worldwide and serve to raise awareness and motivate clinical interventions to more efficiently help both victims and perpetrators of IPV stay safe while staying home.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Gottlieb
- Psychology Division, Department of Life Sciences, Centre for Culture and Evolution, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
| | - David P Schmitt
- Centre for Culture and Evolution, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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8
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Oliffe JL, Broom A, Ridge D, Kelly MT, Gonzalez Montaner G, Seidler ZE, Rice SM. Masculinities and men's emotions in and after intimate partner relationships. SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH & ILLNESS 2023; 45:366-385. [PMID: 36377646 DOI: 10.1111/1467-9566.13583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Men's emotions in intimate partner relationships have received little research attention. The current interpretive descriptive study included 30 Canadian-based men to address the research question: What are the connections between masculinities and men's emotions in and after intimate partner relationships? Three inductively derived themes included emergent distressing emotions wherein participants' predominance for holding in abeyance their concerns about the relationship manifested varying levels of emotional stoicism. Within this context most men denied or downplayed and did not express their emotions. When the relationship broke, men were overwhelmed by mixed and weighty break-up emotions comprising diverse and often-times discordant emotions, including sadness, shame, anger, regret and guilt, calling into question men's rationality for deciphering and expressing what was concurrently but inexplicably felt. Shame and anger were prominent emotions demanding the participant's attention to all that happened in and at the end of the relationship. In the third theme, understanding and transitioning after-burn emotions, participant's grief levered their efforts, including soliciting professional help for deconstructing, reframing and expressing their emotions in the aftermath of the partnership ending. The findings contextualise and in some instances counter claims about the utility of men's emotional stoicism by mapping participants' feelings in and after intimate partner relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- John L Oliffe
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Department of Nursing, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alex Broom
- Sydney Centre for Healthy Societies, School of Social and Political Sciences, Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Damien Ridge
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Westminster, London, UK
| | - Mary T Kelly
- School of Nursing, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | | | - Zac E Seidler
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Rice
- Orygen, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Miedema SS, Le VD, Chiang L, Ngann T, Shortt JW. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence Among Youth in Cambodia: A Latent Class Analysis. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2023; 38:NP1446-NP1472. [PMID: 35471130 PMCID: PMC10263171 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221090573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are a global public health problem, including in low- and middle-income country settings, and are associated with increased risk of intimate partner violence (IPV) during young adulthood. However, current measurement of ACEs may underestimate sequelae of different combinations, or classes, of ACEs and mask class-specific associations with adult exposure to IPV. We used data among ever-partnered young women and men aged 18-24 years from the Cambodia Violence Against Children Survey (Nw = 369; Nm = 298). Participants retrospectively reported on seven ACEs and lifetime physical and/or sexual IPV victimization and perpetration. Latent classes comprised of ACEs were used as predictors of physical and/or sexual IPV perpetration and victimization, controlling for household wealth. Identified latent classes for women were "Low ACEs" (60%), "Community Violence and Physical Abuse" (23%), and "Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse" (17%). Latent classes for men were "Low ACEs" (48%) and "Household and Community Violence" (52%). Among women, those in the Physical, Sexual and Emotional Abuse class were more likely to experience and perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV in their romantic relationships compared to the reference group (Low ACEs). Women in the Community Violence and Physical Abuse class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV, but not experience IPV, compared to women in the Low ACEs class. Among men, those in the Household and Community Violence class were more likely to perpetrate physical and/or sexual IPV against a partner, compared to men in the Low ACEs class. Overall, patterns of ACEs were differently associated with IPV outcomes among young women and men in Cambodia. National violence prevention efforts might consider how different combinations of childhood experiences shape risk of young adulthood IPV and tailor interventions accordingly to work with youth disproportionately affected by varied combinations of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S. Miedema
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Vi Donna Le
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Laura Chiang
- Field Epidemiology and Prevention Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Thanak Ngann
- Gender and Development for Cambodia (GAD/C), Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Joann Wu Shortt
- Research and Evaluation Branch, Division of Violence Prevention, National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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10
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Wade M, McLaughlin KA, Buzzell GA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH, Nelson CA. Family-based care buffers the stress sensitizing effect of early deprivation on executive functioning difficulties in adolescence. Child Dev 2023; 94:e43-e56. [PMID: 36254858 PMCID: PMC9828738 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We examined whether family care following early-life deprivation buffered the association between stressful life events (SLEs) and executive functioning (EF) in adolescence. In early childhood, 136 institutionally reared children were randomly assigned to foster care or care-as-usual; 72 never-institutionalized children served as a comparison group. At age 16 years, adolescents (n = 143; 54% female; 67.1% Romanian) self-reported recent SLEs, completed a battery of memory and EF tasks, and completed a go/nogo task in which mediofrontal theta power (MFTP) was measured using electroencephalogram. More independent SLEs predicted lower EF and more dependent SLEs predicted lower MFTP, but only among adolescents with prolonged early deprivation. Findings provide preliminary evidence that family care following early deprivation may facilitate resilience against stress during adolescence on EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Wade
- Department of Applied Psychology and Human Development, University of Toronto
| | | | | | - Nathan A. Fox
- Department of Human Development and Quantitative Methodology, University of Maryland, College Park
| | - Charles H. Zeanah
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
| | - Charles A. Nelson
- Boston Children’s Hospital of Harvard Medical School
- Harvard Graduate School of Education
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11
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Mumford EA, Taylor BG, Borowiecki M, Maitra P. Daily Reports of Aggressive Behaviors in Interpersonal Conflicts. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21850-NP21874. [PMID: 34961387 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211063003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Interpersonal conflicts are inevitable, but the probability that conflicts involve aggressive behavior varies. Prior research that has tended to focus on victimization in intimate partnerships reported through retrospective designs. Addressing these limitations, the current study examines daily reports of behaving aggressively in any conflict across relationships in a sample of 512 young adults drawn from the nationally representative iCOR cohort. Respondent attitudes and affective measures were collected at the end of the daily data collection period. Regression methods were applied to examine the probability and frequency of aggression, investigating early and recent exposure to adversities, attitudes, self-control, affect and emotional states, and alcohol use behavior. Recent adversities and the propensity to endorse a defensive honor code attitude, consistent with theory and retrospective studies of aggression, predicted both prevalence and frequency of aggressive behavior. The associations of childhood maltreatment and self-control with the prevalence of behaving aggressively were as expected, but these constructs were significantly associated with the frequency of aggression with unexpected, inverse directionality. Moreover, respondents' affect and other emotional states were only associated with the frequency, not the prevalence, of aggressive behavior. Overall, this daily data collection constructively distinguished risk and protective factors for behaving aggressively more often. Further research is needed to disentangle the extent to which affective states drive or is a consequence of frequent aggressive behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Mumford
- Statistics and Data Science, NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Bruce G Taylor
- Statistics and Data Science, NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Mateusz Borowiecki
- Statistics and Data Science, NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MA, USA
| | - Poulami Maitra
- Statistics and Data Science, NORC at the University of Chicago, Bethesda, MA, USA
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12
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Thomas JL, Keenan-Miller D, Sumner JA, Hammen C. Early Life Adversity and Clinical Intimate Partner Violence in Adulthood: The Mediating Role of Interpersonal Conflict in Adolescence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP21345-NP21365. [PMID: 34870513 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211057267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adverse outcomes for both victims and perpetrators, though there is significant heterogeneity in manifestations of relationship violence. A growing amount of research has focused on elucidating predictors of clinical IPV-defined as severe violence involving institutional or medical intervention due to actual or potential injury-so as to better understand potential prevention and intervention targets. Early life adversity (ELA) is associated with IPV in adulthood, yet this literature focuses on discrete, retrospectively reported adversities (e.g., physical abuse and neglect) and has yet to consider clinical IPV as an outcome. Little is known about if and how broadly adverse early environments may confer risk for this specific form of relationship violence. We investigated associations between exposure to ELA prior to age five and clinical IPV victimization and perpetration by age 20 in a longitudinal, community-based sample of men and women in Australia (N = 588). Early life adversity was prospectively indexed by maternal reports of financial hardship, child chronic illness, maternal stressful life events, maternal depressive symptoms, parental discord, and parental separation. Youth interpersonal conflict life events at age 15-an interviewer-rated assessment of episodic stressors involving conflict across relationships in mid-adolescence-was tested as a potential mediator for both victims and perpetrators. Among women, ELA predicted IPV victimization and perpetration, and interpersonal conflict life events partially mediated the link between ELA and victimization, but not perpetration. Neither ELA nor interpersonal conflict life events predicted victimization or perpetration among men. Women exposed to ELA are at-risk for conflictual interpersonal relationships later in life, including violent intimate relationships, and deficits in conflict resolution skills may be one mechanism through which ELA leads to IPV victimization among this subgroup. Violence prevention and intervention efforts should target interpersonal skills, including conflict resolution, among women and girls exposed to adverse early environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Thomas
- Department of Psychology, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Jennifer A Sumner
- Department of Psychology, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Constance Hammen
- Department of Psychology, 8783University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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13
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Haight SC, Gallis JA, Chung EO, Baranov V, Bibi A, Frost A, Hagaman A, Sikander S, Maselko J, Bates LM. Stressful life events, intimate partner violence, and perceived stress in the postpartum period: longitudinal findings in rural Pakistan. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 2022; 57:2193-2205. [PMID: 36050505 PMCID: PMC10084399 DOI: 10.1007/s00127-022-02354-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE While the association between intimate partner violence (IPV) and stress is well documented, the directionality of this relationship is unclear. We use an adjusted longitudinal study design to better understand if stressful life events in the home precipitate or exacerbate intimate partner violence (IPV) and if experiences of IPV, in turn, increase levels of perceived stress. METHODS Longitudinal data were collected among married women in rural Pakistan at 12 and 24 months postpartum (N = 815). Adjusted Poisson and linear regression models were used to examine stressful life events, past year IPV and severity (number and frequency of violent acts), and perceived stress (Cohen Perceived Stress Scale). RESULTS At 12 months postpartum, the prevalence of past year physical, psychological, and sexual IPV was 8.5%, 25.7%, and 25.1%, respectively, with 42.6% experiencing any IPV. After adjustment, stressful life events were associated with a subsequent increased likelihood of all IPV types and increased severity of all but physical IPV. Any past year IPV (versus none) and greater IPV severity were associated with 3.43 (95% CI 2.33-4.52) and 2.57 (95% CI 1.87-3.27) point subsequent increases in perceived stress. Physical, psychological, and sexual IPV and their respective severities were all independently associated with increased perceived stress. CONCLUSIONS Among postpartum women in Pakistan, stressful life events increase the likelihood of IPV and, in turn, experiences of IPV increase stress levels. Support to families undergoing stressful circumstances may be critical to reducing women's IPV exposure and resulting elevated stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah C Haight
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | - John A Gallis
- Duke Global Health Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Esther O Chung
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Victoria Baranov
- Department of Economics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Amina Bibi
- Global Institute of Human Development, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Human Development Research Foundation, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Allison Frost
- Carolina Population Center, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Ashley Hagaman
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
- Center for Methods in Implementation and Prevention Science, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Siham Sikander
- Global Institute of Human Development, Shifa Tameer-E-Millat University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- Department of Primary Care and Mental Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Joanna Maselko
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lisa M Bates
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York City, NY, USA
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14
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Lee KA, Bright CL, Sacco P, Smith ME. The Influence of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Black Men: The Moderating Role of Alcohol Use. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP17248-NP17275. [PMID: 34192964 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211027997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the moderating role of alcohol use on the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among Black men in the United States. We conducted bivariate and logistic regression analyses using data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC). Bivariate results revealed significant relationships between eight of the 10 ACE factors physical neglect; emotional, physical and sexual abuse; witnessing a mother being abused; and having a parent guardian with an alcohol and drug problem and who was incarcerated and IPV perpetration. Similarly, examination of the relationship between ACEs and alcohol use in adulthood also revealed significant associations, with the exception of exposure to emotional neglect, emotional and sexual abuse, and witnessing a mother being abused. Findings from the logistic regression models revealed that alcohol use significantly moderated the relationship between ACEs and IPV perpetration, but only for men exposed to 1, 2, and ≥4 adversities in childhood. However, alcohol use appeared to exacerbate the relationship between ACEs and IPV perpetration for men without childhood adversity. Implications for practice, policy, and areas for further research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry A Lee
- University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | | | - Paul Sacco
- University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Forster M, Rogers CJ, Rainisch B, Grigsby T, De La Torre C, Albers L, Unger JB. Adverse Childhood Experiences and Intimate Partner Violence; Findings From a Community Sample of Hispanic Young Adults. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP18291-NP18316. [PMID: 34344225 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211035881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the United States, a substantial proportion of the adult population (36% of women and 34% of men) from all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds report experiencing intimate partner violence (IPV) over the life course. Family risk factors have been linked to adolescent and young adult IPV involvement, yet few studies have examined the effect of multiple, co-occurring adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the stability and change of IPV behaviors over young adulthood-the period of highest risk for IPV. We investigated the relationship between the degree of ACE exposure and IPV victimization and perpetration at age 22 and two years later at age 24 among a sample of Hispanic young adults (N= 1,273) in Southern California. Negative binomial regression models compared the incident rate ratio (IRR) of past-year verbal and physical IPV victimization and perpetration of respondents with 1-3 ACE and with ≥4 ACE to their peers who reported no history of ACE cross-sectionally (age 22) and longitudinally (age 24). At age 22, participants with 1-3 and ≥4 ACE were overrepresented in all IPV behaviors and had higher IRRs of verbal and physical victimization and perpetration compared to their peers with no ACE. By age 24, respondents with a history of ≥4 ACE were at significantly greater risk for escalating IPV behaviors over this time period than their peers with 1-3 ACE and no ACE. These findings highlight the importance of investing in coordinated efforts to develop strategies that help young people cope with the downstream effects of early life adversity. Research should continue to identify what individual, community, and cultural assets that promote resilience and are promising foci of IPV prevention approaches among vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Forster
- California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Larisa Albers
- University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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16
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Oswald DL, Kaugars AS, Tait M. American Women's Experiences With Intimate Partner Violence during the Start of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Risk Factors and Mental Health Implications. Violence Against Women 2022; 29:1419-1440. [PMID: 35989667 PMCID: PMC9398889 DOI: 10.1177/10778012221117597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In an online survey, women self-reported high prevalence of intimate partner
violence during the early days of the pandemic. Risk factors for experiencing
intimate partner violence (IPV) included having a child under the age of 18,
being a sexual minority, living in a rural community, and stressors related to
healthcare access, income/employment stress, and COVID-19 exposure or illness.
Women who worked during the pandemic and were older were less likely to
experience IPV. Women who reported IPV also reported increased anxiety and
depression. The results are discussed in terms of clinical and policy
implications for supporting women who are victims of IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mary Tait
- Department of Psychology, Marquette University, WI, USA
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17
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Pu DF, Rodriguez CM, Dimperio MD. Factors Distinguishing Reciprocal Versus Nonreciprocal Intimate Partner Violence Across Time and Reporter. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP13654-NP13684. [PMID: 33840301 PMCID: PMC8502788 DOI: 10.1177/08862605211001475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although intimate partner violence (IPV) is often conceptualized as occurring unilaterally, reciprocal or bidirectional violence is actually the most prevalent form of IPV. The current study assessed physical IPV experiences in couples and evaluated risk and protective factors that may be differentially associated with reciprocal and nonreciprocal IPV concurrently and over time. As part of a multi-wave longitudinal study, women and men reported on the frequency of their IPV perpetration and victimization three times across the transition to parenthood. Participants also reported on risk factors related to personal adjustment, psychosocial resources, attitudes toward gender role egalitarianism, and sociodemographic characteristics at each wave. Participants were classified into one of four IPV groups (reciprocal violence, male perpetrators only, female perpetrators only, and no violence) based on their self-report and based on a combined report, which incorporated both partners' reports of IPV for a maximum estimate of violence. Women and men were analyzed separately, as both can be perpetrators and/or victims of IPV. Cross-sectional analyses using self-reported IPV data indicated that IPV groups were most consistently distinguished by their levels of couple satisfaction, across gender; psychological distress also appeared to differentiate IPV groups, although somewhat less consistently. When combined reports of IPV were used, sociodemographic risk markers (i.e., age, income, and education) in addition to couple functioning were among the most robust factors differentiating IPV groups concurrently, across gender. In longitudinal analyses, sociodemographic vulnerabilities were again among the most consistent factors differentiating subsequent IPV groups over time. Several gender differences were also found, suggesting that different risk factors (e.g., women's social support and men's emotion regulation abilities) may need to be targeted in interventions to identify, prevent, and treat IPV among women and men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Doris F. Pu
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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18
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Ince-Yenilmez M. The Role of Socioeconomic Factors on Women's Risk of Being Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP6084-NP6111. [PMID: 33047645 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520966668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The most important thing learned about intimate partner violence (IPV) over the last 20 years is that violence is gendered and can be learned after faced and can only be understood in the context of gender inequality. To promote gender equality, a number of legal reforms and policies have been put in place over the last decade. The main problem is that there is relationship between all the socioeconomic and demographic factors. This begs the question, does the high educational level, social and economic status of a woman put her at lower risk of experiencing domestic violence? The study hypothesizes that those socioeconomic factors such as literacy, political rights, urbanization, laws against violence, the annual income of women, and the number of women in the labor force can affect IPV prevalence. The study uses secondary data concerning socioeconomic factors from 26 predominantly Muslim countries in Asia-Pacific and North Africa. Findings from the study show that socioeconomic factors such as literacy, political rights, a higher level of urbanization, and the laws against violence have significant impacts and may decrease the prevalence of IPV. However, other socioeconomic factors such as the annual income of women and increased women in the labor force produced unclear results. The test for collinearity on the impacts of each socioeconomic factor against one another was found to be insignificant.
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19
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Forgeard M, Roepke AM, Atlas S, Bayer-Pacht E, Björgvinsson T, Silvia PJ. Openness to experience is stable following adversity: A case-control longitudinal investigation. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070221076902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although many people retrospectively report feeling more open-minded after experiencing highly stressful events, relevant longitudinal studies are scarce and have yielded contradictory findings. The present study used a 12-month longitudinal case-control design to test whether growth in openness (assessed every 4 months using multiple methods) occurs following major stressors, and whether changes relate to clinical symptoms of depression and/or posttraumatic stress. To do so, we compared participants (a) with a recent major stressor and with low symptoms ( n = 66), (b) without a recent major stressor and with low symptoms ( n = 76), and (c) with a recent major stressor and with significant symptoms ( n = 76). Overall, growth curve models showed that group membership was not associated with changes in openness over 12 months for most outcomes. Other variables (e.g., education) predicted changes in openness. This study provides robust evidence that openness to experience is mostly stable following major stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Forgeard
- McLean Hospital & Harvard Medical School, Belmont MA, USA
- William James College, Newton MA, USA
| | | | - Sara Atlas
- New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Paul J. Silvia
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
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20
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Froidevaux NM, Metcalf S, Pettit C, Penner F, Sharp C, Borelli JL. The Link Between Adversity and Dating Violence Among Adolescents Hospitalized for Psychiatric Treatment: Parental Emotion Validation as a Candidate Protective Factor. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2022; 37:NP3492-NP3527. [PMID: 32576062 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520926323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Adolescents are at risk for becoming victims or perpetrators for a variety of forms of dating violence, including cyber violence, physical violence, psychological abuse, and sexual abuse. Interestingly, a robust predictor of dating violence is adverse experiences during childhood; however, factors that could mitigate the risk of dating violence for those exposed to adversity have seldom been examined. Using the cumulative stress hypothesis as a lens, the current study examined severity of adverse experiences as a predictor of dating violence within a sample at risk for both victimization and perpetration of dating violence: An adolescent (12-17 years old; N = 137) sample who were receiving inpatient psychiatric treatment. First, the current study aimed to replicate previous findings to determine whether adversity predicted dating violence and whether this varied by gender. Then, the current study examined one factor that could mitigate the relation between adversity and dating violence-parental emotion validation. High rates of maternal emotion validation resulted in no relation between adversity and dating violence perpetration and victimization; however, the relation was present at average and low levels of maternal emotion validation. Next, by adding gender as an additional moderator to the model, we found that high rates of paternal emotion validation extinguished the relation between adversity and dating violence perpetration, but only for adolescent boys. This pattern was not found for maternal emotion validation. Interestingly, the relation between adversity and dating violence victimization did not vary as a function of maternal or paternal validation of emotion for either child gender. These findings are discussed in terms of their meaning within this sample, possible future directions, and their implications for the prevention of dating violence.
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21
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Hatcher AM, Neilands TB, Rebombo D, Weiser SD, Christofides NJ. Food insecurity and men's perpetration of partner violence in a longitudinal cohort in South Africa. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2022; 5:36-43. [PMID: 35814730 PMCID: PMC9237862 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2021-000288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although food insecurity has been associated with intimate partner violence (IPV), few studies examine it longitudinally or among male perpetrators. METHODS We used secondary data from a trial that followed 2479 men in a peri-urban settlement in South Africa (February 2016-August 2018). Men self-completed questionnaires at baseline (T0), 12 months (T1) and 24 months (T2) on food security, household type, relationship status, childhood abuse exposure, alcohol use, and perpetration of physical and/or sexual IPV. Cross-lagged dynamic panel modelling examines the strength and direction of associations over time. RESULTS At baseline, rates of IPV perpetration (52.0%) and food insecurity (65.5%) were high. Food insecure men had significantly higher odds of IPV perpetration at T0, T1 and T2 (ORs of 1.9, 1.4 and 1.4, respectively). In longitudinal models, food insecurity predicted men's IPV perpetration 1 year later. The model had excellent fit after controlling for housing, relationship status, age, childhood abuse and potential effect of IPV on later food insecurity (standardised coefficient=0.09, p=0.031. root mean squared error of approximation=0.016, comparative fit index=0.994). IPV perpetration did not predict later food security (p=0.276). CONCLUSION Food insecurity had an independent, longitudinal association with men's IPV perpetration in a peri-urban South African settlement. These findings suggest food security could be a modifiable risk factor of partner violence. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02823288.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abigail M Hatcher
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina System, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Torsten B Neilands
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | | | - Sheri D Weiser
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Nicola J Christofides
- School of Public Health, University of the Witwatersrand Faculty of Health Sciences, Johannesburg, Gauteng, South Africa
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22
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Keilholtz BM, Spencer CM, Stith SM. Common Life Stressors as Risk Markers for Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-analysis. CONTEMPORARY FAMILY THERAPY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10591-022-09633-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Varlioglu R, Hayes BE. Gender differences in the victim-offender overlap for dating violence: The role of early violent socialization. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2022; 123:105428. [PMID: 34896880 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a serious problem in dating relationships among college students. The cycle of violence and social learning perspectives suggest that early violent socialization - inclusive of adverse socialization (i.e., prosocial violent messages, witnessing violence, or victimization by someone other than family) and experiences of child maltreatment - is one of the most robust risk factors for IPV involvement. OBJECTIVE The effects of early violent socialization were explored to understand the underlying mechanisms that influence victimization, perpetration, and the victim-offender overlap in IPV. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Using data from the International Dating Violence Study, we examined the role of early violent socialization on physical violence victimization and/or perpetration among U.S. college students in a dating relationship during early adulthood (N = 3447; aged 18 to 25 years). METHODS Multinomial regressions were estimated. Models were stratified across gender. RESULTS Findings indicated that 35% of participants reported IPV involvement, with 24.4% of the total sample reporting membership in the victim-offender group. Adverse socialization (RRR = 1.03, p < .05) and sexual abuse (RRR = 1.03, p < .01) were associated with increased risk for involvement in the victim-offender group. Also, there were pronounced gender differences across the IPV involvement categories. Significant interactions between adverse socialization and neglect, as well as adverse socialization with physical abuse, emerged in the male sample. CONCLUSIONS Early adverse experiences might be crucial to prevent violence, and accounting for gender differences is important when designing prevention and intervention programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhsar Varlioglu
- University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, PO Box 210389, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389, United States of America.
| | - Brittany E Hayes
- University of Cincinnati, School of Criminal Justice, PO Box 210389, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0389, United States of America.
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24
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Jones MS, Worthen MGF, Sharp SF, McLeod DA. Native American and Non-Native American Women Prisoners, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and the Perpetration of Physical Violence in Adult Intimate Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:11058-11087. [PMID: 31904299 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519897328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Native American women are at an especially high risk of lifetime violence, including childhood abuse, intimate partner violence (IPV), and sexual assault, and are overrepresented in the criminal justice system. Yet few studies have examined how the long-term effects of child maltreatment and other adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) affect Native American women prisoners' perpetration of physical violence in adult intimate relationships. This is surprising because ample research illustrates that childhood adverse events, particularly childhood abuse and neglect, have far-reaching effects across the life course and that these experiences are especially apparent in the lives of women involved in the criminal justice system. Using data from a stratified random sample of Native American (n = 92) and non-Native American (n = 264) women prisoners in Oklahoma, we explore the relationships between individual, cumulative, and clusters of ACEs as they relate to the use of physical violence in adult intimate relationships. Utilizing a feminist life course theoretical framework, our findings indicate that ACEs are not only critical to understanding adult IPV but also that the mechanisms and processes underlying the relationships between ACEs and the perpetration of physical violence in adult intimate relationships differ for Native American and non-Native American women. The findings of the current study demonstrate that it is imperative that prison programming includes trauma-informed and trauma-specific interventions targeting Native Americans.
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25
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Novais M, Henriques T, Vidal-Alves MJ, Magalhães T. When Problems Only Get Bigger: The Impact of Adverse Childhood Experience on Adult Health. Front Psychol 2021; 12:693420. [PMID: 34335410 PMCID: PMC8318698 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.693420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Previous studies have shown that adverse childhood experiences negatively impact child development, with consequences throughout the lifespan. Some of these consequences include the exacerbation or onset of several pathologies and risk behaviors. Materials and Methods: A convenience sample of 398 individuals aged 20 years or older from the Porto metropolitan area, with quotas, was collected. The evaluation was conducted using an anonymous questionnaire that included sociodemographic questions about exposure to adverse childhood experiences, a list of current health conditions, questions about risk behaviors, the AUDIT-C test, the Fagerström test and the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire-brief form. Variables were quantified to measure adverse childhood experiences, pathologies, and risk behaviors in adult individuals for comparison purposes. Results: Individuals with different forms of adverse childhood experiences present higher rates of smoking dependence, self-harm behaviors, victimization of/aggression toward intimate partners, early onset of sexual life, sexually transmitted infections, multiple sexual partners, abortions, anxiety, depression, diabetes, arthritis, high cholesterol, hypertension, and stroke. Different associations are analyzed and presented. Discussion and Conclusions: The results show that individuals with adverse childhood experiences have higher total scores for more risk behaviors and health conditions than individuals without traumatic backgrounds. These results are relevant for health purposes and indicate the need for further research to promote preventive and protective measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Novais
- School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
| | - Teresa Henriques
- Department of Community Medicine, Information and Health Decisions, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria João Vidal-Alves
- School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public and Forensic Health Sciences and Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
| | - Teresa Magalhães
- School of Medicine, Universidade do Porto (University of Porto), Porto, Portugal
- Center for Research in Health Technologies and Services, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Public and Forensic Health Sciences and Medical Education, School of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- University Institute of Health Sciences - CESPU, Gandra, Portugal
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26
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Miller SL, Becker P. Are We Comparing Apples and Oranges? Exploring Trauma Experienced by Victims of Interpersonal Violence and Abuse and by Court-Involved Women Who Have Used Force in Relationships. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:NP6951-NP6980. [PMID: 30628524 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518823289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the enactment of mandatory and proarrest policies, there has been a sharp increase in the number of women arrested for use of force against an intimate partner. Many of these arrested women are also victims of intimate partner violence (IPV) and experience high levels of trauma and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Our study explores experiences of two groups: 80 women who self-refer into survivor groups or individual counseling sessions facilitated by a trained counselor and 86 court-involved women who have been arrested on an IPV/abuse (IPV/A)-related charge and (in lieu of more substantial punishment) participate in an intervention/treatment program. The current research asks, "What do trauma measures tell us about women who voluntarily seek IPV/A victim support groups and about women court-mandated to a treatment program?" Using measures of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), post-trauma distress, and danger assessments, we explore these two groups. Our findings demonstrate that within the three measures used, women who voluntarily sought victim counseling services had a higher mean compared with women arrested for use of force against an intimate partner. Yet, both groups are significantly different from the general population in terms of having experienced significant trauma. Both groups of women report significantly higher levels of ACEs, post-trauma distress, and danger assessments compared with the general population, indicating that women who experience IPV/A or women who use force in relationships may share more similarities than differences. In addition, we explore the ways in which different relationship characteristics and treatment trajectories might help explain the differences present between these two groups of women. We conclude with a discussion of policy and treatment implications.
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27
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Graham K, Bernards S, Laslett AM, Gmel G, Kuntsche S, Wilsnack S, Bloomfield K, Grittner U, Taft A, Wilson I, Wells S. Children, Parental Alcohol Consumption, and Intimate Partner Violence: A Multicountry Analysis by Perpetration Versus Victimization and Sex. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:5608-5634. [PMID: 30328365 PMCID: PMC6470056 DOI: 10.1177/0886260518804182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Both living with children and alcohol consumption are positively associated with intimate partner violence (IPV). We assessed their combined relationship with physical IPV (P-IPV) victimization and perpetration, and explored possible moderating roles of sex and culture. Data included 15 surveys of 13,716 men and 17,832 women in 14 countries from the GENACIS (Gender, Alcohol, and Culture: An International Study) collaboration. P-IPV was measured as victim of physical aggression by an intimate partner (Vic-Only), perpetrator of physical aggression toward a partner (Perp-Only), or both victim and perpetrator (i.e., bidirectional) (Bi-Dir). Participants reported whether they lived with children below 18 years of age, whether the participant was a drinker/abstainer, and, among drinkers, usual frequency and quantity of alcohol consumed. Multilevel multinomial logistic regression, controlling for age and nesting of data within countries, indicated that Vic-Only, Perp-Only, and Bi-Dir (compared with no P-IPV) were positively associated with living with children, being a drinker, and quantity/frequency of drinking among drinkers (especially higher quantity). The positive association of P-IPV with living with children and being a drinker was evident within most countries. Significant interactions with sex were found, with (a) living with children more strongly associated with Perp-Only for men and Vic-Only for women, and (b) Perp-Only and Bi-Dir more strongly associated with being a drinker for men but with quantity consumed for women. Also, alcohol consumption was more strongly related to Perp-Only and Bi-Dir than with Vic-Only. In conclusion, higher risk of P-IPV with alcohol consumption is compounded when living with children-putting children who live with drinkers, especially drinkers who consume large amounts per occasion, at special risk of exposure to P-IPV. This is an important area for future research and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Graham
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Sharon Bernards
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anne-Marie Laslett
- Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gerhard Gmel
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada
- Addiction Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
- University of the West of England, Bristol, UK
| | | | - Sharon Wilsnack
- University of North Dakota School of Medicine & Health Sciences, Grand Forks, ND, USA
| | - Kim Bloomfield
- Aarhus University, Denmark
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Angela Taft
- La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Samantha Wells
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, London, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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28
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Sorenson SB, Sinko L, Berk RA. The Endemic Amid the Pandemic: Seeking Help for Violence Against Women in the Initial Phases of COVID-19. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:4899-4915. [PMID: 33691528 PMCID: PMC8064536 DOI: 10.1177/0886260521997946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
During the first months of the COVID-19 pandemic, governments instituted a series of measures to control the spread of the virus. The measures were widely believed to increase women's risk of violent victimization, most of which is by an intimate partner. We examined help-seeking during this period in a large U.S. city and used an interrupted time series analysis to assess the effects of three government interventions on domestic violence and sexual assault hotline calls and on "911" calls regarding domestic violence, assault, and rape. Declaration of an emergency appeared to reduce victim calls to the rape crisis hotline and the few "911" calls about rape. School closure was associated with a reduction in "911" calls about assault and rape and victim calls to the domestic violence hotline. Implementation of stay-at-home orders was associated with a gradual increase in domestic violence hotline calls. Although "911" calls regarding assault fell by nearly half, calls to police for domestic violence were unchanged. In sum, there was a decrease in help-seeking for sexual assault and assault in general but not for domestic violence during the initial phases of the COVID-19 outbreak. The analysis underscores the importance of distinguishing between the violence itself, calls to police, and calls to helplines when claims are made about changes over time in violence against women. The opportunities and constraints for each can differ widely under usual circumstances, circumstances that were altered by public health interventions related to the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan B. Sorenson
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
- Susan B. Sorenson, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Laura Sinko
- University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
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Intimate Partner Violence against Women during the COVID-19 Lockdown in Spain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18094698. [PMID: 33925021 PMCID: PMC8125103 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18094698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aims: To analyze the temporal and geographical distribution of different indicators for the evolution of intimate partner violence against women (IPV) before, during and after the COVID-19 induced lockdown between March and June 2020 in Spain. Methods: Descriptive ecological study based on numbers of 016-calls, policy reports, women killed, and protection orders (PO) issued due to IPV across Spain as a whole and by province (2015–2020). We calculated quarterly rates for each indicator. A cluster analysis was performed using 016-call rates and protection orders by province in the second quarters of 2019 and 2020. ANOVAs were calculated for clustering by province, unemployment rates by province, and the current IPV prevalence. Results: During the second quarter of 2020, the highest 016-call rate was recorded (12.19 per 10,000 women aged 15 or over). Policy report rates (16.62), POs (2.81), and fatalities (0.19 per 1,000,000 women aged 15 or over) decreased in the second quarter of 2020. In the third quarter, 016-calls decreased, and policy reports and POs increased. Four clusters were identified, and significant differences in unemployment rates between clusters were observed (F = 3.05, p < 0.05). Conclusions: The COVID-19 lockdown fostered a change in IPV-affected women’s help-seeking behavior. Differences between the volume of contacts made via 016-call and the policy reports generated provide evidence for the existence of barriers to IPV-service access during the lockdown and the period of remote working. More efforts are needed to reorganize services to cope with IPV in non-presential situations. The provinces with the highest 016-call and PO rates were also those with the highest rates of unemployment, a worrying result given the current socioeconomic crisis.
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Luo J, Zhang B, Roberts BW. Sensitization or inoculation: Investigating the effects of early adversity on personality traits and stress experiences in adulthood. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0248822. [PMID: 33793582 PMCID: PMC8016298 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0248822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cumulative evidence has been found for the associations between personality traits and stress experiences in adulthood. However, less is known about the moderating mechanisms underlying these associations. The present study tested whether the stress sensitization and stress inoculation hypotheses could be applied to the relationship between early adversity and personality in adulthood. Specifically, we tested the linear and curvilinear relations between early adversity (measured retrospectively) and adulthood personality traits, as well as the linear and curvilinear moderating effects of early adversity on the associations between adulthood stress and personality traits. Samples of older adults from the Health and Retirement Study (HRS; N = 6098) and middle-aged adults from the Midlife in the United States Survey (MIDUS; N = 6186) were used. Across the two samples, positive linear associations were found between retrospective early adversity and neuroticism. The results also suggested significant linear effects of early adversity on the association between ongoing chronic stressors and neuroticism such that individuals with moderate exposure to early adversity showed stronger associations between ongoing chronic stressors and neuroticism. Results from the current research were more in line with the stress sensitization model. No support was found for the stress inoculation effects on personality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Luo
- Department of Medical Social Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States of America
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Brain and Psychological Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Brent W. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, United States of America
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Sharma A, Kahle E, Sullivan S, Stephenson R. Sexual Agreements and Intimate Partner Violence Among Male Couples in the U.S.: An Analysis of Dyadic Data. ARCHIVES OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR 2021; 50:1087-1105. [PMID: 32705389 PMCID: PMC7855288 DOI: 10.1007/s10508-020-01783-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Prior research with male couples has focused on how sexual agreements can influence relationship dynamics, sexual risk taking, and health promoting behaviors. Little is known about the association between sexual agreements and the experience or perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) in this population. Our study sought to evaluate these associations using dyadic data from a sample of 386 male couples residing in the U.S. Both partners independently reported on their relationship characteristics, sexual agreements, and specific acts reflecting physical, emotional, controlling, and monitoring IPV in separate surveys. Participants were more likely to have experienced IPV in the past year if they were in a relationship for ≥ 3 years versus < 3 years (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.03-2.53). Among 278 couples who had formulated sexual agreements, men who concurred with their partners on being in an "open" relationship were less likely to have experienced IPV versus those in a "closed" relationship (aOR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.25-0.89). However, participants were more likely to have experienced IPV if their partners believed they had previously broken their sexual agreement (aOR = 2.79, 95% CI = 1.03-7.52). The verbal explicitness and duration of sexual agreements were not associated with either experiencing or perpetrating IPV in the past year. However, increasing levels of depressive symptomatology were associated with a greater likelihood of both experiencing and perpetrating IPV. Our findings highlight the need to prioritize dyadic interventions for male couples that focus on skills building around enhancing mutual communication and negotiating sexual agreements to reduce IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay Sharma
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Erin Kahle
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Health Behavior and Biological Sciences, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Stephen Sullivan
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Rob Stephenson
- Center for Sexuality and Health Disparities, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, 400 N. Ingalls St., Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
- Department of Systems, Populations and Leadership, School of Nursing, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Siria S, Fernández-Montalvo J, Echauri JA, Arteaga A, Azkárate JM, Martínez M. Differential MCMI-III psychopathological profiles between intimate partner violence perpetrators with and without childhood family violence. Clin Psychol Psychother 2021; 28:1020-1029. [PMID: 33496355 DOI: 10.1002/cpp.2557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study explored the differential prevalence of personality disorders (PD) and clinical syndromes between male perpetrators of intimate partner violence (IPV) with and without a history of childhood family violence (CFV). A sample of 981 perpetrators of IPV was assessed with the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). Comparisons of sociodemographic characteristics and MCMI-III scales' scores between perpetrators with (n = 293) and without (n = 688) CFV were carried out. Results showed that IPV perpetrators with CFV had a lower level of education, were less frequently employed, and had higher rates of previous psychiatric history than perpetrators without CFV. Statistically significant differences between groups in almost all the MCMI-III scales were found. Perpetrators with CFV presented with higher scores on most of the evaluated scales and showed a more severe psychopathological profile than perpetrators without CFV. The multivariate analysis showed that the main MCMI-III domains related to CFV were higher scores on the disclosure and alcohol dependence scales and lower scores on the passive-aggressive scale. These findings reveal that CFV is associated with a more severe psychopathological profile in perpetrators of IPV. In order to develop tailored interventions, the presence of CFV and psychopathological symptoms should be assessed in IPV perpetrators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Siria
- Departament of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Montalvo
- Departament of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose A Echauri
- Psimae Instituto de Psicología Jurídica y Forense, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alfonso Arteaga
- Departament of Health Sciences, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juana M Azkárate
- Psimae Instituto de Psicología Jurídica y Forense, Pamplona, Spain
| | - María Martínez
- Psimae Instituto de Psicología Jurídica y Forense, Pamplona, Spain
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McKool M, Stephenson R, Winskell K, Tharp AT, Parrott D. Peer Influence on IPV by Young Adult Males: Investigating the Case for a Social Norms Approach. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2021; 36:83-102. [PMID: 29294882 PMCID: PMC6470037 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517725735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Nearly 32% of women report experiencing physical violence from an intimate partner and more than 8% report being raped by a significant other in their lifetime. Young people's perceptions that their peers perpetrate relationship violence have been shown to increase the odds of self-reported perpetration. Yet, limited research has been conducted on this relationship as individuals begin to age out of adolescence. The present study sought to examine the link between the perception of peer perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and self-reported IPV perpetration among a sample of predominately young adult (21-35 years) males. This study also explored the discordance between the perception of peer IPV behavior and self-reported perpetration. Data from 101 male peer dyads (n = 202) were taken from a study on the effects of alcohol and bystander intervention in Atlanta, Georgia. Thirty-six percent (n = 73) of men reported perpetrating physical IPV and 67% (n = 135) reported perpetrating sexual IPV in the past 12 months. Nearly 35% (n = 55) of the sample reported that none of their peers had perpetrated physical IPV, which contradicted their friend's self-report of physical IPV perpetration. Similarly, 68% (n = 115) of the men perceived none of their peers to have perpetrated sexual IPV, which contradicted their friend's self-report of sexual IPV perpetration. Discordance variables were significantly associated with self-reported perpetration for both physical (χ2 = 152.7, p < .01) and sexual (χ2 = 164.4, p < .01) IPV. These results point to an underestimation of peer IPV perpetration among young adult males. Findings suggest a traditional social norms approach to IPV prevention, which seeks to persuade individuals that negative behaviors are less common than perceived, may not be the best approach given a significant number of men believed their friends were nonviolent when they had perpetrated violence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa McKool
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
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Austin AE, Lesak AM, Shanahan ME. Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review. CURR EPIDEMIOL REP 2020; 7:334-342. [PMID: 34141519 PMCID: PMC8205446 DOI: 10.1007/s40471-020-00252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review was to synthesize the empirical literature regarding key risk and protective factors for child maltreatment at each level of the socioecological model and to identify directions for future research and practice. RECENT FINDINGS Prior research has largely focused on risk and protective factors at the individual and interpersonal levels of the socioecological model. More recently, research has begun to examine risk and protective factors at the community and societal levels, with results suggesting that programmatic and policy interventions that reduce risk and enhance protection at these levels are promising primary prevention strategies for child maltreatment. SUMMARY Future research should continue to focus on risk and protective factors at the community and societal levels with the aim of building the evidence base for population-wide prevention strategies. Such strategies have the potential to create contexts in which families and children thrive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna E. Austin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Alexandria M. Lesak
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meghan E. Shanahan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Injury Prevention Research Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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35
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Voith LA, Logan-Greene P, Strodthoff T, Bender AE. A Paradigm Shift in Batterer Intervention Programming: A Need to Address Unresolved Trauma. TRAUMA, VIOLENCE & ABUSE 2020; 21:691-705. [PMID: 30060720 DOI: 10.1177/1524838018791268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem affecting women, men, and children across the United States. Batterer intervention programs (BIPs) serve as the primary intervention for men who use violence, employing three primary modalities: psychoeducation, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT), and other forms of group therapy such as alcohol or drug treatment. However, research indicates that program effectiveness of the primary BIP modalities is limited, due, in part, to the theoretical underpinnings guiding intervention such as learned behavior (psychoeducation), patriarchy as the root cause (Duluth model), and "dysfunctional" thinking (CBT). Considering the mental, physical, and economic toll of IPV on families and the limited effectiveness of current intervention approaches, an assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of current modalities and an incorporation of the latest science addressing violence prevention and cessation are paramount. This article draws upon existing theories of trauma and the etiologies of violence perpetration and proposes an alternative model of care for men with IPV histories. Experiences of childhood adversity and trauma have well-established associations with a range of negative sequelae, including neurological, cognitive, behavioral, physical, and emotional outcomes. Childhood trauma is also associated with later violence and IPV perpetration. Thus, incorporating trauma-informed care principles and trauma interventions into programming for IPV perpetrators warrants further investigation. Practice and policy implications of a trauma interventions for men with IPV histories, as well as areas for future research, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Voith
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Anna E Bender
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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36
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Voith LA, Anderson RE, Cahill SP. Extending the ACEs Framework: Examining the Relations Between Childhood Abuse and Later Victimization and Perpetration With College Men. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:3487-3512. [PMID: 29294760 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517708406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Research has revealed that forms of violence are interconnected, but less work focuses on the interconnection of victimization and perpetration, particularly with men. Subsequently, our understanding of the complexities of violence exposure in men's lives and related policies and treatments remains limited. The present study utilizes a sample of at-risk for violence involvement, college men, to examine the relationships between childhood victimization, adulthood victimization, and adulthood perpetration. Participants are 423 college men receiving course credit who completed a battery of standardized questionnaires via an anonymous web survey. Logistic regression is used. Results indicate that 27% of the men report polyperpetration (two or more types of perpetration), 43.5% report polyvictimization (two or more types of victimization), and 60% report experiencing both forms of victimization and perpetration in the past year. Childhood physical abuse has predictive power for perpetration (psychological aggression and polyperpetration) and victimization (sexual violence, psychological aggression, and polyvictimization) for the men in the past year. Childhood sexual abuse has strong predictive power for perpetration (physical violence, sexual violence, and polyperpetration) and victimization (physical violence and sexual violence) with the men in the past year. Finally, emotional abuse has predictive power for victimization (physical violence and psychological aggression), but not perpetration, for the men in the past year. Developmental psychopathology and the adverse childhood experiences frameworks are used to posit potential pathways explaining the relation between childhood abuse and the overlap between victimization and perpetration in adulthood for men. Implications of this study include the use of trauma-informed models of care with men and expanding the scope of study to examine experiences of both victimization and perpetration, and various types of violence, among men.
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Haack KR, Falcke D. Seria o Ciúme Mediador entre as Experiências na Família de Origem e a Violência Física na Conjugalidade? PSICO-USF 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1413-82712020250303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Resumo A violência conjugal é um fenômeno multideterminado, o qual sofre impacto de experiências precoces e atuais. O objetivo deste estudo foi testar um modelo teórico no qual o ciúme é mediador entre as experiências na família de origem e a violência física conjugal. Trata-se de um estudo com delineamento quantitativo, transversal e explicativo. Contou com uma amostra de 600 pessoas, de 18 a 65 anos, residentes em 13 estados brasileiros. Os instrumentos foram questionário sociodemográfico, FBQ, CTS2 e ICR, em uma coleta por formulário eletrônico na internet. Modelagem de equações estruturais foi utilizada para testar a validade empírica do modelo teórico. Os resultados indicaram que o ciúme media parcialmente as experiências na família de origem e a ocorrência da violência conjugal. Os dados apontam para a necessidade de atenção ao ciúme nos relacionamentos amorosos, como forma de atuar na prevenção às situações de violência conjugal.
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Takahashi K, Ozawa E, Harizuka S. Impact of corporal punishment on victims' future violent behavior in extracurricular sports. Heliyon 2020; 6:e04903. [PMID: 32984604 PMCID: PMC7495053 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e04903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Over 500 cases of school-based corporal punishment (CP) are reported annually in Japan. A major feature of CP in Japanese schools is its high prevalence during extracurricular sports activities. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of having suffered a CP-related injury on victims' later use of CP in an athletics environment. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Participants were 704 undergraduate students of a sports instructor training course who were recruited as volunteers during classes. METHODS A questionnaire on past experiences of CP and later perpetration of CP was administered to the participants. It was found that 31.3% of the students had experienced CP and 2.3% had perpetrated CP on others. We conducted logistic regression analyses with CP as an objective dependent variable and gender, grade and past CP experience (elementary, junior high school, or high school) as explanatory variables. RESULTS The results of the analysis revealed that having experienced CP had a significant relationship with the victims' perpetration of CP. Elementary school was the only life stage for which there was a significant correlation between having been a victim of CP and practicing it in the future. CONCLUSIONS Many studies have explored the use of CP in families, while others have demonstrated that physical education students who received CP themselves are more likely to find CP an acceptable method of maintaining discipline. This is the first study that investigates whether students who experienced CP show a higher prevalence of CP perpetration. The findings indicate that experiencing CP in childhood is a risk factor for future use of CP. Proper care is required for children who have experienced CP at a young age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayo Takahashi
- Graduate School of Clinical Psychology, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Eiji Ozawa
- Faculty of Human-Environment Studies, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Susumu Harizuka
- Faculty of Human Sciences, Chikushi Jogakuen University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Adhia A, Lyons VH, Cohen-Cline H, Rowhani-Rahbar A. Life experiences associated with change in perpetration of domestic violence. Inj Epidemiol 2020; 7:37. [PMID: 32736590 PMCID: PMC7395385 DOI: 10.1186/s40621-020-00264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study assessed whether several adult life experiences, including loss of support, loss of food security, loss of housing, and substance use cessation, are associated with change in domestic violence (DV) perpetration from early to later adulthood. Using 2015 to 2016 cross-sectional, self-report survey data from Medicaid enrollees in Oregon (N = 1620), we assessed change in DV perpetration from early adulthood (19-30 years) to later adulthood (≥ 31 years of age), cut points determined by existing survey questions. Multinomial logistic regression models were constructed to estimate the association between life experiences and physical DV perpetration using odds ratios (OR), adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, DV victimization, and childhood abuse, bullying, and social support. FINDINGS Of the 20% of participants who perpetrated DV, 36% perpetrated DV in both early and later adulthood (persisters), 42% discontinued (desisters) and 22% began (late-onsetters) perpetration in later adulthood. Loss of support and loss of food security were both associated with change in DV perpetration (i.e., desistance or late onset of perpetration or both). Loss of support was associated with 9.5 times higher odds of being a desister (OR = 9.5, 95% CI = 1.1, 84.1) and 54.2 times higher odds of being a late-onsetter (OR = 54.2, 95% CI = 6.5, 450.8) of DV perpetration compared to persisters. Loss of food security was associated with 10.3 times higher odds of being a late-onsetter (OR = 10.3, 95% CI = 1.9, 55.4) of DV perpetration compared to persisters. In addition, substance use cessation was associated with 10.3 times higher odds of being a desister (OR = 10.3, 95% CI = 1.9, 56.2) compared to persisters. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that specific life experiences in adulthood, including loss of support, loss of food security, and substance use cessation, are associated with changes in DV perpetration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Adhia
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Box 359960, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.
| | - Vivian H Lyons
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Box 359960, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357236, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Hannah Cohen-Cline
- Center for Outcomes Research and Education, Providence Health & Services, 5251 NE Glisan Street, Portland, OR, 97213, USA
| | - Ali Rowhani-Rahbar
- Firearm Injury & Policy Research Program, Harborview Injury Prevention & Research Center, University of Washington, Box 359960, 325 Ninth Ave, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA.,Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Health Sciences Building, Box 357236, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
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Schwab-Reese LM, Parker EA, Peek-Asa C. The Interaction of Dopamine Genes and Financial Stressors to Predict Adulthood Intimate Partner Violence Perpetration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:1251-1268. [PMID: 29294665 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517696841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three dopamine genes (DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4) have been associated with interpersonal delinquency, aggression, and violence when individuals experience adverse environmental exposures. Guided by the catalyst model of aggression, risk alleles identified in previous studies were hypothesized to be associated with intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration in the presence of financial stressors, a possible environmental trigger. This hypothesis was tested using weighted, clustered logistic regression with data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. The direct effects DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4 on IPV perpetration, and the interaction of DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4 and financial stressors on IPV perpetration were assessed. Due to cell size, only White men and women were included in this analysis. Increasing number of financial stressors was associated with increased odds of IPV perpetration, regardless of DAT1, DRD2, and DRD4 alleles. As predicted, increasing number of financial stressors was more strongly associated with IPV perpetration among individuals with high-risk DAT1 alleles, than individuals with low-risk alleles. However, this relationship was inverted for DRD2. Although there was still a significant interaction between DRD2 and financial stressors, individuals with low-risk alleles had higher odds of IPV perpetration in the presence of financial stressors. A similar, nonsignificant relationship was found for DRD4. These findings indicate that these genes may interact differently with environmental exposures and types of violent behavior. In addition, the findings may, if replicated, suggest dopamine plays a different role in IPV perpetration compared with other forms of aggression and violence.
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Jones MS, Burge SW, Sharp SF, McLeod DA. Childhood adversity, mental health, and the perpetration of physical violence in the adult intimate relationships of women prisoners: A life course approach. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 101:104237. [PMID: 31981933 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are common, with nearly two-thirds of adult samples reporting exposure to at least one and one-quarter reporting exposure to three or more distinct types of ACEs. ACEs have been linked to various negative outcomes across the life course, including mental health problems, and the perpetration of physical violence in intimate relationships. However, little is known about the relationships between ACEs, PTSD symptomology, and use of physical violence against an adult intimate partner among incarcerated women. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationships between ACEs, PTSD symptoms, and the perpetration of the physical violence in the adult intimate relationships of women prisoners. METHODS Using data from the 2014 Oklahoma Study of Incarcerated Mothers and Their Children (N = 349) and structural equation modeling (SEM) techniques, we investigate the potential mediating effect of PTSD symptoms in the relationship between ACEs and perpetrating violence against an intimate partner. RESULTS Our findings indicate that PTSD symptomology fully mediates the relationship between ACEs and the perpetration of physical violence against an adult intimate partner, indicating that PTSD experiences may be central to understanding women's pathways toward violence. CONCLUSIONS Women prisoners who were exposed to ACEs during childhood were at a particularly elevated risk of developing PTSD symptomology and perpetrating physical violence against an adult intimate partner. Based on the current study's findings, treatment programs that address these complex relationships between ACEs, particularly focusing on the central role of mental health in these processes, are needed for incarcerated women.
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Forster M, Gower AL, McMorris BJ, Borowsky IW. Adverse Childhood Experiences and School-Based Victimization and Perpetration. JOURNAL OF INTERPERSONAL VIOLENCE 2020; 35:662-681. [PMID: 29294639 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517689885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Retrospective studies using adult self-report data have demonstrated that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) increase risk of violence perpetration and victimization. However, research examining the associations between adolescent reports of ACE and school violence involvement is sparse. The present study examines the relationship between adolescent reported ACE and multiple types of on-campus violence (bringing a weapon to campus, being threatened with a weapon, bullying, fighting, vandalism) for boys and girls as well as the risk of membership in victim, perpetrator, and victim-perpetrator groups. The analytic sample was comprised of ninth graders who participated in the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey (n ~ 37,000). Multinomial logistic regression models calculated the risk of membership for victim only, perpetrator only, and victim-perpetrator subgroups, relative to no violence involvement, for students with ACE as compared with those with no ACE. Separate logistic regression models assessed the association between cumulative ACE and school-based violence, adjusting for age, ethnicity, family structure, poverty status, internalizing symptoms, and school district size. Nearly 30% of students were exposed to at least one ACE. Students with ACE represent 19% of no violence, 38% of victim only, 40% of perpetrator only, and 63% of victim-perpetrator groups. There was a strong, graded relationship between ACE and the probability of school-based victimization: physical bullying for boys but not girls, being threatened with a weapon, and theft or property destruction (ps < .001) and perpetration: bullying and bringing a weapon to campus (ps < .001), with boys especially vulnerable to the negative effects of cumulative ACE. We recommend that schools systematically screen for ACE, particularly among younger adolescents involved in victimization and perpetration, and develop the infrastructure to increase access to trauma-informed intervention services. Future research priorities and implications are discussed.
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Foulds JA, Boden JM, McKetin R, Newton-Howes G. Methamphetamine use and violence: Findings from a longitudinal birth cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 207:107826. [PMID: 31927159 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Evidence linking illicit methamphetamine use to violence perpetration and victimisation comes primarily from cross-sectional studies. These associations have not previously been studied in a longitudinal general population sample. DESIGN Longitudinal birth cohort. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS General population sample (n = 1265) born in Christchurch, New Zealand in 1977. MEASUREMENTS Participants were asked at age 21, 25, 30 and 35 about their frequency of methamphetamine use, and violence perpetration or victimization since the last interview. Violence was measured both in general, and within intimate partner relationships in particular. Logistic generalised estimating equations modelled the association between methamphetamine exposure and violence outcomes within each age period, adjusting for confounding factors and time-dynamic covariate factors. The dose-response profiles were explored via associations between heaviest methamphetamine use frequency from age 18-35 and violence outcomes in that period. FINDINGS 28 % of participants reported using methamphetamine at least once between age 18 and 35. Compared to no use, a history of any methamphetamine use in each age period was associated with an increased adjusted risk of violence perpetration (OR 1.60; 1.01-2.54), intimate partner violence perpetration (OR 1.55, 95 % CI 1.04-2.30), and violence victimization (OR 1.57, 1.00-2.47). Evidence for an association with intimate partner violence victimization was inconclusive (OR 1.09, 0.80-1.49). There was a dose response relationship whereby those who had used methamphetamine at least weekly at any time from age 18-35 had substantially elevated adjusted odds of violence involvement compared to people who used but less often, or had never used. CONCLUSIONS Methamphetamine use is an independent risk factor for violence perpetration and victimisation in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Foulds
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand.
| | - Joseph M Boden
- Christchurch Health and Development Study, University of Otago Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca McKetin
- National Drug Research Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Giles Newton-Howes
- Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago Wellington, New Zealand
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Kadiani A, Chaudhury S, Saldanha D, Pande N, Menon P. Psychosocial profile of male perpetrators of domestic violence: A population-based study. Ind Psychiatry J 2020; 29:134-148. [PMID: 33776287 PMCID: PMC7989467 DOI: 10.4103/ipj.ipj_78_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Domestic violence can result from societal, community, and relationship factors pertaining to both the perpetrator and the victims. The male perpetrators of domestic violence have rarely been the subjects of a study. AIM To understand the factors influencing a man's risk in perpetrating domestic violence in a community setting. MATERIALS AND METHODS This observational, exploratory study was conducted on 50 male perpetrators of domestic violence in an urban slum. A semi-structured questionnaire which incorporated Adverse Childhood Experience International Questionnaire, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety, and Becks Inventory for Depression was used for assessment. RESULTS All the respondents reported both verbal and physical violence with 26% reporting complicated physical violence. Alcohol dependence was diagnosed in 77% of respondents. Twenty-four percent had depression and 34% had anxiety. The mean number of ACEs suffered by the respondents was 4 and the range was 0-8. Substance abuse in the family (86%) and witnessing verbal/psychological abuse (82%) were the most common ACE found. Complicated domestic violence was statistically significantly associated with the presence of alcohol dependence, witnessing complicated physical abuse between the parents and parents separated due to death or divorce. Certain adversities, namely verbal punishment, physical punishment, bullying, community violence, caretaker of sibling, and household work, were strongly associated with abusers who suffered from psychiatric comorbidities. CONCLUSION The presence and severity of alcohol dependence and the number of childhood adversities are strongly associated with complicated type of domestic violence. Those who were victims of a large number of ACEs also suffered from anxiety, depression, and alcohol dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Kadiani
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Suprakash Chaudhury
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Daniel Saldanha
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Neha Pande
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Preethi Menon
- Department of Psychiatry, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Zietz S, Kajula L, McNaughton Reyes HL, Moracco B, Shanahan M, Martin S, Maman S. Patterns of adverse childhood experiences and subsequent risk of interpersonal violence perpetration among men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2020; 99:104256. [PMID: 31835233 PMCID: PMC7719339 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2019.104256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), including abuse and neglect, are consistently found to be predictors of perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and peer violence (PV) in adulthood. Children are often exposed to patterns of ongoing and/or multiple-type polyvictimization throughout the life course. OBJECTIVES To identify and characterize patterns of ACEs among men in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania and to examine the relationship between these patterns and perpetration of intimate partner violence (IPV) and peer violence (PV) in adulthood. METHODS We used latent class analysis to identify respondents with similar patterns of ACEs. The analysis was conducted with a sample of 987 men. RESULTS We uncovered five distinct classes of men with specific patterns of ACEs. One consisted of nonvictims and four included various forms of polyvictimization. Men in the polyvictimization classes that included non-violent family dysfunction had significantly higher odds of perpetrating psychological IPV compared to the other three classes (AORs 2.33 and 3.04 compared to nonvictims). Men in the polyvictimization classes that included any sexual violence and/or non-violent family dysfunction had significantly higher odds of perpetrating PV compared to the other two classes (AORs 3.54, 6.10, and 7.42 compared to nonvictims). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that distinct patterns of exposure to ACEs among this population are differentially related to perpetration of IPV and PV in adulthood. These findings highlight the importance of child development interventions in low-and middle-income countries, both for the primary prevention of child adversity and for mitigation of the cognitive and emotional effects of ACEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah Zietz
- Duke Center for Child and Family Policy, Erwin Square Mill Building, 202 West Main Street, Bay C, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Lusajo Kajula
- UNICEF Office of Research-Innocenti, Florence, Italy
| | - H Luz McNaughton Reyes
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Beth Moracco
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Meghan Shanahan
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sandra Martin
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Suzanne Maman
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Stress sensitization among severely neglected children and protection by social enrichment. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5771. [PMID: 31852902 PMCID: PMC6920417 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Childhood adversity may sensitize certain individuals to later stress which triggers or amplifies psychopathology. The current study uses data from a longitudinal randomized controlled trial to examine whether severe early neglect among children reared in institutions increases vulnerability to the effects of later stressful life events on externalizing problems in adolescence, and whether social enrichment in the form of high-quality foster care buffers this risk. Children abandoned to Romanian institutions were randomly assigned to a foster care intervention or care-as-usual during early childhood. A sample of never-institutionalized children served as a comparison group. Here we report that, among those with prolonged institutional rearing, more stressful life events in preadolescence predicted higher externalizing problems in adolescence. This effect was not observed for never-institutionalized children or those in foster care, thus providing experimental evidence that positive caregiving experiences protect against the stress-sensitizing effects of childhood neglect on externalizing problems in adolescence. Early adversity may sensitize people to the effects of later stress, amplifying psychopathology risk. Here, the authors show this stress sensitization effect for adolescents who experienced prolonged institutional deprivation in childhood, but not those assigned to foster care intervention.
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Adhia A, Drolette LM, Vander Stoep A, Valencia EJ, Kernic MA. The impact of exposure to parental intimate partner violence on adolescent precocious transitions to adulthood. J Adolesc 2019; 77:179-187. [PMID: 31760205 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Precocious transitions can create stress by placing excessive demands on adolescents and are associated with adverse outcomes that extend into adulthood. The current study assessed whether exposure to parental intimate partner violence (IPV) is associated with adolescent precocious transitions to adulthood. METHODS Data come from 33,360 individuals aged 18+ years in the United States who participated in the National Epidemiologic Surveys of Alcohol and Related Conditions. Six precocious transitions (leaving home early, early sex, early marriage, early parenthood, early full-time employment, and dropping out of high school) were examined. Robust Poisson regression was used to calculate relative risks for the association between IPV exposure and each precocious transition, adjusting for confounders. We assessed effect modification by gender and by exposure to childhood abuse or neglect. RESULTS Participants exposed to IPV in childhood were at higher risk of engaging in early sex; dropping out of high school; entering into early full-time employment; entering into early marriage; and entering into early parenthood relative to participants not exposed to IPV. Significant interactions between gender and exposure to IPV were detected for early sex and early full-time work outcomes, such that the associations were stronger for females compared to males. Participants exposed to more frequent or more severe IPV in childhood were at even higher risk for experiencing precocious transitions. CONCLUSIONS Individuals exposed to IPV in childhood are more likely to experience precocious transitions to adulthood. Findings highlight the need for interventions to mitigate adverse outcomes in adolescence for children exposed to IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avanti Adhia
- Harborview Injury Prevention and Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Linda M Drolette
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ann Vander Stoep
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Center for Child Health, Behavior and Development, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Mary A Kernic
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Canfield M, Radcliffe P, D’Oliveira AFPL, Gilchrist G. Factors associated with the severity of IPV perpetrated by substance using men towards current partner. ADVANCES IN DUAL DIAGNOSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1108/add-04-2019-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine frequency and correlates of intimate partner violence (IPV) severity perpetrated by heterosexual men receiving treatment for substance use towards a current partner in the past 12 months.
Design/methodology/approach
A secondary analysis of a self-reported questionnaire (n=162) completed by men receiving treatment for substance use in England and Brazil was conducted. Types of IPV perpetration (emotional, physical and/or sexual IPV) and frequency of occurrence were assessed. A five level ordinal variable for IPV perpetration severity was created: no IPV, minor; moderate, low severe and high severe. Psychological and cultural correlates of perpetration severity were explored using ordinal logistic regression.
Findings
Approximately four in ten men reported perpetrating IPV towards their partner in the past 12 months, one in ten reported perpetrating severe IPV (including hitting with something, kicking or beating, choking or burning, threatening with/using a weapon, sexual IPV and frequent emotional IPV) during this period. A number of correlates of perpetration severity were identified: experiencing childhood physical abuse, witnessing IPV in childhood, perpetrating IPV in previous relationships, committing violence towards another man, controlling behaviours, technology-facilitated abuse, depressive symptoms, having a substance using partner, receiving treatment for illicit drug use, hazardous drinking and poly-drug use.
Research limitations/implications
Despite the small sample size, small to large positive associations were observed between reporting IPV perpetration and several factors. These factors could be targeted to improve identification and assessment of IPV among men receiving treatment for substance use.
Originality/value
A strength of this study methodology is the use of a specific 12 months time frame for the perpetration of IPV towards current partner. The categorisation of levels of IPV perpetration based on types and frequency of violence occurrence was an additional valuable contribution of this study.
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Grady G, Hinshaw‐Fuselier S, Friar N. Expanding perspectives: A social inequities lens on intimate partner violence, reproductive justice, and infant mental health. Infant Ment Health J 2019; 40:624-639. [PMID: 31314924 PMCID: PMC6972627 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) poses a threat to the attainment of reproductive justice. Women who experience IPV are limited in their ability to parent their children in a secure and nurturing environment, which can have negative effects on the mother and child immediately and long-term, potentially distressing reproductive well-being across generations. Societal inequities faced by women, particularly women of color, within education, economic, and legal systems are associated with risk factors for IPV. This article will use national- and state-level data with case examples and the lens of reproductive justice to consider the impact of and potential solutions to historical and institutional inequities related to IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Grady
- Louisiana Department of HealthOffice of Public HealthBureau of Family HealthNew OrleansLouisiana
| | | | - Norah Friar
- Louisiana Department of HealthOffice of Public HealthBureau of Family HealthNew OrleansLouisiana
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Shai N, Pradhan GD, Chirwa E, Shrestha R, Adhikari A, Kerr-Wilson A. Factors associated with IPV victimisation of women and perpetration by men in migrant communities of Nepal. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210258. [PMID: 31361743 PMCID: PMC6667197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to describe the prevalent forms of intimate partner violence (IPV), and the factors associated with IPV among women and men living in the two migrant communities of Baglung district, Nepal. 357 adult women and men were enrolled following a family model, interviewing young married women with daughter-in-law status in the home, their husbands, and mothers-in-law and fathers-in-laws using an electronic questionnaire. Random effects regression modelling compared men and women, as well as young married women with daughter-in-law status and older women with mothers-in-law with status. 28.6% of women had ever experienced physical and/or sexual violence by an intimate partner compared to 18.2% of men ever perpetrated these forms of violence against their wives. Being older, male controlling behaviour and poor relations with husband increased women’s IPV in their lifetime while perceptions that the mother-in-law is kind were protective. Being ashamed of being unemployed and childhood trauma were associated with men perpetrating IPV in their lifetime. Borrowing money or food increased young married women’s lifetime IPV risk while mother-in-law cruelty and male control increased older married women’s lifetime IPV exposure. Factors associated with IPV in the past year among men were being younger, job seeking, experiences of childhood trauma and depression exposure among men while difficulty accessing money for emergencies, holding inequitable gender attitudes, and depression was associated with women’s increased IPV exposure. Unemployment stress, holding inequitable gender attitudes and mother-in-law kindness were associated with young women’s increased IPV risk and hunger, mother-in-law cruelty and depression with older women’s IPV risk. There is a need to critically challenge harmful social and gender norms by using approaches that are sensitive to young married women’s position and unequal gender relations in the family. IPV prevention interventions need to employ a holistic approach that combines changing social and gender norms and improving socioeconomic conditions of women living in migrant communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nwabisa Shai
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Esnat Chirwa
- Gender and Health Research Unit, South African Medical Research Council, Pretoria, South Africa
- School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ratna Shrestha
- Voluntary Services Overseas (VSO) Nepal, Kathmandu, Nepal
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